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Interesting Facts Major World Heritages Sites in Nepal 1. Pashupatinath - Devpatan, Kathmandu 2. Swayambhunath - Swayambhu, Kathmandu 3. Boudhanath - Boudha, Kathmandu 4. Lumbini - Rupendehi 5. Kathmandu Durbar Square - Basantapur, Kathmandu 6. Patan Durbar Square - Patan, Lalitpur 7. Changu Narayan Temple - Bhaktapur 8. Sagarmatha National Park - Solukhumbu 9. Chitwan Natioanal Park - Chitwan Do you know? Major National Parks in Nepal Chitwan National Park SINGHA DURBAR Sagarmatha National Park Langtang National Park The Singha Durbar in Rara National Park Kathmandu is the official Khaptad National Park seat of government of Shey Phoksundo National Park Nepal. Singha Durbar Bardiya National Park was designed by Kishore Makalu Barun National Park Narsingh. A portion of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park the Singha Durbar was Parsa National Park destroyed by fire in Banke National Park 2030 BS; much of damage Shuklaphanta National Park has since been rebuilt. BOOK SIX 51

People MOUNTAIN CLIMBING Nepal has eight of the world’s Quick Quiz fourteen highest mountain peaks. It is the home to some of the highest, most Tick ( ) the correct answer. rugged and difficult terrain in the 1 Who is the last national world. The highest peak in the world- Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) and luminary of Nepal? other high peaks like Kanchenjunga, Pasang Lhamu Lhotse, Makalu, Cho-Oyu, Dhaulagiri Parijat Manaslu and Annapurna and the Baburam Acharya presence of some beautiful trekking 2 Who is the first President of routes, attract hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world to Nepal? this lovely Himalayan destination. Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat Dr. Ram Baran Yadav The Government of Nepal has Puspa Kamal Dahal opened 326 peaks for mountaineering 3 Who is the first Vice President activities among its numerous peaks. Ever since the country was first of Nepal? open to climbers in 1949, Nepal Permanand Jha has become a great destination for Mukunda Jha mountaineering activities. Girija Prasad Koirala 4 Who translated the Ramayan in Nepali? Gopal Prasad Rimal Bhanubhakta Acharya Madhav Ghimire 5 Who is the first woman president of Nepal? Bidhya Devi Bhandari Onsari Gharti Magar Anuradha Koirala 52 BOOK SIX

Fast Facts Quick Quiz • The word 'Himalaya' Answer the following questions: means the home or abode of snow. 1. When did Jung Bahadur Rana die? ............................................................................ • According to Hindu 2. Who is the writer of Muna Madan? mythology, God Shiva ............................................................................ resides in the Himalaya. 3. What is the only Nepali book prescribed as • There are eight peaks textbook by the University of America? with a total of 19 points ............................................................................. above 8000 meters in 4. Who is the author of MASAN? Nepal. ............................................................................. 5. Who is the author of GAURI? • Fourteen mountains in .............................................................................. the Himalayas exceed 6. Who is the writer of Taurn Tapasi? 8000 meters. ............................................................................. 7. When was the Moti award started? • There are 25 points in ............................................................................. all which exceed 8000 8. Who wrote the poem 'Kalamvir'? meters in the Himalaya. ............................................................................. • Himalayan rivers are older than the Himalayan peaks. Key words Madhav Prasad Ghimire Lekh Nath Poudel Gopal Prasad Rimal Laxmi Prasad Devkota Madhav Prasad Ghimire 2042 BS 1934 BS The Blue Mimosa by Parijat BOOK SIX 53

Administrative Divisions Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. The number of districts in Nepal before 2015 AD was: 70 75 77 2. Pokhara lies in which province? Province No. 2 Gandaki Province Karnali Province 3. The district headquarters of Jhapa District is: Diktel Bhadrapur Biratnagar 4. The district headquarters of Morang District is: Diktel Bhadrapur Biratnagar 5. The number of sub-metropolitan cities of Nepal is: 7 6 11 6. What is the headquarters of Province No. 1? Biratnagar Hetauda Dharan 7. What is the headquarters of Bagmati Province? Biratnagar Hetauda Dharan Do you know? SANDEEP LAMICHHANE Sandeep Lamichhane is a Nepalese cricketer. He became the first cricketer to make a T20 international debut representing a combined team. 54 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself Put the following administrative divisions of Nepal in a correct hierarchy. Federal Democratic metropolitan cities Republic of Nepal districts 7 sub-metropolitan cities municipalities provinces 77 rural municipalities 6 276 460 11 SuPdruorvipnascehchim Karnali Province Province 5 Gandaki Province Bagmati Province Province 2 Province 1 BOOK SIX 55

Religion and Culture Fast Facts Quick Quiz • Ninety-five percent of earthquakes occur in mountainous regions. Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1 Who established the Ashoka • Sir Andrew Waugh, Surveyor General of India wished to honour Pillar in Lumbini? his predecessor, Sir George Everest. Emperor Birman For this, Sir Andrew pretended Emperor Ashoka that there was no local name for Emperor Ashokman Everest and hence named the 2 What is the ancient name of mountain as Mount Everest though there were two local names of Sita? the mountain. E.g. Sagarmatha in Vaidehi Nepal and Chomolungma in Tibet. Yamuna Kaushalya • Sir Andrew Waugh announced the 3 Who is Mandodari in the epic name ‘Mount Everest’ in 1865. Ramayana? • Sir Edmund Hillary led an Ram’s mother expedition to find the Yeti in 1985. Sita’s mother Ravan’s wife • According to Dr. George Schaller, 4 Who is the founder of the existence of Yeti unknown to science cannot be ruled out at high Buddhism? altitude. Gautam Buddha Ravan • Reinhold Messner climbed Everest Krishna alone. 5 When is Christmas celebrated? December 1 • Tenzing buried his daughter’s red December 25 and blue pencils on the top of December 30 Everest. 56 BOOK SIX • Tenzing was known as 'Himalayan Club Sherpa No 48'.

