Health Science Flipbook

Body SystemsFlip-book

IntroductionThroughout this powerpoint, the sprawling systems that make our body’s functionality will be described in detail.You will discover interesting vocabulary associated with them, interesting diseases that target them, and somehealthcare career opportunities that study or aid them.Table of Contents: -Digestive System-Musculoskeletal System -Urinary System-Integumentary System -Reproductive System-Nervous System -The Special Senses-Cardiovascular System-Respiratory System

Musculoskeletal SystemComprises of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and other connective tissue thatprovide stability, the ability to move, form, and support to the body.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- -my/o: muscle Ataxia- loss of full control over bodily movements. -myel/o: spinal cord, bone marrow -oste/o: bone Dystaxia- lack of muscular coordination, resulting in shaking -cost/o: rib limbs and shaky gait. -crani/o: brain -Pexy: to fixate Fasciitis- inflammation of the fascia of an organ or muscle. -chondr/o: cartilage -arthr/o: joint Hemiparesis- weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, -plegia: paralysis, stroke typically after a stroke. -kinesio: movement Hemiplegia- paralysis on one side of the body Myocele- protrusion of muscle substance through a tear in its sheath Oblique- neither parallel nor at a right angle to a specified or implied line; slanting. Singultus- a hiccup Tenalgia- pain in a tendon Tenodesis- suture end of tendon to a bone

DiseasesGreenstick fracture- An incomplete break of the bone in which part of theouter shell (cortex) remains intact. This occurs particularly in children, whohave more flexible bones than adults.Rheumatoid Arthritis- A disease of the synovial lining of joints: The joints areinitially painful, swollen, and stiff and are usually affected symmetrically.Osteoporosis- causes low bone mass and structural deterioration of bonetissue. This increases fragility of bones and may be prevented as well astreated upon onset.Muscular dystrophy- A group of more than 30 inherited diseases. They allcause muscle weakness and muscle loss. Some forms of MD appear in infancyor childhood. Others may not appear until middle age or later. The differenttypes can vary in whom they affect, which muscles they affect, and what thesymptoms are. All forms of MD grow worse as the person's muscles getweaker. Most people with MD eventually lose the ability to walk.

CareersPhysical Therapist- provides treatment to improve mobility andprevent or limit permanent disability of patients with injuries ordiseases. PTs also plan, implement, and evaluate their patientsphysical therapy programs.Athletic Trainer- works to prevent and treat athletic injuries andprovides rehabilitative services to athletes who have been hurt.

Integumentary SystemThe integumentary system functions as the outer layer of the body, and regulates basic bodyfunctions. The skin regulates fluid loss and is the major receptor of touch, oil glands help discouragegrowth of bacteria, sweat glands help regulate body temperature, and hair helps control loss of body heat.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- -derm/o, dermat/o: skin -kerat/o: horny, cornea, hard -xer/o: dry -xanth/o: yellow -erythr/o: red -pedicul/o: louse (singular), lice (plural) -onych/o: fingernail or toenail -myc/o:fungus -lip/o: fat, lipids -pil/i, pil/o: hair -albin/o: white -rhytid/o: wrinkle

Diseases Excema- Also known as dermatitis, eczema looks like red, itchy, flaky skin.It can occur anywhere. Sometimes, it happens by itself, and other times, it iscaused by outside factors such as poison ivy. Dermatitis is best treated withtopical anti-inflammatory creams and ointments. For mild cases,over-the-counter medications work well, but a prescription may be requiredfor more severe cases. Melanoma- the most serious type of skin cancer, develops in the cells(melanocytes) that produce melanin — the pigment that gives your skin itscolor. Melanoma can also form in your eyes and, rarely, in internal organs,such as your intestines. Vitiligo- Vitiligo is a condition in which the cells that produce skin color —melanocytes — no longer function properly. Some are attacked by theimmune system. Sometimes, the cells mysteriously die or stop working. Psoriasis- An inflammatory skin condition in which red, itchy plaquescommonly occur on the knees and elbows. The nails can have pits and thescalp can be red and itchy, flaky and inflamed.

CareersBurn care nurse- a RN specializing in the treatmentand care of burn patientsDermatology nurse: a RN specially trained toprovide care to dermatology patients.

