Mid -Day Program 1-2017

07-Dec-17 Midterm Examination ( 25%) • 1. MCQs =20 questions ( Ch.1-Ch.9 + Ch. 23= 10 Chapters) • = 10 marks ( 0.5 for each) • 2. Read TWO passages/articles given and then answer questions • = 10 marksDay Program 1/2017 – 2.1 5Answer questions for each = 5 marks – 2.2 = 5 marks Midterm Review Sheet Please see the full version on • 3.Answer ONE of the following questions LMS.au.edu Six• ( questions randomly taken from Ch.1-Ch.9 and ch. 23)= 5 marks No consensus on the date of his birth • Born: c. 563 B.C.E. Kapilavastu, India Died: c. 483 B.C.E. Kusinagara, India Indian religious teacher and philosopherChapter 1 Read more: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Buddhism Ca/Buddha.html#ixzz4sKeqn9sC in 624• Shakyamuni was born as a royal prince BC in a place called Lumbini, in what is now Nepal http://www.aboutbuddha.org/english/life- of-buddha.htm/ I. A Short History Of Buddha I. A Short History Of Buddha /http://www.aboutbuddhism.org/history-of-buddhism.htm /http://www.aboutbuddhism.org/history-of-buddhism.htm• The founder of • Siddhartha means \"one who has achieved his Buddhism in this aim.\" Gautama was his clan name. He was world is Buddha sometimes referred to as Śakyamuni which Shakyamuni. means \"the sage of the Śakyas.\"• Siddhartha Gautama • **** He may have been born into the second• ( also known as of the four Indian castes, the aristocratic the Buddha “the awakened one”) warrior caste called Ksatriyas. 1

07-Dec-17 I. A Short History Of Buddha I. A Short History Of Buddha http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htmAt the age of 16, he was married to his wife • His early life inYaśodhara. Palace • When he was 29, his wife had a son, Rahula. Shortly after his son's birth, some sources say that he took four journeys by chariot. I. A Short History Of Buddha http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm Other sources say he had four visions. 1. During the first trip/vision he was deeply disturbed by seeing an elderly, helpless, frail man. ( Old age) 2. On the second, he saw an emaciated and depressed man suffering from an advanced disease. ( Sickness) I. A Short History Of Buddha I. A Short History Of Buddha http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm• 3. On the third, he spotted a grieving family • 4. On his fourth trip/vision, he saw a religious carrying the corpse of one of their own to a mendicant -- a śramaņa -- who led a reclusive life cremation site. of meditation, and was calm and serene. ( Death) ( Monk/ Ascetic)• He reflected deeply upon the suffering • The four encounters motivated him to follow the brought about by old age, illness and death. path of the mendicant and find a spiritual solution to the problems brought about by human suffering. 2

07-Dec-17 I. A Short History Of Buddha http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm One night In 535 BCE, at the age of 35 : (After six years he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, India. ) He ate and gradually recovered his strength. Soon he realized the 4 Noble Truths and the secret to true peace and happiness. I. A Short History Of Buddha I. A Short History Of Buddha http://www.crystalinks.com/buddha.html http://www.religioustolerance.org/buddhism5.htm• He discovered the reality of • The Buddha’s later life universe, • After forty-five years of teaching, he died in a• and found the path to free humanity from the small town named Kuśinagara, at the age of suffering of birth and death thus 80, apparently of natural causes. attaining eternal happiness.Tripitaka- Three Baskets Vesak or Visakah Puja Day ( Buddha Day) 3

07-Dec-17Vesak or Visakah Puja (\"Buddha Day\") Magha Puja Day (Fourfold Assembly or \"Sangha Day\")• Traditionally, Buddha's Birthday is known as Vesak or Visakah Puja (Buddha's Birthday Celebrations).• Vesak is the major Buddhist festival of the year as it celebrates the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha on the one day, the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June.• This celebration is called Vesak being the name of the month in the Indian calendar. Magha Puja Day IV. Morality/Buddhist Ethics (Fourfold Assembly or \"Sangha Day\") Sila (Sanskrit)• They assembled in the Veruvana Monastery with the two chief disciples of the Buddha, Venerable Sariputta and Venerable Moggalana.• The assembly is called the Fourfold Assembly because it consisted of four factors:• (1) All 1250 were Arahants;• (2) All of them were ordained by the Buddha himself;• (3) They assembled by themselves without any prior call;• (4) It was the full moon day of Magha month (March).Christianity Jesus Christ’s Father and MotherCHAPTER 2 4

07-Dec-17Jesus was baptized in the Jordan river. Miracles of Jesus ChristJesus Christ at Cross The Resurrection Of Jesus Christ. ( He is risen) 1. I am the Lord thy God , Thou shalt not have strange gods before me. • Forbids:GOD ISSUED HIS OWN SET OF LAWS • idolatry,(THE TEN COMMANDMENTS) • giving to a creature (any person but God) • or creation (e.g. sun, moon, stars, \"Mother Earth\") the honor which belongs to God alone, • superstition, spiritualism, 5