Do you know? Quick Quiz TRADITION AND Write true or false: CULTURE 1. Parashar Rishi was a father of Veda Vyas. Nepal is a multicultural, multilingual and .......................................................... multiethnic country. It is blessed with a rich cultural 2. Mithila is the ancient name of Janakpur. heritage. It is rich with .......................................................... unique cultural groups like Brahmin, Chhetri, 3.. Parbati was the wife of Lord Shiva Kirat, Tharu, Yadav, Ahir, .......................................................... Newars and others. 4. Maya Devi is the mother of Gautam Buddha. Nepal has the people .......................................................... of different religious tolerance. People who 5. The Goddess of knowledge, Saraswati liked follow Hindu religion are white colour. in great number. Besides .......................................................... this, Buddhism is another popular religion of Nepal. 6. Sam Veda was the oldest Veda. The founder of Buddhism .......................................................... is Gautam Buddha, who was born in Lumbini, Nepal. He is famous as the Light of Asia. There are also many followers of Islam, Christianity, Shikhism, Jainism and Kirat religion. BOOK SIX 57

Social Workers Name the following social workers of Nepal. He was the chief founder of Paropakar Organization. He was She is the founder director the first blood donor in Nepal. of Maiti Nepal. She was appointed as the first Governor of Bagmati Province. She is the winner of CNN Heroes 2012. She is the founder of Nepal Based Early Childhood Development Centre (ECDC). He is an eye surgeon He is famous for setting wireless for Nepal. He restored technologies to develop remote the eye sight of over areas of the Himalayas. 130,000 people. Do you know? National Innovation Center (NIC) was established inside the Tribhuwan University premises at Kirtipur. This project was initiated by Mahabir Pun - a Nepalese social activist. He is also famous for applying wireless technologies to develop remote areas of the Himalayas. 58 BOOK SIX

Match the names with the pictures of the following politicians of Nepal. B. P. Kiorala Pushpa Kamal Dahal Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Ganesh Man Singh Madan Bhandari Man Mohan Adhikari Hisila Yami Ram Chandra Poudel Ram Baran Yadav Girja Prasad Koirala Bidhya Devi Bhandari Gagan Thapa BOOK SIX 59

Quick Quiz The first Nepali Women Write true or false: 1. Climbed Mt. Everest - Pasang Lhamu Sherpa 1. Raj Vihar was made by Anshu Verma. .......................................................... 2. Engineer - Kanti Malla 2. Bagh Durbar was related to Lakhan Thapa. 3. Pilot .......................................................... - Raksya Rana 3. Gopal dynasty ruled first in Nepal. 4. Minister .......................................................... - Dwarika Devi Thakurani 4. Chandra Shamsher dismissed the 5. Police Inspector slave system in Nepal. - Neelam Devi .......................................................... 6. Woman Justice 5. Ranjit Malla is the first king of - Sharada Shrestha Bhaktapur. .......................................................... 7. C.D.O. - Usha Nepal 6. Kalu Pandey was killed at Kirtipur. .......................................................... 8. Received Madan Puraskar - Parijat 7. There are only five national parks in Nepal. 9. Ambassador .......................................................... - Bindeshwari Shah 8. Chitwan National Park is in Chitwan. 10. Got Driving Licenses .......................................................... - Manchhura Devi 9. Bardiya National Park is the oldest 11. Film Actress National Park of Nepal. - Bhuwan Thapa (Chand) .......................................................... 12. Passed the SLC 10. The area of Sagarmatha National Park - Prabha Rajya Laxmi Devi Rana is 1148 sq km. .......................................................... 13. Board First in the SLC - Luna Bhatta 60 BOOK SIX 14. Ph.D. - Prabha Basnet 15. Ph.D. in Nepali - Subhadra Subba

Quick Quiz Answer the following questions: Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. What was the name of Ravan’s 1 How many peaks are above 8,000 wife? meters in Nepal? ................................................... 8 9 10 2 Which is the deepest lake in Nepal? 2. Who was the founder of Fewa Rara Syarpu Buddhism? 3 Where is Bhairab Kunda? Palpa Dolpa Rasuwa ................................................... 4 Where does Mahandra Cave lie? Pokhara Butwal Nepalgunj 3. Who was the father of Veda Vyas? 5 Where is Gokarna Park? Lamjung Kathmandu Gulmi ................................................... 6 Who is the first President of Nepal? Dr. Ram Baran Yadav 4. Who was the mother of Gautam Dr. Ram Sharan Mahat Buddha? Pushpa Kamal Dahal 7 Who is the writer of Tarun Tapasi? ................................................... Madhav Prasad Ghimire Lekh Nath Poudel 5. What was the ancient name of Gopal Prasad Rimal Sita? 8 Who established the Ashoka Pillar in ................................................... Lumbini? Emperor Ashoka 6. Who is the author of Gauri? Ashokananda Emperor Ashokman ................................................... 7. Who translated the Ramayan in Nepali? ................................................... 8. Where is Simja Valley in Nepal? ................................................... 9. Where does Mt. Gaurishankar lie? ................................................... 10. Where does Satyawati Lake lie? ................................................... 11. Who is the last king of Patan? ................................................... BOOK SIX 61

4UNIT SCIENTISTS Explorers CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS JAMES COOK (1728-1779) Christopher Columbus was born Cristoforo James Cook was born in Colombo in Genoa, Italy between August 25th- England. He became an October 31st, 1451. He wanted to find a better apprentice to shipbuilders. route to the East (Asia-India, China and Japan). In 1755 he joined the British He thought that if he found a quicker route it navy and was soon promoted would be easier for Europeans to obtain spices, to captain. As a lieutenant, he jewels and silks for trade. On his total of four was sent to Canada to survey voyages to the New World; Columbus discovered the St. Lawrence River and different Caribbean Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, Newfoundland in 1768. South and Central America, believing the entire time that he had made it to Asia. MARCO POLO (1254-1324) Born in Venice, Italy, to a rich merchant family, Marco Polo set out in 1271 with his father and uncle to travel to China. The journey across central Asia took four years. In China they met Kublai Khan, a Mongol emperor, who employed Marco as a regional governor and ambassador. After 17 years of travelling around the region Polo returned with his father and uncle to Venice. He brought back a fortune in precious jewels and became a merchant in Venice, where he spent the next 30 years. 62 BOOK SIX

TENZING NORGAY (1914-1986) Born in Nepal, Tenzing Norgay was a mountain porter, or Sherpa. As a Sherpa he made his first climb on Mt. Everest in 1953. In 1953 he was a member of the British Everest Expedition led by John Hunt. Tenzing and Edmund Hillary were the first men to reach the 8848m high summit, Mt. Everest. EDMUND HILLARY (1919-2008) Born in New Zealand, Edmund Hillary was a beekeeper by profession. But his first love was climbing, and he joined the British Everest Expedition led by John Hunt in 1953. On May 29 Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were the first men to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the world’s highest mountain. In 1957 Hillary became deputy leader of the British Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, Led by Vivian Fuchs (1908-1999). They were the first to reach the south pole using tracked vehicles. BOOK SIX 63

