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World Literature AMERICAN, MEXICAN, JAPANESE, FRENCH LITERATURE

American literature The term \"American literature\" When did the first works of refers to literature published or American literature appear? ... produced mostly in English in the American literature began in the United States of America and its early 17th century with the arrival predecessor colonies. ... As a of English-speaking Europeans in result, the American literary what would become the United tradition is a component of the States as a distinct field viewed larger English-language literary through the prism of European legacy. Other immigrant literature.v languages have a tiny body of literature. Transcendentalism, which arose from romanticism later in the 1800s, was possibly the first prominent American intellectual movement, based on the conviction in people's inherent goodness and the concept that self-reliance, free of society's corrupting influence, unlocks that goodness.

The 17th century John Smith's A True Relation of SumVimrgeinriaIs,leNse(w16E0n 8g)laisncdr,eadnitdedthwe ith initiating American literature. John Winthrop's Journal (1630–49) told sympathetically of Massachusetts Bay Colony's attempt to form a theocracy. Increase Mather and his son Cotton defended the theocratic ideal. 17th-century American writings were in the manner of British writings of the same period. John Smith wrote in the tradition of geographic literature, Bradford echoed the cadences of the King James Bible. The Mathers and Roger Williams wrote bejeweled prose typical of the day.

The 18th century In America in the early years of the 18th century, some writers carried on the older traditions. Jonathan Edwards eloquently defended his burning belief in Calvinistic doctrine. Samuel Sewall heralded other changes in his amusing Diary. William Byrd was as playful as the Restoration wits whose works he admired. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine were two of the most influential writers of the American colonies. Franklin championed the cause of the \"Leather Apron\" man and the farmer. Paine's pamphlet Common Sense (January 1776) did much to influence the colonists to declare independence.

Mexican literature Mexico's literature is well- The Lyric, epistle, and known across the world, chronicle, which were utilized under the Spanish with authors such as viceroyalty, are the first Carlos Fuentes, Juan genres that come to mind Rulfo, and Octavio Paz when thinking about inspiring readers. Mexican Mexican literature. Essays, literature were in little poetry, short tales, and novels were the most supply before to popular forms in Mexican colonialism. The literature during the indigenous people had country's independence in their own writing system, the nineteenth century. although it was only used for specialized purposes. famous literature in Mexico Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo's Pedro Páramo Juan Rulfo (1955), the unrivaled masterpiece of Mexican literature, earned a mediocre reaction at its original release before becoming the highly praised novel that it is today.

Spanish Colonial Period 16th century 17th cenury The colonial literature of There were notable Mexico can be divided into several distinct authors in poetry, lyric, periods. First examples of literature are linked narrative and drama. The with the historical moment of conquest, Baroque literature colonization chronicles and letters. The followed the rivers of influence of indigenous themes in the literature Spanish writers Góngora of New Spain is evident in the incorporation of mexican letrature and Quevedo. many terms commonly used in the common 18th cetury local tongue of the people. One of the first novels written in the Americas, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi's El Periquillo Sarniento, is considered emblematic of the genre and one of Mexico's most important literary works.

Writers of independent Mexico 19th century Due to the political instability of the 19th century, Mexico already an independent nation saw a decline not only in its literature but in the other arts as well. During the second half of the 19th century, Mexican literature became revitalized with works such as Los Mexicanos Pintados Por Si Mismos, a book that gives us an approximate idea of how intellectuals of the period saw their contemporaries. Towards the end of the century, Mexican writers adopted the common tendencies of the period. During the 19th century, there were three major literary trends: romanticism, realism- naturalism, and modernism. Between 1895 and 1910 Mexico became a core of modernist activity; among famous writers there were Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Enrique González Martínez, Salvador Diaz Miron and Amado Nervo.