07-Dec-17 2. “ You shall not misuse the name of 3. Remember to keep holy the sabbath the LORD your God day• This is a command against taking the name of the Lord in vain. We are to • Commands: show reverence to god by only mentioning him in respectful and honoring way. • going to Church on Sundays• blasphemy, • and Holy Days of obligation, reverence in Church.• the irreverent use of God's name,• speaking disrespectfully of holy things,• profane words (cursing);• false, rash, unjust, and unnecessary oaths• and the breaking of vows3. Remember to keep holy the sabbath 4. Honour thy father and mother. day “Honor your father and your mother • Forbids: This is a command to always treat your parents• missing Church through one's own fault; with honor and respect.• unnecessary servile work;• unnecessary public buying and selling;• court trials;• and whatever else may hinder the due observance of the Lord's day. 5. Thou shalt not kill. 6. Thou shalt not commit adultery.• “You shall not murder.” • This is a command against having sexual• This is a command against the premeditated relations with anyone other than one’s spouse. another human being. 6

07-Dec-17 7. Thou shalt not steal. 8. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.• This is a command against taking anything that is not one’s own, without the permission of the person to • This is a command against lying whom it belongs • truthfulness in all things, • respect for the good name and reputation of• not paying just wages; other; the observance of secrecy when• bribery; graft; cheating; fraud; required.• accepting stolen property;• not giving an honest day's work for wages received; violation of contract. 9. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife. (goods)• To sin in the heart, Jesus, says, is to lust after a • Commands: ( does not forbid) woman or a man in your heart with the desire and will to have immoral sex with them. • be content with what we have, • respect for the rights of others; • rejoice in our neighbor's welfare. Important Holy days Important Holy days• 1. Lent: 40 days before Easter • 3. Maundy Thursday: Thursday before Easter• Observance: Self-examination, self-denial, and Observance: The Last Supper of Jesus (The Thursday before Easter, observed by preparation for Easter• ( Three Pillars of Lent: Prayer, Fasting, Almsgiving) Christians in commemoration of the Last• It is a time for prayer, a time for fasting, and a time to Supper of Jesus. Also called Holy Thursday) enrich others by our charity and poverty. ) • 4. Good Friday: Friday before Easter• 2. Palm Sunday: Sunday before Easter Observance: Crucifixion of Jesus on the cross• Observance: Jesus ’ s entry into Jerusalem• 7

07-Dec-17 Important Holy days Important Holy days• 5. Easter: First Sunday after the first full moon after Christmas: December 25 March 21 Observance: Birth of Jesus Christ Observance: Resurrection of Jesus Christ • Christmas is the observance of Jesus' humble birth to a• 6. Advent: Period marked by the four Sundays before virgin in a stable in Bethlehem. The holiday also Christmas . celebrates the events surrounding his birth, such as an Observance: Preparation for Christmas and Christ's angel's appearance to shepherds, telling them to visit Second Coming. the newborn king. Important Holy days (We focus on the coming of the birth of Jesus.) • Most of the traditional customs of Christmas, such as gift giving, tree decorating, light hanging, and feasting, come from sources other than the Christian Church. Chapter 3Confucianism Who is Master Kong/Kongzi? His philosophy of education http://www.world-religions-professor.com/confucius.html • Focused on the “Six Arts”:• Master Kong is the Confucius. – Archery – Calligraphy• His name was Kong Qui, and was called – Computation Master Kong by his students. The name – Music \"Confucius\" is a Latinized version of his name – Chariot-driving given to him by Western scholars. – Ritual 8

07-Dec-17 His social philosophy • His social philosophy was based primarily on the principle of “jen/ren\" or \"loving others“ • while exercising self-discipline. • He believed that jen/ren could be put into action using the Golden Rule, \"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.\" (Lunyu 12.2, 6.30).Outline : Confucian Virtue Ethics The Five Constant Virtues* Virtue Ethics in Confucianism http://www.foreignercn.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=5047:the-five-constant- virtues-of-china&catid=1:history-and-culture&Itemid=114 • The Five Constant Virtues = “Traditional Virtues” 1. (Rén 仁) (wren) =The virtue of Benevolence • The Superior person (Junzi)= ,Charity , and Human-heartedness • Chun-tzu ( Choon dzuh) = “ Gentleman” 2. (Yì 义) (Yee) = Righteousness , Uprightness 3. (Lǐ 礼) (Lee) =Propriety; Loyalty, Filial piety, Fraternal duty, 4. (Zhì 智) Chih(chee) Chastity, Respect = Wisdom 5. (Xìn 信) Hsiao (showe) = Fidelity= Honesty, Faithfulness to obligation and duties Jen/Yen/Ren and Li as basis of The Five Relationship (Xiao) Confucianism 1. Ruler Righteou Ruled• However jen/ren/yen are regarded as the sness Loyalty 2. Father Respect, Virture of virtures. The other virtues Benevole 3. Husband nce Son Love, follow from it. support, 4. Elder Benevole brother Rignhcteou Wife cRoeusrpteescyt 5. Friend sness Obedien Benevole Younger ce brother Respect nce Friend Respect Respect 9