Great Leaders ALEXANDER, THE GREAT Alexander the Great is popularly known as the man who conquered the world. He is often said to be the greatest military leader of all time. He was born in 356 BC and by the age of 33, he had the largest empire in the history which stretched from Greece to Egypt to India. He was the king of the Kingdom of Macedonia and perhaps, he was the greatest military commander to have ever lived. He did the noble deed of unifying many Greek city states. He was undefeated in battle and succumbed to malaria and died in 323 BC. His fortes were his foresight, vision and military capabilities. WINSTON CHURCHILL Winston Churchill was the British Prime Minister and leader during the WW II. He was an able leader, an emotional man but his greatest victory was in his motivation for others to defend themselves against the Nazis. His determination, perseverance and the patriotic devotion towards the nation motivated the British people to go forward and win the war. ABRAHAM LINCOLN Lincoln’s career, from humble beginnings to the highest office in the United States is seen as an example of the power of democracy. In 1847 Lincoln was elected to the USA House of Representatives. He gave up politics at the end of his term but returned in 1854. In 1856 he joined the antislavery Republican party, and in 1860 he was elected president. After his election the southern slave states broke away from the Union to form a confederacy. At first they fought the American Civil War (1861-1865) to keep the states united. Later, slavery was the issue, and in 1863 he declared slaves in the south free. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865. 64 BOOK SIX

NELSON MANDELA (1918-2013) Nelson Mandela has spent his entire adult life fighting racism and the abuse of human rights in South Africa. Mandela studied law in Johnneburg and in 1942 he joined the African National Congress (ANC). He travelled around the country organizing resistance to the government's policy of apartheid. For his part, he was arrested and given a suspended sentence. Throughout the 1950s he worked against white repression and was banned, arrested and imprisoned many times. DALAI LAMA The Dalai Lama is the fourteenth leader in a line of Buddhist spiritual and political leaders of Tibet. The Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born Lhamo Dhondup on July 6, 1935 to peas- ants in a village in northeastern Tibet. He was one of five children in the family. He was found by Tibetan monks when he was 2 years old. The monks tested the boy to see if he was the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama. He passed the tests and had physical traits that the monks were looking for such as moles in certain places and long years. At 2, he was renamed Tenzin Gyatso, took the throne at age 4 and became a monk at age 6. The Dalai Lama grew up in Tibet's thousand-year- old Potala Palace in Lhasa. But he has lived in exile in India since the Chinese Army crushed an uprising in his homeland in 1959. In 1989, the Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for his work advocating nonviolent means to free Tibet from China. JULIUS CAESAR (100 BC - 44 BC) Julius Caesar was a Roman military commander and a genius. He was not only quick and smart on the battlefield but he also devised great strategies and plan for the expansion of the empire and his political finesse, with the help of which he conquered almost all of Western Europe. BOOK SIX 65

History PEARL HARBOR Pearl Harbor is a harbor on the Quick Quiz island of O’ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1 Which country used zero fighters Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States navy deep- during World War II? water naval base. It is also the Japan headquarters of the US Pacific fleet. Germany Russia The 7th December 1941 Japanese 2 Which country celebrates its raid on Pearl Harbor was one of the great defining moments in independence on 4th July? history. Japanese airplanes made a India surprise attack on the US Navy in USA Pearl Harbor. Hundreds of Japanese Canada fighter planes and bombs flew to 3 Which ancient people devised Pear Harbor. They destroyed many ships and killed many soldiers. It the 356 day calendar? was the attack that forced the USA Indian to enter World War II. Japanese Egyptian 4 When was the first microscope invented? 1590 1640 1850 5 When did World War II beak out? 1939 1945 1993 66 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Answer the following questions: ADOLF HITLER 1. Which ancient people first brought the cat to Europe? Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April, 1889, in the ............................................................................ small Austrian town of 2. Which Italian city is famous for its Grand Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler’s Canal? parents had come from ............................................................................ poor peasant families. His 3. On which river was Rome built? father Alois Hitler was an ............................................................................. intelligent and ambitious 4. Which device invented in Asia 5,000 years ago man and later became a senior custom official. is used for doing sums? ............................................................................. Klara Hitler was Alois’ 5. To which country the great emperor Napoleon third wife. Alois was twenty-three years older Bonaparte belongs? than Klara and already .............................................................................. had two children from 6. When was gun powder first used in battle in his previous marriages. Kalra and Alois had five Europe? children but only Adolf ............................................................................. and a younger sister, 7. What were the pieces of eight? Paula, survived to become ............................................................................. adults. 8. What were U-boats? ............................................................................. 9. Which world war holocaust is described in the dairy of Anne Frank? ............................................................................. Key words German 1346 AD Abacus Roman France Silver coins World War II Venice The Tiber BOOK SIX 67

Geography GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS • The longest US highway is Route Quick Quiz 20, which is over 3,365 miles. Tick ( ) the correct answer. • Montreal is the largest French 1 What is the equatorial radius of speaking city in the western earth? hemisphere. 6,375 km • Panama is the only place in the 6,376 km world where you can see the sun 6,378 km rise over the Pacific Ocean and 2 What is the approximate polar set over the Atlantic Ocean. diameter of the earth? • Europe doesn’t have any deserts; 12,713 km it’s the only continent without 12,918 km one. 12,925 km 3 What is the percentage of oxygen in • Antarctica is the only land on our planet that is not owned by any air? country. Antarctica is also the 22 only continent that does not have 36 land areas below sea level. 21 4 How thick is the earth’s mantle? • About 1/10th of the Earth’s 2000 km surface is permanently covered in 3000 km ice. 220 km 5 How far does the earth's atmosphere • The oceans make up 70% of earth’s surface. The oceans also reach out into space? contain 97% of earth’s water About 50 km supply. About 100 km About 10,000 km • Salt is picked up from the soil water and transferred to the ocean. When the ocean water evaporates the heavier salt stays in the ocean, and over the years the salt content continues to build. 68 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Answer the following questions: • The red sea is red 1. What is the alternative name for the because of all the red Netherlands? algae in that areas. ............................................................................ • The Dead Sea is not an ocean; it’s a landlocked 2. What is the world’s largest island? salt lake that is 45 miles long and 9 miles ............................................................................ wide. 3. Which is the largest country is South America? • The highest mountain in the western ............................................................................. hemisphere is mount Aconcagua in 4. Which US state is known as the Grand Canyon Argentina. It rises state? 22,834 feet above sea level. ............................................................................. • The largest desert in 5. Which Scottish city gave its name to a type of the world, the Sahara cake? is 3,500,000 square miles. .............................................................................. • The Amazon rainforest 6. In which European city is the headquarters of produces more than the Red Cross? 20% the world’s oxygen supply. ............................................................................. • The Atlantic Ocean is 7. What country makes up the world’s largest saltier than the Pacific island chain? Ocean. The deepest point on the earth’s ............................................................................. surface is in the Pacific Ocean located in the 8. In which sea would you find the island country Marianas Trench. This called Cyprus? point is called the “Challenger Deep” and ............................................................................. is 35,818 feet deep. Key words Geneva Arizona Greenland Holland Brazil Dundee Indonesia Mediterranean BOOK SIX 69