Nervous SystemNeurons in the brain communicate via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known asneurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- -neur/o: nerve acrophobia: extreme or irrational fear of heights. -encephal/o: towards the head -myel/o: spinal cord amnesia: a partial or total loss of memory. -ambul/o: walking -esthesia: feeling, sensation analgesic: an analgesic drug. -mening/o: spinal cord -psych/o: mind autistic: a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty -concuss/o: shaken violently in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. cerebral: of the cerebrum of the brain. dementia: Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. delusion: an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument, typically a symptom of mental disorder. kleptomania: Is the recurrent failure to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't really need and that usually have little value. It is a serious mental health disorder that can cause much emotional pain to you and your loved ones if not treated. seizure: sudden attack of illness, especially a stroke or an epileptic fit. tetanus: a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles.

DiseasesAlzheimer’s Disease- Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a generalterm for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere withdaily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases.Epilepsy- The human brain is the source of human epilepsy. Although the symptomsof a seizure may affect any part of the body, the electrical events that produce thesymptoms occur in the brain. The location of that event, how it spreads and howmuch of the brain is affected, and how long it lasts all have profound effects. Thesefactors determine the character of a seizure and its impact on the individual.Essentially, anything the brain can do, it can do in the form of a seizure.Multiple Sclerosis- A disease in which the immune system eats away at theprotective covering of nerves.Parkinson’s Disease- Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervoussystem that affects movement. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with abarely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a tremor may be the mostwell-known sign of Parkinson's disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffnessor slowing of movement.

CareersSocial worker: An academic and professional discipline that seeksto facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, andgroups. It may promote social change, development, cohesion, andempowerment.Art, music, and dance therapist: Expressive therapy, also knownas the expressive therapies, expressive arts therapy or creative artstherapy, is the use of the creative arts as a form of therapy. Unliketraditional art expression, the process of creation is emphasizedrather than the final product.

Cardiovascular SystemWith its complex pathways of veins, arteries, and capillaries, the cardiovascular system keeps life pumpingthrough you. The heart, blood vessels, and blood help to transport vital nutrients throughout the body aswell as remove metabolic waste. They also help to protect the body and regulate body temperature



Key Terms- Vocabulary- -cardi/o: heart Amiodarone - A kind of medicine (called an antiarrhythmic) used to treat irregular -angi/o: blood vessel heart rhythms such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. -hem/o, hemat/o: liver -Brady: slow Aneurysm - A sac-like protrusion from a blood vessel or the heart, resulting from a -Tachy: fast weakening of the vessel wall or heart muscle. -thromb/o: blood clot -emia: condition of the blood Aphasia - The inability to speak, write, or understand spoken or written language -leuk/o: white because of brain injury or disease. -erythr/o: red -arteri/o: artery Bacterial endocarditis - A bacterial infection of the lining of the heart's chambers (called the endocardium) or of the heart's valves. Bundle branch block - A condition in which parts of the heart's conduction system are defective and unable to conduct the electrical signal normally, causing an irregular heart rhythm. Capillaries - Microscopically small blood vessels between arteries and veins that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. Cardiomegaly - An enlarged heart. It is usually a sign of an underlying problem, such as high blood pressure, heart valve problems, or cardiomyopathy. Carotid artery - A major artery (right and left) in the neck supplying blood to the brain. Heart attack - Death of, or damage to, part of the heart muscle caused by a lack of oxygen-rich blood flowing to the heart. Pericarditis - Inflammation of the outer membrane surrounding the heart. When pericarditis occurs, the amount of fluid between the two layers of the pericardium increases. This increased fluid presses on the heart and restricts its pumping action.

DiseasesRheumatic heart disease - A disease of the heart (mainly affecting the heartvalves) caused by rheumatic fever.Sarcoidosis - An inflammatory disease that starts as tiny, grain-like lumpscalled granulomas, which most often appear in your lungs or lymph nodes.The granulomas can clump together and form larger lumps that attack otherorgans. Sarcoidosis often affects your skin, eyes, or liver, but it can lead toheart problems, such as irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) or restrictivecardiomyopathy.Second-degree heart block - Impulses traveling through the heart's upperchambers (the atria) are delayed in the area between the upper and lowerchambers (the AV node) and fail to make the ventricles beat at the rightmoment.Transient ischemic attack (TIA) - A stroke-like event that lasts only for a shorttime and is caused by a temporarily blocked blood vessel.

Careers-Cardiologist: A doctor with special training and skill in finding,treating and preventing diseases of the heart and blood vessels.-Electroneurodiagnostic Technicians and Technologists:Electrocardiograms and other diagnostic tests monitor theseelectrical signals, providing another set of insights into thepatient's heart function. Some test the patient's heart under stress,while others monitor its normal activities for an extended period.