Japanese literature Japanese literature Japanese literature is was significantly the collection of the body of written works impacted by cultural created by Japanese interaction with China authors in Japanese or, in its earliest days, and Chinese literature, and early in the Chinese classical language, works were when Japan had no frequently published written language. in Classical Chinese. The introduction of Buddhism in Japan also had an impact on Indian literature. At this period, Japan had founded enlightenment literature, realism, romanticism, and naturalism. Writers like Yukichi Fukuzawa, Mori Gai, Tson Shimazaki, and Jun'ichir Tanizaki (Japan's first Nobel Prize laureate for Literature) revolutionized the country's literature at this time.

Early Tokugawa period (1603–c. 1770) The chief development in poetry during the Tokugawa shogunate was the emergence of the haiku as an important genre. Matsunaga Teitoku brought dignity to the comic renga and made it a demanding medium, rather than the quip of a moment. A new art, born as a reaction to the stultifying practices of an older art, was \"discovered,\" codified, and made respectable by practitioners of the older art. Bashō's haiku was perfected into a form capable of conveying poetry of the highest quality by Bashō. In 1684 Saikaku composed 23,500 verses in a single day and night, too fast for the scribes to do more than tally. Bashō's best-known works are travel accounts interspersed with his verses. Oku no hosomichi (1694) is perhaps the most popular and revered work of Tokugawa literature. The general name for the prose composed between 1600 and 1682 is kana-zōshi, or \"kana books,\" the name originally used to distinguish popular writings in the Japanese syllabary from more-learned works in Chinese. The genre embraced not only fiction but also works of a near-historical nature, pious tracts, guidebooks, evaluations of courtesans and actors, and miscellaneous essays. Asai Ryōi was a samurai who became the first popular and professional writer in Japanese history. Some critics rank him second only to Murasaki Shikibu, author of The Tale of Genji, in all Japanese literature.

Tokugawa period (1603-1867) The restoration of peace and the unification of Japan were achieved in the early 17th century, and for approximately 250 years the Japanese enjoyed almost uninterrupted peace. From the mid-1630s to the early 1850s Japan was closed, by government decree, to contact with the outside world. Initially, this isolation encouraged the development of indigenous forms of literature, but, eventually, in the virtual absence of fertilizing influence from abroad, it resulted in provincial writing. The adoption of printing in the early 17th century made a popular literature possible. The Japanese had known the art of printing since at least the 8th century, but they had reserved it exclusively for reproducing Buddhist writings. The Japanese classics existed only in manuscript form. In 1593, in the wake of the Japanese invasion of Korea, a printing press with movable type was sent as a present to the emperor Go-Yōzei. Printing soon developed into the hobby or extravagance of the rich, and many examples of Japanese literature began to appear in small editions. Commercial publication began in 1609; by the 1620s even works of slight literary value were being printed for a public eager for new books.

French literature The body of literary works For ages, French literature in the French language has been a source of created within the national pride for the physical and political confines of France is French people, as well as known as French one of Europe's most literature. As a result of prominent literary the Roman conquest of western Europe, the elements. ... The study of French language evolved literature, drama, and into one of the five major poetry is now emphasized Romance languages. in French schools (often learnt by heart). Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, père, François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Gérard de Nerval, Charles Nodier, Alfred de Musset, Théophile Gautier, and Alfred de Vigny were among the authors connected with Romanticism in the first half of the century.

17th century 17th-century French literature spans the reigns of Louis XIV, Marie de Medici and Anne of Austria. In Renaissance France, literature was largely the product of encyclopaedic humanism, and included works produced by an educated class of writers from religious and legal backgrounds. A new conception of nobility, modelled on the Italian Renaissance courts and their concept of the perfect courtier, was beginning to evolve through French literature. The production of literary works such as poems, plays, works of criticism or moral reflection was increasingly considered a necessary practice by nobles. 18th century 18th-century French literature is that written between 1715 and 1798, the year of the coup d'État of Bonaparte and the French Revolution. This century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation produced two important literary and philosophical movements. Writers of 18th century France were critical, skeptical and innovative. Their lasting contributions were the ideas of liberty, toleration, humanitarianism, equality, and progress, which became the ideals of modern western democracy.