Personalities Quick Quiz BARACK HUSSEIN OBAMA Tick ( ) the correct answers. Barack Hussein Obama is the 1 Which soviet leader called himself first black president of the United States of America. He was the 44th the man of steel? president of the USA from 2009 to Stalin 2017. Putin Marks Obama was born on August 4, 1961, 2 Which composer went deaf in his in Honolulu. He grew up herding goats with his own father, who was later years? a domestic servant to the British. Beethoven Although reared among Muslims, Hitler Obama became an atheist at some Shakespeare point. 3 Which king ordered the Domesday After high school, Obama studied at Book to be made in England? Occidental College in Los Angeles John the Conqueror for two years. He then transferred to William the Conqueror Columbia University in New York, Henry the Conqueror graduating in 1983 with a degree in 4 Who discovered America? Political science. After working at Columbus Business International Corporation, Leonardo da Vinci Obama moved to Chicago in 1985. Franklin Roosebelt 5 Against which democratic candidate did Donald Trump get victory in general election? Hillary Clinton Barak Obama Mike Pence 70 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz CHARLIE CHAPLIN Answer the following questions: 1. Greek conqueror Alexander the Great founded Charlie Chaplin’s first full length film was The the Egyptian city of …….................………….. Kid (1912); which he 2. …………………...............……. is the great produced and directed himself. In 1929, at the emperor of France. first Oscar Awards, he 3. The American writer Samuel Clemens is better won a special award for versatility and genius in known as …......................................…………. writing, acting, directing 4. Queen ………….......…………… belongs to the and producing the movie The Circus (1928). Royal House of Hanover. 5. …………………….........………. Dancer, met a He left the United States for Switzerland in 1952. tragic end when her scarf caught in the wheel of In 1972 he returned to her car. Hollywood to claim a 6. .................................. invented a system of short special Oscar honoring hand in 1837 AD. his lifetime contributions 7. …………………...........…………… founded a to movies. He was named medical mission at Lamberena in Gabon, Africa. Knight Commander of the 8. …………………….. was the first woman to set British Empire in 1975. foot on the North Pole on 5th April 1971 AD. He died in his sleep from 9. Queen Elizabeth II and President Mitterrand old age. officially opened ………..……...........……. In May 1994. Key words Victoria Alexandria Asadora Duncan Albert Schweitzer The Channel Tunnel Sir Isaac Pitman Napoleon Bonaparte Mark Twain Mrs Fran Phillips BOOK SIX 71

Fact Box Geographical Fact Place Largest Continent Asia Smallest Continent Australia Largest Ocean Pacific Smallest Ocean Arctic Deepest Ocean Pacific Lowest point on the earth Dead Sea ( Israel - Jordan ) Deepest point on the ocean Mariana Trench ( the Philippines ) Highest mountain Mount Everest Smallest mountain Mount Wycheproof, Australia Highest plateau Tibet Plateau Largest river Amazon Shortest river Roe River in Montana (200 feet ) Largest river basin by area Amazon Largest lake by surface area Caspian sea Deepest lake Lake Baikal, Siberia Largest fresh water lake by surface area Lake Superior, North Americ Largest artificial lake by surface area Lake Volta Largest artificial lake by volume Lake Kabira Amazon Caspian Sea Lake Baikal Lake Volta Mariana Trench Dead Sea 72 BOOK SIX

Fact Box Geographical Fact Place Largest bay The Bay of Bengal Largest gulf Gulf of Mexico Largest gorge Grand Canyon, Colorado river, Arizona Deepest gorge Kali Gandaki Gorge in the Himalayas in Nepal Deepest point in Earth’s oceans Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench Greatest tides Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia Largest sea Philippine Sea, Japan Largest salt lake Caspian Sea Largest peninsula Arabian Peninsula Biggest desert Sahara ( North America ) Highest town La Rinconada, Peru Highest village Kibber, in Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh Largest island Greenland Least populous city Vatican Smallest country Vatican City (population – 451, area – 0.44km2 Largest city by population Tokyo/Yokohama (Japan) Largest city by area New York Metro Highest waterfall Angel Falls, Venezuela Gulf of Mexico Grand Canyon The Bay of Bengal Angle Falls Kali Gandaki Sahara Desert BOOK SIX 73

Fact Box Geographical Fact Place Hottest region Al Aziziyah, Libya ( Libya ) Largest Delta The Ganges Delta or Sunderbans Delta in Bangladesh Coldest region East Antarctic Plateau Lowest town Village Jericho on the west bank of the Dead Sea Highest, active volcano Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argenti- na border Longest coral reef Great Barrier Reef, Australia Smallest republic Nauru ( 21 km2, population-1084) Smallest colony Gibraltar (area 5.8 sq km ) Largest dam by installed capacity Three Gorges Dam, China Tallest dam (concrete arch) Jinping-I Dam Tallest dam (embankment/earth fill) Nurek Dam, Tajikistan Highest fountain King Fahd’s Fountain, Saudi Arabia Largest reservoir by volume Lake Kariba on the Zambezi River Greatest/strongest ocean current Antarctic circumpolar current Do you know? AMAZON LONGER THAN NILE RIVER, SCIENTISTS SAY The Amazon is considered the world's largest river by volume, but scientists have believed it is slightly shorter than Africa's Nile. The Brazilian scientists' 14-day expedition extended the Amazon's length by about 176 miles (284 kilometers), making it 65 miles (105 kilometers) longer than the Nile. According to the team's results, which have not been published, the Amazon is 4,225 miles (6,800 kilometers) long. The Nile stretches 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers).The Amazon River, not the Nile, is the longest in the world, a team of Brazilian scientists claims. The scientists claim to have traced the river's source to a snow-capped mountain in southern Peru, adding a new twist in the swirling debate over the longest river label. (Source: National Geographic News by John Roach, June 18, 2007) 74 BOOK SIX