07-Dec-17 The Superior person (Junzi) or “Gentleman” http://www.slideshare.net/tan_ong_davidbryan/confucius-report?related=3 (C)How can we recognize a Junzi? We can recognize a Junzi by the following: - being able to live in poverty, - doing more and speaking less, - expressing one’s self openly and sincerely - being loyal, obedient, and knowledgeableThe Superior person (Junzi)“Gentleman” Qing Ming• (D) What is the opposite of a Junzi? Chapter 4 Hinduism“Small or Petty person” = The XiaorenIn this context mean- petty in mind and heart- narrowly self-interested- greedy- Superficial- Materialistic( A Xiaoren can not transcend personal concerns and prejudices and acts only for his gain. Eg. A Politian who is interest merely in power and fame; neither sincerely aims for the long-term benefit of others) Chrysanthemums as funeral flowers 10

07-Dec-17River- Sindhu• Indeed, its collection of sacred texts is known, Hindu Beliefs as Sanatana Dharma, \"The Eternal Teaching.\" It is thus a complex tradition that • Believe in The supreme god- Brahman encompasses numerous interrelated religious • Believe in other gods doctrines and practices that have some • Dharma= Ethics & Duties common characteristics but which lack any • Karma=The universal law of cause and unified system of beliefs and practices. effect • Reincarnation= Rebirth (samsara) • Moksha= Liberation from the cycle of samsara Death Re-birth Reincarnation= Samsara Life Refers to the rebirth of the soul, or when the soul enters the body of another being 11

The Goals of a Good Hindu 07-Dec-171. Fulfill your DHARMA. Hindu Ethics2. Be rewarded with good KARMA.3. End cycle of SAMSARA (Reincarnation). •Good Conduct4. Attain salvation (Be saved by Brahman). =5. Enable your soul to reunite with the Highest Dharma universal spirit, Brahman. This would be MOKSHA Hindu Ethics Ethical Codes In Hinduism• Righteousness, • Hinduism lays great emphasis on ethical• truth and good works, discipline.• power and prosperity • Yama (self-restraint)• —all originate from conduct. • and Niyama (religious observances) are the foundations of God-realization. Non-injury Remorse Non-injury Remorse Truthfulness Contentment Contentment Non-stealing Charity Refraining from lying Charity Sexual Purity Faith Faith Patience Worship of the Lord Non-stealing Worship of the Lord Steadfastness Compassion Scriptural Listening Not-over Sexual Indulgence Scriptural Listening Honesty Avoiding impatienceModerate/Diet Cognition Cognition Sacred Vows Non- perseverance Sacred Vows Purity Incantation Avoiding unkind feelings Incantation Austerity Never going wrong Austerity Avoiding eating too much or consuming meat Avoiding impurity in mind body and speechThe 10 Yamas and Niyamas of Hinduism The 10 Yamas and Niyamas of Hinduism 12

Summary for Dharma 07-Dec-17• The fulfillment of one’s moral DUTY in this life so CHATER 5 that the soul can make progress toward Moksha ISLAM in the next life.• DUTIES & OBLIGATIONS refer to: – Obedience to caste rules and moral laws.• Offer hope of a better life in the future.• Encourage Hindus to behave morally.Relationship between Moral and Faith Basic articles of faith•Basic articles of faith http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml • Muslims have six main beliefs. • Belief in Allah as the one and only God • Belief in angels • Belief in the holy books • Belief in the Prophets... • Belief in the Day of Judgement & individual accountability for actions • Belief in Predestination.(in God's complete authority over human destiny and in life after death) Relationship Between Morals and The Five Pillars of Islam Worship http://www.gotquestions.org/Islam.html#ixzz3QTeVacku•The Five Pillarsof Islam • 1. The testimony of faith (shahada) 2. Prayer (salat) 3. Charity: Giving (zakat): Smile 4. Fasting (sawm): 5. Pilgrimage (hajj): 13

