["y Quan n\u1ec9\u00e8m ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u1ec3\u00e1 vua ch\u00faa v\u1ea7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1y gi\u1eef g\u00ecn x\u1ea3 t\u1ea5c v\u00e0 khi\u1ec3n x\u00e3 t\u00e1c ph\u00f3n --- H vinh h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u1ecfng L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e0n (599 - 649) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3u n\u00f3i b\u00e1t h\u1ee7: \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ebf ch\u1edf thuy\u00e9n, c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt thuy\u00e9n.\\\" \u0110\u01b0\u1edbng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng L\u00fd \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc\\\" \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea3n d\u00e0n, \\\"thuy\u00ean\\\" l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 x\u00e3 t\u1eafc. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Th\u00e9 D\u1ea3n. n\u00f3i r\u1ea7ng, quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i C\u01a1\u0110\u00f3c gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u quy v\u00e9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec cho r\u00e0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u quy v\u00e9 l\u00f2ng d\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 t\u00e1c. Kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u00e0n thi x\u1ea3 t\u00e1c kh\u00f3 v\u00f9\u0129ig b\u00e9n; kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 t\u00e1c th\u00ec l\u00e0m gi c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n v\u01b0cmg? Nho gia c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi vua ch\u00faa, s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u00e8n v\u00e9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00e9u b\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb minh qu\u00e2n l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c, hay m\u1ed9t h\u00f3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec1m nguy. \u0110i\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0n lu\u00f4n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u1eadc qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u00e9n ph\u00e9 b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f2ng L\u00fd Th\u00e9 D\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n hinh l\u00e1ng nghe l\u1eddi can gi\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c Ng\u1ee5y Tr\u01b0ng (580 - 643) th\u01b0\u1eddng can ng\u1ea3n \u1ecfng b\u1ea7ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t s\u00e1c b\u00e9n, tuy c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u00f2ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ch\u00e1p nh\u1eada nh\u01b0ng cu\u00f3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e8 ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ti\u00e9p thu \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Tr\u01b0ng. Sau khi Ng\u1ee5y Tr\u01b0ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1i r\u1eb1ng: \\\"D\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 soi xem \u00e1o m\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e9 ch\u01b0a; d\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem r\u1ecf l\u1ebd h\u01b0ng vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc; d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang hay sai. Nay Ng\u1ee5yTamg khu\u00e1t r\u00f3i. ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e1t \u0111i m\u1ed9t t\u00e1m g\u01b0\u01a1ng.* Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. lu\u00e1n l\u00fd l\u1ea7m trung t\u00e2m, h\u00e1u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e9n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eedng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ecf \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea3c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u xa n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ThePrince (Qu\u00e1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trung c\u1ed1 Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, so v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e2n Th\u01b0, H\u00e0n Phi T\u1eeb, L\u00f5 Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f2ng h\u00e9 thua k\u00e9m. CH\u1ebe \u0110 \u1ed9 CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca V\u00c2 s\u1ef1 DI\u1ec4N BI\u1ebeN C\u1ee6A N\u00d3 Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ti\u00ean T\u00e1n, Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1t","y\u1ebfn h\u00f3aThing Qu\u00f2c >2 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u0129ru hi\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u1eedu hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m; trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh hcm, song song v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ed1i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7i. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea3u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u00e9u di\u1ebbn bi\u00e9n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00ec\u00e8n T\u00e1n cho \u0111\u00e9n khi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e0n d\u00e0n Trung Hoa th\u00e0nh l\u1eb7p n\u00e1m 1949, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra \u00edt nh\u1eaft ba cu\u1ed9c di\u1ebdn b\u00ed\u1ebdn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao: L\u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t l\u1ea7 bi\u00e9n ph\u00e1p Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edfng (kho\u1ea3ng 390 TCN - 338 TCN) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Chl\u00e9n Qu\u1ed7c v\u00e0 T\u00e1n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c. Bi\u00e9n ph\u00e1p Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u00ean th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. v\u00e9 sau T\u0103n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0 k\u00e9 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ebdn ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v.v... th\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t, Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e9n, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111i\u00e9m l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gia l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00e1n di\u1ebbn bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n cho \u0111\u00e9n T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t thay \u0111 \u00f3 i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea3 di\u00ean ra trong th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed5c, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 tam c\u00f2ng c\u1eedu khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u00e9 b\u1edfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tam s\u1ea3nh l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (ba s\u1ea3nh s\u00e1u b\u1ed9). Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tuy\u00e9n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i, ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00e9n c\u1eed \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecf cho ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u00f3t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea3m n\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n chinh, cho ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u00e1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eedTrung Qu\u1ed5c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u00e1n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb di\u1ebbn ra t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh ch\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1u th\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nguy nan c\u00f9a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n bi\u00e9n ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea7 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u00e9n. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a i\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ebf ch\u00e9 ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7\u00e2 Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u00e9u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eebng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0cmg ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Sau c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i do T\u00f2n Trung Scyn (1866 -1925) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n quy\u00e9n t\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean hai ng\u00e0n n\u00e1m \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1eed thi\u00e9t l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0129b \u00e9 nh\u01b0ng t \u1eeb o U\u00e9nk\u1ebftt\u01b0li\u1eadu CH\u1ebe \u0110 \u1ed9 TAM S\u00c0NH l\u1ee4 C B\u1ed9 Tam sinh l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea7 ch\u00e9 ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u01b0\u1edbt th\u00f2\u1ec9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tam s\u1ea3nh bao g\u00f3m Trung th\u01b0 s\u1ea3nh, M\u00f4n h\u1ea1 s\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 s\u00e9nh l\u1ea3 c\u01a1 quan quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c t\u00f3i cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed1m L^i b\u1ed9, H\u1ed9 b\u1ed9, L\u00e9 b\u1ed9, B\u1ec9nh b\u1ed9. Hlnh b\u1ed9, C\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, l\u1ec9n l\u01b0\u1ee3t co\u1ec9 s\u00f3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n d\u00e9 c\u00f3 ti\u00e9n quan. Th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 n\u00e1y \u0111 \u1ec9 gh\u00edp ph\u00e1t tr\u1ec9\u1ec3n V\u00c0c\u1eebng c\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u00e9n n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed l ^d\u1ee5nq m\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2t Thanh._________________________________________________________ ^","> Quan ni\u1ec7in ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 t\u00f2n gi\u1ebfd 5: \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e9 sau, \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2n dung T\u00f2n Trung h\u00f3a ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1y r\u00e2y gian nan. qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00e8n An M\u00f4n, B\u00e1c Kinh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed7c r\u1ea5t huy ho\u00e0ng, v\u1ea7o d\u1ecbp l\u1ebb. song quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng v\u1ea3n t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eedng khi\u00e9m khuy\u1ebft nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00f3ng Nguy\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u00e9 sau \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00f2 v\u00e0n khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u00e9m c\u00f9a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e9t s\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0 ch\u00ed th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng quy\u00e9n uy c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9 c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. B\u00e8n c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng l\u00e1y l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o thay th\u1ebf cho lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9a n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng *cf\u0129 l\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n\\\" (gi\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0ng l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o) phi l\u00fd m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi Thanh \u0110\u1edbi Ch\u1ea5n (1724 - 1777) \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u00ec trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u00e9n m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, do ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1p h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 thi\u00e9u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7ng. Ti\u00e9p \u0111\u00e9n nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m t r u n g ___________________ t\u00e2m m\u00e0 coi nh\u1eb9 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9; xem tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u1ef7 m\u00e0 l\u01a1 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 chinh tr\u1ecb truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu6c c\u00f2n t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e9n ngo\u00e0i, thi\u00e9u v\u00e1ng s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eedng bi\u00e9u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e9n \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. CAC T\u1ed4N GI\u00c1O C\u00d9NG T\u1ed0N T\u1ea0I D\u01af\u1edaI CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec2N TH\u1ebe T\u1ee4C Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00eaa Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c quy\u00e9n uy c\u00f9a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9 th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c c\u00f9a th\u00e1n linh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb t\u00f3i cao c\u00f9a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 khi s\u1ebb ti\u00e9p nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trung t\u1ea7m. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u1ea7y kh\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c thi\u1ec3u v\u1eafng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tr\u1ebbn th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay \u0111\u00e9u r\u00e1t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169","Vftii h\u00f3a Tnin9 Qu\u1ed1c ^ Tranh Nghe \u0111\u00e0n do \u0110\u1ebf (464 - 549), n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng V\u00f5 T\u00e2c Thi\u00e9n (624 - T\u1ed1ng Huy T\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec7u 705), T\u1ed5ng Huy T\u00f4ng (1082 - 1125), Minh Th\u00e1n C\u00e1t v\u00e8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0n T\u00f2ng (1563 - 1620) V.V.. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e2 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh trong tranh ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 tu h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00e9n, quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 T\u00f3ng Huy T\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng vua v\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o, cho n\u00e9n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9 l\u1eb1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u00e9 xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7nh giao c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3o. cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o to\u00e0n c\u00e1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi c\u00fang t\u1eebng g\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, H\u00f3i gi\u00e1o, C\u01a1 \u0110\u00f3c gi\u00e1o, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eedng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e9u t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed7c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e9n nh\u1eedng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e1t s\u00e1u s\u00e1c \u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed5c, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (bao g\u00f3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e1t trong v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7ng chi\u00e9m m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eedTrung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn c\u00f9a v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Tmng Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng n\u1ea3y sinh b\u00e1t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u00e9n tranh hay th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i b\u1edfi xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 hinh th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ngo\u1ea1i lai du nh\u1eadp v\u1ea7o Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ch\u00fat kh\u00f3 kh\u1ea3n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed5n t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn, b\u00e9n r\u1ebb tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u00f3 Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t l\u1ea3u d\u00e0i. L\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00e1u thu\u1ea3n g\\\\\u1eef\u00e0 hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y V\u1edaI nhau c\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0gi\u1eeda ch\u1ee7ng v\u1edbi Nho gia t\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quy\u00e9t li\u1ec7t. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eedTrung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra nhcmg h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 \\\"tam V\u0169 nh\u00e1t T\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t Ph\u1eadt'; nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e9u ch\u01b0a \u0111i \u0111\u00e9n m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea3n nhau, sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f9ng t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u00f3ng lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea7 c\u00e2n b\u1ea7ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u00f3m s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1ea7ng giCi\u00e2 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa v\u00e0n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.","> Quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9nh trf v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gt\u00e1c 5f o Li\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u01b0 H\u1ec7u TSi\/OmHb\u00ec\u00fattaa\u1ec6\u1eca\u00c0\u1eca\u1ee9 i T '\u1ea5 Do nhi\u00e9u nguy\u1ebbn nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb v\u1ea7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed5c t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e1y cu\u1ed9c tr\u00e1n \u00e1p v\u00e1 b\u00farc h\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n gi\u1ea3o tr\u00ean quy m\u00f2 l\u1edbn, l\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00c0 Ng\u1ee5y Th\u00e1i V\u0169 \u20ac>\u00e9th\u1eddi B\u00e1c Ng\u1ef1y di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1ea0t Chu V\u0169 \u00a3)\u1ec1 th\u1eddi B k Chu di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f9 T\u00f2ng di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Chu Th\u00e9 T\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 H\u1ec7u Chu di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 *Tam V\u0169 nh\u00e1t T\u00f4ng d\u1ec9\u1eact Ph\u1eadt' Tuy nhi\u00e8n, th\u00f9 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00f9 y\u1ebbu c\u1ee7a oh\u1ee7ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u00e0y \u1ec9\u00e8 ph\u00e1 b\u00f2 ch\u00f9a chi\u00e9a *aib\u00e1t t\u1ed3ng l\u1eed phii hoAn t\u1ee5c f\u1ea7t ft khi g \u1ec1 t h\u1ea1\u1ebf n\u1ecd\u01a1M \u0111 tu._______________________________ \u1ecag Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o ngo\u1ea1i lai mu\u1ecfn b\u00e9n r\u1ebb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Tb\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba m\u1ed7i quan h\u1ec7: quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1\u1ec9 tri\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua; quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e1n t\u1ed9c Trung Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Nho gia. Qu\u00f3c. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n N\u00e9u x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t ba m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u00e8n th\u00ec t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea0i \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00e9n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f2ng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u tr\u00e1c tr\u1edf. \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng v\u1eb1o n\u1ea3m 71 3, m\u00e1t 90 M\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi quy\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea7 m\u00e1u ch\u1ed5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebf ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u00f3c hay kh\u00f3ng. B\u1edeI quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c cao 71 m\u00e9t. nh\u00e0 vua chi\u1ebdm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ed t\u00f2n \u1edeTrung Qu\u00f3c sau l\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Nho gia v\u00e0 t\u1ea3m l\u00fd d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u00f9ng h\u1ed9. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3i quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00f3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ch\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed7c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1a nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e1t m\u00e1y tr\u1ea3m n\u00e1m, \u0111\u1ebdn th\u1eddi Nam B\u00e1c Tri\u00e9u (420 - 589) m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00ed\u00e9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ebfm m\u00e1u thu\u1ea3n v\u1edbi truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c. \u0110\u00e9n * -li ?