Quick Quiz Write true or false: 1. Japan used zero fighters during World War II. ..................................................... 2. The first microscope was invented in1970 AD. ..................................................... 3. India celebrates its independence on 25th Aug. ..................................................... 4. Pearl Harbor is located on the island of O’ahu. ..................................................... 5. Alois Hitler was the father of Adolf Hitler. ..................................................... 6. Venice is famous for its Grand Canal. ..................................................... 7. The equatorial radius of the earth is 6000 km. ..................................................... 8. Greenland is the largest island. ..................................................... 9. Stalin was also called the man of iron. ..................................................... 10. Leonardo da Vinci discovered America. ..................................................... BOOK SIX 75

Quick Quiz Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1 Who invented the system of short 5 Which continent does not have a hand? desert? Sir Isaac Newton Asia Sir Isaac Pitman Africa Sir Spencer Charlie Chaplin Europe 2 What was the Charli Chaplin’s first 6 Which is the largest French full length film? speaking city in the western Hemisphere? The Kid Living for Life Montreal Love in Tokyo Venice Cyprus 3 Which composer went deaf in his later years? 7 Which US state is known as the Grand Canyon state? A.R. Rahaman Beethoman New York Julie Cather Arizona Nebraska 4 Which rain forest produces more than 20% the world’s oxygen 8 Who is the first black President Of supply? America? Kenya Rainforest Michael Shoemaker American Rainforest Barak Hussain Obama The Amazon Rainforest Richard Grey 76 BOOK SIX

Test Yourself Duge Bridge Airbus Answer the following questions. Big Ben 1. Which is the biggest country by area? ........................................................................... Lhasa 2. Which is the biggest country by population? ........................................................................... 3. Which is the biggest continent by population? ........................................................................... 4. Which is the biggest clock in the world? ........................................................................... 5. Which is the world’s largest library? ........................................................................... 6. Which is the largest planet? ........................................................................... 7. Which is the highest airport? ........................................................................... 8. Which is the world’s highest bridge? ........................................................................... 9. Which is the world’s longest canal? ........................................................................... 10. Which is the world’s longest epic? ........................................................................... 11. Which is the world’s biggest aeroplane? ........................................................................... 12. Which is the world’s longest beach? ........................................................................... 13. Which is the world’s lowest point on Earth? ........................................................................... BOOK SIX 77

Test Yourself Tick ( ) the correct answer. 1. The largest river in Asia is: a) Yangtze b) Ganga c) Indus d) Mekong 2. Areawise which is the largest ocean in the world? a) Atlantic b) Indian Ocean c) Pacific d) Arctic 3. Which of the following is the largest river in the world? a) Nile b) Mississippi-Missouri c) Amazon d) Yangtze 4. Which of the following river has the largest basin? a) Congo b) Amazon c) Nile d) Ganga 5. Largest island in the world is: a) Sri Lanka b) Greenland c) New Guinea d) None of these 6. Which of the following countries has the largest area in the world? a) Canada b) China c) USA d) Russia 7. The longest canal in the world is: a) Volga Baltic b) Beloye-More Baltic c) Suez Canal d) Grand China Canal 8. The second highest mountain peak in the world is: a) Nanga Parvat b) Nanda Devi c) Andes d) Godwin Austen (K-2) 9. Which is the largest mountain range? a) Alps b) Himalayan-Karakoram c) Andes d) Tibet 10. The second largest island in the world is: a) New Guinea b) Mandagascar c) Great Britain d) Victoria 78 BOOK SIX

Quick Quiz Answer the following questions: 1. Who was the great emperor of France? 79 ...................................................................................................... 2. Who was first lady to set foot on the North Pole? ...................................................................................................... 3. What country makes up the world’s largest Island Chain? ...................................................................................................... 4. Which ocean is more saltier: Atlantic or Pacific? ...................................................................................................... 5. What causes the Red Sea to become red? ...................................................................................................... 6. On the bank of which river Rome is built? ...................................................................................................... 7. Which ancient people first brought the cat to Europe? ...................................................................................................... 8. When was the first microscope invented? ...................................................................................................... 9. Which ancient people devised the 365 day calender? ...................................................................................................... 10. What is the percentage of oxygen in the air? ...................................................................................................... 11. How thick is the earth's mantle? ...................................................................................................... BOOK SIX

5UNIT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TV AND RADIO The first radio transmissions were made about a hundred years ago. The television was invented in 1926. The first signals could only be sent over short distances; but today satellites can instantly broadcast clear signals around the world. RADIO WAVES This early radio was invented by Radio waves pass all around you, but we cannot Marconi. It was called a marconiphone. see or hear them. They travel at the speed of light and can carry speed of light. Several kinds of RADIO radio waves are used for different purposes. BROADCASTING Long waves (LW) curve around the Earth's In a radio station, sound is surface. They are used for ship navigation, picked up by microphones. military communications and to transmit some These change the sound radio programmers. waves into signals called Medium waves (MW) usually travel close to the analogue waves, which ground, but some travel higher and bounce back are carried by electricity. when they reach a layer in the Earth’s atmosphere A special device called a called the ionosphere. They are used to transmit transmitter is used to change radio programmers. the electrical signals carrying Short waves (SW) can travel long distances the analogue waves into radio because they are able to bounce off the waves. The radio waves are ionosphere. Police and taxi drivers use them to beamed into the atmosphere communicate. by a large aerial, or antenna. Very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high The small aerial on your frequency (UHF) waves travel in straight lines. radio picks up the radio These waves are used for ship navigation, aircraft signals and changes them communications, and for transmitting television back in analogue waves. By and radio programmers. turning the tuning control on your radio station that This figure shows how radio waves Waves with extremely are picked up by the aerial. can be transmitted around the world. high frequencies can pass A loud speaker changes the through the ionosphere. electrical signals into sound They can be bounced off waves that you can hear. satellites and so can be sent the greatest distances of all. Satellite signals are beamed to transmitters on Earth, to be sent to your home. This part of the atmosphere Radio transmitters is called the ionosphere. send radio waves in all directions. Satellite dishes beam radio waves to satellites above the Earth. 80 BOOK SIX

