MALAY TRADITIONAL DANCE

DIKIR BARAT DIKIR BARAT Men’s dikir clothes  Western dikir man in white themed clothes [Dikir Barat]. (2018) https://www.esplanade.com/-/media/images/events/2018/d/dikir-barat-03.jpg 44

DIKIR BARAT In Dikir Barat games or performances, there are usually two teams participating at a time. They will reciprocate the poem, sarcastically like a warrior. However, this situation is only considered entertainment and is conveyed in accent Kelantan. The game will start at exactly 10.00 pm. It is possible that the quiet and desolate conditions at night give a source of inspiration to the magicians. While the “awak- awak‟of both teams took their respective places, namely sitting cross- legged around the speakers likes people who are facing a meal. There are 10 positions in total for both teams in the show. Awak-awak‟ are Dikir Barat players usually consist of 10 to 15 people called “awak-awak‟. The \"awak-awak‟ played the role of singing the chorus that is greeted unison. The chorus shaped like a poem aims to reciprocate the poem with the singer. While performing, „awak-awak‟ sits on the floor in a circle facing each other. As they sang they moved their arms, hands and upper limbs as it dancing to the rhythm of music interspersed with loud applause and shouts on certain bits. “Juara‟ is a singer who started the performance. “Tuang Karut‟ is the most important individual or singer in the „western dikir‟ performance. 45

DIKIR BARAT It is often free to move on stage while singing. He has the skill of creating poems spontaneously and is considered a human being who has a natural talent in the field of creation, interesting, funny, clever and mesmerizing the audience. \"Tukang Karut‟ and \"Juara‟ have been booked. If one of the Dikir Barat shows is arranged by one body, it is up to the organizer to book the Dikir Barat performance with a \"Tukang Karut‟ and a suitable \"Juara‟. \"Awak-awak‟ do not need to be booked because each \"Juara‟ are already has his own crews. Often, organizers want popular crooks and champions. The organizers will order the \"Tukang Karut‟ and \"Juara‟ either in their own homes, through middlemen, where they are showing the game or wherever they meet. Obtaining permission to play another task of the organizer is to obtain permission from the authorities such as Chiefs, officers, Police officers and District Chiefs. The performance song also called as Tok Juara. Usually the \"Tok Juara‟ will sit in line with the music player. \"Tok Juara‟ will start the song with a meter-free swing and wander according to his wishes and mood in a zikir style. It seemed to inspire his team to put on an exciting and spirited performance. \"Tok Juara‟ also has the role of giving guidance to the next singer, the nonsense. 46

DIKIR BARAT Tambourine The mother's tambourine and the child's tambourine have a round face using a goat bone attached to the body with a rattan rope to the rattan ring under the tambourine. The body is made of wood that is not deep (5- 6 inches deep). The bone is trimmed using a wooden spike between the ring and the lower part of the body. Children's tambourine is smaller in size than Mother's tambourine. Children's tambourine is smaller in Tetawak/Gongs Tetawak or gongs are made of round bronze. The walls are thick, decaying in the middle of the surface. The pic is higher than the great gong. Usually, this laughter is hung and hammered by the mound. 47

DIKIR BARAT Marakas A pair of Marakas is also used in Dikir Barat performances. Typically, it is made of wood or coconut shell and plastic. Like a ball, the wood used is rolled, smoothed and made round. Small stone seeds are within it, to create sound. To make it easier for players to play, handles are installed. Canang Canang is also used in the Dikir Barat performance. Canang is usually played by Tok Juara or Tukang Karut when one of them is singing the song Dikir Barat. Some dikir groups use 1 to 2 strings to get a more harmonious sound. 48

DIKIR BARAT a) Karut Kelantan anyo ‟(Perlahan) b) Karut Wok Yoh c) Karut pendek d) Karut Yengki Anyo ‟ e) Karut Kelantan cepat h) Karut Selampit f) Karut Petani i) Karut Jenaka Mak Yong g) Karut Yengki Cepat j) Karut Wau Bulan k) Karut Menora l) Karut Yengki Tengah (Sederhana) m) Karut Yengki a ding dong n) Karut Alo 49