07-Dec-17 1. The testimony of faith (shahada) 2. Prayer (salat)• “la ilaha illa allah. Muhammad rasul Allah.” This • Prayer for example is required of a Muslim five times a means, “There is no deity but Allah. Muhammad day, in which he stands facing the qiblah,(Direction for is the messenger of Allah.” A person can convert prayer, Muslim must face toward Makkah when they to Islam by stating this creed. The shahada shows perform As-Salat or prayer. In Thailand Muslim face that a Muslim believes in Allah alone as deity and toward the west since Makkah is westbound located. believes that Muhammad reveals Allah. then bows and prostrates in devotion to God. If these actions are looked at in view of morals, we discoverRead more: that the real meaning behind prayer is to train thehttp://www.gotquestions.org/Islam.html#ixzz3QTfmSZMx Muslim on feeling the conscious, loving submission to the will of God, and a reminder of keeping away from evil. Prayer also instills the feeling of humbleness in the heart while standing before God. 2. Prayer (salat) 2. Prayer (salat)• we discover that the real meaning behind prayer • Offering Prayer As-Salat.Salatis the name for the obligatory is to train the Muslim on: prayers which are performed five times a day, at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and nightfall, and are a direct link• feeling the conscious, between the worshipper and God. Although it is preferable to• loving submission to the will of God, worship together in a mosque, a Muslim may pray almost• and a reminder of keeping away from evil. anywhere, such as in fields, offices, factories and universities. Muslims gather in their weekly Jumuah or Friday• Prayer also instills the feeling of humbleness in Prayer when they learn the teachings of their religion and its the heart while standing before God. commandments in form of a sermon, which is succinct, full of meanings and impressive. (All Muslim men not women are required to leave their work and join the Friday Prayer in the Masjid from around 12.00 to 13.30 – as for women – they are allowed to perform prayer at home but if any woman wish to join the Friday Prayer in the Masjid, there is no prohibition for them). 3. Giving (zakat): 3. Giving (zakat):• Another pillar of Islam is Zakah.ซะกาตThis religious duty • Zakat means both 'purification' and symbolizes feelings of love, compassion, and mutual concern 'growth'. Each Muslim calculates his or towards people who are less fortunate in society. It does not her own zakat each year of two and a comprise the materialistic meaning behind giving money. half percent of one's capital. The Prophet said: 'Charity is a necessity for• This is referred to in the Qur’an where God addresses the every Muslim. He also said 'For one who Prophet: {Of their goods take alms, that so thou mightest stops others from doing evil. That is also purify and sanctify them }(At‐Tawba 9:103). The term charity.' The Prophet said 'even meeting \"purification\" in this verse signifies the elimination of your brother with a cheerful face is selfishness and lack of concern for others from the hearts of charity.' Muslims.• Surah At-Tawba 9:103. Take, [O, Muhammad], from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them increase, and invoke [ Allah 's blessings] upon them. Indeed, your invocations are reassurance for them. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing. 14

07-Dec-17 3. Giving (zakat): 4. Fasting (sawm):In addition, the word \"charity\" in Islam is not • The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting. We find that only used in terms of paying money to those the real meaning behind it is not only to restrain who are poor or needy,(they may be people from food and drink from dawn to dusk. Rather, who are indebted or wayfarer or orphan or it is to strengthen one's will and develop teacher teaching Islam or to propagate Islam self‐discipline in permanently restraining from or newly accepted Muslim or a slave.) but evil. charity could be a smile or a good word, as the Prophet says: \"A good word is a sadaqah • This is stated in the Qur’an: {O ye who believe! (charity).\" (Narrated by Muslim)มสุ ลิม คอื ผ้รู ายงาน Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) ฮาดิษไว้เป็นจานวนมาก Muslim was a renowned self‐restrain}(Al‐Baqarah 2:183). Narrator.4. Fasting (sawm): 5. Pilgrimage (hajj):• Fasting in Ramadan. • Finally, Hajj or pilgrimage, which is the last• Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast pillar of Islam, is also not just about going to Makkah, wearing specific clothing, and from first light until sundown, abstaining from food, making certain rites. Pilgrimage is full of drink, and sexual relations. Those who are sick, moral lessons, such as patience and humility, elderly, or on a journey, and women who are which purify a Muslim’s soul. pregnant or nursing are permitted to break the fast and make up an equal number of days later in the • The Qur'an highlights the manners that a year. If they are physically unable to do this, they must Muslim should abide by during Hajj: feed a needy person for every day missed. By cutting oneself off from worldly comforts, even for a short time, a fasting person gains true sympathy with those who go hungry as well as growth in one's spiritual life. 5. Pilgrimage (hajj):• Performing Hajj Pilgrimage.• The annual pilgrimage to Makkah - the Hajj - is an obligation only for those who are physically and financially able to perform it. Nevertheless, about two million people go to Makkah each year from every corner of the globe providing a unique opportunity for those of different nations to meet one another. Pilgrims wear special clothes: simple garments which strip away distinctions of class and culture, so that all stand equal before God. The close of the Hajj is marked by a festival, the Eid al-Adha, which is celebrated with prayers and the exchange of gifts in Muslim communities everywhere. This, and the Eid al-Fitr, a feast-day commemorating the end of Ramadan, are the main festivals of the Muslim calendar.•• 15

A short biography of Nabi 07-Dec-17 Muhammed PBUH Divine Revelation Divine Revelation Nabi Muhammad PBUH began to proclaim as he had been commanded.• After receiving Khadija's support, and additional angelic visits, Muhammad became • In the first three years of his ministry, confident he had indeed been chosen as Muhammad gained only 40 followers. As his teachings threatened the the messenger of Allah Meccan way of life, both moral and and began to proclaim as he had been economic, he and his followers commanded. experienced heavy persecution. 16