TELEVISION BROADCASTING SATELLITE SIGNALS Traditional television broadcasting works in a Satellite TV Company’s turn similar way to radio broadcasting. Television TV signals into radio waves, cameras pick up light from things in the studio. which they bounce off They divide the light into the three primary satellites in space. These are colours- red, green and blue and then change received directly by a small it into analogue waves, which are carried by dish fixed to the side of your electricity. The analogue waves are changed into home. The dish focuses the radio waves and transmitted by an aerial. radio waves onto a receiver. The radio waves are picked up by an aerial on The picture on your screen is made up of top of your home, which turns them back into about 350,000 red, green and blue shapes analogue waves. These travel along a cable that called pixels. This is what they would look leads into the back of your TV. A device inside the like if they were greatly magnified TV, called cathode ray tube, turns the analogue waves into the pictures you see on screen. DIGITAL BROADCASTING In digital broadcasting, television and radio signals are changed into a code called binary code, which is also used by computers. These digital signals are carried by cable networks along fiber optic cables, made into radio waves and transmitted by aerial or satellite. When digital signals reach your television, a device called decoder reads the binary code and turns it into pictures and sounds. Digital signals transmit clearer sound and pictures analogue waves. Digital signals can also be compressed, so more information can be sent. This enables broadcasters to transmit more channels. This diagram explains how a cathode ray tube works. 1. Analogue waves are converted into three electron beams; one for red, one for blue and one for green elements of the picture. 2. The beams are fired down a tube at the screen. 3. The beams sweep across the screen, creating a picture. This happens so quickly that you cannot see the beams moving. BOOK SIX 81

Early Inventions Rocket, a famous early locomotive built by English engineers George and Robert Stephenson, won the world's first locomotive speed trials in 1829. Englishman John Harrison’s Archimedes’ screw is a simple device for 1759 version of the raising water, devised by Archimedes, a chronometer won a £10,000 mathematician and inventor of ancient prize. The prize had been Greece. Archimedes’ screw scoops up water devised by the British using a helical device that turns inside a government in 1714 to tube. It is still used in the Middle East. promote research into the development of accurate timekeeping devices for use by navigators at sea. The science of vibrating strings was first worked out by Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician and philosopher, 2500 years ago. 82 BOOK SIX

Karl Benz and his wife Berta were the German creators of the first successful petrol-driven car in 1885. At the age of 16. Karl Benz dreamed of a unit that could supplant the steam engine. Karl and Berta Benz began developing their own car in the 1870’s while trying to earn money from a tin making business. By 1880, they were so penniless that they could barely afford to eat every day. Hammocks were used by Central American peoples 1000 years ago. They were introduced to ships in the 19th century to make sleeping easier at sea. It is thought that Chinese In 1887 German navigators made the first American Emile compass -like device about Berliner invented the 2500 years ago. Early gramophone which compasses were very simple. used a needle to play The navigators used lodestone, flat discs. a naturally magnetic rock, to magnetize the needle. During Many early boats the 1300s compasses became were made by more detailed. stretching animal skins over a wooden frame. The ancient Egyptians made sundials more 83 than 3000 years ago. The marks showed hours. The length of the hours varied with the seasons. But people were used to such an idea and called them temporary hours. BOOK SIX

Scientists GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848) First working as a cowherd, English engineer George Stephenson started taking evening classes at the age of 18 to learn how to read and write. In 1812 he became an engine operator at a mining colliery in the northeast of England, where he learned all he could about the Newcomen steam engines that were used there. Stephenson convinced his employers to let him build a locomotive, and in 1814 he created the Blucher, which could pull 30 tons up a hill at 3.5 mph (6km/h). Over the next six years he built 16 steam locomotives and an 8-mi. (13km) long railroad track carrying goods too Sunderland, England. In 1825 he built the world's first public railroad. In 1829, with his son Robert, he designed the prize winning rocket for the new Liverpool and Manchester Railway. ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745-1827) Volta was an Italian nobleman who resisted his family’s insistence that he became a priest and instead studied chemistry and physics. He became fascinated with the phenomenon of electricity, and in 1775 he became the first person to isolate methane, an important part of natural gas. Volta served a professor of physics at the University of Pavia, Italy, for 25 years. By 1800 he had produced the first electric battery capable of generating an electric current. THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931) Edison was only 10 years old when he built his first laboratory in the basement of his home in Milan, Ohio. A self-taught engineer, he made his fortune from improving telegraph systems and from a ticker-tape machine that sent stock market prices around the U.S. Opening a research center in 1876, Edison went on to invent the first practical electric lamp, the sound recording and playing phonograph, and improved Bell's telephone by inventing a carbon microphone. He patented over 1,000 inventions during his lifetime. 84 BOOK SIX

JAMES WATT (1736-1890) The son of Scottish carpenter, Watt was bright but a frail child prone to sickness. As a teenager he became skilled at making scientific instruments and found work at Glasgow University. In 1863 Watt was asked to repair a working model of a steam pump. He repaired it, and within two years he made great improvements to steam engines - cutting fuel costs by 75 percent. Between 1766 and 1774 Watt worked as surveyor and civil engineer before going into partnership with Matthew Bolton. Watt continued making improvements to his steam engines and invented a more efficient model, called the double-acting steam engine in 1782. He also created a fly ball governor, which automatically regulated the speed of steam engine and was one of the industrial automated controls. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922) Born in Scotland electrical engineer Alexander Graham Bell, like his father, became an educator of deaf people. Bell immigrated to Canada in 1870 and then moved to the U.S., where he worked at Boston University. He was fascinated by the possibilities of transmitting speech over telegraph, and in1876 he uttered the first spoken sentence on his prototype telephone. Soon wealthy man Bell founded the National Geographic Society and the journal Science. He also invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. BOOK SIX 85

Space Heroes YURI GAGARIN (1934-1968) Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin joined the Soviet air force in 1955 and was selected to train as a cosmonaut in 1959. On April 12, 1961 he became the first man to orbit Earth in the Vostok 1 spacecraft. The flight lasted 108 minutes, with his craft circling Earth at a speed of 17,026 mph (27,400km/h). After reentering Earth's atmosphere Gagarin ejected from the Vostok spacecraft and landed by parachute. In 1968 he was killed in a plane crash in the Soviet Union. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright On December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, a significant journey was made. It was only 130 ft. 140 m long and lasted just 12 seconds but it was the first powered and piloted flight by a heavier -than-air vehicle. The pilot was Orville Wright, the younger of two brothers who owned a newspaper and had opened a bicycle showroom and repair shop in 1892. Orville and Wilbur Wright were fascinated by the possibilities of powered flight and experimented from the 1890s on. In 1901 they built the first wind tunnel to test wing and glider designs and then made over 1,000 flights before building their powered aircraft. Between 1908 and 1909 the wright brothers toured Europe with their aircraft inspiring others to build more practical flying machines. 86 BOOK SIX