\u2022- ' .. '","V\u1ea7n h\u00f2a Thing Qu\u1ed1c ^ 56 Tranh Ng\u00f3m hoa sen khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u00e9n b\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1ea3n \u1edf n\u00fai i\u01b0 do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5. Theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e2t m\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1n l\u1ebb Ph\u1eadt Quan Chu, h\u1ecda si \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1n k\u00ednh vua; nh\u01b0ng trong con m\u00e2t Nho gia, b\u00e1t k\u00ednh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua Th\u0111nh v\u00e8. mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i t\u00e0y tr\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea3ng l\u1eef kho\u00e1c c\u00e0 sa \u0111\u00e9 l\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh tay tr\u00e1i, c\u00e1ch \u1ea3n c\u1ea3nh cao t\u1ec9n g Tu\u1ec7 m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng m\u00e1y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o c\u1ed7 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c. Vi\u1ebbn giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Nho gia b\u00e0i x\u00edch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. m\u00f3i xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 Nho, Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u0103n (317 - 420), cao t\u1ea3ng Tu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ebbn (334 - 416) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e9 ra \u201cPh\u1eadt Nho h\u1ee3p minh lu\u1eadn'; V\u1edaI lu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3t l\u00f4i l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 Nghi\u00eau \u00a3)\u00e9, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed m\u00e0 Nho gia t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u00e1n v\u00e9 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e1t rn\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111kh; n\u00e9u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1eeda Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4n v\u00e0 Nho gia c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u00e1n g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a g\u1ec9\u00e1i? D\\\\S\u1ede\\\\ s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea3 d\u00e2n d\u00e1n t\u00ec\u00e9p thu nh\u1eedng quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e1n t\u00fd c\u1ee7a N\u00edx>gia, t\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd vua, h\u00ed\u00e9u k\u00ednh cKa m\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi thay \u0111\u00f3i c\u00e1ch \u1ea3n m\u1eb7c Nh\u01b0v\u1eb7y, gi\u00faa v\u00e2n h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ea7 Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u00e1t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00e9n nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3 mang r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u d\u00e1u \u1ea5n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o khi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u00e1i nh\u1eefng v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. R\u00e1t d\u1ebb nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1 D\u00d3C m\u00e2u thu\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0129\u00e9u h\u00f2a v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e1y trung hi\u1ebfu l\u00e0m nguy\u00e9n t\u00e1c t\u1ed5i cao c\u1ee7a Nho gia. M\u00e2u thu\u00e1n n\u00e0y khi\u00e9n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 truy\u00e9n gi\u00e1o kh\u1ecf l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eedng v\u1eedng \u1edf Taing Qu\u00f3c. v\u00e9 sau, c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0111\u00e2 t\u1ea1o n\u00e9n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u00e0n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c. Qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea7i quan s\u00e1t v\u1ea7 th\u1ef1c h\u1ea7nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u1ebbn nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9; sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tlm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c m\u00e2u thu\u1eb3n. V\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Matteo Ricci (1552 - 1610). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u g\u00f3m ba \u0111i\u1ec1u: th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t l\u1ea7 \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf giai t\u00e1ng tr\u00e9a tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp quan l\u1ea1l v\u1ea7 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea7 m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh","y Quan n\u1ec1\u1ec7m ch\u1ebfnh t ij v\u00e0 t\u00f2n gi\u1ec3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebf khcri Matteo Ricci trong d\u1eady s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u1ea7 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eedc truy\u00e9n gi\u00e1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c. Khi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1ecfng t\u1eebng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o c\u00e0 sa c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng l\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u00e1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed5c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 chuy\u00e9n sang m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u1ea7i gi\u00e1o truy\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00f9a Nho s\u0129 v\u00e0 d\u00f3c c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ti\u00e9ng H\u00e1n. N\u0103m 1583, \u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u1ea7o cu\u1ed5i ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1nh, Qu\u1ea7ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ebdn b\u00e1i k\u00ed\u1ebdn quan t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh. \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh l\u1ebb qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y quan tri ph\u1ee7 theo \u0111\u1ee7ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u00f3c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u00e9n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Matteo Ricci \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eedng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n l\u1edbn, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng truy\u00e9n b\u00e1 nhi\u00e9u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00e9a c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u00f9a \u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 khi\u00e9n tr\u00e1ch r\u00e1t nghi\u00e9m kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. QUAN NI\u1ec6M T\u1ed4N GlAO TRUY\u00c9N TH\u1ed0NG Quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. N\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng hi\u00e9u r\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u1ecf l\u00e9 s\u1ebb kh\u1ed5ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c mang m\u00e0u s\u00e1c phi\u00e9m th\u00e1n lu\u1eadn (pantheism) r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Trung Qu\u1ed1c","9VAn h\u00f3a Trun Qudc ^ Nhi\u00e9u n\u01a1i \u1edf Trung ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t qu\u00f3c gia \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e1n. Trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u00e9n nay \u0111\u00f2ng d\u00e0n ch\u00fang, th\u00e1n linh qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i nhi\u00e9u nh\u01b0 sao tr\u00e9n tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ai v\u1ea7n l\u01b0u gi\u1eed phong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e9u ra con s\u00f3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c r\u00f3t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau v\u1ecb t\u1ee5c d\u00e1n c\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed7i v\u1ea3 th\u00e1n linh. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00e8n, n\u00e9u so v\u1edbi s\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1n linh trong t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o tranh m\u1ecfn th\u00e1n v\u00e0o \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00ec th\u00e1n linh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp sau. d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft. Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u v\u1ecb th\u00e1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a, n\u00fai c\u00f3 s\u01a1n th\u00e1n, s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y th\u00e1n, bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 long v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 th\u00e1n linh, c\u1eeda c\u00f3 m\u00f2n th\u00e1n, gi\u00e9ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1n gi\u1ebfng, b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u00f2ng T\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e9n gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1n gi\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian, m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u00e1n ri\u00e9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1n ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ra th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y lo\u1ea1i l\u1edfn v\u1edbi g\u00e1n hai tr\u1ea3m ngh\u00e9, ngh\u00e9 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 th \u00e1 a h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1ecfi ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u0103n, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ngh\u00e9, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb l\u1ea7 th\u00e1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1ecfng t\u1ed5 ngh\u00e9 m\u1ed9c l\u1ea7 L\u1ecf Ban, c\u00f2n t\u00f3 c\u00f9a ngh\u00e9 h\u00e1t h\u00fd kh\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Minh Ho\u00e0ng (685 - 762). Ng\u00e0nh y d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u v\u1ecb t\u00f3 ngh\u00e9 v\u00e0 th\u0103n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9: Th\u1ea7n N\u00f2ng, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, T\u00f2n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1c, Bi\u1ec3n Th\u01b0\u1edbc, L\u00fd Thi\u00e9t Qu\u1ea3i, V.V.. T\u00f2n gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c mang s\u00e1c th\u00e1i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Th\u00e1n linh Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u1ef7 n\u1ed9 \u00e1i \u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nhCmg vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n li\u00e9n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1edd k\u00ednh th\u00e1n linh c\u00fang \u0111i li\u00e9n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u00e9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1eddi h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u00e1u m\u01b0a, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eeda kh\u1ecfi. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n c\u00e1u xin th\u00e1n linh chi\u00e9u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eedng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1y v\u1ee3 s\u00ednh con, th\u1ea3ng quan ph\u1ea3t t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ban \u0111\u00e1u l\u00e0 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i giai kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eedng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ch\u00fat k\u1ef7 qu\u1ea3c Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u00e1t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gia, \u0110\u1ea1o gia hay b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 th\u00e1n linh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e9u n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e9n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00e9u nh\u00f2 nh\u1eb7t nh\u00e1t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh. Vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taing Qu\u00f3c v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a (Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o) hay \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1n (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o) th\u00e1p h\u01b0\u01a1ng so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo C\u01a1 \u0110\u00f3c gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e3y v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 th\u1edd","> Quan n\u1ec9\u00e9m ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f2n gi\u1ec3o 5S c\u00e1u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e1m h\u00f3i, v\u00e9 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00f2ng M\u00f4t b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ed1 th\u00e9 m\u00e1y gi\u00f3ng nhau. Trong l\u00fac th\u00e1p h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1nh Th\u1ea9n N\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u00edt khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd s\u00e1m h\u00e1i thu\u1ed7c, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c ph\u00e1t h\u1ed7\u00ed hay cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh mang t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u1ecfng. N\u00f3i ht\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p cho ch\u1ec9nh x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang trao g&\u1edf huy\u1ec7n \u1eedng t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi th\u00e1n linh h\u01a1n: b\u00f2 \u00edt ti\u00e9n, \u0111\u1ed5t \u00edt nhang, S\u01a1n\u0129\u00e9y. hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia \u0111inh b'mh an, h\u00e0nh trinh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1t, h\u00f2n nh\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng V.V.. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ecf n\u00e9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00e9n v\u00e9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00e9n \\\"c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o\\\"c\u00e1c th\u00e1n linh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Quan Th\u00e9 Am B\u00f3 T\u00e1t trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 mang h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u1ee9 B\u00f3 T\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u00e9n hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ''T\u00d3ng t\u1eed Quan \u1ea2m\\\" (Quan \u00c2m ban con trai). R\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u thi\u1ec7n nam t\u00edn n\u1eef \u0111\u00e9n c\u00e1u xin b\u00e0 mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i. V\u00e0n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u00f3c coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u00e0ng, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, y\u00e9u th\u00edch trung dung, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1u tranh; th\u00edch n\u01a1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e9u vui v\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch s\u1ef1 bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c mang s\u00e1c th\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1t Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u thu\u1ea3n kh\u00e1 quy\u00e9t li\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ph\u1eafn l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd hy v\u1ecdng hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e0i nhau h\u00f2a thu\u1eb7n, th\u00e2n thi\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0. Khi c\u00e1n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1p s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed5c khi nh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3ng l\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 th\u00ec c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 x\u00fay m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. Trong H\u1ed5ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i danh nh\u00e1t Trung Qu\u1ed5c, hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi th\u1ea3n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh Gi\u1ea9 B\u00e0o Ng\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh i\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129. H\u1ecd lu\u00f2n lu\u00f2n xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn th\u00e1y b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e0o v\u00e9 t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00edn \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f2ng cho l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u00e2y, b\u1edfi x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a","Wbn h\u00f2a Thmg Qu\u1ed1c < >0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quan Am h\u1ecd v\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u00e9u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u00f3ng t\u1eed, t\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o h\u00f2a l\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf B\u00e1t Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 quan \u0110\u1ea1i X\u1ee9 (qu\u00e1n th\u1ec3 t\u00e1m ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u1ed5) \u1edf B\u00e2c Kinh ni\u1ec7m coi tr\u1ecdng con th\u1edd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gia. Quan n\u1ed5l d\u00f4i trong d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e9 (Quan V\u0169) trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian Trung gian. Qu\u00f3c c\u1ee7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd trong ch\u00f9a mi\u00e9u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ea7 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111i v\u00e3n vi\u1ebfng c\u00fang b\u00e1i c\u1ee7ng ch\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea3n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u00e1n li\u00e9n v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ef7 th\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Nho gia. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Nho gia, \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7 th\u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u00f3. \u1ed5ng ch\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ck\u00ednh qu\u1ef7 th\u00e1n nhi vi\u1ebbn c h r (n\u1ebbn k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e1nh qu\u1ef7 th\u00e1n). D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ecfth\u00e9 v\u1eeba tin Ph\u1eadt, v\u1eeba tin Ch\u00faa, v\u1eeba tin c\u1ea3 Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ea3o Qu\u00e2n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eed\u00e2 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n g\u1ec9\u00e1o. \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A T\u1ed4N GlAO V\u1edaI VAN H\u1ed4A TRUY\u1ec2N t h \u1ed1 n g TRUNG QU\u1ed0C Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed7c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u1eb1nh n\u00e9n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u1ecfn gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3\u00e2 Trung Qu\u00f3c G\u00ed\u1eeda c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n gi\u00e1o tuy t\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u00e1t sinh m\u00e2u thu\u1ea3n hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f9ng t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u00e9, c\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n minh Trung Hoa l\u00e0v\u00f4c\u00f9ngtol\u1edbn. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed v\u00e9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao t\u0103ng Huy\u00e9n Trang (602 - 664) \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ec9nh kinh. B\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u1ea7 trf tu\u1ec7 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn cho quan h\u1ec7 giao l\u01b0u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Cu\u00f3n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c k\u00fd do \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n l\u00e0","m\u1ed9t c\u00f5ng hi\u00e9n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng quan y Quan n l\u1ecbm ch\u00ednh ti\u1eca v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u1ecdng, \u1ed5ng c\u00f2n phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u00e3n L \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. Trong m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eeda Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1n dung ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t huy Huy\u00e9n Trang. t\u00e1m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn. Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 I Cu\u00f3n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a V\u1ef1ck\u00fd\u00f3oc\u1ea5c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng; Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i chinh l\u00fd. truy\u00e9n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea2diiiM \u1ec9\u1ec9i\u1ec9\u1ec9\u1ec9 truy\u00e9n b\u00e1 v\u00e1n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c. Khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u00f3c, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea3y sinh tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Nho gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i h\u1ea5p thu tinh t\u00fay t\u1eeb Nho h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Huy\u00e9n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f2ng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Nho gia. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed s\u0129 theo Nho h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Li\u1ebbu T\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean (773 - 819), B\u1ea1ch C\u01b0 D\u1ecb (772 - 8 ^ ), L\u00fd Cao (772 - 836) \u0111\u00e9u ch\u1ecbu nhi\u00e9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ba nh\u00e0 Nho, Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o nhau, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1eb5n nhau, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e1c trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebbu bi\u1ec3u cho L\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hal anh em nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd Tr\u00ecnh (Tr\u00ecnh H\u1ea1o, Tr\u00ecnh Di) v\u00e0 Chu \u0110\u00f4n Di \u0111\u00e9u t\u1eebng \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f9a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng d\u1ea3n d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f2ng \u00edt y\u1ebfu t\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gia. S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nho h\u1ecdc kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i","V \u1ec9n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ i\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 dung h\u1ee3p 62 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed7ng. L\u00fd h\u1ecdc T\u00f3ng - Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u1ea7 Nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i \\\"m\u1edbi\\\" \u1edf \u0111\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do ti\u00e9p Tranh Th\u00e0i B\u1ea1ch say nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. r\u01b0\u1ee3u do h\u1ecd\u00e2 si \u0111\u1eddi Thanh T\u1ed5 L\u1ee5c B\u00e2ng \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e8, mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 c\u00e1nh L\u00fd thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u1ea7 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u B\u1ea1ch u\u1ed5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u say t\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft v\u1ea3n l\u00e0m th\u01a1, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n. th\u01b0 h\u1ecda. M\u00e1t kh\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eedc t\u01b0 duy mang m\u00e0u s\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt gia. \u0110\u1ea1o gia m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1m nh\u1eadp D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nam B\u00e1c v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, n\u00e0ng v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 tri\u00e9u, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e9n m\u1ed9t t\u1eafm cao m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u00e1t th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u00e9ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch (701 - h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, hang \u0111\u00e1 762), \u0110\u1ecf Ph\u1ee7 (712 - 770), V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy (701 - 761) v\u1eeba V\u1ea3n C\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5\u1ec9 danh hay l\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ba khuynh \u1edf th\u1ea7nh ph\u00f3 \u0110ai h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1o, Nho, Ph\u1eadt trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed1ng, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u1ea3y thu\u1eadt. L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u1ea7 thi ti\u00ean, th\u01a1 \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi c\u1ecfng d\u01b0\u1ee1\u00ed ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi 8\u00e1c Ng\u1ee5y (386 - r\u00e1t l\u1edbn b\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u1ee7a Trang T\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean 534). ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. T\u00e1m l\u00f2ng y\u00e9u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecf Ph\u1ee7 th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u00e1c Nho gia. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","y Quan nt\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gl\u1ebfq phong l\u00e0 thi Ph\u1eb7t, th\u01a1 \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u00e2c, to\u00e1t l\u00e9n m\u00e0u s\u00e1c thi\u00e9n thanh u huy\u00e9n di\u1ec7u. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i t\u00ed\u00e9ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 hang M\u1ea1c Cao, hang \u0111\u00e1 Long M\u00f4n, hang \u0111\u00e1 V\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00fac, T\u1eed Xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00f9a chi\u00e9n, \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1n, th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u00f2 tr\u00e9n kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00e9u bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o t\u00f3n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh Ph\u1eadt n\u01a1i c\u1eeba ch\u00f9a \u0111\u00e2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong nhi\u00e9u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u1ef5 h\u1ecdc, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u00f2ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o V.V.. \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c y\u00eau tha thi\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c s\u00f3ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e9n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o, \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c, \u0111\u00e1t th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o lu\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 H\u1ed9i mi\u00e9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00e9n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt 9i\u00e1o, mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u1ea7u s\u00e1c th\u00e9 tuc.","V\u1ebfn h\u00f2a Ih m g Q\u01b0\u1ed1c < N\u00fai Thanh Th\u1ea7nh \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00e9n i\u1ea7 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i li\u00e9ng\u1edfTrung Qu\u1ed7c. cho nhcmg ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n sinh th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00e9o k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebb gi\u1eefa ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e9 t\u1ee5c. Trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i mi\u00e9u. H\u1ed9i mi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00f9a mi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i mi\u00e9u \u1edf B\u1ea1ch V\u00e2n Q u\u00e1a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u00e1c Kinh, r\u00e1t n\u00f3i ti\u00e9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ecf th\u00e9 kh\u1ed5 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi kh\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00e9 tr\u1ecf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00f4i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f2ng kh\u00ed vui v\u1ebb huy\u00e9n n\u00e1o nh\u01b0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c \u0111i ch\u01a1i h\u1ed9i mi\u00e9u. Trong h\u1ed9i mi\u00e9u, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1n linh v\u00f3n \u01b0a thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi vui l\u00e2y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. H\u1ed9i mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u00e9. \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kinh t\u00e9 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e9 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn danh s\u01a1n c\u00f3 phong c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u00e9 du l\u1ecbch. T\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng - Minh, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ec3u \u1edeTrung Qu\u00f3c nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e2 qua th\u1eddi to\u00e0n th\u1ecbnh, th\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u00e9n nay v\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u00f3ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m g\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1ecfi n\u00f3i, ph\u00f3n vinh h\u01a1n.","QUAN NI\u1ec6MV\u00ca KINHT\u1ebe V\u00c0C\u1ee6A C\u1ea2I .' I^ S \u0128\u1eca- -\u2014J _ ra. g\u2014>* \u2022f *\u2014 \u00ed\/ \u00edrv9^^^SS\u0129","___tfin h\u00f2a Thing Qu\u1ed1c < >6 T\u00ec\u00e9n tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e9 m\u1ecf th\u1ee9c so v\u1edbi ti\u00e9n tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn c\u00f9a kinh t\u00e9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea7y. Bi\u00e9u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 bi\u00e9u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y lu\u00f4n l\u1ebbn xu\u1ed1ng r\u00e1t k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u00e9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed5c th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u00e1y v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi trung c\u00f3, kinh t\u00e9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y r\u01a1i xu\u1ed5ng v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u. c\u00f2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i ph\u00f3n vinh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u1ed1. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f3ng, kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u1ed7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eedng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i b\u1eadt. Tuy nh\u00ed\u00e8n k\u00e9 t\u1eeb gi\u1eeda \u0111\u1edd\u00ed MinK k\u1ec9nh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea7y b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00f2n kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3t \u0111\u0103u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb g\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7nh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1u x\u00e9. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e9n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi nay \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean ng\u1ea3m. NH\u1eeeNG TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 KINH T\u1ebe HUY HO\u00c0NG TRONG L\u1ecaCH s\u1eed Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u00f9a kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u1ed3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3c \u0111i\u00e9m t\u00e0 ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh 6n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ecfng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1u nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7y H\u00e1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh. Nh\u00e0 l\u1ea7y H\u00e1n b\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb lik L\u01b0u Bang (256 TCN -195 TCN) d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi L\u1eef H\u1eadu, V\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e9, C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u00e9 ng\u00f3t tr\u0103m n\u0103m b\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ti\u00e9m l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eedng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e9n th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e9 (156 TCN - 87 TCN), Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0111\u1ea3 c\u00f3 n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 ph\u1ed1n th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e9 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n Hung N\u00f4 nhi\u00e9u l\u00e1n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m bi\u00ean c\u01b0cmg. H\u00e1n V\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e9 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1nh Hung N\u1ecf, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y m\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang T\u1eb3y V\u1ef1c thi\u00e9t l\u00e1p m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y V\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7nh n\u00e9n Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 L\u1ee5a tr\u1ee9 danh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u1ea7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1edf d\u0129 H\u00e1n V\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e9 c\u00f3 th\u00e9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u00e9u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c kinh t\u00e9 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u T\u00e2y H\u00e1n. Sau nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f9a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c xu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e0i qua n\u1ecf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7\u00e2 m\u1ea9y \u0111\u1eddi vua c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ec1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed5c gia ph\u00f3n vinh nh\u00e1t, c\u00f3 n\u00e9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean tl\u00e9n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u00e1y gi\u1edd. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An (nay l\u1ea7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y An, t\u1ec9nh Thi\u00e9m T\u00e2y), kinh \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1u v\u00e9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9","y Quannt\u00e9m v\u1ec1kin h t\u1ec1 v\u00e0c\u1ee7 acM Tr\u00f9ng Huy\u00e9n M\u00f4n C\u1eeduTt\u00e8n M\u00f2n Huy\u00e9nV\u00fa M\u00f2n H\u00e0m Oudng \u0110i\u00ean T\u1ea3 Ng\u00e1n \u0110\u00e0i M\u00f2n Cung T\u00e2y N\u00f2i Uy\u1ec3n Quang H\u00f3a C\u1ea3nh Oil H\u00e0m \u0111S N Ti\u1ec3u Nhi Ph\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00f2n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Lim Huy\u00e9nV\u00fa An L\u1ebb ChiO\u1eedc M\u1ed3n M\u1ed5n M\u1ecfn M\u00f2n Nguy\u00e9n Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110i\u1ec7n M\u1ecfn Ph\u00fac T\u01b0\u1ec1ng) KhaiVi\u1ecbf) M\u1ed5n \u1ecb Kirh Quang M\u1ecfn 0 \u1ec7nB)nh M\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n tr\u00ean kh\u00e2p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00e1m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c t\u00e9 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u00f3, quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An qu\u1ea3 An d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. th\u1ef1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng 8.470 m\u00e9t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u00e1c - Nam, \u0110\u1ecfng T\u00e1y d\u00e0i 9.550 m \u00e9t chu vi to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1ea7 35 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t. B\u1ed4 c\u1ee5c trong th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t ngay ng\u00e2a vu\u00f4ng v\u1eedc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng theo chi\u00e9u ngang d\u1ecdc. Trong t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1t, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u s\u1ee9 th\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 du h\u1ecdc sinh c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi, hay th\u1ea3m ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed5c Byzantine \u1edf ch\u00e2u Au xa x\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 th\u00e1n qua l\u1ea1i, mang theo s\u00e1n v\u1eadt v\u1ea7 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. Trong s\u00f3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng Khi\u00e9n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed (Kent\u1ecfshi) Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u00f3i ti\u00e9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.","\u1ecav\u00e1n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c >8 o Li\u00ean k\u00e9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u1ee7 \u1ec0N0\u01af\u1ee0N6$\u1ee2NH$rB< T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1u th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 VII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed5l th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, Nh\u1eadt B\u00e1n \u0111o mu\u1ed5n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed5c n\u1ebbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y \u0111o\u00e0n Khi\u1ec3n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ecf \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2m, s\u00e1u tr\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c Khi\u1ec3n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed5c l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u1eebong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u1ecfa Trung - Nh\u1eadt C\u00e1c Khi\u1ec3n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 9\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e2n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v.v\u00bb c\u00f9a nh\u1ea7 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e9 Nh\u1ec7t B\u1ea3n, c\u1ed5ng hi\u00e9n to l\u1edfn v\u1ea7o vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u00e9n quan h\u1ec7 giao l\u01b0u h\u1eefu h\u00e0o g\u1ec9\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed5c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. B\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda th\u1eed \u0110i\u00e9u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n r\u1ea5t 296 trong hang M\u1ea1c t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp, Trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebT\u1ea7y V\u1ef1c Nh\u1eefhg th\u01b0cmg Cao \u1edf \u0110\u00f2n Ho\u00e0ng, nh\u00e1n n\u00e0y ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb H\u00f3i H\u1ed9t (Uyghur), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n kh\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac. mi\u00eau \u0111\u00e9n Trung Qu\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3a qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0. t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u00e0o Nam H\u1ea3i c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0cmg nh\u00e2n \u0111i qua H\u00f3ng Ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ec9nh Giang T\u00e0y), D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 Ch\u00e2u (nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Giang T\u00f2), L\u1ea1c D\u01b0cmg (nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5a. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. V\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e1t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n Tay V\u1ef1c trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u00e9n m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhcmg ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kinh doanh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edeTr\u01b0\u1eddng An, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nhi\u00e9u, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed7c \u0111\u00e2 mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u00f9ng nh\u1eedtig cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u huy\u00e9n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y* \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee2G ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1ea5t thi\u00e9t ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u00e9 v\u1eedng m\u1ea1nh. ------------------------------ Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy m\u00f2 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Ta\u00ed\u1eddng An c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1u trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ec5 gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lan \u0111\u00e9n c\u00e1c l\u1ea3nh th\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u00e9u Ti\u00ean. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Heian (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nara) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00fac b\u00e1y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ebd qu\u1ed1c La M\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t vong, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u1ea3 (Byzantine) c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 suy b\u1ea1i, h\u00e1u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 l\u1edbn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9 Pirenne (1862 -1935) trong cu\u1ed1n C\u00e0c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u01b0ung c\u1ed5 (Medieval Cities) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng","> Quan n\u1ec9\u00e8m v\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e0i 6< n\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Prancia, l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 Tranh B\u1ed9 li\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed1 (m\u1ed9t kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 ph\u00f9, th\u00ec c\u1ee7ng gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2; ph\u1ea5n) do ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd, mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m th\u1ebf c\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00fd sau khi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh \u0111\u00f2 \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, theo Braudel Th\u00e1i T\u00f2ng L\u00fd The D\u00e2n (1902 - 1985), nh\u00e0 s\u1eeb h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u00f3n v\u1ecfn minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ed1t, kinh ti\u1ebfp ki\u00e9n s\u1ee9 th\u00e1n t\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u00e0n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV-XVIII, d\u00e2n s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Cologne, th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 l\u1edbn Th\u00f3 Phi\u00ean (nay l\u00e0 T\u00e2y nh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e8n v\u1eb9n kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean T\u1ea1ng). kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f3ng, kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u00f2c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f2ng\\\". Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eed, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00fat k\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u00e9t tho\u1ea1i b\u00e1n. B\u1ee9c danh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng Thanh Minh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00e9u t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3n hoa n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f3 Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 Khai Phong, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam) th\u1eddi B\u1ea7c T\u00f3ng (960 - 1127). T\u1eeb trong tranh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn ra hai b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f5 Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng san s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0 l\u1ea3u, t\u1eebu qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, ph\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u00e9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebbn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u00e1c c\u1eedi, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed7n vinh. Tr\u00e9n s\u00f2ng t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp thuy\u00e9n b\u00e8 ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con thuy\u1ec1n do ch\u1edf qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng r\u1eabt nhi\u00e9u phu k\u00e9o thu\u1ef5\u1ec3n m\u00f3i k\u00e9o \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kinh \u0111\u00f2 Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng trong tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3n hoa th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed5 H\u00ccNH KINH T\u1ebe TRUY\u00c9N TH\u1ed0NG V\u00c0 V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec2 QUAN NI\u1ec6M V\u1ec2C\u1ee6A C\u1ea2I Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf huy ho\u00e0ng c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i","V\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c ^ \u25a0H\u00ed\u00fa\u1eb1 70 \u2022 \u2022li'. Tranh Thanh Minh \u2022\u2022 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 (m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n) mi\u1ebbu t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f3n h\u1ee1\u00e1 n\u00e1o nhi\u00e8t c\u00f9a k\u00ednh th\u1ea7nh Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi B\u00e1cT\u00f3ng. T\u1ef1\u1ee3ng Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a V \u1ec9 '' - V (gi\u1eeda) trong ch\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c \u1edf th\u1ea3nh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o suy tho\u00e1i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh th\u00ec Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed7 Sem arang. mi\u00e9ng m\u00f3i b\u1ecb x\u00e0u x\u00e9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e9 qu\u1ed7c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong Indonesia. Semarang \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean r\u1ea9t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f9a v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 k\u00ednh t\u1ec3 (Tam B\u1ea3o L\u1ee7ng) l\u00e0 kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e9 kinh t\u00e9, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 d\u01b0\u01a1c \u0111\u00e2t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 theo g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e9n theo bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7\u00ed. \u201cTam B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n\\\" c\u00f9a Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a \u0111\u00e9 Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t, v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u00f4ng. kh\u00f2ng coi tr\u1ecdng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u00e9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eed t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ra h\u1eafu nh\u01b0 t\u00e1t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eedng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea5m c\u00e1n thi\u00e9t cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng. Th\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 ti\u00e9u n\u00f4ng sang kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi nay th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa chuy\u00e9n th\u00e1m hi\u00e9m v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u1ea3y c\u00f9a Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a (1371 1433) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Columbus (kho\u1ea3ng 1451 -1506) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra T\u00e2n Th\u00e9 Gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho th\u00e1y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1m v\u00e9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ebbn ra v\u00e0o th\u00e9 k\u1ef3 XV, Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t s\u1edbm h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i thuy\u00e9n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u00e9u. Th\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng, trong khi chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0i h\u00e0nh t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f9a Columbus l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th'i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng bi\u00e9n T\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a \u00ed\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3","y Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v..\u1ec1. c\u1ee7a c-\u1ec3-l1 m\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do B\u1ee9c tranh phong sau l\u01b0ng Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee5c H\u00f3a lang \u0111\u00f3 do ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00e0n tr\u00e9 sinh l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba thi\u00e9u m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ecb thi\u00e9u L\u00fd Tung, h\u1ecda si \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7t b\u1edfi tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng coi vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam T\u1ed7ng v\u1ebb, mi\u1ebbu m\u01b0u l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh xu\u00f3ng ph\u00eda t\u00e1y. t\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1n l\u00e9 \u1edf \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u00ed\u1ea9 tr\u1ecb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e9 ng\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00e9u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00e9u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u00e3t. n\u00e2ng cao n\u00e2ng su\u1ea5t, x\u00fac ti\u00e9n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi th\u2018t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f2 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u00e9 n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00e9n nh\u00e2n th\u1eed hai, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e9u ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh nhu c\u00e1u sinh ho\u1ea1t, s\u01b0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u00e1u sinh t\u00f3n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nguy\u00e9n nh\u00e3n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 k\u00e9t qu\u1ea3. N\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u00e9u c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kh\u00f2ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, Khai Phong, Nam Kinh \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang h\u00e1u h\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. L\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh B\u00e1c Kinh l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, l\u1eef \u0111i\u1ebfm, y d\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c, rau xanh V.V.. nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e9u ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ti\u00e9u d\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u00e8t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00e9n quan \u0111\u1ec3n ti\u00e9u d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 quan t\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 t\u1ed9c. Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00ednh t\u00e9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc.","V \u1ec9n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed5c ^ C\u1ed0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u00e9c r\u1eb1ng, b\u00f3n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n s\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u00f9ng thu\u00f3c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e9 t\u1ea1o v\u1ee7 kh\u1ec9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed7c n\u1ed3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o T\u00e9t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u00f9ng kim ch\u1ec9 nam trong th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng h\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c d\u00f9ng kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u0111\u1ec3 xem phong th\u1ee7y. Th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng h\u00e9t l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o t\u00e9t kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 coi phong th\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u00e1n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh t\u1ebf g\u00f3i g\u1ecdn trong th\u1ecfa m\u00e0n ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nguy\u1ebbn nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e1y gia t\u1ed9c l\u00e0m n\u00e9n t\u00e1ng kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u1ecf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00f3n c\u00f3 sang ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c l\u00e0 m\u00f2 h\u00ecnh g\u00ed\u00e2 t\u1ed9c, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u00f2 h\u00ecnh gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00f2ng ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u00e9 m\u01b0\u1edbn nhi\u00e9u c\u00f2ng nh\u1ea3n, Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u0103t ch\u00f9 y\u00e9u \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9a gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n ra v\u1edbi s\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3m tu\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gia t\u1ed9c. H\u01a1n n\u1eeda nh\u1eedng tuy\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 xa x\u01b0a c\u00f9a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eedng quy t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 truy\u00e9n cho con trai ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f2ng truy\u00e9n cho con g\u00e1i, truy\u00e9n cho con \u0111\u1ebb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f2ng truy\u00e9n cho con r\u00e9, th\u00e0 r\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t truy\u00e9n, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd. Trong x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 y\u00e9u, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao nh\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u00e9 v\u00e0 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1n nhi\u00e9u khi kh\u00f2ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e9 \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7. Cho \u0111\u00e9n ng\u00e0y nay, r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u00e0m kinh doanh c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng xem tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c ti\u00e9p th\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ecf th\u00e9 d\u1ef1a d\u1ea3m. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u00e9 chi\u00e9u r\u1ed9ng l\u00e2n chi\u00e9u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Nguy\u1ebbn nh\u00e2n th\u1eed t\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e0n ph\u00f3i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"kh\u00f2ng ng\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e9u\\\". \u00dd n\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e9u. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y kh\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7ng v\u00e9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho t\u00e1t c\u00e1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u1eb1 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quan l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e9u. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e0n chia \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e9u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ecf thu\u00e9. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00e9n, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Song s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n b\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1\u00f3n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9\u00ed, duy tri s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n c\u00f9a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9. M\u1ed9t khi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1\\\"c\u00e2n b\u1ea7ng\\\" n\u00e0y, n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng v\u1edbi n\u00e9n m\u00f3ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1.","> Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec3 k\u1ec9nh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7l 73 Tranh \u0129\u00e9t D\u01b0\u01a1ng ii\u1ebbu Thanh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00e9n T\u1ea3n, th\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia \u0111inh Trung Qu\u1ed1c vui \u0111\u00f3n giao th\u1eeda T\u00e9t \u1ea2m lich Ngay c\u1ea3 khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00f5c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e3n t\u1ecf ra r\u1ecf n\u00e9t v\u00e3 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00e0n h\u00f3a, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba k\u00e9 s\u1ea3n nghi\u1ec7p gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Th\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong gia \u1ed1inh Nh\u1eb7t B\u1ea3n, con c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e1m quy\u1ebfn th\u1eeba k\u00e9, c\u00e1c con trai, con g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1nh sinh. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n cho \u0111\u1eddi sau, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh su\u1ed5t m\u1ea5y tr\u1ea3m n\u00e0m kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ebfm. C\u00f2n trong ph\u1ea5n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Qu\u1ed1c, con c\u1ea3 kh\u00f2ng h\u00e9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u00e9n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e0n chia t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai th\u00ec t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd chia \u0111\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5y nhi\u00e9u ph\u1ea9n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, chi c\u1ea5n tr\u1ea3i qua hai, ba \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian m\u1ea9y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, kh\u1ed5i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ban \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00e9u hao h\u1ebft. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0129h\u1ee9n\u1edfm, n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m kinh t\u00e9 kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf r\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng tru\u1ef5\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i qua hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1n b\u00e0n n\u00e0o, t\u1eebng nh\u00e0 t\u1eebng h\u1ed9 v\u1ea3n kinh doanh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f2ng v\u1eefng ch\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u1ebdn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e9u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u00f2ng c\u00f3 quy\u00e9n t\u00f9y nghi x\u1eed tr\u00ed ch\u00fang. K\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00e2u t\u00f3m ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ebdn quy m\u00f2 l\u1edbn, trong","V\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c < 74 khi \u0111\u00f3 nhl\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111l \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n l\u01b0u t\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 k\u00e8m th\u00e9m thi\u00ean tai hay n\u1ea1n ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, cu\u00f3i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh ho\u1eadc kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. C\u00f2n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, qu\u00e1 n\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eaft \u0111ai. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u201cvua\\\" kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \\\"t\u00f4i\\\" b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e9n m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb quan l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y \u00fd c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t. Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u \u0111\u00f2 th\u1ecb qu\u1ef5 m\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u00e9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2ng x\u1ee9ng t\u00e1m. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y cho r\u1eb3ng, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f9 hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p; th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed7 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u00e1u quan l\u1ea1i, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean \u00edt, c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u00e9u, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang. Vi th\u1ebf cho n\u00e9n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y lu\u00f2n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh r\u00f3i suy vong t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 thay tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdng n\u00f2ng \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng (xem tr\u1ecdng n\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u1ee9c ch\u00e9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p do nh\u00e0 quan kh\u00f3ng ch\u00e9). Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e0n s\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, n\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhl\u00e9n, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao nh\u00e1t nh\u01b0 mu\u00f3i, s\u00e1t r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb quan ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u00e9n. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. X\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng chia sL n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m \\\"t\u1ee9 d\u00e2n\\\" th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1eafp nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u bao \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e9u thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3ng \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, ng\u00f3\u1ec9 xe tr\u00e2u, kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n \u00e1o \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n (265 - 420) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n mang gi\u1ea7y tr\u00e2ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n mang gi\u1ea7y \u0111en. \u0110\u00e9n khi c\u00f3 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed th\u00ec con bu\u00f2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia. T\u1eafng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n tuy gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9a m\u00ecnh. R\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0 cam c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m theo ngh\u00e9 bu\u00f2n b\u00e1n. R\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u01b0u h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, kinh t\u1ebf truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed5c t\u00e0 n\u00e9n kln h t\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u00e0 n\u00e9n m\u00f3ng y\u00e9u \u1edbt, trong khi c\u01a1 c\u00e1u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1eeba nh\u00e1t qu\u00e1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, mu\u00f3n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00e9u v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u00e1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u00e9 kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n \u0111i l\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00e9u c\u00e1u m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb \u0111\u00e9 ra. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n phong b\u00e9, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh","y Quanni\u1ebbm v\u1ec1kinht\u1ebfv\u00e0c\u1ee7ac\u1ec3l 75 Tranh T\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 (m\u1ed5t ph\u00e1n) do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed7ng v\u1ebd, th\u1ebf hi\u00e8n c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nu\u00f2i t\u00e1m, d\u00e8t v\u1ea3i c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u1ea3 b\u1ee9c tranh c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed5ng 24 c\u1ea3nh. l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 n\u00e0y nghe ti\u00e9ng g\u00e0 ch\u00f3 nh\u00e0 kia, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f2ng h\u00e9 qua l\u1ea1i\\\". H\u01a1n n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfng mu\u00f3n r\u1eddi b\u00f3 qu\u00e8 nh\u00e0, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea3t kh\u00e1ch m\u01b0u sinh th\u00ec sau qu\u00e1 n\u1eebd c\u1ee7ng tr\u1edf v\u00e9 qu\u00e9 x\u01b0a. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh l\u00e0 kinh t\u00e9 theo ph\u00e1p ch\u00e9, kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kinh t\u00e9 theo chu\u1ea9n t\u00e1c c\u00e1n thi\u00e9t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u00e2ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng tuy r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u00f3i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu minh b\u1ea1ch trong quy\u1ebfn s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u00e0n. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 quy\u00e9n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sung c\u00f2ng b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f2ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 phong b\u00e9 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, khi\u00e9n h\u1ecd lu\u00f2n chi coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ea3n xu\u00e1t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng; ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eed kh\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft kinh doanh; ch\u1ec9 bi\u00e9t lo \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f2ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebdn t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eedng vi\u1ec7c \\\"\u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1'trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7y ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea3n c\u01a1m, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i may \u00e1o, x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u1ea7y v\u1ee3 sinh con.","V\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ 76 NH\u1eeeNG N\u1ed8I DUNG \u0110\u00c1NG H\u1eccC T\u1eacP T\u1eea \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG KINH T\u1ebe TRUY\u1ebeN TH\u1ed0NG V\u00e1n h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c tuy c\u00f2n nhi\u00e9u \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e1t c\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111 \u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e9n th\u00e9. Tr\u00e9n th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng kinh t\u00e9 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra nhi\u00e9u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc qu\u00fd b\u00e1u: Th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 th\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng l\u1ea1c quan. Nh\u1eb1 c\u1eeda \u1edf v\u0169ng n\u1ecfng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, b\u00f3i th\u1ecfn tinh Giang T\u1ea3y d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t tinh th\u00e1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c lu\u00f2n l\u1ea1c quan h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e9 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. v\u1ea3n g\u00ecn gi\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c s\u00e1c Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f5c v\u1ea3n g\u00ed\u1eed th\u00e1i th\u00e1i v\u1ea3n minh n\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1eb5t ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd s\u00f5ng tr\u1ebbn n\u00fai th\u00ec vui c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai, s\u00f3ng \u1edf s\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eadm \u0111\u00e3. th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00f2ng. Ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhu c\u00e1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f2ng cao. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t, thu\u1ebd m\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng * qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u00e9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00f3c gia khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e9n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1n k\u1ef3 trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u00e1n. Xem trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u00f3c, b\u00ed quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u00e9u \u0111\u1ea1i huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u00e1t \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f2ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3m s\u01b0u thu\u1ebf, thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoan dung. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u00e9u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u00e9c l\u1ea7 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1ea3n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u00f3c it khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nhCmg ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea1\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh nu\u00f2i s\u1ee9c d\u00e1n, gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 thu\u00e9 m\u00e1 v\u00e0 lao d\u1ecbch cho \u0129 d\u00e1n ch\u00fang, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. L\u00fac b\u1eaby gi\u1eddTi\u00e9u H\u00e0 (257 TCN - 193 TCN) l\u00e0m th\u1eeda t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoan dung gi\u1ea7m th u \u00e9. V\u00e9 sau T\u00e0o S\u00e2m (? - 190TCN) k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 ti\u00e9p t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau H\u00e0. S\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e9n","> Quan n\u1ec9\u00e8m v\u1ec3 k\u00ecnh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i 11 m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed1n Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u00e9u vinh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebfu T\u00e1y H\u00e1n. thanh ni\u00ean Trung \u0110i\u1ebfu n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00e9n Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh Jefferson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1ng b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00e9n ng\u00f2n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5y th\u1eed th\u00e1ch. Hoa K\u1ef3: \\\"Ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u00edt nh\u1ea5t.\\\" Th\u1ee9 h\u01a1i l\u00e0 tinh th\u00e2n c\u00e2n c\u00f9 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n kh\u00f3 kh\u1ea3n. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u00e0 ----------------------------------------- m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u00e1m qua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c tuy s\u00f3ng trong gian nan kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 v\u1ea3n lu\u00f2n l\u1eb7ng \u00ed\u1ebd c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e1n t\u1ed9c. Ng\u00e0y nay, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf ra xem nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1n c\u00f9 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3, b\u1edfi kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u00e8 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tinh th\u00e1n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhanh nh\u1ea1y n\u00e2m b\u1eaft th\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed5n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a th\u00ec kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu tinh th\u00e1n ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gian kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eed ba l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen t\u00edch tr\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng khi b\u1ea5t \u0129r\u00e2c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u00e9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2 t\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 ti\u00e9t ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u M\u1ef9. N\u00e9u n\u00f3l nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen ti\u00e9t ki\u1ec7m h\u01a1n. T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef d\u1ea3n gian Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \\\"N\u1ebbn trong ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 lo ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mong ng\u00e0y c\u00f3r Nh\u00e1c nh\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eedng b\u00e1t tr\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u00e9 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00e9 h\u1ec7 thanh ni\u00ean Trung Qu\u00f5c d\u00e1n l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tl\u00e9n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e9n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3 ti\u00e9n sau hay ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng th\u1ea5u chi. Nhi\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ea3 vay ti\u00e9n mua nh\u00e0, mua xe \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u00e2 quen ti\u00e9t ki\u1ec7m c\u00f9a h\u1ecd thi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi lo l\u00e1ng, kh\u00f2ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e9n ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cho l\u00f3i s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.","V\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ 78 \u1edf Kochi, An D\u1ed5, l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0129h \u1eed t\u01b0, th\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1 du nh\u1ecap t\u1eeb Trung t\u01b0 duy linh ho\u1ea1t. Qu\u00f3c kh\u1ed5ng chl l\u00e0 c\u00f2ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng ng\u1ea1i truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u00e9u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u00f3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00e8n ngh\u0129a l\u1ea7 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng bi\u00e9n.Tr\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c r\u00e1t gi\u1ecfi d\u1eb5n kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. sinh t\u00f3n. H\u1ecd coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f3n tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f3 kh\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e9 cao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00e1m b\u00e1t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9L N\u00f3i kh\u00e1ch quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1u \u00f3c linh ho\u1ea1t gi\u1ecfi l\u00e1ch qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1t t\u00f9y c\u01a1 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eedng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. Tuy r\u1eb1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng n\u00f3i tr\u1ed9i tr\u00e9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u00e9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa s\u1ed1ng \u1edf kh\u00e1p m\u1ecd\u1ecb n\u01a1i tr\u1ebbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ti\u00e9p thu quan ni\u1ec7m kinh t\u00e9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00f2ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh trong n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi.Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebbn t\u1eeb khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecf c\u1eeba v\u00e0o cu\u00f3i nh\u1eefng n\u1ea3m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u00e9u \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9n\u00e0m l\u00e0 tinh th\u00e2n khoan h\u00f2a \u0111o\u00e1n k\u00e9\u0129 c\u1ee7ng t\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1edfi m\u1edf kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u00e9u tinh th\u00e1n khoan dung. Tuy c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u01b0ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u1ea7 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea7 c\u00f9ng t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec9\u00e9m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u1ea3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e9u \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e9n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y khi\u00e9n n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng hcfn, n\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Tinh th\u00e1n khoan h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa, b\u00e1t lu\u1eadn l\u1ea7 \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi Trung Q\u01b0\u00f3c hay \u0111\u1ed7i v\u1edbi th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, ti\u00e9m l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. Trong n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u00ecnh chi\u00e9m gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e2i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00f3c kinh t\u00e9.","T\u00c2PT\u1ee4C V\u00c0\u0110\u1edcIS\u1ed0NGTH\u01af\u1edcNG NG\u00c0Y","VAn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ 80 Phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n truy\u00e9n Ih\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng phong p h \u00e1 cho \u0111\u00e9n t\u1eadn n\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do d\u00e3n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u1ea3u \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u00e1m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a d\u1ea3n t\u1ed9c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb c\u00e0ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u1edbp tr\u00e1m t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng d\u00e0y d\u1eb7n. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 ho\u00e0n ch\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u00e0nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c, t\u1eebng d\u1ea3n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng gi\u00f3ng nhau, d\u1ec7t n\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a v\u00e0 h\u00e1p thu. H\u1ecd th\u00edch trung dung, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt, nh\u01b0ng c\u00fang kh\u00f2ng th\u00edch nh\u1eedng h\u00e0nh vi qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch. V\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i lai khi m\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u00e9 s\u00e8 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eb5n, song sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea3n t\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00e9t tinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e1m g\u00e1n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ebb t\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u1ebb Gi\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edeTrung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo th\u1eddi gian, nhcmg ng\u00e0y l\u1ebb n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, N\u00c9T v An H\u00f3 a t r o n g p h o n g t \u1ee5 c t \u1ea0p q u An t h \u01b0 \u1edd n g NGAY Phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u00e1t phong ph\u00fa, n\u00f3 gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1m g\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1u kh\u1ed5ng l\u00f3, ph\u1ea3n chi\u00e9u m\u1ecdj ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa. Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0103n m\u1eb7c t\u00f9y theo \u00fd th\u00edch, \u0111\u1eb9p x\u00e1u theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Song d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u01a1 h\u00f3 m\u1ecdi h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e9u do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ed1i. D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u00e1o v\u1ea3i, ch\u00ednh b\u1edf\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea7 lo\u1ea1i trang ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1eb7c. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 chi\u00e9m quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c t\u00f3i cao, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u00e1c (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng) v\u1ea7 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eedng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft hoa v\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh r\u00f3ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3, quan l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7ng c\u1ecf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7u v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a r\u00ed\u00e9ng m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.","> T\u1ec7p tyc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1edfl t\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ec1: t Kh\u00f4ng chi \u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c, \u1edf, d\u00f9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1u H\u00ecnh tr\u1ebbn b\u1ebbn tr\u1ea3i: t\u00f3c c\u0169ng l\u1eb1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u m\u00f3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong quan ni\u1ec7m Nho gia, th\u00e2n th\u00e9 R\u00f3ng l\u1ea7 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea7 do cha m\u1eb9 ban cho, n\u00e9n kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e9n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u1eed b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o. Khi tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u00f2n c\u1ecf c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t vi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ea7 quy\u00e9n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\\\"kh\u00f2n'; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1t t\u00f3c c\u00f9a ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n. C\u00f2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111i tu th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1o tr\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1u t\u00f3c. H\u1ec9nh tr\u00e8n b\u00e8n ph\u1ea3i: \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vui Ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea7ng v\u1ebb tu\u00e2n theo hay \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00e9u t\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb9p cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed5ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0111\u00e9 nh\u1eb1 Thanh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, nh\u00e0 c\u00e1m quy\u00e9n b\u00e2t bu\u1ed9c nam gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111u\u00f4i sam, h\u00f2ng thay \u0111\u00f3i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u00f3c. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e9n nhCmg th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u00e1t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"mu\u1ed5n gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e1u th\u00ec kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ecfc, mu\u1ed7n \u0111\u00e9 t\u00f3c th\u00ec kh\u00f2ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1u\u201d \u00e2i t\u1eeb ch\u00f3i thay \u0111\u00f3i ki\u1ec3u t\u1ed1c th\u00ec s\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed5ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, c\u00e1t \u0111u\u00f4i sam \u0111\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a L\u1ed1 T\u00e1n nh\u01b0^o ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec7n. Phong b\u01a1 \u0111\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u d\u00f2ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c cu\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi Thanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebf \u0111u\u00f2i sam. Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 v\u00e1n h\u00f3a. V\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e9 c\u1eadp \u0111\u00e9n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebdu l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed3c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea7 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng tam gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng nguy\u00ean, Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o","VAn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ 82 Tranh Ch\u00fang ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i. (m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n) do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trong n\u00e9n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi Thanh v\u1ebb. Trong ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tranh v\u1eeba c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3c v\u00f9ng mi\u00e9n, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nho nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3i gia. v\u1eeba c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1n x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1t c\u1ea3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110do th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eadc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a ch\u00fang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. \u0111i\u1ec3m ba t\u1ecfn gi\u1ea3o c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i. Quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. Khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n c\u00e1u th\u00e1n h\u1ecfi qu\u1ef3. N\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0 m\u00e2 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd li\u00e9n th\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1n linh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111i. \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a, thu\u1eadt phong th\u1ee7y chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1eedu v\u00e9 v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 n\u00e0y r\u00e1t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u00e9u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 x\u1ea3y nh\u00e0, \u0111i xa, k\u00e9t h\u00f4n V.V.. ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen nh\u1edd th\u0103y phong th\u1ee7y quy\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00fap xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f2ng v\u00e0 n\u00ean ____ ti\u00e9n h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u00e9 n\u00e0o. Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c. Phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c ch\u1eeda \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u tri th\u1ee9c b\u00e9n c\u1ea1nh tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e9 x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ebb nghi, c\u00f2n c\u1ecf c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u00e9n c\u00f3 r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u t\u1ea3p t\u1ee5c ll\u00e9n quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau th\u00edch tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, y\u00e9u th\u00edch \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u00f2 n\u00e0ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean t\u00e1m v\u0103n h\u1ecfa r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a tr\u00e0. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed u\u00f3ng tr\u00e0, u\u00f3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u00e1t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eedng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e9n \u1ee7 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, u\u00f3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0T\u00e9t \u0110oan Ng\u1ecd m\u00f9ng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng n\u0103m th\u00ec u\u00f3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u H\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng, T\u00e9t Tr\u00f9ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9ng ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9n Ih\u00ec u\u00f3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u C\u00fac Hoa. \u0110\u00f3i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f3ng tr\u00e0, h\u00e1i tr\u00e0, \u1ee7 tr\u00e0, u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e2t khe, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0, d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 pha tr\u00e0, d\u00f9ng \u1ea5m ch\u00e9n nao \u0111\u1ec1","y T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y lii\u1ec9ii^ i\u0129\u0129u Tr\u00e1i: Tr\u1eb1 i\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u00f9 y\u00e9u trong \u0111\u1eddi \u1ec9J .r - ' K s\u1ed7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eb1y \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ebci y Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1ea3t 3 \u00ed : \u2014 :\u2014 * 'P \u1ee7 tr\u00e0, pha tr\u00e0. Ph\u1ea3i: Hoa c\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea3ng th\u1ebbm kh\u00f4ng khi l\u1ebb l\u00e9t. \u0111\u1ef1ng tr\u00e0, d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed7ng tr\u00e0, d\u00f9ng l\u1ebb nghi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng tr\u00e0, hay m\u00f9a n\u00e0o n\u00e9n u\u1ed7ng tr\u00e0 n\u00e0o m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c r\u00e1t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 kinh t\u00e9. C\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng. L\u1ea5y vi d\u1ee5, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp qu\u00e1a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng b\u1ea1n h\u1eedu c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang ma C\u01af\u1edaI h\u1ecfi thi m\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia, h\u01a1n n\u1eeda c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t s\u00f3 ti\u00e9n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u00e9n \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u1ea5n\\\". Vi\u1ec7c \u201cg\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\" c\u00f3 quy t\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 g\u00f3p bao nhi\u00e9u, g\u00f3p cho ai, ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt b\u00e1t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e9u ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ea3n theo. \u0110\u1ed7i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u1ecfm nay m\u00e0 n\u1ed1i, \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\" \u0111\u1ecfi khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e9 \u0111au \u0111\u1ea5u. B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 k\u00e9t h\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u1ea5n\\\" cha m\u1eb9 b\u1ea1n qua \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\", th\u00e2n h\u1eefu sinh con ph\u1ea3i \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\" d\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 t\u00e2n g\u00eda c\u1ee7ng ph\u1ea3i \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\" Song d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u00e9u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e9n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebb gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00e2n nhau. B\u1edfi kinh t\u1ec3 ti\u1ec3u n\u00f2ng c\u00f3 n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng y\u00e9u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp r\u00e1t th\u00e1p n\u00e9n khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang ma c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 minh lo li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch \\\"g\u00f3p ph\u00e1n\\\", c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n h\u1ecf tr\u1ee3 th\u00ec m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00e9n d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00e1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00ec t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Tuy l\u00e0 h\u1ecf tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0","V\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c ^ '\u25a0 f\u1ec9 la \u0129ta i. Trong ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t l\u1ebb nghi, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao l\u01b0u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed7ng Trung c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u00f3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng t\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng cung cho \u0111\u00e9n nh\u1ea7 d\u1ea7n, Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 t\u00ednh th\u1ea7m m\u1ef9. kh\u00f3ng c\u1ecf c\u1ea3u \u0111\u1ed1i. L\u1ebb h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u1ea3nh th\u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u00e9t Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n. Phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3n T\u00e9t mang r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: nh\u1eefng b\u1eedc tranh T\u00e9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, hoa gi\u1ea5y d\u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u1ea3u \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p. Tranh T\u00e9t Trung Qu\u00f3c tuy l\u1ea7 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng r\u00e1t cao. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tranh T\u00e9t D\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u1ebbu Thanh \u0111\u1ea3 n\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng g\u00e1n xa, c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch g\u00ed\u00e2 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hoa c\u1eeda l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng h\u1ecda ti\u00e9t c\u00e2t b\u1ea7ng gi\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n tr\u00e9n gi\u1ea9y d\u00e1n hay k\u00ednh c\u1eeda. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e0n c\u00e2t gi\u00e1y t\u00e0i ba tuy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u00e2n cao, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, m\u00e1t th\u00e1m m\u1ef7 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u1ea3ng n\u00e2m b\u00e1t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eadc nh\u1eabt. C\u00e1u \u0111\u00f3i t\u1eb1 m\u00f2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong t\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ng th\u00eam ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ebb t\u00e9t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1u g\u00e1c danh lam th\u00e1ng c\u00e1nh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u1ee7ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed7ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f4ng chi \u1ecf c\u00e2u ch\u1eed t\u1ed5t, \u00fd t\u1ee9 hay, th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1ea7 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3t \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac Th\u1eddi x\u01b0a r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9u d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3u \u0111\u00f3i, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u c\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u00e1t s\u00e2u xa. Nh\u1eedng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3u \u0111\u00f3l d\u00e0i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Quan L\u00e2u, th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 C\u00f4n Minh, t\u1ec9nh V\u00e2n",">9> T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1edfi s^ng th\u01b0^w ng\u00e0y Nam hay c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean n\u00fai Thanh Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ec9nh T\u1eed Xuy\u00ean, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi th\u01a1 t\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f3ng, tranh T\u00e9t v\u00e0 hoa c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1n bi\u1ebdn m\u1eabt kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gia \u0111inh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3u \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec v\u1ea3n c\u00f2n r\u00e1t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. H\u01a1n n\u1eeda trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi thi hoa gi\u1ea5y v\u00e3n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u00e9u. T\u00e1p t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 k\u00e9t tinh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e0n t\u1ed9c, th\u00f2ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfu r\u00f2 v\u00e9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c, n\u00f3i xa th\u00ec r\u00e1t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; n\u00f3i g\u0103n th\u00ec so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u00e9n v\u00e0n h\u00f3a g\u00e1n g\u0169i l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u00e9u sai kh\u00e1c. \u0111 \u1ea0m \u0111 \u00e0 s Ac th \u00e1 i v An h \u00f3 a n ho g ia C\u00fang gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 phong t\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u00e9t v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a C\u01a1 \u0110\u00f3c gi\u00e1o, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c mang s\u00e1c th\u00e1i Nho gia r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng tinh th\u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed5c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e9 cao quy t\u00e2c l\u1ebb nghi. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u00e1t phong ph\u00fa ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, song n\u00e9u mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u1ea7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00e9n c\u01a1 s\u1edd c\u1ee7a tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1eed h\u00e1u b\u00e9p \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y. Chu\u1ea5n b\u1ecb c\u01a1m canh cho c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m vi^ nh\u1eb1 l\u00e0 c\u00f2ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u00e9u trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n l\u1edfn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eed Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u00e9n Ih\u1ed1ng. I i","V\u00e0n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quy\u00e9n uy nh\u00e1t, n\u00f3 th\u00e0u t\u00f3m trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3n m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, t\u1ecfng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gia ph\u00e1p. Ngay c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7ng ph\u00e1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u00e2c c\u1ee7a l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o. B\u00e1t k\u1ec3 vua c\u00f3 quy\u00e9n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u00e9 n\u00e0o thi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9, con c\u00e1i, ch\u00ednh v\u00ed v\u1eb7y h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf s\u00f3ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5m bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 H\u00e1n Cao T\u1ed5 L\u01b0u Bang t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng e s\u1ee3 b\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u00e9u g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u00f3i \u0111\u1eddi, trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u00f2ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u00e9u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y nghi l\u00e0m theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ecdng l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o t\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng gia ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gia hu\u1ea5a t\u1ed3 hu\u1ea5n (l\u1eddi r\u1ea3n d\u1ea1y c\u00f9a t\u00f3 ti\u00e8n) c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1t \u0111\u00f2i khi c\u00f2n quy\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n gia hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh tuy r\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e2 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00faa q\u1ee5\u1ed7c gia nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 $\u1ee9c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebb. Bao Ch\u1eedng th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan thanh ll\u1ebbm n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, gia hu\u00e1n h\u1ecd Bao do \u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00e9n y\u00e9u c\u00e1u con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi s\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eaft nh\u00e1t tu\u00e2n theo. B\u1ed9 gia hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u00e9u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan tham th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f2n \u1edf ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00e9n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00f3n tr\u1ecdng danh ph\u1eadn, gia ph\u1ea3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 n\u1eb7ng n\u00e9. V\u00e0n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u00f3c cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eddi cao \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2t th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e0n kh\u00f4a \u00e2m d\u01b0cmg, nam n\u1eef; c\u00f2n cho r\u00e2ng th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c sinh \u00e0m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e0m d\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p sinh ra v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i n\u00e0y th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 ch\u00f3ng, sau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i, r\u00f3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra con ch\u00e1u ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi sau. \u1edf nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u00e9u k\u00ednh v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea3y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129\u00e2 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111 \u00e1t Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9n thi\u00e9n t\u1eed t\u00f4n qu\u00fd c\u1ee7ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u00e9u k\u00ednh v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9. \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng chi\u00e9m gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, g\u00f3c r\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0103n s\u1ea3u v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed7i gia \u0111inh tmy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e9 cao gia t\u1ed9 c xem tr\u1ecdng t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. Trong quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa cha v\u00e0 con, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ee3 ch\u00f3ng hcm. Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng Trung Quoc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc trong b\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u1ebb nghi. Tr\u00e9 s\u01a1 sinh m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef. Con trai th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u, con g\u1ea3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean, h\u1ecd Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ecb, h\u1ecd L\u00fd th\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00fd Th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u00e1y ch\u00f3ng th\u00ec theo h\u1ecd ch\u00f3ng. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n r\u00f5 nam n\u1eed. Con trai c\u1ecf quy\u00e9n t\u1ef1 do bay nh\u1ea3y, c\u1ed1 quy\u00e9n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp tri th\u1ee9c; con g\u00e1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i","y T\u00e1p t\u1ee5c v i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y 87 gi\u00e3u m\u00ecnh trong khu\u00e9 ph\u00f2ng, kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i hoc, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi chi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf g\u1eedi g\u00e2m n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0ng trong x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed7c truy\u00e9n th\u00f5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f2n nh\u1ea3n, b\u00e1t k\u1ebf con trai hay con g\u00e1i, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfn nh\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e9u ph\u00e1i nghe theo cha m\u1eb9 s\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u00e9n n\u00e1m th\u00e9 b\u1ea3y thi\u1ebdp, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eed th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng x\u00e1y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eadt cha m\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7ng kh\u00f2ng c\u1ecf nh\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed7c v\u1edbi tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eeb b\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00e8n m\u1ed9t s\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1edf t\u00e1ng s\u00e0u nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nam t\u00f2n n\u1ee9 ti l\u00e1m l\u00fac v\u00e2n c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u00e1t g\u1eadp. \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u1ecfm nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e2n th\u00e1y nhi\u00e9u c\u1ea3p v\u1ee3 ch\u00f3ng mong m\u1ecfi sinh con trai. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1edfi l\u00fd do v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea3 b\u00e9n r\u1ebb s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed7i gia (Tmh n\u00e9n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u00e9 l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i lai c\u00f3 th\u1ebf x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c nh\u01b0ng v\u00e3n kh\u00f2ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t n\u00e9n v\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c - v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ebf thay \u0111\u00f3i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f2 hinh gia \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Qu\u00f3c truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng. Ch\u00ednh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eed g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nhanh th\u00ec m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y n\u1ea3m, ch\u1eadm th\u00ec m\u1eafy m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u1ea3m, nh\u1eedng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i lai v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u00f3a. Mu\u00f3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c, nh\u1ea5t thi\u00e9t ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd tim hi\u1ec3u v\u00e9 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o gia \u0111inh. s \u1ef1 BI\u1ebeN \u0110\u1ed0I C\u1ee6AT\u1ea0PT\u1ee4C T\u1eadp l\u1ee5c kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e1t th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t bi\u00e9n. Trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ed7t c\u00e1i x\u00e1u, c\u00e1i hay c\u00e1i d\u1edf, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u1ed5t c\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho v\u00e3n minh c\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, c\u00f2n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ru\u1ecfng ch\u00ednh n\u00e9n v\u00e1n minh \u00e1y. L\u00fac n\u00e0y quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i s\u1ebb ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i phong t\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf di\u1ebbn ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y cho r\u1ea7ng, v\u00e1n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ebbn \\\"b\u00f3n n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 c\u00e1u\u201d. C\u0169ng c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb3ng, v\u1ea3n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00e9n chi\u00e9c xe h\u01a1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e1n. Chi\u00e9c b\u00f3n n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf x\u00edu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u00e9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i to l\u1edbn th\u00e9 \u01b0? C\u00f2n xe h\u01a1i ri\u00eang l\u1ebd n\u00e0o c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n t\u00e0u du","V\u1ec1n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ i8 \u00ec h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5? Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00e9u x\u00e9t tr\u00ean g\u1ecfc \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadp qu\u00e1a h\u00e0nh vi sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec hai ph\u00e1t Tranh Ti\u00e9u h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a minh n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u1eddl Nguy\u00e8n Ti\u1ebbu Qu\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1o. m6 T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh t\u00f3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, sau t\u1ea3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng n\u1eac l\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 th\u00e9 ch\u00e9 v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a x\u00e1 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ecf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u1ebb ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh kinh t\u00e9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. N\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec si \u0111\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T \u1ec9n . C\u00f3 th\u00e9 ch\u1ebb v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng r\u00e1t kh\u00f3 bi\u00e9n \u0111\u00f3i; v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng r\u00e1t kh\u00f3 b\u1ec9\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i. v\u1eadt trong tranh l\u00e0 Nguy\u00e8n H\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh r\u00e1t l\u1edbn, v\u00ec th\u00e9 th\u00e1nh v\u00cc\u00e8n c\u1ee7a 'tr\u00fac s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n g\u1eb7p l\u1eb3m th\u1ea5t hi\u00e9n' ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebb. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadp l\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e9u th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1y b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb l\u00e2u d\u1ea7\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea7y, b\u00e2 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, dung h\u1ee3p v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1ea7 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng bi\u00e9n chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u00f3c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u1ed7c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f3ng T\u1eed, l\u00e0 \\\"l\u1ebb b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea1c ho\u1ea1i* phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ed3 h\u1eedu c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00e9u nh\u1ea7 Chu b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch nghi\u00e8m tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00e9p t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec. L\u1ef7 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c i\u1ea1\u00ed t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi l\u1ea7 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0u. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1\u1ec9 nh\u00e1t th\u1eddi \u00e1y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c bi\u00e9n ph\u00e1p Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edfng, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e1n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edfng, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3\u00ed c\u00e1ch. Th\u1eddi Chi\u00e9n Qu\u1ed5c, Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 Linh V\u01b0\u01a1ng (kho\u1ea3ng 340 TCN - 295 TCN) ch\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f3, h\u1ecdc c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a b\u00e2n cung. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1eb3n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Nguy\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Xu\u00e8n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, k\u00e9t qu\u1ea3 sau c\u00f9ng l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1edd\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e9 qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ebfn.","> T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th il\u1eddng ng\u00e0y 89 0 L\u1ec9\u00e9nk\u1ea5tt\u01b0li\u1ecbu D c Tb\u1edft T\u00e0o Ng\u1ee5y Tam Qu\u1ed5c b\u00e1y v\u1ecb danh si g\u1ed5m K\u00e9 Khang, Nguy\u1ebbn T\u00ecch, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00c0O, H\u01b0\u1ed5v\u00ecg T\u00fa\u00ab L\u01b0u L\u00ecnh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nhung, Nguy\u1ebbn H\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0o r\u1eedng tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ecfng t\u00fang ng\u1ed5ng cu\u1ed5ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ecd\u1ec9 h\u1ecd l\u00e1 *tr\u00fac lim th\u00e1t h\u00cc\u00e9n'Th\u1ea5t h\u1ec9\u00e9n t\u00f3n s\u00f9r>9tri\u00e9t h\u1ecdc Uk) Trang. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ec9h\u1edd\u1ec9 xung d\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb rit quy\u00e9t li\u1ec7t h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e8y \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e2r>9 qu\u00e9n n6i \u0111au \u0111\u1edfl v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u1ea7nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ec9\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ec9\u00e0\u1ec9 ph\u1ecfng c\u1ebf tfnh d\u01b0\u00e1l th\u00f24 Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ec9n. '^l___________________________________________________________ Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n, phong kh\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t l\u00e1n n\u1eefa \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p T\u1eeb Hy th\u00e1i thay \u0111\u00f3i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u00e2n v\u1eb7t qu\u00e1i ki\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng. c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f3ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng Dung (153 - 208) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nhi\u00e9u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 phong khi\u00e9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi kinh ng\u1ea1c, \u00f4ng c\u00f2ng nhi\u00e9n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u00e9n t\u00e0ng t\u01b0 tr\u00e0o th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho gia, cho r\u00e2ng m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con c\u00e1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 b\u00e1y gid. c\u1ee7ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eeda hoa v\u00e0 binh hoa, n\u00e9u t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra th\u00ec gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec n\u1eeda. \u201cTr\u00fac l\u00e2m th\u00e1t hi\u00e9n\\\"c\u1ea7ng col khinh l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c qu\u00e1n \u00e1o k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c, \u1ea3n nh\u1eedng lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng thu\u00f3c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, c\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e9u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e1t s\u00e2u s\u00e1c \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u1eddi sau. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 bi\u00e9n \u0111\u00f3i l\u1edbn nh\u00e1t c\u00f9a t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed7c m\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e9n sau chi\u00e9n tranh Nha Phi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi b\u00e2t \u0111\u00e1u. V\u00e1n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu6c. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n nh\u00e0 Thanh b\u00e2t \u0111\u00e1u c\u1eed du h\u1ecdc sinh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u1eed quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u00ecm hi\u00e9u, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi ti\u00e9p thu c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ecfng x\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u00e9u m\u1edbi.","rrung >0 T\u00e1ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb Hy th\u00e1i h\u1ea3u (1835 - 1908) c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f2ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u00ed s\u0129 duy t\u00e2n; c\u00e1c tr\u00ed s\u0129 duy t\u00e2n tuy thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f2ng nhanh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Sau c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea3 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Trung Qu\u00f3c. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u00e1t ph\u1ea3ng chi\u00e9c \u0111u\u00f2i sam d\u00e3 \u0111eo sau \u0111\u00e2u nam gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u00f3c su\u00f3t m\u00e1y tr\u00e0m n\u1ea3m. M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea3t h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i v\u1ea3i b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eeb Trung Qu\u00f3c su\u00f3t h\u01a1n ng\u00e0n n\u1ea3m qua c\u00fang \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi b\u1ecf. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00f3 ch\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 phi l\u00fd nh\u00e1t. \u0110\u00e2y r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u00e9u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u1ea3m. \u0110\u00e9n th\u1eddi Minh - Thanh th\u00ec th\u1ee9 phong t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00e9n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Con g\u00e1i kh\u00f2ng b\u00f3 ch\u00e1n th\u00ec kh\u00f3 l\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f3ng; ch\u00e1n b\u00f3 kh\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed. C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u00ean cu\u00f3ng v\u00ec g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n sen v\u00e0ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 v\u00e0n nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \\\"Kim Li\u00ean b\u00e1c s\u0129\\\" chuy\u00ean vi\u00e9t nh\u1eedng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i v\u00e9 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n nh\u1ecf, Ch\u00ednh quy\u00e9n M\u00e3n Thanh ra l\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam c\u00e1m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e0n b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf ng\u00e0n c\u00e1m phong tr\u00e0o b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n c\u00f9a h\u00e1u nh\u01b0 t\u00e1t th\u1ea3y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef7 v\u00e9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3 m\u00e9o m\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e9n \u0111\u00e1u nhcmg n\u1ea3m d\u00e2n qu\u00f3c, h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c n\u00e0y m\u1edbi r\u00fat lu\u1ec9 kh\u1ecfi v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eedng n\u00e2m g\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1y. C\u1ea4C cu\u1ed9c thi tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0l n\u1eb3ng tr\u00e9n truy\u1ec1n htnh \u0111\u1eb3 h\u00e1p d\u1ea3n r\u00e1t nhi\u00e9u c\u1ed5 g\u00e1i tr\u1ebb c\u1ed1 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.","y T\u1ea3p t\u1ee5c v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y 9! Lu\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e0y th\u1ed5i t\u1edbi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f2ng L\u00e2m Ng\u1ee9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1ea7 chuy\u1ec1n minh bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e9n cao tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau v\u1ea9n n\u1ed5i ti\u00e9ng v\u1edfi t\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u201cNg\u0169 T\u00cdT Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \\\"Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9\\\" l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 x\u00fay cho ph\u1ea5m O\u00e2t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00e9n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, nh\u00e2n d\u00e0n t\u00f2i. s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e1t n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c thanh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ebb gi\u1ea3o, y\u00eau c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do y\u00e9u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 trong h\u00f2n nh\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ea3y l\u1ea7 s\u1ef1 khi\u00e9u chi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ecfi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c6 c\u1ef1u nh\u00e1t \u1edf Trung Qu\u00f3c. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u00e0m mang t\u00ednh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e9 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o. T\u1ef1 do h\u00f2n nh\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khinh nh\u1eddn v\u00e0 khi\u00e9u kh\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ki\u00e9n. B\u00e1t lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1eedng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00e9n \u0111\u00e9u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecfn nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trung c\u1ed5, n\u00e9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0n d\u00e1m c\u00f2ng khai b\u00e0n v\u00e9 \u201ct\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\\\" th\u00ec quy\u00e9n uy t\u00f2n gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lung lay; c\u00f2n \u1edeTrung Qu\u00f5c \u0111\u00e1u th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3n d\u00e1m \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecfn nh\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u1ee7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n tr\u00ed m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed7i v\u1edbi l\u1ebb gi\u00e1o phong ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea3 mu\u00f3n t\u1ef1 do h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f2ng c\u00e1n \\\"l\u1ec7nh cha \u00fd m\u1eb9 l\u1eddi mai m\u1ed7i\\\" n\u1eeda. \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed9c quy\u00e9n (quy\u00e9n uy c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c). \u0110\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong t\u00ecnh y\u1ebbu, t\u1ef1 do trong h\u00f2n nh\u1ea3n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i binh \u0111\u1ea3ng nam n\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, uy hi\u00e9p phu quy\u00e9n (quy\u00e9n uy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00f3ng). \u0110\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 quy\u00e9n, phu quy\u00e9n c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00f3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u00e9n, th\u00e1n quy\u00e9n. T\u1ef1 do h\u00f2n nh\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e9 l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111ai l\u00fac b\u00e1y gi\u1edd. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7t \u0111\u00e1u th\u00ec kh\u00f3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o ng\u00e1n c\u1ea3n n\u00f3i. Ng\u00e0y nay, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda s\u1ea3u r\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 di\u1ebbn ra s\u00e1t s\u01b0\u1eddn m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00e9n kinh t\u00e9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u truy\u00e9n th\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ed7 h\u1eedu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e2 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c tr\u00e9n quy m\u1ecf l\u1edbn l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00e8n, b\u00e1t lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ecfng hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eedc t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u00e9n th\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u00f3i d\u1ebb d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e9. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f9a th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX, L\u00e0m Ng\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (1895 - 1976) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pearl s. Buck (1892 - 1973) gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u00e9u. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f9a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u00e1t b\u1ea3n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh","y\u1ebfn h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u1ed1c < n c\u00f2ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ecf tr\u1ee3 c\u00f9a Pearl s. Buck. Nh\u01b0ng Pearl s. Buck kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec9\u00e9u ki\u1ec7 a \u0111i\u00e9u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. v\u00e9 sau, L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed1ng K\u1ecfng, kinh t\u1ebd r\u00e1t eo h\u1eb9p n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2i m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n Pearl s, Buck. \u0110\u1ea3y k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1n ti\u00e9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f2ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u00e9n b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00ec c\u00e1m b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng xem tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Nh\u01b0ng Pearl s. Buck \u0111\u1ea3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng t\u1eeb ch\u00f3i, v\u00ec theo qu\u1ef5 t\u00e2c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, mu\u00f3n m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u00e9n th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1 nh\u1ea3n. Ngay c\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3u \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m Ng\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cb\u1eedc t\u01b0\u1eddng\\\" trong giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f2n Pearl s. Buck v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u v\u00e9 Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7ng n\u1ea7m ngo\u00e0i d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. L\u1eb3m Ng\u1ee9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba bu\u00f3n v\u1eeba gi\u1eadn n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 cho b\u00e0. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f5c ng\u00e0y nay, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai, v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ea7m \u1edf ch\u1ecf h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n d\u00e1n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e9n ng\u00e0y nay gi\u1eeda l\u00e0n s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0i c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f3 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd, khoan dung nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e1i b\u00e9n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n m\u1edbi, c\u1ecf th\u00e9 th\u00e1y, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n ti\u00e9p t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t s\u00ednh nhi\u00e9u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u s\u00e1c L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00ed\u00ean t\u1eb7p t\u1ee5c c\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf b\u00e9 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn m\u1ea7 l\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e9n kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb1 nh\u00e1t lo\u1ea1t T\u00e2y h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngoan c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5i. m\u00e0 l\u1ea7 h\u0103p thu tinh hoa t\u1eeb v\u00e2n h\u00f3a kim c\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e9n v\u00e1n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u00e9n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111em truy\u00e9n th\u1ed7ng, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 kh\u00e1p n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi.","kh o a H\u1eccC K\u1ef8THU\u1eacT","V\u00e0n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f2c 94 Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed5c t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. C\u1ee7ng gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f3ng v\u00e1n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u00f3c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba li\u00e9n t\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi vi\u1ebbn c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng n\u1ea3y sinh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3i k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 di\u00ean bi\u1ebfn tu\u00e1n t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng nhanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng - Nguy\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f2n gi\u1eed v\u1eedng xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eddi \u0129\u00f3ng - Nguy\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cao tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f2ng hai tr\u1ebdn th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VI, VII tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIV sau c\u00f2ng nguy\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f5c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e2 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e0u s\u00e1c cho v\u0103n minh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb khl con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to l\u1edbn n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu gh\u00e9 g\u1edbm n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau suy ng\u00e2m. C\u00c1C TH\u00c0NH T\u1ef1u KHOA H\u1eccC K\u1ef8 THU\u1eacT c\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea0I Nh\u00ecn chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u v\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng Joseph Needham (1900 - 1995) l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Sau m\u00e1y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00e1m d\u00f3c s\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 th\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3ng k\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eb7t Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tln ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nhi\u00e9u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e3n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e9 cao b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f2ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh Bacon t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 ba trong b\u1ed5n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c: Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft quan s\u00e1t uy l\u1ef1c, hi\u1ec7u n\u00e3ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea9n, thu\u00f3c n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam V.V.. Ba ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed3i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1t minh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ph\u00e1t minh th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ph\u00e1t minh th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh ra v\u00f2 v\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.","y Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1ea0t Tranh minh hoa c\u00e1c c\u00f3ng \u0111oan i\u1eb1m gl\u1ea3y d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00e0y H\u00e1n. \\\\ 'rS Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u00e9n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebd qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i danh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ba ph\u00e1t minh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3ng x\u00e9p h\u1ea1ng 100 nh\u00e0n v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (The 100: A Ranking of the Most In\u00edluential Persons in History) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Michael H. Hart x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e1m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n minh nh\u1ea3n loai. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c, \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00e9n l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eeb x\u00e9p th\u1ee9 n\u1ea3m; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n (63 - 121) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2ng H\u00e1n (25 - 220). \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c6 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi ngh\u00e9 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1y.","L T\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ea5t Th\u1ea3ng. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e1u ti\u00e9n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1ng x\u00e9p h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00f3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1ed9c v\u00e9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay nh\u00e0 Nh\u1eedng con ch\u1eed r\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh, ngo\u00e0i Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Newton (1643 - b\u00e2ng \u0111\u00e1t s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1727) \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eed hai, Gutenberg (kho\u1ea3ng 1400 - 1468) x\u00e9p trong khung s\u00e1t. \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 Einstein (1879- 1955) \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eed m\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n c\u1ee7a Gutenberg l\u1ea7 ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in v\u1edbi con ch\u1eed r\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0 tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n ph\u00e1t minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f9a T\u1ea5t Th\u0103ng (kho\u1ea3ng 970 - 1051), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kho\u1ea3ng b\u00f3n th\u1ebd k\u1ef7. B\u00e1t lu\u1eadn th\u00e9 n\u00e0o, Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00f3ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn cho v\u1ea3n minh nh\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1nh vai c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u00f3 trong khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Newton, Einstein cho th\u00e1y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1eaft cao m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00e0nh cho \u00f2ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f3ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00f3n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: Th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1n b\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e9u, trong m\u1ecfi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e9u c\u00f3 c\u00f3ng hi\u00e9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u00e9n Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 d\u00e2n ti\u00ean phong trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3n minh th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. B\u00e1t k\u1ec3 l\u1ea7 trong k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ki\u00e9n tr\u00fac, c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u00e9n. d\u1ec7t may, h\u00f3a ch\u00e1t hay c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0thi\u00e9n v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc V.V.. ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c \u0111\u00e9u t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eedng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y theo chi\u00e9u ngang, ta s\u1ebd th\u00e1y trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u00e1m t\u1eeb th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 II \u0111\u00e9n th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XV, Trung Qu\u1ed7c h\u00e1u nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1u tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u1ec9\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u00e1t. Kh\u00f4ng chi c\u1ed1 b\u00f3n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea7 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0d\u00e1u m\u00f2, than \u0111\u00e1, luy\u1ec7n kim. \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u00e9n, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc V.V.. c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 r\u00e1t ti\u00e9n ti\u00e9n.","> Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt 9: K\u00e9 \u0111\u00e9n, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ri\u00e9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc, y d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc, V.V.. Thi\u00ean v\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed -------------- r\u00e1t l\u00e0u d\u00e0i, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u truy\u00e9n l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 phong ph\u1ee7. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00e8n v\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1 ta ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n l\u00e1n nh\u1eadt thi\u00e9n v\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c tr\u00e9n th\u1ef1c, ch\u00edn tr\u1ea3m l\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi. N\u00e1m 1054, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3 ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ea3m Thu\u00e1n H\u1ef1u th\u1ee9 v\u00e9 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 si\u00e9u t\u00e0n tinh (supernova) c\u1ee7a ch\u00f2m sao b\u1ea3y (1247) th\u1eddi Nam Kim Ng\u01b0u (Taurus). Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f2n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia T\u1ed7ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00e8n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ec9\u00e9n l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ng\u00f2i sao. Trong hang quan tr\u00e1c thi\u00e9n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng. b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p 1350 ng\u00f2i sao, \u0111\u00e1y l\u00e0 Tr\u1ebbn b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1edb t\u00e1t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u1ea3n c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t 1.434 ng\u00f4i sao. c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XVII. L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1ecf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00e9n ti\u00e9n tr\u00ean th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. L\u1ecbch t\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Chi\u00e9n Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n chia m\u00f5i n\u1ea3m th\u00e0nh 365 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 1\/4 ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 S\u00e2i l\u1ec7ch 11 ph\u00fat so v\u1edbi C\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e9n ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng i\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Am l\u1ecbch. Am l\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p Am D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u0103t to l\u1edbn cho thi\u00e8n v\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 binh h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00f3c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng - Nguy\u00e9n, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng t\u1ee5t xu\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111inh cao c\u1ee7a th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 nh\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t minh o L\u1ec84nk\u1ebftt\u01b0ll\u1eadu T\u1ed4XUNGCHIVAS\u1ed0PI T\u1ed5 Xur>g Ch\u1ec9 (429 - 500) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u00c2 khoa h\u1ecdc k\\\\\u1ec7x xu\u00e1t c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed5c d\u01b0\u1edbi tMf Nam B k Tii\u1ec3u. Nh\u1eefhg c\u00f3ng h\u1ec9\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng di\u1ee7 d c\u00e1c \u1ec9lnh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00e8n y\u1ebfn l\u1ecach ph\u00e1p v\u00e1 C0 9\u00cc\u1edaI \u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e2 t\u00ednh ra 9\u1ec8\u00e1 tf\u1ecb s\u1ed5 Pl nim gl\u1eeda 3.141S926 v i 3.1415927, cMnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u1eed s\u00f3 th\u1ecbp ph\u1ea7nth\u1ee9 b\u00e0y. K\u1ef7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y m ii \u0111\u00e9n tf)\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XV m\u0111( b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 toAn h\u1ecdc ngu\u1eddl A R\u1ecbp Jamsh\u1ec9d aMC\u1ea3shl ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. \u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u dl\u1ebbn s\u1ed5 Pi d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec9nh th\u00fac ha\u1ec9 ph in s\u1ed5 22\/7 v\u00e0 355\/113.","V\u1ebfn h\u00f2a Thiiig Qu\u00f2c ^ \u0110\u00e9 \u0110\u00f4 Giang \u1edf tinh c\u00f2n d\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1u trong th\u1eddi gian r\u00e1t d\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 T\u1eed Xuy\u00e9n l\u00c0 c\u00f4ng Chu B\u1ebb, C\u1eebu ch\u01b0cmg to\u00e1n thu\u1eadt (ph\u00e9p c\u1eedu ch\u01b0cmg) \u0111\u00e9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed3c t\u00e9 tr\u00ecnh th\u00f9y l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn c\u00f9a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f3ng l\u00f3 v\u00e9 ph\u00e9p Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111 \u1ecbi. vi\u00e9t s6, h\u1ec7 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n, h\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n, s6 \u00e2m, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x iy d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e9n nay v\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd C\u00e2u c\u1ed5 (c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Pithagore v\u00e9 m\u00f3i quan c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. h\u1ec7 trong h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa ba c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c vu\u00f4ng), t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ed5 Pi V.V.. C\u00f3 nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ec7 ghi s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed7c ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi b\u00f3n ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea3n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u00e9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i trong n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng n\u00f3i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00e9n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u00e2c \u0111\u00e9 Trung Qu\u1ed7c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00e9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u00e9n v\u0103n minh d\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1u th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean nhi\u00e9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0th\u00e9. D\u01b0\u1edb\u1ec9 \u0111\u00ec\u00e9u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. n\u00e9n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n l\u00ean \u0111\u00e9n tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ed1 nhi\u00e9u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e2n c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t huy gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u00e9 cho \u0111\u00e9n h\u00f4m nay. V\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 k\u00eanh \u0110\u1ea1i V\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea \u0110\u00f4 Giang \u0111\u00e9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m c\u1edf th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00ea \u0110\u00f4 Giang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2.200 n\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng v\u00e2n c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u00e2y l\u1ea7 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u00e9u hi\u1ebfm th\u00e1y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Y h\u1ecdc Trung Qu6c l\u1ea7 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. N\u1ed9i dung bao h\u00e0m trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf Trung y r\u00e1t phong ph\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn y h\u1ecdc m\u1ea7 c\u00f2n c\u1ecf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebbt h\u1ecdc; kh\u00f4ng chl c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.","y Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1ea7l 9* Tranh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u Trung y do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Mifih v\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Trung y kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebd n\u1ed9i kinh v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e9u i\u1ea7 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa. ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f2m nay ch\u00fang v\u1ea3n c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u1ecfn th\u00e0o c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, c\u00f2ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m huy\u00e9t c\u1ee7a danh y \u0111\u1eddi Minh L\u00fd Th\u1eddi Tr\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a y d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e9n n\u00e9n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng - Nguy\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Sau th\u1eddi T\u00f3ng - Nguy\u00ean, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed7c kh\u00f2ng \u0111i xu\u00f3ng r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1eaby m\u1ecfi ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. NH\u00ccN L\u1ea0I T\u00cdNH H\u1ea0N CH\u1ebe TRONG s \u1ef1 PHAT t r i\u1ec3n C\u00d9A KHOA H\u1eccC K\u1ef8 THU\u1eacT TRUNG QU\u1ed0C T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e2t \u0111\u00e1u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng tr\u1edf \u0111i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVI, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1ea3n minh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00e8n t\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i m\u1edbi t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa t\u1ea5t c\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e1t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng l\u1ea7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eedtr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. L\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 100 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9a Michael H. Hart l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1t c\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y","V\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ^ X) nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi c\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u01a1n n\u1eeda trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c. Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00f3n d\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed5c gia c\u00f3 n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u00e9n v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9 t\u1eeb sau th\u00e9 k\u1ef3 XV \u0111\u00e3 r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00e9 gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb sau th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e9n nay, Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1ecf l\u1ef1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec v\u00e2n c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ti\u00ean ti\u00e9n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u00e2u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? \u0110i\u00e9u n\u00e0y li\u00e9n quan \u0111\u00e9n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00e9n nh\u00e2n s\u1ea3u xa v\u00e9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u00e9 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed5c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u00f3c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e8n \u00e9p tr\u00ean b\u00f3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, ch\u00ednh do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u00e9. I. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Q u^ T\u1ea1i sao khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVI, n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00e9n cho th\u00e1y s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eb7u? L\u1ebd n\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean k\u1ef3 t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb, c\u00f2n Trung Qu6c th\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f9a m\u00ecnh? K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u00f3c trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3 m\u00e1t h\u00e9t vinh quang ng\u00e0y c\u00f9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea7 v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e9n s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u00f3c t\u1eebng so s\u00e1nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i k\u00e9t c\u00e1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1ea3t Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng x\u00e9t tr\u00ean ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00e9m b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u1ecf r\u1ec7t (xem b\u1ea3ng \u1edf trang ti\u1ebfp theo). Nhcrng \u0111i\u1ebfm b\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e0y khi\u00e9n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e9n s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u00f3ng k\u00ea n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e9 r\u00fat ra v\u00e0i k\u00e9t lu\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: Th\u1ee9 nh\u00e1t nh\u1ea3n t\u00f3 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt chi\u00e9m t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn, c\u1ed1 th\u00e9 th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong k\u00e9t c\u00e1u n\u00e9n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u00f3c c6 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ef3 tr\u1ecdng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lu\u00f4n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chi\u00e9m \u01b0u th\u00e9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3i, nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1 m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ecf th\u00e9 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n d\u00e0i. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XIII - XV, t\u1ef3 tr\u1ecdng k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t gia t\u1ea3ng, khi\u00e9n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t Iri\u00e9n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i trong khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi b\u00e1y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p cho s\u1ef1 c\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. Th\u1ee9 hai, khi khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, chl d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u01b0u th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00e9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt cho khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n n\u1eeda, b\u1edfi ti\u00e9m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c h\u00e9t. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00e9n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9t h\u1ee3p ba nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebbn v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e9 s\u00e1n sinh hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00f3ng th\u00e9 m\u1edbi. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i k\u00e9t c\u00e1u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n t\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00f3n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i"]
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