07-Dec-17 Hegira• Persecution continued to increase until Muhammad received some welcome news: he had gained followers in the city of Yathrib, 280 miles north of Mecca. The city was in need of a strong leader, and a delegation from Yathrib proposed that Muhammad take the job.• In return, they pledged to worship Allah only, obey Muhammad and defend him and his followers to the death. Allah revealed to Muhammad his approval of this arrangement, and Muhammad made plans to escape to Yathrib. Hegira• The leaders in Mecca heard of the planned escape, and attempted to prevent it. But Muhammad and his close friend Abu Bakr managed to make a narrow escape north out of the city, evading a Meccan search party and arriving safely in Yathrib. This event is celebrated by Muslims as the Hijira. The year in which it occurred, 622, is the date at which the Muslim calendar begins.• Yathrib was renamed Medinat al-Nabi, \"the City of the Prophet,\" and is now known simply as Medina, \"the City.\" Battle for Mecca/ Makkah • The war between the people of Medina and those of Mecca went on for some years • In 630, Muhammad and his forces marched to Mecca and defeated it. The prophet rededicated the Ka'ba temple to Allah, witnessed the conversion to Islam of nearly the entire Meccan population, then returned to Medina. Muhammad died in 632, having conquered nearly all of Arabia for Islam. 17

07-Dec-17 Islamic New Year • The Islamic year begins on the first day of month Muharram, and is counted from the year of the Hegira the year in which Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina (July 16, 622 A.D.). • The Islamic New Year is celebrated relatively quietly, with prayers and readings and reflection upon the Hegira. • Hegira (Hijira) is the date at which the Muslim calendar beginsChapter 6 History of JainismJainism • Jainism is an ascetic religion of India • that teaches the immortality and pilgrimage of the soul, • denies the existence of a supreme being • and emphasizes the art of non-violence. No Founder in Jainismhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/history/history.shtml• Jainism doesn't have a single founder. The truth has been revealed at different times by a tirthankara, which means a teacher who 'makes a ford' i.e. shows the way. Other religions call such a person a 'prophet'. ( Jainism is not a proselytising religion= attempt to convert someone to one’s own religion faith) Tirthankaras—“ford builders/makers” or “crossing builders” 18

07-Dec-17 Ethics of Jainism Five anu-vratras or Five VowsAll these rules of conduct are directed towards themain aim of achieving freedom of the soul from the Ahimsa =(non-violence)karmic matter, Satya =(truthfulness)Jaina ethics has for its end therealization of nirvana or moksa, i.e, Asteya =(not stealing)salvation. Aparigraha =(non-acquisition) Brahmacarya = (chaste living)Ahimsa: Challenge the comfortable-and near universal- Ahimsa: Challenge the comfortable-and near universal-assumption of human precedence over other creatures assumption of human precedence over other creatures• Jains believe that the only way to save one's own • \"Do not injure, abuse, oppress, enslave, insult, soul is to protect every other soul, (in Jainism torment, torture, or kill any creature or living being.\" harm done to other beings is considered harm to oneself since it attracts much karma and thus • According to Jainism all living beings, irrespective of hinders the soul's journey to liberation)and so the their size, shape, or different spiritual developments most central Jain teaching, and the heart of Jain are equal. No living being has a right to harm, injure, or ethics, is that of ahimsa (non-violence). kill any other living being, including animals, insects, and plants. Every living being has a right to exist and it• In practical terms the biggest part that ahimsa is necessary to live with every other living being in plays in the lives of lay Jains today is in the perfect harmony and peace. regulation of their diet. Ahimsa Ahimsa• According to Jainism all living beings, irrespective • Also Jains have extended the of their size, concept of Ahimsa not only to • shape, or humans but to all animals’ plants, micro-organism and all beings • different spiritual developments having life or life potentials. •are equal. 19

07-Dec-17 Ahimsa Ahimsa• Nonviolence is based on love and • Jainism has classified all the living beings kindness for all living beings. It is according to their senses as follows: not a negative virtue. It is based upon the positive quality of • five senses: human, animals, birds, heavenly, universal love and compassion. hellish beings;• One who is actuated by this ideal • four senses: flies, bees, etc.; cannot be indifferent to the • three senses: ants, lice, etc.; suffering of others. . • two senses: worms, leaches, etc.; • one sense: vegetables, water, air, earth, fire etc. Ahimsa Ahimsa• The five senses are, touch, taste, smell, • Jain follows a strict vegetarian diet. Vegetarian food that sight, and hearing. It is more painful if a also involves more harm to the living beings such as life of the higher forms (more than one roots, bulbs, multi seeded vegetables etc. sense) is killed. • No fur, plumes, or silk are worn.• All non-vegetarian food is made by • Use of leather is kept to a minimum ( from naturally dead killing a living being with two or more senses. Therefore, Jainism preaches animals.) strict vegetarianism, and prohibits non- • Eating during a day vegetarian foods.. • Not use an open light nor leave a container of liquid uncovered • Avoid occupation that unavoidably entail injury (banking, commerce, and other mercantile trades)Jain = a strict vegetarian diet 20