VALENTINA TERESHKOVA (B. 1937) Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became interested in parachute jumping at an early age and she qualified as a parachutist. In 1962 she was picked to train in the Soviet cosmonaut program. She made her first and only space flight aboard the Vostro 6 spacecraft in 1963, becoming the first woman to trace into space. During the three day flight Vostro 6 orbited Earth 48 times. In 1963 she married cosmonaut Adrian Nikolayev. NEIL ARMSTRONG Born in Ohio, Neil Armstrong joined the U.S. Navy and became a fighter pilot in 1949. He later became a civilian test pilot for NASA, flying the X-15 rocket plane. In 1962 he was selected as an astronaut, and in1966 Armstrong commanded the Gemini VIII spacecraft and conducted the first docking in space with an Agena target satellite. In July 1969, with \"Buzz\" Aldine and Michael Collins, he traveled in Apollo 11 on the first expedition to land men on the Moon. On July 20, 1969 Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the Moon. MICHAEL COLLINS (B. 1930) Born in Italy Michael Collins served as an experimental flight test officer at the Air Force Test Center in California. He joined NASA as an astronaut in 1963 Collins was the pilot of the Gemini X mission in July 1966, when he and Commander John Young successfully docked with an Agena satellite. During this spaceflight, Collins \"walked\" in space to retrieve a scientific instrument attached to the satellite. During the historic Apollo 11 flight to the moon in July 1969 Collins stayed aboard the lunar orbiter while Armstrong and Aldrin made their famous Moon walk. Collins retired from NASA in 1970, and he became the first director of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. BOOK SIX 87

Return to Earth One of the most dangerous part of space travel is re-entry (returning to Earth's atmosphere). When spacecraft come back they rub against the air at incredible speeds, which makes them extremely hot. The space shuttle reached temperatures of about 1640oC on re-entry. Astronauts in returning spacecraft are protected from the heat by a heat shield. On the space shuttle the heat shield was made of special tiles that covered the shuttle's underside. These stopped the heat from the shuttle. Other spacecraft like the Russia Soyuz are protected by thick material that burns away but keeps the spacecraft cool. FEEL THE HEAT OF FRICTION Rub your hand together or rub them against your legs. Do they start to feel warm? This is the way a spacecraft heats up when it rubs against the air. A force called friction makes the heat by trying to stop the rubbing movement. You can even start a fire using friction by rubbing two dry sticks together. 88 BOOK SIX

The shuttle landed on a runway like an aircraft, but without using its engines, more like a huge glider. It travelled halfway round the world to its landing site, gliding through the air and slowing down by turning left and right. It came to a stop on the runway by using parachutes and brakes in its landing wheels to slow it. After serving, the orbiter could be launched into space again. The Soyuz spacecraft uses parachutes The space shutter needed a very long to slow it down as it falls through the runway to land softly at the end of the air, just before it hits the ground. Small mission. rocket motors fire to slow it even more and give it a soft landing. Some early spacecraft, like the Command Modules from the Apollo missions to the moon, came down to Earth by parachute before splashing into the sea for a soft landing. BOOK SIX 89

Computer INTERNET The Internet is a global network of Quick Quiz interconnected computers, enabling users to share information along Tick ( ) the correct answer. multiple channels. Typically, a 1 Which is the storage device? computer that connects to the Pen Drive Internet can access information CD Rom from a vast array of available Keyboard servers and other computers by 2 What does CD stand for? moving information from them Common disk to the computer's local memory. Compact disk The same connection allows that Compact diskette computer to send information 3 How many digits are used in the to servers on the network; that information is in turn accessed and Binary System? potentially modified by a variety of 8 other interconnected computers. 2 16 4 What is 3G in computer? Third Generation Three Generation Third Guided 5 Who invented the first modern computer called Z1? Konrad Zuse Charles Babbage Steve Jobs 90 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz COMPUTER DISC Answer the following questions: A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an 1. When was the Internet used first? optical disc used to store ............................................................................ digital data, originally 2. What is the full form of DVD? developed for storing ............................................................................ digital audio. 3. Who is known as the first computer The CD, available on the programmer? market since October ............................................................................. 1982, remains the 4. What was the switching device used in the first standard physical medium for sale of commercial generation computer? audio recordings to the ............................................................................. present day. 5. Which computer is used in a satellite? .............................................................................. 6. What is the full form of ISP? ............................................................................. 7. Who is the chairman if Microsoft Corporation? ............................................................................. 8. What makes the production of microcomputer come true? ............................................................................. BOOK SIX 91

6UNIT DISEASES RABIES Rabies (Also known as hydrophobia) Quick Quiz is a viral disease that causes actual encephalitis (inflammation of the Tick ( ) the correct answer. brain) in warm-blooded animals. 1 Which was the first disease to It is transmitted by mammals most be cured by vaccination? commonly by a bite from an infected Smallpox animal, but occasionally by other Malaria forms of contact. Chicken Pox 2 Scurvy is caused due to the It is fatal if left untreated. It is a significant killer of livestock. deficiency of which vitamin? Vitamin A The rabies virus makes its way to Vitamin B the brain by following the peripheral Vitamin C nerves. The incubation period of 3 Which disease is caused due to the disease depends on how far the virus must travel to reach the central the deficiency of iodine? nervous system, usually taking a few Goitre months. Eczema Cancer Once the infection reaches the 4 Which disease is caused due to central nervous system and symptoms being to show, the Human Immune Virus? untreated infection is usually fatal Common cold within days. AIDS Cancer 5 Sore throat is also called: Pharyngitis Blisters Pneumonia 92 BOOK SIX

Do you know? Quick Quiz HIV/AIDS Answer the following questions: HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. 1. What is the disease state that occurs when the It is the virus that causes pancreas stops producing insulin? AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune ............................................................................ Deficiency Syndrome. 2. What is the old common name for the disease HIV cab be transmitted tuberculosis, or TB? through the blood, sexual fluids, or breast milk of ............................................................................ an HIV-infected person. People can get HIV if 3. An estimated 20 million deaths were caused one of these fluids enters worldwide in 1919 by an epidemic of which the body and into the disease? bloodstream. The disease can be passed during ............................................................................. unprotected sex with a HIV-infected person. 4. Which tropical disease does an insect of the Anopheles genus transmit? An HIV-infected mother can transmit HIV to her ............................................................................. infant during pregnancy, delivery or while 5. What is the more common name for the disease breastfeeding. People varicella? can also become infected with HIV when using .............................................................................. injection drugs through sharing needles and other 6. What is called the study and treatment of the equipment. disease varicella? ............................................................................. 7. Which part of the body does the disease glossarist affect? ............................................................................. Key words Malaria Chicken pox Diabetes mellitus Consumption Influenza Psychiatry Tongue BOOK SIX 93