DIKIR BARAT The original Dikir Barat is in the form of chants but with modified poems of Malay community in order to make the show interspersed with funny and sad songs aimed for entertainment. Dikir barat is growing so fast with the establishment of several Dikir Barat groups in the country. At the same time, the game has undergone several processes of change as well as renewal. Dikir barat not only serves as an entertainment arena but also able to convey the government's message to the people effectively, especially in changing the way of life and thinking of the people in accordance with the passage of time. 50

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JOGET DANCE INTRODUCTION Joget is one of the popular traditional dances in Malaysia in previous and now. Even it a traditional dance, it is not that easy to forget by Malay people because The Joget dance is one of that is one of Malay’s symbols. This Joget dance has its own origin and some speculations by Malay people on how the Joget exist. During the 20th century, Joget the popular Malay is a social dance that danced by the Cabarat in amusement park, dance hall and fun fair park whereby can be seen by lots of people because of the open space. While traditional dances in in the early 20th century to 1960s, Joget is part of repertoire Ronggeng which contains the variation styles of Inang and Asli dance. Generally, the Joget itself Malaysia. This dance has referring to a dance but also referring to certain people’s dance that widespread to other place and consists of the combination of elements between Portuguese and its own unique and Malay dance. This combination is one of the speculation by people who relates it with the Malaysia’shistory. privileges. There are They consider that Malay people started to dance Joget during the Portuguese many topics were era which is from the year of 1511 to 1641. This assumption has led to confusion about how actually the Joget dance is being known and created at first. So, discussed in this article another explanation of this statement had been explained whereby they said Joget is considered as a Malay such as the clothes of the Portuguese Branyo version, Brundo or Branle local publications which are very popular in Europe during 15th century. These Branyo or Branle has their own basic Joget dancers, dance which is the dancers will dance in a circle or in a line but have been blocked by Malay people to avoid them from influencing Malay culture and stopped them and movements, music never let their descent join any Malay dance. On the performance perspective, Joget and Branyo have the similarities which both of it have two parts and 3 beats instrument and Joget from European Brundo, Branle and Branyo local music. Then, the melody is call three-to-two which canbe changed to how they want based on their creativity. song. Another speculation had been talked too whereby some may think that Malacca Malay people has created a new dance in Malacca during the 16thcentury.  The dancers are dancing happily with their partners. 53 Ahmad Johari Mohd Ali dan Alzahrin Alias. (2015). Trditional Folk Dance in My Beloved Country; Malaysia [Photograph]. Google. https://images.app.goo.gl/RtPhHG1mQzoQ5A526

JOGET DANCE Joget is always being excited to be watched by people especially when there is wedding ceremony. This is because in previous, Joget being danced only in wedding ceremony. Usually the dancers will dance in pair either same gender partner or male versus female. They also will exchange poem while the trainer will sing the song in Tandak tone accompanied by two small drum and ensembles gong. These styles are in Tandak theme which comes from Javanese but for real Joget, Malay people use two tambourine drums, saru gong, violin or one accordion and one or two singers. This shows that Joget is more polite and appropriate because they prefer to use gong and drum. Generally, Joget and Tandak too is a mix tradition whereby the music and instrumental are borrowed from Portuguese in 16th and 17th centuries. Previously both Tandak and Joget are based on Branyo style, but then Branyo has changed it to a used of mix instrumental which are guitar, keyboard and musical instrument settraps. Normally, Brundo and Branle will dance in a circle with difference in movement to the side. For Branle, it is double beat while Branle only need to do two beats in a bar but forBranle  Joget dance was said as part of Ronggeng dance too. Gai they use triple beats. Sriwana. (2016). Rasas – Ronggeng [Photograph]. Google. People assume that the earlier Portuguese people whhtotpsc:/a/immaegetos.aMppa.lgaococ.gal/ahvawdajpoHeLrfYosrJm9oekdUBthAe dance of Brundo and Branle which has similarities in dance form like Tarantella and Fundango. That’s all the speculation and assumption made by people. Mostly believed that Joget dance is came from the Portuguese who moved to Malaysia. Eventually, this dance is still being danced by Malaysian, not only in wedding ceremony but also in any events.