07-Dec-17 Ahimsa Ahimsa• And for modern Jains the concept • Ahimsa touches every area of life, so Jains: also includes the positive elements of working for justice, peace, • are vegetarian liberation, and freedom, if doing so does not involve violence. • don't use cloth whose production hurts animals or humans • take care to preserve life in everything they do Ahimsa Ahimsa: Summary• One should refrain from violence to • Violence of every type should be completely any living creature. Violence forbidden. includes: • Some lives are killed even when we breathe, drink• physical violence water, or eat food.• mental violence• verbal violence • Jainism says that minimum killing of the lowest form of life should be our ideal for survival. • Thinking evil of someone is considered violence in Jainism. Speak the truth Satya • This vow requires total truthfulness not only by not telling lies, but by always speaking the truth. • (Not at all the same thing - a truthful merchant, for example, should not cover up defects when describing an item for sale.) 21

07-Dec-17 Speak the truth Asteya - non-stealing Satya • This vow demands total honesty in behaviour;• Anger, greed, fear, jokes, etc., are the breeding not only must you not steal things, you must grounds of untruth. not acquire things other than by totally honest means.• To speak the truth requires moral courage. Only those who have conquered • In the modern context this is also taken to mean being totally honest in paying taxes or greed, fear, anger, jealousy, ego, frivolity, etc., not cheating in an exam. can speak the truth. Brahmacarya - chaste living Brahmacarya - chaste living• Chaste living is important to Jains because • Chastity for lay Jains sexual indulgence gets in the way of the road • Lay Jains may have sexual relationships and have to liberation. children; the lay version of chaste living simply means• Sexual passion is so powerful that it can remaining true and faithful to one's chosen partner. overcome rational thinking and ethically right behaviour - thus producing bad karma in two • Some Jain writers suggest that even married people ways. should not over-indulge in sexual activities, and have argued that the principle of chaste living will help in population control. • Chaste living also requires Jains to avoid sex before marriage, and to avoid sexual thoughts. Aparigraha-non- possession Aparigraha-non-possession• Jains believe that possessions are an obstacle to • The precept of Aparigraha is a liberation. self-restraint (temperance) from the type of greed and avarice• Jain monks have virtually no possessions, while where one’s own material gain or lay Jains try to minimise their possessions. happiness comes by hurting, killing• The spiritual problem is that people form or destroying other human being, attachments to possessions. They hoard their life forms or nature. wealth and desire more possessions: possessions become an end in themselves. This gets in the way of detachment and spiritual growth. 22

07-Dec-17 Aparigraha-non-possession Aparigraha-non-possession• Lord Mahavir has said that wants and desires • Monks observe this vow by giving up have no end, and only the sky is the limit for them. • a) Attachments to all material things (wealth, property, grains, house, books,• Attachments to worldly objects results in the clothes, etc.) bondage to the cycle of birth and death. Therefore, one who desires of spiritual • b) Relationships (father, mother, spouse, sons, daughters, friends, enemies, other liberation should withdraw from all monks, disciples, etc.) attachments to pleasing objects of all the five senses. Aparigraha-non-possession Aparigraha-non-possession• Monks observe this vow by giving up • Monks observe this vow by giving up• c) Feelings: pleasure and painful feelings • They do not eat food for taste but for survival towards touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing with the intention to destroy his karma with objects. the help of this body.• They have the equanimity towards music and noise, good and bad smells, soft and hard objects for touch, beautiful and dirty sights, etc. They do not eat food for taste but for survival with the intention to destroy his karma with the help of this body.Chapter 7 Sikhism= Summary (In short)Sikhism • 1. Is the Fifth largest world religion. • 2. Sikhs believe in 1 God. • 3. Everyone is equal • 4. Being a good person • 5. Share with others / Disinterested service/ community meal for all • 6. Reject all forms of rituals and caste systems 23

