Văn hóa Trung Quốc

["> Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1ec7l IC B in g t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1f>9 h\u1ee3p trong k\u1ebft c\u00e1u khoa h\u1ea1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1ea3t Trung Qu\u1ed5c t\u1eeb t h \u1ec9 k\u1ef3 XII \u0111\u00e9n th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX Th\u1edfi gian fth\u1ec3 ky) L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Th\u00ed nghi\u1ebbm K\u1ef9 thu\u1eb3t BkT\u00f3ng (960-1127) 4 6' 90 71 74 NamT\u1ed1ng 0127-1279) 19 12 \u2022 80 Nguy\u00e8n 0206-1368) \u2022 8 3 \u1eca_ 81 Mtnh (1386- 1644) ; 16 1\u2022 59 Thanh (11616-1911) 1\u2022 40\u2014. \u2014_ \u2014 ----------------------------------------------------- Bing t\u1ef7 l\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p k\u00e9t c\u1ea5u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea7y t\u1eedth\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XII \u0111\u00e9n th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX Th\u1eddi gian (th\u1ebf k\u1ef3) L\u00fdlhuy\u00e9t Thi nghi\u00eam K\u1ef7thu\u00e2t XD 90 5 ' 5 XIII 21 23 1 56 xrv 2 1 . 97 XV 5 6 \u1eca_ 89 XVI 47 20 \u2022 33 XVII 61 22 1 17 XVIII 31 20 \u2022 49 XIX 33 29 : 38 thay \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u00e1m ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169. \u0110\u00f3ng th\u1eddi, k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi y\u00e9u c\u00e1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebbn m\u1edbi n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e9 ch\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfng th\u1ec3 d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y chi qua c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u00f3ng k\u1ebd. \u1edf T\u00e1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVI tr\u1edf \u0111i. t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u00e1n n\u1eeda chi\u00e9m \u01b0u th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7ng n\u00e2ng cao nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec kh\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea3y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX, t\u1ef3 tr\u1ecdng k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e3n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tuy r\u1ea7ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t xa. Needham t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f5ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ee9 danh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng gu\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng b\u1ebb gi\u00f3. D\u1ef1a tr\u00e9n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f2ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u00e9 \u0111\u00f2ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gu\u00f3ng","V in h\u00f3a Thmg Qutfc < f2 \u0110\u1ed5ng h\u00f3 m\u00e1t tr\u1eddi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh l\u1ea3 m\u00f2t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tinh gi\u1edf. l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng b\u00f3ng do \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o \u0111\u00e9m v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3n chia th\u1eddi gian. n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ebb gi\u00f3. N\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1ea3n c\u00e1n thi\u00e9t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebbn th\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f2ng th\u00e9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f2ng chi y\u00eau c\u00e1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gu\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ebb kh\u00ed, m\u00e0 qua tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u1ea7 c\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e9 ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ee9ng; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \\\"l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ea5u ch\u00f3t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh l\u00e1y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i khi\u00e9n n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t s\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng do th\u00ed\u00e9u c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e1t y\u00e9u c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebbn, k\u00e9t c\u00e1u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u00f3i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u00f9a n\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 ba, chi khi ba y\u00e9u t\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3n b\u1ea7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed7i th\u00ec k\u00e9t c\u00e1u c\u1ee7\u00e2 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u00e1t c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e9n d\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nhu\u00e1n nhuy\u1ebbn v\u1ea7 t\u1ed1t nh\u00e1t D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u1ea7 d\u1ea3n t\u1ed9c v\u1eeba c\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba c\u00f3 tinh th\u00e1n c\u00e1n c\u00f9, ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u. \u1edd c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u00e9p \u0111\u00f2i h\u00f2i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec7t xu\u00e1t. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 th\u00eau, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1t s\u00e9t, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u00e1c vi m\u00f4 V.V.. v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem l\u00e0 m\u00e2u m\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c x\u01b0a nay lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00e1n ti\u00e9p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, b\u1ea3ng chuy\u00e9a b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c x\u01b0a v6n \u0111\u1ea3 kh\u00f2ng gi\u1ecfi v\u00e9 t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa","> Khoa h \u1ecd ck\u1ef7thu\u1ec7l B\u00e1t m\u1ea1ch i\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trung y. h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7ng thi\u00e9u c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1 huy\u1ec7t v\u1ecb tr\u1ebbn Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u00e9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o thi\u00e9n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do minh ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng hi\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1edd\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eddi Thanh v\u00ea. gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hay t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft n\u00f3 b\u00e0ng l\u00fd thuy\u00e9t, c\u1ee7ng r\u1ea5t hi\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00e9n h\u00e0nh t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ea7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong Trung y. t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m quy\u00e9n uy nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf n\u1ed9i kinh, nhung b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3u h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f2ng n\u00e9n h\u00e0 kh\u00e2c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebd n\u1ed9i kinh, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u00e9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng su\u1ed1t hcm hai ng\u00e0n n\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn y h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e9 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 ch\u1ecf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. E r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng o\u00e9n\u1ed9i kinh mong mu\u1ed1n. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb y h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1ef1c t\u00e9 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu, nh\u01b0ng trong ng\u1eed c\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Nho gia, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u00e1t quy\u00e9t li\u1ec7t n\u00e9n \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1\u00ed. Do th\u00ed\u00e9u n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3u h\u1ecdc n\u00e9n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1u t\u1ea1o sinh l\u00fd c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, d\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n thi\u00e9u \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u1ea3 t\u00e9 b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc, th\u00e1n kinh h\u1ecdc. t\u00e2m n\u00e3o huy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh y h\u1ecdc. Tuy r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n","VAn h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u1ed1c <( )4 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1a \u0111i\u00e9u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung y r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e9n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 v\u1ea3n t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi n\u00e9n y h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y. Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e9 cao kinh nghi\u1ec7m, xem tr\u1ecdng kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nh\u1eedng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 m\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00e1u t \u00e3 nr\u00ec\u01a1 h\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u00e2y l\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \\\"thi\u00e9u s\u00f3t b\u1ea5m sinh\\\" c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9n nay, sau khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, d\u00e1n d\u00e1n thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u1eaft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. II. S\u1ee9c \u1ef3 b\u00e9n trong c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y. \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f9a n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f5c tr\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1y s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 li\u00e9n tr\u1edf n\u00e9n y\u00e9u \u0111u\u00f3i v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng, \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 li\u00e9n h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ebfu n\u1ecfng thi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n; c\u00f2n n\u00e9u kh\u00f2ng th\u00ec ch\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c Thi\u00e9n v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho n\u00f4ng t\u1eeb r\u00e1t s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t nghi\u1ec7p, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ebfu r\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f2ng minh ra gu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebdt m\u00f9a l\u1eb1m c\u00f2ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1edfi trong n\u00e1m. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft ti\u00e9u, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e9 m\u00f9a quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u0103m nh\u01b0 Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00e2n, v.v,. \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0 nhanh sau h\u1ecd kh\u1ed5ng m\u00e1y ch\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n chia hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u00f3n ti\u00e9t m\u00f9a v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebbn c\u00f2ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Am l\u1ecbch, b\u1eddi n\u1ecf thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u00e9m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebdn cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1eb7t l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2n li\u00e9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u00f3i to\u00e1n. \u1eadf \u2022! \u1ecb\u1ea7 \u1ec6 \u1ecar , To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \\\"o\u00e1n ;^ ; ( ........ h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t m\u1ec9nh hay du rh\u1eadp","y Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u00e1t ]( m\u00f2i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e0y l\u1eb1 m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u00e9t B\u00e0n tinh l\u1ea7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t n\u00fat th\u00e1t c\u1ed1 chai trong ti\u1ebfn trinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecf. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0tig y\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111ai v\u00e9 t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hcfn n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t minh, \u0111\u00e9n nay di\u1ebbn d\u1ecbch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebb n\u1ebbn th\u01b0\u1eddng chi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 2.600 n\u1ea3m tr\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. ph\u1ea3n m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, kh\u1ecfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f9u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong khi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn l\u00e9n di\u1ebbn d\u1ecbch h\u00f3a, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd h\u00f3a, _____________ ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c do \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e1t \u0111ai, ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 mang t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n t\u00ednh m\u00e0 th\u00f2i. S\u1edf \u0111\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e1u xa v\u00e3n l\u00e3 do to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00e9n n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f3ng. Th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1eedu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ec9\u00e0 th\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cao c\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00e9n th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 th\u1ef1c t\u00e9 l\u1ebbn quan m\u1eb7t thi\u00e9t \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, V.V.. B\u00e0i to\u00e1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfu n\u00f4ng kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y; kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00e9u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e0m th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00e0ng cao ch\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00e9n c\u00e1c v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c \u1edf d\u00f9ng. Tranh m inh h\u1ecda khung d\u00e8t v\u00e1i hoa v\u00e0 c\u1ecfng \u0111oan gia c\u1ecfng t\u01a1 t\u00e2m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Minh v\u1ebb.","V\u1ea7n h\u00f2a Thing Qu\u1ed1c < 06 \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt hay k\u1ef7 n\u1ea3ng thi\u00e9t th\u1ef1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhcmg \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u00e9m tr\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdt, ch\u1ea3n nu\u1ecfL n\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00ean men c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t \u0111\u00e9n nhu c\u00e1u \\\"\u0103n\\\" \u0111\u00e9u r\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n. C\u00f2n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u00e1u \u201cm\u1eb7c\\\" nh\u01b0 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea7m, t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00f2ng c\u00e1n b\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7 qu\u00e9 h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9a con t\u1eb1m, c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y d\u1ea3u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao l\u01b0u kinh t\u00e9 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea9t gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \\\"Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 L\u1ee5a\\\". K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e9 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u00e1u \\\"(\u00edr c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 Cung \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0111\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u00e1t phong ph\u00fa. Tuy nhi\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3\u00ed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba vun \u0111\u00e1p, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c. Tr\u00e1i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 trinh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u00e9t t\u1ef1 l\u00fac n\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f2 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 n\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u00f3n b\u1eebng b\u1eebng s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea3 b\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebd n\u00f3ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u00e1n h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 ngoan ngo\u00e3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1n c\u00f9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho kinh t\u00e9 n\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e1m l\u1ee7i nghe l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 gia s\u00fac nu\u00f2i trong nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ea3ng l\u1ef1c ti\u00e9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 sinh t\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thui ch\u1ed9t. III. S\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u00f2c b\u1edfi quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng X\u00e9t tr\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea7 s\u1ea3n ph\u00e1m c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng n\u00ean \u1ecf m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh co c\u1ee5m, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y khi\u00e9n t\u00e2m th\u00e9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, m\u01b0u c\u00e1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i hay \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebdn. \u0110\u00e2y r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1ng l\u00f3 c\u00e0n tr\u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ec9\u00e9n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt c\u00f9a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c, Nho gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nho gia th\u00edch trung dung, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u1ea1nh tranh; \u0111\u1ea1o gia ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 vi n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee9ng th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u00e2t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9n c\u1ea1nh tranh. Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1edf \u0111\u0129 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1ea3y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00e9n n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u00e9 c\u1ea1nh tranh. Tr\u00e8n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f2ng chi ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f2ng ng\u1eebng r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u00f3i, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ganh \u0111ua m\u1ed9t m\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u1ecfn v\u1edbi nhau. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t chi\u00e9m th\u00e9 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay, xu th\u00e9 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. S\u1ee9c s\u1ed3ng c\u00f9a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y hoan ngh\u00eanh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ea7 lu\u00f4n mu\u00f3n m\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e9u c\u1ecf l\u00e2i l\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebb ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, c\u1ea3n c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t khi kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1ea3 phong ph\u00fa th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ebb cho","> Khoahy Ic\u1ef9thu\u1ec7l 10 r\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f2ng b\u00e2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u, c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e1y n\u1eeda b\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed7c x\u01b0a gi\u1ecfi ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hay h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, nh\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t si\u00e9u h\u00ecnh (h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u00e9n s\u1ef1 xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u00e9u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edb a h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n d\u00e2t tinh th\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 v\u1ecf c\u00f9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c xem tr\u1ecdng \\\"\u0111\u1ea1o\\\" ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f2ng xem tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0n v\u00e9 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\\\" \u201ct\u00e2m'\u2019, \\\"kh r nh\u01b0ng \\\"\u0111\u1ea1o\\\" l\u1ea7 g\u00ec. \\\"t\u00e2m'* l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \\\"kh\u00ed\\\" l\u1ea7 g\u00ec th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00e1m b\u00e1t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed7c nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, L\u1ea3o T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f2ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m s\u1eedc v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u00e9. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u00e9n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, k\u00e9m v\u00e9 ph\u00e1n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u00f3c. Do thi\u00e9u s\u00e1ng ki\u00e9n n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n; do thi\u00e9u th\u1ef1c ch\u1eedng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m r\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n; do thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n t\u00edch n\u00e9n ph\u00e1n c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t k\u00e9t c\u00e1u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi\u00e9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ti\u00e9n li\u00e9 a thi\u00e9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0129hi\u00e9n c\u00e1u nghi tr\u1ebbn \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ed1 \u1edf B\u00e1c Kinh l\u00e0 thi\u00e9t b\u1ecb th\u00ed\u00e8n v\u1ea9n m\u1eb1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.","V in h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ C\u00e1c k\u00fd s\u01b0 Trung Qu\u00f3c khoa h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebdu ph\u00e0n chia chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh s\u00e9 kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi chuy\u00e9n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a tr\u00e9n khung s\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1ed5n c\u00f3. gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb1i. IV. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec3n th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u1ed1ng - Minh, Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t k\u00e9t c\u00e1u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a x\u00e0 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nghi\u00e9m ng\u1eb7t. K\u00e9t c\u1ea5u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng kinh t\u00e9 ho\u00e0n ch\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: v\u00e9 m\u00f2 h\u00ecnh t\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan li\u00e9u l\u1eaby ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebd th\u00ec duy tr\u00ec ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac; v\u00e9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 th\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng n\u00f2ng \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng; v\u00e9 h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecdng ngh\u0129a khinh l\u1ee3i, ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3i sau; trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u2018i \u01b0u ti\u00e9n ph\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eedc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e9u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecfng b\u00e1t l\u1ee3i l\u00e9n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u1ee9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh k\u00e9t c\u00e1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng n\u00f2ng \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng v\u00e3n h\u00f3a, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. M\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ec7t thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 th u \u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u1eedc ch\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, n\u00f3 ch\u0129 c\u1ed1 th\u00e9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u00e1u c\u00f9a kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f3ng th\u1ebf n\u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3a hoa c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3 g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00e0 x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e8n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 ki\u00e9u m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.","GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C","______ y i n h \u00f3 a T h i n g Q y \u1ed2 c < 10 N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ed1 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng t\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb9p, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, tuy r\u1ea7ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ai h\u01a1n \u00e2i k\u00e9m. Th\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIII tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eebng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u00e1c, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u00e9, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c nh\u00e1t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa, l\u1ed7i ra c\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ee7ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1u th\u00e9 k\u1ef3 XX tr\u1edf t\u1ea1\u00ed \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eedng n\u00e0m b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung v\u1edbi ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. s\u1ef1 BI\u1ebeNTHI\u00caNC\u1ee6ACH\u1ebe\u0110\u1ed8GlAOD\u1ee4C Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 (2070 TCN - 1600 TCN) ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e1n Thu, n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1eddi s\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M\u1ea3c T\u1eed \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u00e9 x\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc thuy\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, d\u00e1y l\u00e9n tr\u1eb1o t\u01b0u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu6c r\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9a th\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a bi\u00e9u hi\u1ec7n. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3m nh\u1ea7 \u0111ua t\u00ed\u1ebbng, d\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kh\u00f3ng l\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa, nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef, M\u1eb7c T\u1eeb, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh, Trang T\u1eeb, Tu\u00f4n T\u1eed, T\u1ed3n T\u1eebbinh ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0n Phi T\u1eeb, L\u00f5 Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n ThUtV.V.. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u00e9u T\u1ea7y H\u00e1n, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u00e9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch \\\"\u1ec8D\u00e3i tru\u00e1t b\u00e1ch gia, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n Nho thu\u1eadt\\\" t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e9 sau n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n l\u00e1y kinh h\u1ecdc Nho gia l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, pha t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Am D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00e9n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u00e1a ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ea7 th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u00e9p, \u0111i\u00e9u r>\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ef7 ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1\u00ed \u0111\u1ed7i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u00e9n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e9 b\u1ea1t quan l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eedng m\u00f4n m\u1ee5c thi tuy\u00e9n bao g\u00f3m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, n\u00f2ng s\u1ef1,","> Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v.v... nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0n l\u00e2 kinh h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u t\u00e2m s\u1eedc \u0111\u1ec1 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf Nho gia x\u01b0a, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt chi l\u00ed c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kinh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng do qua ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e8n kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f2i s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p v\u00e9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi H\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00f3 c\u1eadp Nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e9n m\u00f3ng cho n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Nho h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1l lo\u1ea1n, kinh --------------------- h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch n\u1eb7ng n\u00e9, Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1o gia v\u00e0 Huy\u00e9n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1u th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nam B\u00e1c Tri\u1ec1u, Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eedng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 Nho, \u0110\u1ea1o, Ph\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho gia v\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Nguy\u00ean, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ebfn kinh t\u00e9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9a x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec Nho h\u1ecdc v\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u00e9t kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y th\u00f3ng nh\u00e1t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, s\u00e1ng l\u1eb7p n\u00e9n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed. Nh\u00e0 Tranh Ph\u1ee5c S\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed, v\u1eb5n xem gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00f9 kinh \u0111\u1ed5 do \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang m\u1eedc c\u00e1c m\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u1eddi Minh v\u1ebd, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u1ef5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01b0 h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u00e9u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0, do kinh t\u00e9 mi\u00e8u t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u01b0cmg nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00f3n vinh n\u00ean nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1eddi T\u1eb3y H\u00e1n, Ph\u1ee5c th\u1ee3 ngh\u00e9 c\u00f9a quan ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n Sinh tu \u1ed5 i \u0111\u00e2 h\u01a1n luy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u1ea7 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u00e9 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i truy\u00e9n d\u1ea1y Ngo\u00e0i tuy\u00e9n ch\u1ecdn quan v\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi tuy\u00e9n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 cho Tri\u00e9u quan v\u1ecf. Th\u00f3. Th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba k\u00e9 th\u1eeba truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e2c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea7 ch\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc truy\u00e9n d\u1ea1y tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ed5n th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi B\u00e1c T\u00f3ng t\u1ea7 B\u1ea1ch L\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1ch c\u1ed5 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi k\u00e0 Tung D\u01b0cmg), \u1ee9ng Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea1c L\u1ed9c. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi B\u00e1c T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u s\u1ef1","V \u1ec9n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ o L\u1ec9\u00e9nk\u1ec1tt\u01b0li\u1ebbu 'T \u1ee9 \u0129h \u01b0 'v\u00e0 74911 Kinh'l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf kinh \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nho gia. \\\"Ng\u00f9 Kinh\\\" chi Kinh tN, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, L\u1ebb k\u00fd, Chu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Xu\u00e2n Thu, l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng k\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nho gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1edd\u1ec9 Ti\u00e9n \u0129\u1ebfn. Th\u1eddi Nam T\u00f3ng, Chu Hy t\u00e1ch r\u00ed\u00e9ng hai th\u1ec9\u00e8n \u0110\u1ee3i H\u1ecdc v\u1ea7 Trung Dung ra t\u1eeb L\u1ebb K\u1ef7, 9\u1ed8p chung v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eefv\u1ec1 M\u1ee3nh \u0129\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh T\u1eed Th\u01b0v\u1eb1 ch\u00fa th\u00edch cho ch\u00fan\u1ea1. V\u00e9 sau c\u00e1c tri\u00e9u Nguy\u00e9n. Minh, Thanh ra \u0111\u1ec1 thi khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3u xoay quanh ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a T\u1eedTh\u01b0 do Chu Hy ch\u00fa th\u1ec9ch, sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 hlnh th\u00e0nh n\u1eacn ch\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ec9 v\u00e2n b\u00e1t c\u1ed5. T\u1ee9\u0129h\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u00f2 m\u1eb1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1eaech gi\u00e1o khoa c\u01a1 b\u00e1n cho g\u00cc\u00c2o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u01b0uy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea3 nh\u1eedng quy\u1ec2n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ecf\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddt \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch b\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f9a n\u00f3 th\u1eadm chf c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n Ng\u0169 K\u1ec9nh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi T\u1eed Th\u01b0 l i 'K\u1ec9nh th\u00e1nh' c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed5ng. T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0 Ng\u0169 K\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh hu\u1edfng v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng sAu s k \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c Th\u01b0 vi\u1eacn Nh\u1ea1c L\u1ed9c \u1edf b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho gia truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng. th\u1ea7nh ph\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa Vi\u1ec7c Chu Hy x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 T \u1ee9 Th\u01b0; \\\"Ng\u0169 Kinh\u201d l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec3n tinh H\u1ed4 Nam l\u1ea7 th\u01b0 h\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. \u00f4ng r\u00fat hai thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Trung Dung ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u00e9ng c\u1ee7a L\u1ebb K\u00fd, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eebx\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0, \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 c\u00e0i t\u1ea1o mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Nho h\u1ecdc truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1ecbp n\u1ea3m 976, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nho nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x \u1ec9y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng Nho \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi Minh - d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh. Thanh t\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi h\u00e0nh chuy\u00e9n ch\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 l\u1ef1c th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e9n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ____________________________ s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00f2ng cho thi\u00e9u nhi n\u00f3i ti\u00eang nh\u00e1t Trung Qu\u1ed7c ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ef1Kinh do V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng L\u00e0n (1223 - 1296), h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi Nam T6ng (1127 - 1279) bi\u00e9n so\u1ea1n. Quy\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eed r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ebb hi\u1ebfU; n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa, \u00e2m ti\u00e9t nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, thu\u1eadn mi\u1ec7ng, m\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u00e9n th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u1ed5c nhi\u00e9u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edd n\u1ed3ng th\u00f4n v\u1ea3n xem n\u00f3 l\u1ea7 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 B\u00e1ch gia t\u00ednh, Nhi \u0111\u1ed1ng th\u1eedc t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c b\u00e1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng quy\u00e9n s\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","> G\u00cc\u00e1od\u1ee5< Tranh Th\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e1o h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Th an h v\u1ebd, di\u1ebbn t\u1ea3 c\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0ng n\u00f4 gi\u1ee1n trong l\u00fac th\u1eafy ng\u1ee7 g\u1eadt. truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e9 cao. Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean xem th\u01b0\u1eddng nho sinh, b\u00e1i b\u1ecf khoa c\u1eed, tuy r\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f2i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eedng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean r\u1ea5t xem tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c y h\u1ecdc Hai nh\u00e0 Minh, Thanh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf khoa c\u1eeb. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eeb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (1328 - 1398) \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eadt ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c khoa c\u1eeb d\u00f9ng v\u00e1n b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i. V\u0103n b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi hai th\u1eddi Minh, Thanh \u0111\u1ea3 m\u00e1t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ban \u0111\u00e1u. xu\u00f3ng c\u1ea7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean ch\u00e9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed Minh - Thanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Nho sinh b\u1ec7 r\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ch\u00e2m bi\u1ec3m Nho l\u1edfm ngo\u1ecdi s\u1eed\u0111\u1eddi Thanh. o Li\u00e9n k\u00e9t t\u01b0 li\u00eau NHO \u1ec7VM NGO\u1ea0I s\u1eedC\u1ee6A NG\u1ed4 KfNHT\u1eec Nho l\u00e2m ngo\u1ee3i s\u1eed l\u1ea7 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi Thanh Ng\u00f4 K\u00ednh T\u1eed (1701 - 1754), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f2ng danh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed5ng h\u00e2ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1rvg l\u1edbp Nho sinh d\u01b0\u1edf\u00ed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed nh\u1ea3 Thanh. B\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ea7 s\u00e2u s\u00e1c nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n C\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa aX c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u01b0\u1ecb, x\u00e3 K\u1ed9i ^ ^ t h d i . _________________ ____________________________ _jt\u00ed","V\u00e0n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c K\u1ebf t\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi Minh, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e9n v\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0i v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi cu\u00f3i Minh \u0111\u00e1u Thanh. Sau n\u00e0m 1840; ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ec1 ch\u00e9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec. N\u0103m 1908, ch\u00ednh qu\u1ef5\u00e9n v\u00e3n Thanh ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed. Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e1n H\u1ee3i, n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed5c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi. Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f9a \u00c2u M\u1ef9, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u00e9u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eadc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1c Kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Thanh Hoa, v.v... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau phong tr\u00e0o \\\"Ng\u0169 T\u01b0; c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Thanh Hoa, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1c Kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m B\u00e1c Kinh \u2014 --------------- qu\u1ea5n t\u1ee5 nhi\u00e9u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 danh ti\u1ebfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Qu\u00f3c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m \u1edf B\u1ea5c Tr\u00e1n \u0110\u1ed9c T\u00fa (1879 - 1942), H\u00f3 Th\u00edch (1891 - 1962), L\u1ecf T\u1ea5n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed5c Kinh l\u1ea7 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee7 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Duy (1877 - 1927),Tr\u00e1n D\u00e1n Kh\u00e1c (1890- 1969) t\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1edfi Nguy\u1ebbn, Minh, Thanh. xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f2ng gi\u00f3ng nhau, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea3 ti\u00e9p c\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00e9n ti\u00e9n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00ean ti\u00e9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u00e9 t\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u00f3c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb Trung Qu\u00f3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1n n\u1eefa b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebdc, do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u m\u00e1u thu\u00e2n x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n ph\u00f3n vinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.","^ Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c NH\u1eeeNG TH\u00c0NH T\u1ef1u V\u00c0 H\u01afNG SUY C\u1ee6A N\u1ec2N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C TRUY\u1ebeN TH\u1ed0NG N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f5c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u00f3r\u00ecg T\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng r\u00e3t l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1y l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfng nh\u00e1t \u1edf ch\u1ecf Trung Qu\u00f3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e1m v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea5y Nho h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e9 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t tr\u00e9n b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea9n. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 m\u00f5i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3u c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. Danh nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed7c hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, \u00f2ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo di\u1ebbn ti\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u1ecfng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn. \u1ed2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f2n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n The S\u01b0 Bi\u1ec3u (ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y ti\u00e9u bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi). T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1ng T\u1eed r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, \u00f2ng h\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u1ebbn quan \u0111\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec1m \\\"nh\u00e1n t\u00e0i thi gi\u00e1o\\\" (d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u00f9y theo t\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc); \\\"h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o v\u00f2 lo\u1ea1i\\\" (d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e0n bi\u1ec7t sang h\u00e8n), \\\"h\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t quy\u1ec7n\\\" (d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi), \\\"\u0111a v\u1ea3n\\\" (nghe nhi\u00e9u) v\u00e0 \\\"b\u00e1t s\u0129 h\u1ea1 v\u1ea5n\\\"(kh\u00f2ng ng\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi), \\\"h\u1ecdc nhi th\u1eddi t\u1eadp chi\\\" (h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00e9n \u1ecfn luy\u1ec7n), nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ecfi v\u1edbi suy ng\u1ea3m, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng theo thi\u1ec7n b\u1ecf \u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u00e1n hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1edd\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 noi theo. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef gh\\\\ ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f2ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u danh ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eeb m\u00e0 M\u1eb7c T\u1eeb - ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f2ng - c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. Sau Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ee9 danh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0 t\u1eed b\u00e1ch gia nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f5ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.","\\\\i\u1ebfn h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u00f2c Sau th\u1eddi Ti\u00e9n T\u00e1n, m\u00f4i tri\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ki\u1ec7t xu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0110\u00f3ng Tr\u1ecdng Th\u01b0, Tr\u1ecbnh Huy\u00e9n (127 - 200); th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 H\u00e0n D\u1ee7; \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng c\u00f3 Tr\u00ecnh Di, Tr\u00ecnh H\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Chu \u0110\u00f2n Di (1017 - 1073), Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3i, Chu Hy v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c C\u1eedu Uy\u00e9n; th\u1eddi Minh c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee7 Nh\u1ea3n, L\u00fd Ch\u00ed; \u0111\u1eddi Thanh c\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Phu Chi, Nhan Nguy\u00ean (1635 - 1704), \u0110\u1edbi Ch\u1ea5n; cu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh c\u00f3 Khang H\u1eefu Vi (1858 - 1927); th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u00f3i (1868 - 1940). H\u1ecd s\u00f3ng \u1edd nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5ng hi\u00e9n tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. X\u00e9t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d \u1ee5 c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. K\u00e9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n tr\u1edf v\u00e9 sau, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 lu\u00f2n xuy\u00e9n su\u00f3t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1c s\u00f9ng Nho, tr\u1ecdng l\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ecdc kinh th\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u l\u00e1n bl\u00e9n \u0111\u00f3i. \u0110\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e9 c\u1eadp nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u01b0, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u1ea3n t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eedTrung Qu\u00f3c, m\u00f2 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng - Minh l\u1eb1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u00e1m nh\u00e0 \u0111ua ti\u00e9ng, Nho gia ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t trong s\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00f2i. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed v\u00e0 Tu\u1ea3n T\u1eed \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, gi\u00fap cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho gia chi\u1ebfm th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong. Th\u1eddi T\u00f3ng - Minh \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u00e1c. Th\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u00f9i \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau l\u00e0: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng chi n\u00ean truy\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c cho h\u1ecdc sinh, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebbn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1y s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e1n t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn trong th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ti\u00ean T\u00e1n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n. M\u00f4n h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f3ng T\u1eed c\u00f3 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u00e9n t\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea7 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u00e9u h\u00ecnh th\u1eedc ti\u1ebfn c\u1eeb nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i cho tri\u00e9u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ecfng, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u1ea7 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i do qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quan h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i, hai m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 g\u00e1n li\u00e9n vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u00e9t m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00f3c gia, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u00e1t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u H\u00e1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy vong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed7ng d\u00f3c. Th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u00f3c (220 - 280), Ng\u1ee5y V\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e9 (187 - 226) b\u00e1t \u0111\u0103u","> G\u1ec8Aod\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eedu ph\u1ea9m trung Tranh Khoo c\u1eeb kh\u00e1o ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec7 {xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n) th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t, t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00ec. Do m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e9n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1u n\u00e9n nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c giai T\u00f4ng v\u1ebb t\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u1ed1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u00e9n. \u0110\u00e9n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u00e9n c\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng n\u00e9n ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thi khoa b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"h\u1ecdc nhi \u01b0u t\u00e1c s\u0129\\\" (ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc gi\u00f2i th\u00ec l\u00e0m quan) c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f3ng T\u1eed. N\u00e9u \u0111em so v\u1edbi ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u00e9n c\u1eed ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o ti\u00e9n c\u1eed v\u00e0 gia th\u00e9, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00e9n th\u00e2n cho \u0111\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea3o t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 xu\u1eabt th\u00e2n b\u00e1n h\u00e0n, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thi c\u1eeb m\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o gu\u00f3ng m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u00f3c gia. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u nh\u1ea7 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u1ee7 nh\u1ea3n t\u00e0i h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n r\u00e1t to l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9a th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng trong l\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1eedc thi khoa c\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 vul m\u1eebng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, anh h\u00f9ng trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea3 quy t\u1ee5 v\u00e9 d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9a \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu th\u1ecbnh suy c\u1ee7a qu\u00f3c gia g\u00e1n k\u00e9t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u1ea3m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi Minh th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00e9u c\u1ef1c. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng v\u0103n b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i. V\u1ea3n b\u00e1t c\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t nh\u1eedng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng mang t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u1ee7ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, n\u00f3 l\u1eb1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh m\u00e3n t\u00ednh c\u00f9a ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u00e9n. V\u1ea3n b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cch\u00e2n nh\u1ecf\\\" n\u00f3 khi\u00e9n v\u00f3 v\u00e0n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed7c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u00e8","V \u1ec9n h\u00f3a Truo9 Qu\u00f3c qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t v\u00e9 tinh th\u00e1n kh\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebdt th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f2ng m\u01b0u c\u00e1u tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00e0n ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e9n \u0111\u00e0y ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t l\u1ebb t\u00e1t nhi\u00e9n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u00e2ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y. X\u00e9t v\u00e9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u1ed7c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea3 c\u00f3 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng v\u00e1n h\u00f3a t\u00f4n s\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111i chu du c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy r\u0103ng ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u1edd m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u00f2ng \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea3n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng ti\u00e9p ki\u00e9n. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00e8n quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u00f2n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn tr\u00f2 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u00e1y gi\u1edd. H\u00e1n Cao T\u00f3 v\u00f3n coi th\u01b0\u1eddng Nho sinh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb, \u1ecfng nghe theo ki\u00e9n ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 (kho\u1ea3ng 240 TCN - 170 TCN) v\u00e0 Th\u00fac T\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng, thu d\u00f9ng l\u1ebb nghi Nho gia. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u00e9 th\u00ec Nho gia \u0111\u00ed v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c x\u01b0a nay v\u1ed1n t\u00f2n s\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, quy\u00e9n uy nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u00e1y m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd Nho gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h \u1ea1a s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n nhu\u1ed1m m\u00e0u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. ____________ N\u00e9u x\u00e9t v\u00e9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong gi\u00e1o d \u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e9 cao s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng Nho gia ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i Chu \u0110\u00f4n Di t\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n th\u00e9 nghi\u1ec7m, n\u1ecf l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. c6 nh\u1eb3n c\u00e1ch cao Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, khi\u00e9t, b\u1ea7i v\u00e0n \u00c1i li\u00e9n nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u00e9 tr\u1edf \u0111i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Nho gia \u1edeTrung thuy\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u1ed5ng c\u00f3 Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 mang h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong kho\u1ea3ng hem hai t\u1ec9m \u1eb3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e1t ng\u1ea3n n\u1ea3m sau \u0111\u00f3, tuy tr\u1ea3i qua l\u00e1m l\u00fac th\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1m nh\u01b0ng xu th\u1ebf l\u1ea5y s\u1ea3u xa. gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e9. Tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u00e9t Nho gia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u00ea c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edeTrung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.","> Gl\u00e1o<ly< Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho gid y\u00eau c\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e1y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2. Kh\u1ed1ng T\u1eeb lu\u00f4n r\u00e1t nghi\u00eam kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n minh. Trong s6 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u00f9a \u00f4ng, Nhan H\u00f3i (521 TCN - 481 TCN) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u00e1t s\u00e2c nh\u1ea5t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u00e9n kh\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u1ecfng l\u1ea7 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nho gia. T\u00e2ng S\u1ea3m (505 TCN - 435 TCN) c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f2ng k\u00e9m, \u00f2ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 soi x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh. Truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f9a Nho g\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u00e9n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eedng b\u1eadc th\u00e1y l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb1 nh\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 t\u00e1m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e1t to l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e9n th\u1eddi \u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eedng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u00e1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc g\u00e1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eadn hi\u00e9n. Chu \u0110\u00f2n Di t\u1eebng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u00e0i v\u1ea3n ng\u00e1n Ai li\u00ean thuy\u00e9t (b\u00e0n v\u00e9 y\u00eau hoa sen), ca ng\u1ee3i hoa sen c\u00f3 th\u00e9 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb b\u00f9n m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u00f3i tanh, \u0111\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc t\u00f3ng s\u01b0 Nho gia h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e9n nh\u00e0n c\u00e1ch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e9 cao r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c dung r\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f9a qu\u00f3c gia phong ki\u00e9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh binh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ebfu n\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e9 sau, n\u1ed1 li\u1ebbn ti\u00e9p l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eedng m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eedng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c \u0111oan ch\u0103m ch\u1ea3m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \\\"\u0111\u00f3i ch\u00e9t l\u1ea7 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u00f2, th\u00e1t ti\u00e9t m\u1edbi l\u1ea7 chuy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn*. \u0110\u00e2y r\u1ea7nh r\u00e0nh l\u1ea7 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tuy quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f2ng th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, n\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7\u00e2 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u1ea7 b\u1ea7i h\u1ecdc s\u00e1u s\u00e1c m\u1ea7 n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. NH\u1eeeNG TI\u00caU c\u1ef1c V\u00c0 KHI\u1ebeM KHUY\u1ebeT C\u1ee6A GlAO D\u1ee4C TRUY\u1ec2NTH\u1ed0NG Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111i theo nh\u1eedng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. So s\u00e1nh th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u00f3c v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p c6, tuy m\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed5ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ai hcm ai k\u00e9m. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XII tr\u1edf \u0111i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0 xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e9n th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XIV, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh \u1edeTrung Qu6c, n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u Au \u0111\u1ea3 mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u1edf ch\u00e2u Au \u0111\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t","W>I\u00cc h\u00f3a Thi\u00edig Qu\u00f2c < hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f9a ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eedng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cao, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f9a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00e9u m\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u00ea gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng tr\u1edd v\u00e9 sau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e9n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIIL c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00edn mu\u00f3i c\u00f9a v\u00e0n minh c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean t\u00e1m cao m\u1edbi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u t\u1ecf r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 nua, c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e1t l\u1ea7 thi\u00e9u tinh th\u00e1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng r\u00e1t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 c\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u00e0n th\u00e2n th\u00e9 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. X\u00e9t v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t x\u00e2 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 l\u1ea1c l\u1eb7u, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i, v\u00e1n h\u00f3a suy \u0111\u00f3i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e1t \u1ed5n, V.V.. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u00e1m x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u1edf k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e9n k\u00ecnh t\u00e9. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt s\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f2ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u1eddi T\u00f3ng - Minh kh\u00f4ng h\u00e9 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n. Nh\u01b0ng con s\u00f3 b\u00e9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e0 che l\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u1ed5 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng. Ch\u00e2u Au t\u1eeb sau th\u1ebd k\u1ef7 XIV \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n Trung Qu\u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn: kh\u00f4ng l\u00e1y kinh t\u00e9 ti\u00e9u n\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o cho n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 x\u00e2 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thai ngh\u00e9n ra s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t x\u00e2 h\u1ed9i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. T\u1eeb T\u1ed1ng, Nguy\u00ean, Minh, Thanh, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u00f3c ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t h\u00f9 b\u1ea1i, bi\u00e9u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea7 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u1ec3p nh\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, chuy\u00ean ch\u00e9 trong \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eafn M\u1ed9t ng\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 cu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1edf\u1ec9 Thanh.","> G\u1ec9\u00e1od\u1ef5c \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean t\u1ea7 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. L\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00f3ng - Minh k\u00e9m xa Nho h\u1ecdcTt\u00e9n T\u00e1n v\u00e9 s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng, c\u00f2n n\u00e9u so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1y th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 phong ki\u00e9n do r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u00e9n trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y n\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eedng nguy\u00e9n nh\u00e2n b\u00e9n trong th\u00ec c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00e9n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, C\u00f2n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0n b\u00e9n ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c N\u0103m 1840, chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u1eb5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 Trung Qu\u00f3c, \u0111\u00e9 qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa gi\u00e0 nua kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ch\u00f3ng c\u1ef1 n\u00f3i, n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e9n ti\u1ebfng c\u00e1o chung. X\u00e9t v\u00e9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00f9a n\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9n t\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u0169 k\u1ef9 s\u00e1o m\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u01b0u \u00e1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nho gia, sau \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u0129 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u2018'T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0\u201d v\u00e0 \\\"Ng\u1ee7 Kinh\\\". Nh\u1eedng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u1ed5 nhi\u00e9n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 thay th\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng m\u1edf, th\u1eddi n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ri\u00e8ng c\u00f9a th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. K\u00e9t c\u00e1u n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e9 sau c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u00e1t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, kinh h\u1ecdc \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ecf cho nh\u1eedng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u00e9n c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ecf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1n thi\u00e9t \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e9 cao. v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec xem tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec xem tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9a n\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy r\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ed5c 9\u00ed\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed7c.","V\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Trun9 Qu\u1ed5c ^ m\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9u \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi n\u1ecf, h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c s\u1ebb b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ngay nh\u1eefng khuy\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c nghi\u00eam khoa h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebfu tinh th\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh, V.V.. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00e1n - H\u00e1n, th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n \u0111i l\u00ed\u00e9n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan li\u1ebbu. Quan ph\u1ee7 v\u1ea7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, h\u01a1n n\u1eeda l\u1ea5y quan l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i nghe theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u00f9a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. t\u0103t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi quan vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 n\u00e0y r\u00f2 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u00e1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00e9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng t\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u00e9m khuy\u00e9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e9 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00e9n. C\u1ee7ng gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u00e9, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u00e2t bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, l\u1ed1i ra c\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ee7ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. \\\"T\u00f4n s\u01b0 k\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p\\\" \\\"an t\u00e0n l\u1eadp d\u1ee5ng\\\" n\u00e9n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau theo \u0111u\u00f3i c\u00f9a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed7c. 'T\u00f4n s\u01b0' c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u00e9, v.v... \\\"K\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p\\\" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9n can d\u1ef1 h\u1ea7nh ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 nhi\u00e9u. \\\"An t\u00e2n\\\" ngh\u0129a l\u1ea7 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebbn ti\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u00e9. \\\"L\u1eadp d\u1ee5ng\\\" ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n c\u1ee9 theo nhu c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, n\u1ecf l\u1ef1c b\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1u th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ea3m b\u00e0y m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e9n nay, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f3i ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n n\u00e0y m\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u00e9u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn.","V\u00c0NH\u1eccCNGH\u1ec6THU\u1eacT \u2022 \u2022\u2022","VAn h\u00f3a Trung Qii\u00f3c <[ 24 \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u1ea7o hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: th\u1ee9 nh\u1eaft l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea7i v\u1ea7 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 phong ph\u00fa hay kh\u00f2ng, th\u1eed hai l\u1ea7 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eadc nh\u00e1t hay kh\u00f2ng. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng Trung Qu\u00f3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e9n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 ca, v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft h\u00fd k\u1ecbch, V.V.. hay c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebdn tr\u00fac, th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, V.V.. m\u1ecfi lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0u d\u00e0i, m\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. N\u00c9N V\u00c3N H\u1eccC TRUNG QU\u1ed0C MU\u00d4N MAU MU\u1ed4N v \u1ec1 B\u00edch h\u1ecda m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed5c l\u1eb1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9l dung c\u1ed1 gl\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u00ed\u00e9u di\u1ebbn t\u1ea1p kich nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00e8n. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca. Th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00e9n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7t xu\u00e1t c\u00f9a n\u00e9n th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u Minh \u1ee9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf t\u1eeb Kinh Thi, t\u00f3ng t\u1eadp th\u01a1 ca \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ecfi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e9u huy\u1ec7n H\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m th\u01a1 Cdv\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u01b0u t\u00fa. l\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. V\u0103n xu\u00f2i Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, t\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 t\u1eed th\u1eddi Ti\u00ean T\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e1n xu\u00f4i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n, ti\u1ec3u ph\u00e1m Ng\u1ee5y T\u00e1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng - T\u00f3ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cao tr\u00e0o t\u1ea3n v\u1ea3n m\u1edbi. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u00e1 n\u00f3i b\u1eadt c\u00f9a th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed7 ti\u1ec3u ph\u00e1m Thanh ng\u00f4n gi\u1ea7u d\u01b0 v\u1ecb. Sau phong tr\u00e0o \\\"Ng\u1ee7 T\u1ee9\\\", ____ _ v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c ti\u00e9n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00e0n b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean cao tr\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01a1 ca v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i m\u1edbi. So v\u1edbi h\u00fd k\u1ecbch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y, h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1eafn hcfn, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 manh nha, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e2 c\u1ed5 h\u00fd k\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. T\u1ea1p k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e9n \u0111inh cao c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u00e9 lo\u1ea1i h\u00fd k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 truy\u00e9n k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eddi Minh - Thanh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed5 nhi\u00e9u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. H\u00fd k\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch n\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng n\u00e1m g\u00e1n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c","> V\u00e1n hoc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u00e2t 125 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00fd kh\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4n kh\u00fac l\u1ea1i b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5u thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edeTrung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00e9n th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. K\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ea5p thu nh\u1eefng tinh hoa t\u1eeb h\u00fd kh\u00fac truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng. X\u00e9t v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u00f5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n ng\u00f2n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i.Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi Ti\u00ean T\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ed nh\u00e2n, ch\u00ed qu\u00e1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n - Ng\u1ee5y, c\u00f2n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i th\u00ec b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tho\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n c\u00f9a nh\u1eedng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1ea3n k\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebdn th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 T\u01a1m qu\u1ed1c di\u1ebbn ngh\u0129\u01a1, Th\u00f9y h\u1eed truy\u1ec7n, T\u00e2y du k\u00fd, H\u00f3ng l\u00e1u m\u1ed9ng, Li\u00eau trai chi d\u1ecb, V.V.. Do \u0111\u1eadc \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ti\u00e9ng H\u00e1n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eebng th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 S\u1edf t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Chi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00fa \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eeda th\u01a1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f2i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1 H\u00e1n, n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00e9n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3i vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 v\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed5l. C\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3i hay kh\u00f4ng chi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3i nhau chan ch\u00e1t, v\u00e1n lu\u1eadt nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd cao th\u00e2m, \u00fd v\u1ecb phong ph\u00fa. o Li\u1ebbnk\u1ebftt\u01b0il\u1ec7u \u00c0\u1ed0NT\u1eacC PH\u1ea8M L\u1edaN C\u1ee6ATi\u1ec3U THUY\u1ec2T c\u1ed1\u0110\u00cc\u1ec2NTBUNC ou\u00f3c Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Tam qu\u1ed1c di\u1ebbn ngh\u0129a, Th\u1ee7y h\u1eeb truy\u1ec7n, T\u00e2ydu k\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng, Tam qu\u1ed1c di\u00e9n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfu thuy\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, mi\u00e8u t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t chfnh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1eeda ba n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y, Th\u1ee5c, Ng\u1ecf v\u1ea7o cu\u1ed5i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u00f3c. Th\u00f9y h\u1eedtruy\u1ecbn k\u00e9 v\u00e9 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng Giang v\u00e0o nh\u1eedng n\u00e3ni cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi B\u00e1c T6n9, kh\u00e1c h\u1ecda n\u00e8n nh\u1eedng h\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng anh h\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ecfT\u00f2ng, L\u00e2m Xung, L\u1ed5 Tr\u00ed Th\u00e2m, L\u00fd Qu\u1ef3, V.V.. T\u00e0y du k\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft th\u00e1n tho\u1ea1i, t\u00e1y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u01b0\u1edfng Huy\u00e9n Trang \u0111i l\u1ea5y kinh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ec1t h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u00e9n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n g\u1ec9an l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec9 T\u1eb3y Thi\u00ean thinh kinh, h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c y\u1ebbu ma c\u1ee7a th\u00e1y tr\u00f2 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ea7ng, T\u00f4n Ng\u1ed9 Kh\u00f4ng, V.V.. H\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u1ea7o gi\u1eeda th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVlll, t\u1eadp trung m\u1ec9\u00e9u t\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd G\u1ec9\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c quan phong k\u1ec9\u00e9n v\u1ea7 bi k\u1ecbch t\u00ecnh y\u1ebbu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb. T\u00e1c ph\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebbn th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ngh\u1ec7thu^t r\u1ea5t cao. B\u1ed5n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t tr\u00e8n l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c m\u1ea7 \u1edeTrung Qu\u1ed5c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ab\u00e9t \u0111\u00e9n. Nh\u1eefhg t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m n\u1ea7y \u1ea3nh hu\u1edfng s&u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 g\u1ec9\u00e1 \u1eebj c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0110\u00e9n nay, nh\u0169rig t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfng cN t\u00e0 b\u00e1u v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a r\u00ed\u00e9ngTrung Qu\u1ed4q m\u1ea7 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f9a to\u00e0n b ith\u1ec1gl\u00f3l. __ ^","V\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c 26 Tranh \u0110\u1ee3i Quon Vi\u00e9n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f5c kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 phong ph\u00fa, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e9 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1 (m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n) do h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e9 phong c\u00e1ch. L\u1ea9y th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1edfi Thanh v\u1ebd nay c\u00f2n t\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng n\u1ea3m v\u1ea1n b\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, m\u00f2i th\u1eddi theo H\u1ed1ng l\u00e0u m\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea7c, mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u00f2n v\u1ebb. L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch l\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1n cu\u00f3ng ph\u00f3ng, \u0110\u1ecf Ph\u1ee7 th\u00e2m tr\u1ea7m s\u00e0u s\u00e1c, th\u1eddi c\u00f2n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy thanh t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, L\u00fd H\u1ea1 (790 - 816) c\u1ed5 qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 di\u1ebbm l\u1ec7, c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 h\u1ecd Gi\u1ea3. c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb, phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u00e9u kh\u00f2ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft. V\u0103n xu\u00f2i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111a phong c\u00e1ch, \u0111a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u00e9. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ea3n xu\u00f2i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ti\u00e9n T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u00f3n d\u00f2ng phong c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, h\u01a1i gi\u00f3ng v\u1edbi b\u00f3n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u00e0m l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e0n chia. B\u00f3n phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0: v\u0103n c\u00f9a Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed v\u0103n phong nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd; v\u0103n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Phi T\u1eed gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u gay g\u00e1t, s\u1eafc b\u00e9n; v\u0103n c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed kh\u00ed th\u1ec3 h\u00f9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u00e1c h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n; v\u1ea3n c\u00f9a Trang T\u1eeb th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bay b\u1ed5ng, ng\u00f2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u00e2u xa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u00f3c t\u00f2n s\u00f9ng. Tr\u00e9n c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00f3n phong c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, m\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, dung h\u1ee3p l\u1ea3n nhau, ph\u00e1t huy, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00e8ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, khi\u00e9n v\u00e1n xu\u00f2i Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1y ma l\u1ef1c. Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00e9u nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ca. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u00e9 m\u1eadt di\u1ebbn t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, d\u00e2n ca th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e0n tr\u00e9 s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u00e9u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u00e3n nh\u00e2n. V\u00e3n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed5c s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n nh\u1edd m\u1ecfi trl\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u00e2t c\u00f9a c\u1ea3 n\u00e9n v\u00e0n ngh\u1ec7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.","y V\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eb7t 12 V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi \u0111a ph\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u00e1n g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0 v\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng giai ph\u1ea7m v\u0103n xu\u00f2i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \\\"T\u00f3ng \u0111a s6 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ch\u1eef, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ch\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 danh t\u00e1c \u00c1i li\u00ean thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Chu \u0110\u00f4n Di ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n tr\u1ea3m ch\u1eef. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m truy\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebdn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01a1 Xu\u00e2t s\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng (181 - 234) th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u00f3c, Quy kh\u1ee9 l\u01a1i t\u1eeb c\u00f9a \u0110\u00e0o Uy\u00ean Minh \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2ng T\u1eafn, \u0110\u00e0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 c\u00f9a V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed9t (650 - 676) th\u1eddi S\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, X\u00edch B\u00edch ph\u00fa c\u00f9a T\u00f2 Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi B\u00e1c T\u00f3ng. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng h\u1ebf thua k\u00e9m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0i h\u01a1i. C\u00f2n v\u00e9 nh\u1eedng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00e9n, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 \u0129\u01a1m qu\u00f3c di\u1ebbn ngh\u0129o, H\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng tht \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00e1n tranh c\u00e3i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00f3ng l\u00e1u m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u00e9 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea3m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y say m\u00ea nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Shakespeare v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u00f3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi n\u00e0y bao g\u00f3m t\u1ea3n v\u00e3n ch\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 nhi\u00e9u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Xu\u00e2n Thu T\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Th\u01a1 ca th\u00ec c\u00f3 Kinh Thi l\u00e2 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 S\u1edfr\u1eebm \u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt Id c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f9a Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean (kho\u00e1ng 340 TCN - 278 TCN). S\u1edf t\u1eeb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1l di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, c\u00f2n Kinh Th\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 t\u1ea9m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi sau. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fa, v\u0103n t\u1eeb ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u00e8m l\u1ec7, gi\u00e0u kh\u00ed th\u1ebf, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1t khe c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3u. Nh\u01b0ng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1m o Li\u00eank\u1ebftt\u01b0li\u1eacu NH\u1eca TH\u1eacPT\u1ee9 s\u1edd Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1eed s\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1ebbn g\u1ecdi chung c\u1ee7a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb S\u1eed k\u00fd, H\u00e1n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e9n Minh s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111a ph\u00e1n do ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n c\u00e1c tr\u00ed\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1i ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, t\u1ea7 lo\u1ea1i 'ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eed* \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u1eed n\u00e0y th\u1ed5ng nh\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ec3 i\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef3 truy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3, ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n b\u1ed5n ng\u00e2n n\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 bao qu\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ed9 v\u00e9 C\u00c3C m\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ec3, qu\u1eb3n s\u1ef1, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u00ed\u1ebbn v\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Trurtg Qu\u1ed5c c\u1ed5 d\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e3n h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t cao.","V\u1ec3n h\u00f2\u00ab Trung Qu\u1ed1c <( Tranh m inh h\u1ecdd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng h'tnh th\u1ee9c trong T\u00e1y S\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00fd, cho n\u00e9n kh\u00f2ng th\u00e9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1n v\u1eb3t chinh Th\u00f2i th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7\u00e2 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Oanh Oanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c. C\u00f9ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi d\u00e1m d\u1ee7ng c\u1ea3m theo T\u00e0y H\u00e1n, S\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00e9n \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do h\u00f4n nh\u1ea9n, (145 TCN - kho\u1ea3ng 86 TCN) v\u1eeda \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u00e1c s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 trung nh\u00e2n. m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ea3n xu\u00f2i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m khai s\u01a1n, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ea3u m\u1ef1c cho b\u1ed9 \\\"Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u00f9\\\" c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1eddi sau kh\u00f2ng d\u1ebb gi \u0111ong \u0111\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u00e1n Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u00e9u, v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed5c ti\u00e9n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y d\u00e2n ca ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng mi\u00e9n: d\u00e2n ca mi\u00e9n Nam uy\u00e9n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111a t\u00ecnh, d\u00e2n ca mi\u00e9n B\u00e2c b\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh l\u00f3i vi\u00e9t bi\u00e9n v\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3i v\u1ea7 \u00e2m v\u1eadn, mang khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. V\u0103n nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y b\u00e2t \u0111\u00e1u t\u00ecm t\u00f2i \u00e2m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00e9u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1n thi\u00e9t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng sau n\u00e0y. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c. \u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eedng nh\u1ea7 th\u01a1 l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hay nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea3m hoa \u0111ua n\u1edf, \u0111\u00e9n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u00e0ng, th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u00f3c c6 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u00e9u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau ch\u00e2ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u01a1 ca c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u00e1y n\u1eeda. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f2ng \u00edt t\u00e1c ph\u1eafm th\u01a1 ca ki\u1ec7t xu\u1eb5t, s\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf, th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e0 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed7c. Th\u01a1 ca \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00ed m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u01a1 ca \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00e9u so s\u00e1nh th\u01a1 ca \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u00e9n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1ee3 ca \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ef1cmg \u0111i\u00e9n h\u00ecnh, ta s\u1ebb th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i sau th\u00ec m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eb1 th\u1ee9 th\u01a1 ca thu\u00e1n t\u00fay h\u01a1n. Th\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e1c nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb, c\u00f3 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u1ea3n c\u00fa. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebT\u00f3ng c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc","^ V\u1ea3 n h\u1ecdc ngh\u00ea thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eebT\u00f3ng s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1eddi T\u00f3ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n sinh Tranh Qu\u00e2c Qu\u1ed1c ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh phu nh\u00e2n du xu\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1 tho\u1ea1i hay tho\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thai ngh\u00e9n t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, kh\u01a1i (b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, b\u1ea3n sao ngu\u00f3n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebdt b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i Minh -Thanh. c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng) do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1p s\u00e1ng t\u00e1 c, mi\u1ebbu t\u1ea3 k\u1ecbch. T\u1ea1p k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00e9 c\u1ea3nh Qu\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c phu v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc h\u00fd k\u1ecbch c\u00f9a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed5c, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u00e0n, ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa. C\u00e1c danh gia t\u1ea1p k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 Quan H\u00e1n Qu\u00fd Phi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Khanh (kho\u1ea3ng 1220 - kho\u1ea3ng 1300), v\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ef1c Ph\u1ee7 (1260 - 1336), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u00e9n T\u00f2ng V.V.. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean,T\u01b0 M\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean, s\u1ee7ng tin c\u00f9ng t\u00f9y L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch, \u0110\u1ecf Ph\u1ee7. T\u00e2y s\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00fd c\u00f9a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ef1c Ph\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u00e1u t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f5c. xi\u00e9m y l\u1ed9ng i\u1eb3y \u0111i du ngo\u1ea1n. Tranh mang D\u01b0\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1eddi Minh - Thanh, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u00e1t c\u00f9a v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eadm kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eadp trung \u1edf th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00e9n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i. ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 Tam qu\u1ed1c di\u1ebbn ngh\u1ec9a, Th\u1ee7y h\u1eed truy\u1ec7n, T\u00e2y du k\u00fd, Kim B\u00ecnh Mai, H\u00f3ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e2 nh\u1eedng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. H\u00fd kh\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi Minh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, khai sinh ra th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i truy\u00e9n k\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00fd kh\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00e9n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ti\u00e9u bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sinh (Tinh, M\u1ea3u \u0110\u01a1n \u0111inh, \u0110\u00e0o hoa phi\u1ebfn, n\u00e2ng v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e9n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1edbi. so S\u00c1NH V\u1edaI VAN h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng TAY V\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec3n th\u1ed7ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, n\u00e9u \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th'i c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i r\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc bi\u1ec7t. N\u00e9t khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1y ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e9n hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, th\u1eed nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00f2n ng\u1eef, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00e9ng, m\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f2n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 ca l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00e0n hoc. Cho n\u00ean","y\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c < \u1ec8O c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, th\u01a1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c r\u00e1t kh\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u00e9ng H\u00e1n m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, e r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 ra s\u1ef1 tinh di\u1ec7u c\u00f9a th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong con m\u1eaft h\u1ecd, Kinh thi, L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch, \u0110\u1ed1 Ph\u00f9, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy, V.V.. \u0111\u00e9u b\u1ecb ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ea5y ph\u00e1n t\u00e1m v\u00f3c. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, th\u01a1 ca ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, c\u00f2n th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c thi\u00ean v\u00e9 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh; th\u01a1 ca ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00edch ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ecfi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn; c\u00f2n th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec hay \u1edf t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh; kh\u00e9o \u1edf tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh. Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u00f9 l\u01b0u. Th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, vi\u1ebft v\u00e9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, Th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n vi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi xa h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e9 cao th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u01a1 ca khi t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau. Th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 r\u00e1t \u00edt nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1n t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eadn ca c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1ch C\u01b0 D\u1ecb th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e2c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m thi ca \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng nhu S\u1eeb thi Homer, Th\u00e2n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a Dante (1265 - 1321), Faustc\u00f9a Goethe (1749 - 1832) th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 ca, v\u1ea3n xu\u00f4i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e9 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt. Trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n xu\u00f4i Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, tranh bi\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n D\u0169 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e1n xu\u00f4i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eb5n l\u00e0 t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, t\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh, tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia g\u00e1n g\u00fai v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh th\u00ec th\u00e1n th\u00e1i v\u1eeba bay b\u00f3ng v\u1eeba tinh t\u00e9, l\u00e0m lay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00f2n khi t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 non cao s\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, danh lam th\u00e1ng c\u00e0nh hay s\u1ef1 v\u1eb7t t\u00e1m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ef9 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia v\u00e1n xu\u00f4i Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea3n v\u0103n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 S\u1eeb k\u00fd. So v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n thi\u00e9u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u00e9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e9 k\u00e9 chuy\u00ean theo ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3u chuy\u1ec7n, l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebb quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3. Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u00e9m hoi. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi l\u00e1y kinh nghi\u00eam c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh b\u00e0n th\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u00e1t li\u1ec7u s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia v\u1ea3n g\u1eedi g\u00e1m c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u00e9m kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c T\u00e1c gi\u00e0 H\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1u t\u01b0 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ea5t \u00edt bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u00e9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e9u k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n theo tu\u00e1n t\u1ef1, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f9a t\u00ecnh t\u00ed\u00e9t trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 tu\u1ea5n t\u1ef1 s\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1t k\u1ebdt c\u1ea5u. Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e1u v\u00e9t kh\u00e1 r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t c\u00f9a h\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n","y V\u1eb3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eb3t i: kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u. C\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u c\u1ea3u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfm n\u00e0o, c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th\u00e9 k\u1ebdt th\u00fac c\u00e2u chuy\u00ean \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfm n\u00e0o, th\u1eddi gian t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u00e9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 tu\u00e1n t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00e9n nh\u01b0 ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1y th\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u00f3c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ebfm tr\u1ebdn \u0111\u1ea3 khi\u00e9n cho ti\u00e9u thuy\u00e9t --------- Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t bi\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3nh li\u1ec7t g\u00e1n g\u0169i, v\u00e0 khi\u00e9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. v\u00e9 k\u00e9t c\u00e1u t\u00ecnh ti\u00e9t, tl\u00e9u thuy\u00e9t Trung Qu\u00f3c s\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng k\u00e9t c\u00e1u tuy\u00e9n t\u00ednh kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00e9n nh\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cao tr\u00e0o hay k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh d\u00f3n d\u1eadp nh\u01b0 trong ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y. \u0110\u1ecdc ti\u00e9u thuy\u00e9t Trung Qu\u1ed5c, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00e9t li\u00e9n m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 ti\u00e9u thuy\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u00e9t d\u00e1n d\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u00e0ng, trong h\u00fd k\u1ecbch c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed5c kh\u00f4ng Mai ho\u01a1 phi\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 bi k\u1ecbch, b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00edch \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00e9n, hoan h\u1ec9. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y di\u00e8n tr\u1ebbn s\u1ea3n kh\u1eb5u. ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u00e9. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eb1 m\u1ed9t v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch. th\u00edch th\u00e9m v\u00e0o cho bi k\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t k\u00e9t c\u1ee5c \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch b\u00e0n truy\u00e9n k\u1ef3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f9a H\u00f3ng Th\u0103ng (1645 - 1704), vi\u00e9t v\u00e9 bi k\u1ecbch \u00e1i t\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Minh Ho\u00e0ng v\u1ea7 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi, \u0111\u1ebbn c\u1ea3nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t gi\u1eeda lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed th\u00ec ph\u00e1n bi k\u1ecbch k\u00e9t th\u00fac. N\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a v\u1edf k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1p x\u00e9p cho h\u00f3n ph\u00e1ch hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea3i m\u1ea3i b\u00ean nhau tr\u00ean ch\u1ed5n thi\u00ean cung, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t k\u00e9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n bi k\u1ecbch. Nghi\u00e8m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ecbch vui, c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t k\u00ea pha tr\u00f2 trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh k\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u00e1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u00ec nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem lu\u00f4n mong t\u00ecm th\u00e1y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat an \u1ee7i trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, lu\u00f4n hy v\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i k\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean, So v\u1edbi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Shakespeare, Moli\u00e8re (1622 - 1673), h\u00fd k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.","V\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Truny Qu\u1ed1c ^ Phong tr\u00e0o v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \\\"Ng\u1ee7 T\u1ee9* l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u00f3c. N\u00f3 kh\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng k\u00e9u g\u1ecdi d\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u0129a th\u1ea3ng m\u00f9i nh\u1ecdn ph\u00e9 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u00e9t Nho gi\u00e1o, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1n c\u1ee7a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e9 x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 H\u00f3 Th\u00edch, L\u1ecf T\u1ea5n, \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n phong tr\u00e0o v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i. Sau \\\"Ng\u0169 T\u00cdC l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9t th\u00fac Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f5c v\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00e9n m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, Taing Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e0 xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1m kinh \u0111i\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c v\u00e9 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gia ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 L\u1ecf T\u1ea5n, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 L\u00e3o X\u00e1 (1899 - 1966), Ba Kim (1906- 2005), T\u00e0o Ngu (1910- 1996), V.V.. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. N\u1ebeN NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1ea0T t r u n g q u \u1ed1 c \u0111 \u1eb7 c s \u1eaf c Thi\u00e8n \u0110\u00e0n \u1edf B\u00e1c Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, trong nhi\u00e9u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh, di\u1ec7n K\u1ef3 ni\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eedng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u huy ho\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n v\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 th\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a tinh th\u00e1n v\u1ea3n bao h\u00ecnh vu\u1ecfng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a Taing Qu\u00f3c, mang \u0111\u1eadm b\u1ea3n s\u00e1c v\u00e1n h\u00f3d c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Moa. ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan ni\u1ec7m 'tr\u1eddi tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1t vu\u00f4ng\u2019 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c x\u01b0a. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u1ed1c c6 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i v\u00e1n h\u00f3a h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ea7 ''' ------- \u2014---------- ----- v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ea7 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e9. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u1ed1c bao g\u00f3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, s\u1ea3n v\u01b0\u1eddn, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac c\u1ecfng c\u1ed9ng, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1n tr\u00fac d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u00f3; trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1ea3n h\u1ecfa, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u1ea7 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ea7 m\u1ef7 h\u1ecdc. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u00f3c ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u00ean g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 th\u00f4i c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f9 khi\u1ebfn \u2022> \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00e1m tr\u00f3, th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c.",") V\u00e0n hpc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadl Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u1ebfn th\u00f3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan ni\u1ec7m tri\u00e9t T\u1eed C\u00e1m Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c theo chi\u00e9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nn\u00e1\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng. nh\u1ecdn v\u00fat th\u1ea3ng l\u1ebdn tr\u1eddi, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5i d\u00e0i theo chi\u00e9u d\u1ecdc. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u00ec l\u00e3y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ecf l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u, nh\u01b0 K\u1ef3 Ni\u00e9n \u0110i\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n \u1edf B\u00e1c Kinh kh\u00f2ng h\u00e9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111inh s\u00e2t n\u1ea7o. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00e9n theo \u0111u\u00f3i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed9 h\u00f9ng v\u0129, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u00e9u cao c\u1ee7a kh\u00f2ng gian, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u tri\u1ec3n khai theo chi\u00e9u r\u1ed9ng, d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9t n\u00f3i nhi\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ebfm l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eedd tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 n\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e9 cao s\u1ef1 giao h\u00f2a v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00e9n. Ki\u1ebdn tr\u00fac truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Nho gia, qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Kinh d\u1ecbch. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3 c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb c\u00e1m Th\u00e0nh \u1edf B\u00e1c Kinh b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u00f3 mi\u00e9u Li\u1ec7t T \u1ea9 b\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n X\u00e3 T\u1ea7c, ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 Thi\u00e9n \u0110\u00e0n, ph\u00eda b\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ecfng c\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0n. t\u00e2y c\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ecf c\u1eeda Ch\u00ednh","^ \u1ec9n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ \u0110i\u1ec7n Th\u00e1i H\u00f2a trong D\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc), sau c\u00f3 Chung c\u00f3 L\u1ea3u. Qu\u0103n th\u1ec3 ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 T\u1eed C\u00e1m Th\u00e0nh l\u1ea7 n\u01a1i c\u1eed h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi ho\u00e0ng cung v\u1eeba kh\u00e9o t\u1ea1i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c ngay tr\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3. th\u1ee9c tri\u00e9u ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec7n Th\u00e1i H\u00f2a n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 vua th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri\u00e9u l\u1ea7 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c uy nghi\u1ebbm nh\u00e1t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1n th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. S\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 t\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7n ti\u00e8u chu\u1ea9n d Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u00f3c x\u01b0a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00e1p. Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac B\u00e1c Kinh. ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ph\u00f2ng \u00f3c nhi\u00e9u nh\u00e1t ngay c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u ng\u00f3i c\u1ee7ng l\u1ea7 m\u00e0u chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho ho\u00e0ng gia.Ti\u00e9p \u0111\u00e9n t\u00e0 dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp quan \\\\\u1ead\\\\, nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f9a d\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng i\u1ea7 nh\u1ecf nh\u00e1t, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Trong nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7n truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u00e1c Kinh, Qian ph\u00eda b\u00e1c l\u1ea7 gian tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh; ti\u00e9p \u0111\u00e9n l\u00e0 ch\u00e1i \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e1i T\u00e2y, anh trai \u1edf b\u00e9n tr\u00e1i, em trai \u1edd b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i; gian ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e9 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3 linh tinh. Khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i m\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1eeda, v\u01b0\u1eddn, nh\u00e0 b\u00e9p, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, V.V.. V\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 n\u00f4ng 4","y V in h \u1ecd c n g h \u1ec7 t h u H 13 \u0128^ i > \u1ecbt\u1ec9 nghi\u1ec7p truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng, \u0111\u1eadc bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"t\u01b0\u1eddng\\\". Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng H'mh tr\u00e9n b\u1ebbn tr\u00e1i: thi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0, \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e0 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u1eddn ho\u1ea7ng gia Di nay. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c, nh\u00ecn th\u00e1y tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a Vi\u1ebbn \u1edf B\u1ea5c Kinh. h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng bu\u00f4n, nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e9u x\u1ea3y t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1. V\u1ea3n h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c l\u00e0 kh\u00e9p kin \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng su\u00f3t \u1edf b\u00e9n Hinh tr\u00e9n b\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i: trong. Ph\u1ee7 h\u1ecd Gi\u00e0 trong H\u00f3ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ecfng S\u01b0 Vi\u00e8n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00f3 Ch\u00e1u, t\u1ec9nh Ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac c\u00f3 \u0111i\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u00e1t cao. Giang T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f9a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed5c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ef1ng v\u1ea7o \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, x\u1ee9ng, n\u00e9u ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u1ee7 quan, nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u00ec ph\u00e1t bi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1ea3 t\u00e1c ph\u1eafm ki\u1ec7t xu\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ea3nh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan t\u00e0m \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u00f3i x\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng thi\u00e9n nhi\u00e9n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0 gia ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p nh\u00e1t v\u00e0o trong \u1edf mi\u00e9n Nam Trung ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ea3nh, g\u00e1n n\u00fai ng\u00e1m n\u00fai, g\u00e1n s\u00f4ng ng\u00e1m s\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng Qu\u00f3c. h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 \u1edf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1i th\u00fa thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac m\u1ecfi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eadc s\u00e1c ri\u00e9ng, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Quoc ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Ch\u1eed H\u00e1n c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin; hai l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p vi\u00e9t ch\u1eed b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c.","V\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ C\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00ed\u00e9t ch\u1eed Ch\u1eed vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1p c\u1ed5t v\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e1n - Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u00e1n th\u00ec v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5ng nh\u1ea5t, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. B\u1eaft Lan \u0110\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Hy Chi, l\u1ea7 b\u00e1u ph\u00e1p b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e9 sau m\u1ed1i tri\u1ebbu \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9u v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u1ecfng ng\u1eebng xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Trung ph\u00e1i th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng trong Qu\u1ed1c. c\u00e1c m\u00f2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c. \u0110\u00e0y \u1ec9\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00e9n v\u00e3n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed5c. Nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u00e9ng nh\u00e1t Trung Qu\u1ed7c l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Hy Chi (303 - 361) ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2ng T\u1ea5n, \u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau t\u00f4n l\u00e0m Th\u01b0 th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi l\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ecfc. \u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 Au D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu\u00e2n (557 - 641), Li\u1ebbu C\u00f2ng Quy\u00e9n {778 - 865), Nhan Ch\u00e2n Khanh (709 - 785), Ho\u00e0i T\u1ed5 (737 - 799), Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00fac, \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng c\u00f3 T\u00f3 Th\u1ee9c, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110inh Ki\u00e9n (1045 - 1106), M\u1ebb Ph\u1ea5t (1051 - 1107), cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 Tri\u1ec7u M\u1ea1nh Ph\u1ee7 (1254 - 1322), \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh, danh gia th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7ng xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u. Trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u00e1t d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi Minh - Thanh, c\u00f4ng n\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2ng n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eed H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song. T\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u1ed5c. ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebbt ch\u1eef b\u1ea7ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t, r\u00e1t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 vi\u00e9t l\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. B\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e9n nay nhi\u00e9u \u1ee9 \u1ec1k \u00edill","^ V\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00fat m\u00e1y, b\u00fat bi c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt d\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00e9n, l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e9n nay v\u00e3n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tr\u00e9n th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e0 m\u00f2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebf vi\u00e9t n\u00e9n nh\u1eedng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00e9u vi\u00e9t ra th\u00ec ch\u1ea3ng qua l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t btnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1eabt linh h\u1ed1n s\u00f3ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 ma l\u1ef1c c\u00f9a m\u00f3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda truy\u00e9n th\u00f5ng Trung Qu\u00f3c. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0u d\u00e0i, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 Tranh cu\u1ed9n \u0129\u1ed5 sinh xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ebb trang tri nh\u01b0 v\u1ebd tr\u00ean tr\u00e2n c\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5a, s\u01a1n d\u1eafu, b\u00edch h\u1ecda, v\u1ebd tr\u00ean g\u1ea1ch, V.V.. \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1ea3n c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o t\u00f3n Ho\u1ea7ng Thuy\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u00e9u. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n Nam B\u00e1c Tri\u1ec1u b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n Ng\u00fa \u0110ai (907 - 960), tranh do t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp v\u00e3n nh\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1eedc quan l\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ea7 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u00e9ng lu\u1eadn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e9 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0128\u0129ong th\u00e9 lo\u1ea1i tranh hoa \u0111i\u1ebfu c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ebbn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. Th\u1eddi Qii\u00f3c. k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y tranh v\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o T\u1eed (kho\u1ea3ng 685 - 758), Di\u00eam L\u1eadp B\u1ea3n (kho\u1ea3ng 601 - 673), V.V.. \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00e1t cao. Tranh s\u01a1n , -t \u1ecb , \\\\:>\u0129^ \u00ed:\\\" \u1ec5 S\u1ec2 fe; \u25a0 \u25a0 'u y- )' ' k' 't <5 \u25a0","Wfcnh\u00f2<ThingQu\u00d2c < (8 Hinh d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ebbn tr\u00e1i; o Li\u1ebbnk\u1ebftt\u01b0li\u00e8u Tranh L\u1ee3c h\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1 c\u00f9\u00e2 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00e1n, L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tranh Trung Qu\u00f3c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu chi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda si cung \u0111inh \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng h\u1ecda si \u0111\u1eddi Minh. \u0110\u1ea9y c\u00f9n9 c\u00e1c tri\u00e9u kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u1ec9 chuy\u00e9n nghi\u1ec7p, i\u1ea7 m\u1ecft b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1eedy t\u00e1c ph\u00e1m c\u00f9a h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e9 v\u1ea7 cung \u0111inh, \u0111a phin l\u00e8 tranh hoa \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u1ea3c 9\u00d3Ctr\u1ebbn b\u00e8n tr\u00e1i s\u01a1n th\u1ee7y, s\u1ec9nh ho\u1ea1t cung \u0111inh v\u1ea7 \u1eebanh v\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9 Ui t\u00f4n gi\u00c1o, phong c\u1eaech \u1ec9\u1ed9ng l\u1ec9y m\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e9 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 con d\u00e1u, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1 t\u00ednh. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9\u1ec3 h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c. tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y hlnh mang \u0111\u1eadm phong th\u00e0nh th\u00e9 d\u1ed5l l\u1ecbp v\u1edb\u00ed \u01b0\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u01b0anh v\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n (tranh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp v\u1eb3n \u00e0, tr\u00ed th\u00fac c\u00e1ch tranh v\u00e0n nh\u00e0n. .quan l\u1ea1i) H\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ebbn ph\u1ea3i: th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chia l\u00e0m hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Kim B\u00edch v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y M\u1eb7c, m\u1ed7i Trdnh hoa \u0111i\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang, tranh hoa \u0111i\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u00e1t O\u1ea1i S\u01a1n Nh\u00e0n \u0110\u1eddi T\u00f3ng c\u00f3 ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 tranh v\u1ea3n nh\u00e2a (Chu \u0110\u00e1p), h\u1ecda si cu\u00f3i tranh cung \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tranh d\u00e0n giaa \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1edbi. Tranh s\u01a1n th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 tranh hoa \u0111i\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, l\u00e0 \u0111ai bi\u1ec3u cho T\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t cao. Th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, Minh, Thanh, tranh l\u1ed5i v\u1ebb tranh t\u1ea3 \u00fd c\u00f9a s\u01a1n th\u1ee7y Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u01a1n. c\u00f3 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u00f3c. th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh, m\u1ed9t s\u00f3 h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u0103n nh\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p ng\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1ea3t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1. \u00fd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf n\u00f3i l\u00f2ng, c\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0dng r\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed7i v\u1edfi h\u1ecauth\u00e9.","> V \u1ec9n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt 13' t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Tranh d\u1ea3n gian mi\u1ebbu Trung Qu\u1ed1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ecfng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2i \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi. xem bi\u1ebfu di\u1ebbn kinh k\u1ecbch v\u1eb1o cu\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1ea3i Thanh. ph\u00e3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb h\u1ecdc n\u00e9n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed7c cho r\u1eb1ng, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00f3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9n l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u00f3ng v\u00e9 th\u00e1n th\u00e1i, t\u1eadp trung th\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, non n\u01b0\u1edbc trong tranh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"t\u1ea3 \u00fd\\\". Trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX, n\u1eed nh\u1ea3n v\u1eadt trong danh t\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i cung n\u1eeb (Grande Odalisque) c\u00f9a h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Ingres c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng h\u01a1i d\u00e0l, tuy r\u1eb1ng tranh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng do kh\u00f2ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e2u c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean v\u00e3n c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e9 b\u00ecnh. N\u00e9u nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u00ec Ingres s\u1ebd kh\u00f2ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ch\u00e9 tr\u00e1ch v\u00e9 \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u00ec mu\u00f3n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i th\u00e1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00e8m b\u1edbt, bi\u00e9n h\u00ecnh cho nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt, \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.","rrung Qu\u1ed1c ^ 40 H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 th\u1ea5m m\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, b\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f5c th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u00e1u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00e1y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong h\u1ed9\u1ecb h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7 \\\"v\u1ebb tr\u00e1ng l\u00e0m \u0111en\\\". Tranh Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ng, tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y v\u00e8 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1n: n\u00e9t v\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ef1c \u0111en v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n tr\u00f3ng m\u00e0u tr\u00e1ng. H\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebb c\u00e1 v\u00e0 thuy\u00e9n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfng v\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 th\u00f2ng qua vi\u1ec7c mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 thuy\u00e9n khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1n tr\u00f3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Mai Lan Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea7 \u1edd ph\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e9 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00ec\u00e9u L\u00e0u bi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i di\u1ebbn trong v\u1edf kinh h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n kh\u1ea5u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ecach B\u1ed5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1. thu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfu di\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00fang c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao \u0111\u1ea5u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00fd k\u1ecbch truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tn\u00e9n v\u00e0o hai th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh. Cu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a kinh k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00fd k\u1ecbch truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1edbi. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kinh k\u1ecbch v\u1eeba mang s\u00e1c th\u00e1i v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a d\u00e0n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. H\u00fd k\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xoay quanh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9 v\u01b0cmg quan t\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ea7\u00ed t\u1eed giai nh\u00e2a \u0111a ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 li\u1ebbn quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o phong ki\u00e9n, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e1t xa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u1ecfng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa. Song b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u01b0u t\u00fa cho \u0111\u00e9n nay v\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2ng ch\u00fang y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng. L\u1ea5y kinh k\u1ecbch l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u00e1t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00e9n ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, nh\u00e0n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, danh nh\u00e2n v\u00e3n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00f3c cho \u0111\u00e9n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7","^ V \u1ec9n h\u1ecdc ngh\u00e9 thu\u1eadt 14 qu\u00f3c gia v\u1ea7 nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi k\u00e9 t\u1eeb sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e1n d\u1ea3n H\u00ecnh tr\u00e9n b\u00e9n tr\u00e1i: Trung Hoa th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00e9n c\u00f2n bao g\u00f3m c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u00e0 D\u00f9ng hai l\u00e1 c\u1edf thay b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e9 cho xe ng\u1ef1a, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1ea3n phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kinh k\u1ecbch. th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 trong kinh k\u1ecbch. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ebbn c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kinh k\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. H\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u di\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, do Mai Lan Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (1894 - H\u00ecnh tr\u1ebdn b\u1ebbn ph\u1ea3i; 1961) t\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh k\u1ecbch Nh\u1eedng chi\u00e9c m\u1eb7t Trung Qu\u00f3c, n\u00e9n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Mai Th\u1ecb. So v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 n\u1ea1 gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ed5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u00e9u di\u1ebbn c\u1ee7a Stanislavski (1863 - 1938) hay tr\u01b0ng c\u00f9a kinh k\u1ecbch. Bertolt Brecht (1898 - 1956), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Mai Th\u1ecb nh\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i quan h\u1ec7 tam gi\u00e1c gi\u1eeda di\u1ebbn vi\u00ean, vai d\u00ec\u1ebbn v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ebbn Mai Th\u1ecb, di\u1ebbn vi\u00ean kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i tuy hai m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, tuy m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 hai v\u1edbi vai di\u1ebbn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u00e9p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. \u0110\u0103c bi\u1ec7t khi di\u1ebbn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i, di\u1ebbn vi\u00e9n th\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t ly k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, th\u00e8m v\u00e0o nh\u1eedng l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u1ebbn quan \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c Nh\u01b0 th\u00e9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1eedng, Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00fd k\u1ecbch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Qu\u00f3c mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7, t\u00ednh t\u1ea3 \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c. T\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebdn s\u00e1n kh\u00e1u th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, ho\u00e0c chi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u00e1u h\u00fd k\u1ecbch truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c6 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n v\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n v\u00e0 gh\u00e9 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u00e9u l\u00fac b\u00e0n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00e9 l\u00e0m n\u00fai cao, c\u00e1u b\u00e1c qua s\u1ed3ng hay \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0i l\u00e1u g\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebf di\u1ebbn t\u1ea3 v\u1ecf c\u00f4ng","V\u1ebfn h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ 42 B\u00edch h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef3 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed5 trong hang M\u1ecdc Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng m\u00faa \u0111\u00e0n t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 v\u1edbi d\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e8m. - V* '\u00ed ^ cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0i chi\u00e9c b\u00e0n l\u00ean ih a a di\u1ebbn vi\u00ean s\u1ebd t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00ean nh\u00e0o l\u1ed9n xu\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1eebem\u1ea1o hi\u1ec1m v\u1eeba hoa m\u1ef7. Di\u00ean vi\u00e9n c\u00e1m roi ng\u1ef1a trong tay th\u00ec di\u1ebbn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a; c\u00e1m m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o th\u00ec di\u1ebbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh ch\u00e8o thuy\u00e9n; lai l\u00e1 c\u1edd d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u1ea7 \u0111\u1ea3 ng\u00f3i l\u00ean xe; cho d\u00f9 t\u00e0 tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u00e1u \u0111\u00e8n hoa r\u1ef1c r\u00e3 di\u1ebbn vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e9 bi\u00e9u di\u1ebbn c\u1ea3nh giao \u0111\u00e1u trong b\u00f3ng t\u00f3i. T\u00ednh th\u1ecb \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00fd k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ecf nh\u00e1t \u1edf m\u00edt n\u1ea1 kinh k\u1ecbch. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1ea7ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1eb7t c\u00f9a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Phi l\u1ea7 m\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3ng (ho\u00e1i mang ch\u00fat nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 k\u1ecbch vui; m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1ng V\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f3c, d\u1ef1 k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c bi th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u00ednh th\u00e9 th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 quy \u01b0\u1edbc ngii\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong bi\u1ebfu di\u1ebbn. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9nj t\u00e1c \u00e1nh m \u1eaft m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1eeb, \u0111\u00e9u b\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfu di\u1ebbn thec m\u1ed9t th\u00e9 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00f9ng cho bi\u1ebfu di\u1ebbn c\u0169ng nang t\u00ednh th\u00e9 th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho th\u00e1y d\u1ebb d\u1ea1y, tr\u00f2 d\u1ebb h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n di\u1ebbn d\u1ebb ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ee7ng d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung k\u1ecbch.","__ V\u00e0n hoc ngh\u00e9 thu\u1eadt u Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 gi\u00fap ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u00ean h\u00fd k\u1ecbch d\u00e0n t\u1ed9c Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n b\u1ea3n s\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u1ed1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e2 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1p k\u1ef9, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ebdn th\u1ed5ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t T\u1eeb sau \u0111\u1eddi Minh -T h a n K v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eb3t \u0111\u1ea5u du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u00f3c, n\u1ea3y sinh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tru\u1ef5\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, h\u00fd k\u1ecbch, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, V.V.. c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t r\u00e1t k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i di\u00ean ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00e2m th\u00e1m. M\u1ed9t m\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng h'tnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e1n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, mu\u1ed1n xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang hay kh\u00f2ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ecd x\u00e1t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ttm ki\u00e9m s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea3u tranh kh\u00f2a th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3l qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed5 ch\u00f2ng gai. Tuy nhi\u00e9n cu\u00f5i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eedng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e9n r\u1ebb tr\u00e9n m\u1ea7nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed1 x\u01b0a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i lai nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i, phim \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, V.V.. Kinh nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadtTrung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3n vinh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u00f3c s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eb7\u1ef5 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh qu\u00e0 c\u00f9a phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e1n h\u00f3a \\\"Ng\u0169 T\u00fa\\\" v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00e0i c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX \u0111\u00e9n nay. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u1ea5n r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u ch\u1eabt x\u00e1m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9 th\u1eeba truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i lai; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u0129 c\u00f3 m\u1edd c\u1eeda v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e2y xanh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e1i m\u00e2i t\u00f3t t\u01b0\u01a1i."]