JOGET DANCE  Songkok is representing the Islam DANCE Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Lelaki [Photograph]. Google.  Sampin as the symbol of Malay people https://www.scribd.com/document/360628044/SEJARAH-TARIAN- JOGET Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Lelaki [Photograph]. Google. https://www.scribd.com/document/360628044/SEJARAH- TARIAN-JOGET The clothing for male dancer is usually they have to wear ‘Baju Melayu Cekak Musang’ completed with ‘sampin’ and ‘songkok’. The term ‘Cekak Musang’ is related to the pattern of the neckline of the shirt, a high ‘cekak’ neck or an upright ‘empang’ neck. The meaning of ‘cekak musang’ explained that the natural image for the neck of a shirt which have 2.5 cm height around the neck. This type of shirt was worn in Johor during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Ibni Sultan Abu Bakar. The ‘songkok’ and ‘sampin’ itself obviously refer to Islam and Muslim.  The male dancers’ clothes for Joget dance are similar to Inang dance. Aina Nabila Ahmadcc. (2013). Kostum Tarian Inang [Photograph]. Google. https://images.app.goo.gl/4eqz1YWvrW5BYKzy7 55

JOGET DANCE  ‘Dokoh’ have many beautiful patterns. This is one of classic pattern. Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Wanita [Photograph]. Google. https://www.scribd.com/document/3606 28044/SEJARAH-TARIAN-JOGET  Earrings also have various shapes which made of gold, silver, copper and etc. Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Wanita [Photograph]. Google. https://www.scribd.com/document/360 628044/SEJARAH-TARIAN-JOGET Female dancer is usually wear long ‘Kebaya’ or ‘Baju Kurung’. For long ‘Kebaya’, it is symbolizes few states in Malaysia which are Johor-Riau in Malacca, Perak, Selangor and Kedah-Perlis. The  Flowers as additional decorations to look more elegant. long ‘Kebaya’s length is until the ankle which Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Wanita [Photograph]. Google. https://www.scribd.com/document/360628044/SEJARAH- referring to the traditional ‘Kebaya’ but there is TARIAN-JOGET difference which is their ‘Kebaya’ have cleavage  ‘Cucuk Sanggul’ is to maintain the hair bun neat. and ‘pesak’ in the front. It is suitable for outdoor Mohd Fauzi. (2017). Busana Wanita [Photograph]. Google. https://www.scribd.com/document/360628044/SEJARAH-TARIAN- clothing and official ceremony. The ‘Kebaya’s front JOGET is covered by buttons or ‘keronsang tiga’ and added with an accessory named ‘Dokoh’. ‘Dokoh’ is made of a chain and decorated with some side shapes listed at left and right side of the chain. 56

JOGET DANCE MUSIC INSTRUMENT  Violin produced harmony sound towards the music.  Rebana must be slapped hardly for the loud sound. Violin is a cordophone. The strings The ‘rebana’ is categorized made of nylon but previously, it is as membranophone that has made of cow tail hair. Same as the round frame, half cone like a ‘rebana’, the body and swipe are made bowl and has different size of thickness and diameter. of jackfruit wood. The frame is made of jackfruit wood, ‘sena’ and ‘merbau’ and jackfruit wood become the main material to made this ‘rebana’ because it is more quality.  Gong can be seen used by majority traditional dances in Malaysia. Without music instrument, a dance cannot be performed because it is the Gong is made of molten main needed. Joget dance used music metal bronze with copper in the round surface. The gong instrument that categorized as is the basic sound for Joget Membranophone, Cordophone and dance and it is categorized Idiophone which only used one unit of under idiophone. ‘rebana’, violin and ‘gong’. These instruments played by the music players to guide the dancers in dancing so that they will lookunif5o7rm.