07-Dec-17What is Sikhism and beliefs of Sikhism? Who Is A Sikh? http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/beliefs/beliefs.shtml The Primary introduction of Sikh religion & Sikh History by Singh Sahib Prof. Darshan Singh(a)Sikhism is monotheistic ( belief in the existence of one god or in Jathedar Akal Takhat Sahib the oneness of god) There is only one God: Creator, Timeless, • That woman or man who have faith in one God, Unincarnated (without a physical body), Eternal. • Lives life according to the teachings of Ten Gurus (from Sri• There is only one God Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Guru Gobind Singh Ji)• God is without form, or gender,• Everyone has direct access to God • And live life according to Revelation of Sri Guru Granth• Everyone is equal before God Sahib,• (A universal God, common to all mankind, not limited to any • One who receives the Baptism of the Double-edge sword religion, nation, race, creed, color, or gender= same for all people administered by Sri Guru Gobind Singh, of all religion) • And does not have faith in any other religion Being A Sikh? Being A Sikh?The Primary introduction of Sikh religion & Sikh History by Singh Sahib Prof. Darshan Singh The Primary introduction of Sikh religion & Sikh History by Singh Sahib Prof. Darshan Singh Jathedar Akal Takhat Sahib Jathedar Akal Takhat Sahib*Will not trim or shave ones hair * Will not wear on the neck or tie on the arm any charm thread or amulet.*Will also not use intoxications.• Will not believe in any Gods or Goddesses. * Will not pay respect in ancient oriental• Will not observe any fast. manner to a Fraudulent saint or mendicant.• Will not keep any illusions or false notions.• Will not worship the snakes, trees, tombs, and • Will respect everybody like his brother or sister. monuments erected in memory of deceased. • Will remember only one God. • Wearing the uniform of Five K’s Being A Sikh? Sikh Identity: The Five K’sThe Primary introduction of Sikh religion & Sikh History by Singh Sahib Prof. Darshan Singh • 1. The uncut hair Jathedar Akal Takhat Sahib • 2. A comb • 3. An Iron/steel bangle• Will regard Sri Granth Sahib as his only • 4. Short trouser Preceptor. ( Teacher/an expert/specialist, who • 5. A Sword gives practical experience and training to someone…)• Sikhism does not have priests. 24

07-Dec-17 1. Kesh is hair. Sikhs promise not to cut their hair but let it grow as a symbol of their faith. Because during their lifetimes it will get very long they wear turbans to keep it tidy. They believe that this demonstrates their obedience to God. 2.The Kangha is a small wooden comb. It keeps 3.The kara is a steel bangle the hair fixed in place, and is a symbol of worn on the arm. It is a cleanliness. Combing their hair reminds Sikhs closed circle with no that their lives should be tidy and organised. beginning and no end...as Take note year 6! with God there is no beginning and no end.4.The Kachera It is a reminder to behave These are short trousers worn as well, keep faith and restrain underwear. They were more from wrong doing. Wearing it practical than the long, loose will remind a sikh of his clothes most people in India wore duties. Doing good deeds. at the time of Guru Gobind Singh. The Guru said they were a symbol 5.The Kirpan that Sikhs were leaving old ideas behind, following new better ones. The warriors sword. These days a very tiny one is worn as a symbol of dignity and self respect. It demonstrates power and reminds sikhs that they must fight a spiritual battle, defend the weak and oppressed, and uphold the truth. 25

07-Dec-17Family Life Sikh Virtues and Vices • Sikhs believe all adults should marry, if possible. ( asceticism and • The Gurus encourage five virtues and discourage five vices. renunciation are needless exercise.) – Virtues: Truth, Contentment, Patience, Perfect Faith, and Compassion – Vices: Lust, Anger, Greed, Attachment, Pride • They consider family life to be of the highest honour. – Family life lived with virtuous behaviour and sincere faith in God leads • Sikh morality to salvation. – prohibits sex outside marriage and forbids adultery – urges that all people be treated as equals • Children learn the beliefs and morals of Sikhism at home. – encourages Sikhs to keep good company, and to act modest and humble( A Sikh male treats • Divorce is not encouraged, but it is permitted, especially on the grounds of all women other than his spouse as mothers ,sisters , and daughters – requires Sikhs to contribute 1/10 of their earnings to charitable causes cruelty, adultery, or change of religion. – requires Sikhs to take part in the langar • Second marriages after divorce are permitted. • Remarriage after the death of a spouse is encouraged. • Homosexuality is not mentioned specifically, but most Sikhs see it as inconsistent with nature. • Young Sikhs are often discouraged from dating because Sikhs believe sex • The code forbids intoxicants, smoking, and eating of kosher or halal meat. outside of marriage is wrong. • Child marriage is taboo for Sikhs. • Sikhs strive to uphold the role of women as being equal to men. – Women are encouraged to develop spiritual lives through prayer, song, and attendance at the gurdwara. – Women participate equally in and perform all ceremonies, including baptism. • Sikhs religion aims to improve the world by direct action. • Sikhs believe that God has given them the blessings they need to turn any situation toward the good. What is ethics? Methods of unsound Ethics• *** It may be defined as the science of the moral 1. Pure rationalism : ethics is based on reasons, rectitude of human acts in accordance with the putting aside the Christian revelation. first principles of natural reason. 2. Pure empiricism : ethics is from the past• *** It is the scientific or philosophical treatment experiences, giving no clue for the future. of morality. 3. Positivism : ethics is from facts alone, regardless• ***It has to do with the order which relates to of man’s free will and immortal soul. man as man, and which makes of him a good man 4. Traditionalism : ethics is from tradition, losing the objectivity and universality of values Teaching on Ethics Sources of ethics• The Catholic points to two main sources of • Man’s experiences and principles and truth. moral teaching, • The proper method of ethics is speculative• One is that found in human nature itself notand empirical , the supernatural ones• ( the natural law)• , the other is that revealed by God ( divine law) 26