Scientifically Speaking Quick Quiz BLACK HOLE A black hole is a massive Tick ( ) the correct answer. object whose gravitational 1 What is the molecular formula of field is so intense that it prevents any form of matter water? or light from escaping. The HO2 term derives from the fact that H2O its absorption of visible light H2O2 renders the hole invisible and 2 The heaviest natural element is indistinguishable from the Uranium black space around it. Polonium Mercury Interesting Facts 3 Which gas percentage is highest in A supernova (plural: supernovae) the air? is a stellar explosion. Supernovae Oxygen are extremely luminous and Nitrogen cause a burst of radiation that Helium often briefly outshines an entire 4 In which direction does a compass galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months. needle point? South East North 5 Who discovered Periodic Table? Dmitri Mendeleev William Perkin John Hyatt 94 BOOK SIX

SEISMOGRAPH Quick Quiz Earthquakes generate seismic waves which Answer the following questions: can be detected with a sensitive instrument called 1. What G stands to describe the force that pulls a seismograph. objects to the middle of the Earth? Perhaps the earliest seismograph named ............................................................................ Choko was invented in 2. What would you lost if you had laryngitis? China in 136 AD. ............................................................................ 3. Which word describes how loud a sound is? COMET ............................................................................. A comet is a small 4. Which metal is in liquid state at room solar system body that orbits the sun and when temperature? close enough to the ............................................................................. sun exhibits a visible 5. What is the most inactive gas in the air? coma (atmosphere) or .............................................................................. a tail-both primarily 6. What is the name for pieces of ice falling from from the effects of solar radiation upon the clouds? comet's nucleus. Comet ............................................................................. nuclei are themselves 7. What is the name of our galaxy? lost collections of ice, ............................................................................. dust-and small-rocky 8. How many degrees is half a turn? particles, measuring a ............................................................................. few kilometers or tens of kilometers across. Key words Gravity Volume Voice Mercury Hail Helium 180o The Milky Way BOOK SIX 95

Fact Box Invention or Discovery Inventor or Discoverer Airplane Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright Bifocal lens Benjamin Franklin Braille printing Louis Braille Color television Peter Carl Goldmark Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel Dynamo Michael Faraday Electric battery Count Alessandro Volta Electric motor Michael Faraday Germ theory of disease Louis Pasteur Helicopter Igor Sikorsky Laws of motion Isaac Newton Lightning rod Benjamin Franklin Liquid-crystal display George Heilmeier Benjamin Franklin Michael Faraday Count Alessandro Volta Wilbur Wright & Orville Wright Louis Pasteur Rudolf Diesel Igor Sikorsky 96 BOOK SIX

Fact Box Invention or Discovery Inventor or Discoverer Magnifying glass Roger Bacon Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Motion picture camera Thomas Alva Edison Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming Pistol (revolver) Samuel Colt Quadruplex telegraph Thomas Alva Edison Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton Safety pin Walter Hunt Steam engine Thomas Savery Stethoscope Rene Laennec Phonograph Thomas Alva Edison Telegraph Samuel Morse Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Telescope Hans Lippershey Water thermometer Galileo t X-ray Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen Thomas Alva Edison Galileo Sir Alexander Fleming Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen Samuel Morse Rene Laennec Walter Hunt BOOK SIX 97

Quick Quiz Answer the following questions: 1. What is the full form of WWW? a. A pen drive is a storage device. .................................................... ....................... 2. When was the Internet used b. There are 10 digits in binary system. first? ....................... .................................................... c. A super computer is used in satellites. ....................... 3. Scurvy is caused due to which vitamin? d. AIDS is caused by Human Immune Virus. .................................................... ....................... 4. Which was the first disease to be e. Chicken Pox is the more common cured by vaccination? name for the disease varicella. ....................... .................................................... f. Nitrogen is the lightest element 5. What is the name for the curved ....................... glass in spectacles? g. Temperature is measured by a .................................................... thermometer. ....................... 6. What in space is an enormous collection of stars? h. Compass needle points towards north. ....................... .................................................... i. The heaviest natural element is 7. What instrument is used for Uranium. drawing circles? ....................... .................................................... j. The Milky Way is our galaxy. ....................... 8. What is helium? 98 BOOK SIX .................................................... 9. How many degrees is half a turn? .................................................... 10. What is the name for pieces of ice falling from cloud? .................................................... 11. What would you loose if you has laryngitis? ....................................................

Quick Quiz 6 Which instrument is used in testing richness of milk? Tick ( ) the correct answer. Thermometer 1 What does CD stands for? Lactometer Common disc Anemometer Compact diskette Compact disk 7 Which gas percentage is highest in the air? 2 What is the full form of ISP? Internet Service Provider Nitrogen International Service Protocol Oxygen Internet Service Protocol Helium 3 Rabies is caused due to a: 8 Which word describes how Virus loud a sound is? Fungus Bacteria Area Decibel 4 Which disease is caused due to the Perimeter deficiency of ? Eczema Influenza Goitre 5 Which metal is in liquid state at room temperature? Copper Gold Mercury BOOK SIX 99

7UNIT GAMES AND SPORTS People have always enjoyed playing In the game of snooker there are 22 balls on games. As town life began to develop the table at the start of the game: 15 red, one more than 5000 years ago, people played yellow, one green, one brown, one blue, one board games and games of chance, using pink, one black and one white cue ball. dice or marked pieces, such as dominoes. The ancient Egyptians enjoyed chariot racing and wrestling, and Greek athletes took part in the Olympic Games more than 3000 years ago. Rules for many modern games such as tennis, rugby football and baseball were established in the 1800s. Some professional sports stars today are among the highest paid people in the world. Amazing Facts The best quality badminton shuttlecocks are said to be made from the feathers of the left wing of goose. Cricket has been played under ‘modern’ rules since the 1800s and is enjoyed at all levels from the village green to Test match arenas. The leading cricket countries are England, Australia, India, Pakistan and South Africa. 100 BOOK SIX