Respiratory SystemThe human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbondioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases aswe breathe.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- bronch/o- bronchus acute respiratory: distress syndrome (ARDS) a form of the sudden onset of severe lung cyan/o- blue dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult laryng/o- larynx -oxia- oxygenated allergic rhinitis: an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased Oxy- quick flow of mucus pleur/o- pleura, rib, side pneum/o- lung, air anthracosis: the form of pneumoconios caused by coal dust in the lungs; also known pulmon/o- lung as black lung disease thorac/ot- chest trache/o- trachea antitussive: administered to prevent or relieve coughing (cough medicine) bradypnea: an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute bronchodilator: a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs Cheyne-Stokes respiration: a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea empyema: an accumulation of pus or infected fluid in the pleural cavity epistaxis: bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders; also known as a nosebleed olfactory receptors: nerve endings that sense smell

DiseasesCystic fibrosis – an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but othersystems producing mucous such as the digestive system. Patients suffer frequentlung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish and resultin increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They also take multiple enzyme pillsbecause of digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production.Emphysema (COPD) – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysemais one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss ofrespiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane of long term smokers.Atelectasis – a collapsed lung.Asthma- Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the lung airways that causes coughing,wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath

Careers-Pulmonologist: Pulmonologists, a subspecialty of internalmedicine, treat the respiratory system, including the lungs.Because of the critical nature of the respiratory system,pulmonologists work in hospitals as well as in private practice. Apulmonologist must first be certified by the American Board ofInternal Medicine and then obtain additional training in thesubspecialty.-Respiratory Therapist: A respiratory therapist is a specializedhealthcare practitioner trained in pulmonary medicine in order towork therapeutically with people suffering pulmonary disease

Digestive SystemThe function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdownof food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- cholecyst/o: gallbladder cholangiography: a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a enter/o: small intestine contrast medium col/o, colon/o: colon hepat/o: liver cecum: a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen gastr/o: stomach or/o: mouth cholelithiasis: the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts -pepsia: digestion chol/e: bile chyme: the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, proct/o: rectum and anus through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine dentition: refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws dyspepsia: pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion enteritis: an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens gingivectomy: the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissue hard palate: the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane malocclusion: any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

Diseasesmalnutrition: a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to ashortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body todigest, absorb, and distribute these nutrientsnonalcoholic fatty liver disease: describes a range of conditionscharacterized by an accumulation of fat within the liver that affectpeople who drink little or no alcoholinflammatory bowel disease the general name for diseases that causeinflammation in the intestineshiatal hernia: a condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudesupward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

CareersOncologists and Radiation Oncologists: Oncologists are specialists insurgical and non-surgical treatment of cancers. Many cancers occur in thedigestive tract, from tumors of the throat and stomach to lethal pancreaticcancers. Oncologists treat cancers surgically, or through alternatives includingchemotherapy and radiation. Radiation oncologists specialize in theapplication of radiation therapy, working carefully to minimize damage tohealthy tissues.Surgeons: Aside from cancers, the digestive system is subject to a number ofconditions that lend themselves to surgical correction, from anal fissures todiverticulitis and obstructions of the bowel. These are typically treated bygeneral surgeons or colorectal surgeons

Urinary SystemTheir function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of saltsand other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of redblood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- -cele- hernia, tumor ablation: the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function -lysis- breakdown cyst/o- bladder benign prostatic hypertrophy: an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that nephr/o- kidney occurs most often in men over age 50 ren/o- kidney -uria- condition of urine chronic renal failure: the progressive loss of renal functions -pexy- fixated -ectasis- dialation cystopexy: the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall pyel/o- renal pelvis digital rectal examination: performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL): the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel glomerulonephritis: a form of nephritis that involves primarily the glomeruli; also known as Bright's disease hemodialysis: the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys hypoproteinemia: the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood overactive bladder (OAB): occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active

DiseasesKidney stones: The term kidney stone refers to a solid deposit that occurs in the urinarysystem. It forms inside the kidney, out of substances found in urine. It may remain in thekidney or move through the urinary tract. If it is a small stone, it may pass out of the bodywithout causing a great deal of pain.Proteinuria: Occurs when there are abnormal amounts of protein in the urine. Proteinuriaindicates that kidneys are not functioning properly and can be a sign of chronic kidneydisease.Kidney failure: When your kidneys are no longer able to remove waste material from yourblood or maintain the necessary balance of water and chemicals in your body, kidney (renal)failure can occur. When it happens suddenly, it is known as acute renal failure (ARF), and isusually reversible. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may worsen over time and can result in endstage renal disease (ESRD), which is a permanent loss of kidney function.Bladder control problems (urinary incontinence and urinary retention): Loss of bladdercontrol is called urinary incontinence. Another common bladder issue is urinary retention,which causes problems with emptying the bladder.