07-Dec-17 Methods of unsound Ethics Teaching on Ethics1. Pure rationalism : ethics is based on reasons, • The Catholic points to two main sources of putting aside the Christian revelation. moral teaching,2. Pure empiricism : ethics is from the past • One is that found in human nature itself experiences, giving no clue for the future. • ( the natural law)3. Positivism : ethics is from facts alone, regardless • , the other is that revealed by of man’s free will and immortal soul. God ( divine law)4. Traditionalism : ethics is from tradition, losing the objectivity and universality of valuesChapter 9 How Do You Define Conscience?Conscience http://access-jesus.com/define-conscience.html • The Bible tells us that everyone has a conscience. God's standards are written on everyone's hearts. It is just that everyone does not follow the conscience that God gave to all of mankind. Jesus provides us the ultimate standard that our conscience should follow. • See below for Biblical advice and commentary concerning the definition of conscience. Key Bible Verses: Acts 24:16, Romans 2:14, Romans 2:15, and Isaiah 11:10. The Role of Conscience Two basic elements of Conscience http://www.ourladyswarriors.org/articles/conscience.htm Moral Judgment Moral Obligation/Command• What is the purpose or role of the To discern what conscience? Even the secular dictionary is right and To do good and definition has this part right. wrong avoid evil• ***Very simply, the conscience is used to guide moral behavior.• Where the dictionary offers such guidance via human \"sense\" or \"feeling,\" all subject to concupiscence. 27

07-Dec-17Summary=Definition: Conscience http://www.ourladyswarriors.org/articles/conscience.htmCatholic View of Conscience Secular (Humanist) View of Conscience •When one listens to hisGod's law written into a person's very heart. Moral sense or inner feeling. conscience, the prudentA law which man does not impose on himself, Emanates from within the person (\"sense,\" \"feeling\") man can hear Godbecause it comes from God. speaking.Love good, avoid evil, love God and neighbor - No guidance as to what \"goodness\" means.always. Therefore, anything goes as long as the \"conscience is clear.\"To be obeyed. Just another factor which affects behavior.Offers a person his/her very dignity. Dignity is ignored. Difficulties in Judging (1786-1789) Difficulties in Judging (1786-1789) http://www.catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html http://www.catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html• Conscience can make a right judgment (in • The person must interpret the data, accord with God's law and reason) • assisted by his own prudence,• Conscience can make an erroneous judgment (not in accord). • competent advice, and • the help of the Holy Spirit. Difficulties in Judging (1786-1789) How is the conscience programmed? http://www.catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html http://www.intouch.org/resources/sermon-• ****The education of the conscience is a outlines/Content.aspx?topic=A_Good_Conscience_Part_1_Sermon_Outline lifelong task. • By parents ( upbringing)• ****Man is sometimes confronted by • By the world around us—Influence of friends lesssituations that make moral judgments and social contacts; such as television and assured and decision other media and school training difficult. • Through church; Parish catechist • By the Word of God • ****Conscience must be formed so moral judgment enlightened 28

07-Dec-17Erroneous Judgment (1790-1794): Sources of Errors in Judgment (1790-1792) Page 53-54 http://www.catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html • Although a person must always obey the certain judgments of his conscience, • he might be in ignorance and make erroneous judgments. Sources of Errors in Judgment (1790-1792) Chapter 23 http://www.catholicity.com/catechism/moral_conscience.html The Seven Deadly Sins And The Seven Capital /Holy/Heavenly Virtues• There are several sources of these errors in judgment:• 1.ignorance of Christ and of his Gospel,• 2.bad example given by others,• 3.enslavement to passions,• 4. assertion of a mistaken notion of autonomy conscience’• 5.lack of conversion of heart,• 6.and rejection of the Church's teaching.The Seven Deadly Sins: A Convenient The Seven contrary or Capital virtues Guide to Eternal DamnationPride Sloth Chastity Kindness Greed Generosity MeeknessEnvy Temperance Humanity Diligence GluttonyWrath Lust 29

07-Dec-17 Popular version of the Seven Virtues was the \"remedial\" or \"contrarian\" model. https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Seven_Deadly_Sins.pdf• An alternative but equally popular version of the Seven Virtues was the \"remedial\" or \"contrarian\" model, which listed specific virtues as the \"cures\" or \"remedies\" that stand in opposition to each of the seven sins. Prudentius devised this model in 410 AD in his allegorical poem the Psychomachia (\"The Battle for the Soul\").• His scheme of virtues and vices looked something like this: Humility cures Pride • Kindness cures Envy • Abstinence cures Gluttony • Chastity cures Lust • Patience cures Wrath • Liberality cures Greed • Diligence cures Sloth 30