CareersUrologists: provide medical and surgical management for disorders of theurinary tract in both men and women. They may diagnose and treat urologicdisease, cancers, deformities and injuries.Nephrologists: provide medical management to patients with kidney disease.They also provide care to kidney transplant patients and people with kidneyfailure, treating the latter with dialysis. Some nephrologists specialize inkidney failure or high blood pressure; pediatric nephrology is anothersubspecialty.

Reproductive SystemThe reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — thatwork together for the purpose of procreating.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- cervic/o- cervix amniocentesis: a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid salping/o- fallopian tubes ov/o- egg bacterial vaginosis: a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain orchid/o- testes bacteria in the vagina oophor/o- the ovary men/o- menstruation Braxton Hicks contractions: intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with mamm/o- breast increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses gynec/o- women colp/o- vagina contraceptive: a measure taken, or a device used, to lessen the likelihood of conception and prostat/o- prostate gland pregnancy dysmenorrhea: pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period endometrial biopsy: a small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination episiotomy: a surgical incision made through the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal gestation: the period of development of the child in the mother's uterus; lasts approximately 280 days human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner hysterosalpingography: a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes

DiseasesVaricocele – dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the scrotum!Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a “bag ofworms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also causereduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testiculartemperature.Cryptorchidism – literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of one or bothtestes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead tosterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.Prolapsed uterus – the uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, the cervix, the neckregion, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold the uterus in properposition so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse can result inthe uterine cervix protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required torestore the uterus to its proper anatomical position.Endometriosis – a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity withislands of endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of the uterus which sloughs offwith each menstruation. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube and spills into theabdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organssuch as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in responseto monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the liningmembrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.

CareersGynecologist- Deals with the health of the female reproductive system. Theterm gynecology literally means the study of women. They can do anythingfrom examine the vagina for vaginal cancer to give ultrasounds to help givebirth.Andrologist- The medical profession dealing with the health of the malereproductive system. It is the counterpart to gynecology and literally meansthe study of men. They perform the surgical procedures of a vasectomy and avasovasostomy which is the reversal process of a vasectomy. They also handleany genital infections or infertility in males and often check for prostatecancer.

The Special SensesThe reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — thatwork together for the purpose of procreating.



Key Terms- Vocabulary- irid/o: the iris acoustic nerves: transmits information to the brain, then the brain sends messages to -cusis: hearing muscles in all parts of the body to ensure the equilibrium is maintained -opia: vision condition ot/o: ear adnexa: appendages or accessory structures of an organ tympan/o: ear drum opthalm/o: eye audiological evaluation: the measurement of the ability to hear and understand -metry: to measure speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness barotrauma: pressure-related ear discomfort that can be caused by pressure changes when flying, driving in the mountains, scuba diving, or when the Eustachian tube is blocked blepharoptosis: drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis cerumen: a sticky yellow-brown substance secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal convergence: the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other esotropia strabismus: characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes; also known as cross-eyes Eustachian tubes: narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat fluorescein: staining the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye

Diseasesdacryoadenitis: an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial,viral, or fungal infectionexotropia strabismus: characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to theother; also known as walleyehordeolum: a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceousgland; also known as a styemacular degeneration: a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the centerof the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not in total blindness

CareersOphthalmologist: An ophthalmologist — Eye M.D. — is a medical or osteopathicdoctor who specializes in eye and vision care. Ophthalmologists differ fromoptometrists and opticians in their levels of training and in what they can diagnoseand treat. As a medical doctor who has completed college and at least eight years ofadditional medical training, an ophthalmologist is licensed to practice medicine andsurgery. An ophthalmologist diagnoses and treats all eye diseases, performs eyesurgery and prescribes and fits eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct visionproblems.Optometrist: Optometrists are healthcare professionals who provide primary visioncare ranging from sight testing and correction to the diagnosis, treatment, andmanagement of vision changes. An optometrist is not a medical doctor.