JOGET DANCE This Joget dance movement is very fast. For the tempo calculations, the dancers will count in ‘and 1, and 2, and 3, and 4….’. The leg movements that used in this Joget dance known as ‘Terancang’. This is because these leg movements have the right tempo for this dance. At the beginning, these Joget dance accompanied by songs like Jingkling Nona. In this dance, the dancers more focus on leg movements compared to hand movements. The period of time for dance Joget at medium speed are 2/4 steps and 3/8 steps for fast movement. This Joget dance performed by a social group that consist of various level of community such as old, young, men and women in pairs. The person who was dancing called as ‘berjoget’ or ‘bertandak’ while the dance escort called as ‘pencak joget’. In the festivities, male dancers will dance or invite female dancers to dance with him on the stage. Usually, there are 3 or 4 pairs of dancers in one performance.  The happiness and fun can be seen through the dancers’ There are two types of movements in performing facial expression. this Joget dance which are fast and slow movement. The types of movement are depending on the types of HAMIDIsP. (2015). Tahukah Anda Asal-usul Tarian Joget? Joget Dance. The fast movement usually will be [Photograph]. Google. performed by a couple. According to Muhd Noramin https://images.app.goo.gl/pGk3J5rKxKEpAFBe7 (2018) and Terry and Sean (2011) that Joget dance was danced that consist two or four steps of a set which similar  The appropriateness steps in Joget dance by the male to theEuropean dancers. tarantella and fandango dances that consist of six or HAMIDIsP. (2015). Tahukah Anda Asal-usul Tarian Joget?. eight steps of a set. The Joget rhythm is adapted from Retrieved December 25, 2020 from Portuguese songs. https://images.app.goo.gl/pGk3J5rKxKEpAFBe7 The speed of the Joget dance movement is in line with the cheerful rhythm. At the end of the dance, the drum beats faster and the couple will face to each other. Both of the dancer will dance together while move their legs alternately and in high speed. This shown that the role of this Joget dance is as a reflection of the joy and hap5p8iness experienced by thecouple.

JOGET DANCE After that, they will dance while holding the fan. Most of their dance styles reflect the way women dress up. Finally, their dance will end with a sitting position and arrange ‘sembah’ as the beginning.  The dancers are posting the Joget dance 59 steps with the green theme costumes  Joget dance also famous in every events such as wedding ceremony, awards ceremony and additional performance

JOGET DANCE  Festival Tari Malaysia that was held in 2017. 60 Nyala Dance Theatre. (@017). Festival Tari Malaysia 2017 - Nyala Dance Theatre (Naib Juara kategori Rampaian Tradisional) [Photograph]. Google. https://images.app.goo.gl/zBnNTMTUt3jZc6f36

JOGET DANCE LIRIK LAGU JOGET Pahang Melenggang hai Melenggang dengan tari lenggang Kalau baik hati Nanti orang pun sayang Dari MelakaKe negeri Pahang Singgah di Johor beli berangan Kami ucapkan selamat datang Apa yang kurang dicaci jangan Melenggang hai melenggang Dengan tari lenggang Kalau baik hati Nanti orang pun sayang Pukullah gendang Hai kulit kerbau Dalam majlis tari menari Sayalah ini bang hoi datang merantau Mengharap belas orang di sini Melenggang hai melenggang Dengan tari lenggang Kalau baik hati Nanti orang pun sayang Negeri Pahang aman sentosa Kaya dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan Niat di hati bang hoi nak buat jasa Mudah- mudahan Tuhan kabulkan... Melenggang hai melenggang Dengan tari lenggang Kalau baik hati Nanti orang pun sayang 61

JOGET DANCE In conclusion, Joget dance must be preserved and maintained to ensure this traditional dance can be seen by the next generation. As the senior dancers of this Joget dance, it is necessary to encourage the young generation to know about the uniqueness of the traditional dance. 62

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KUDA KEPANG DANCE What Is KUDA KEPANG DANCE? Kuda Kepang dance is very popular among Malay traditional dances. This dance has its own unique and privileges. Kuda Kepang dance is very popular among Malay traditional dances. This dance has its own unique and privileges. There are many topics were discussed in this article such as the clothes of Kuda Kepang dancers, dance movements, music instruments, Kuda Kepang’s song and Kuda Kepang’s Taboo. According to Mohd. Ghouse Nasaruddin (1994:125), Kuda Kepang has its own values in term of material and spiritual that needed by people. This dance functions as a catharsis towards mind and it is able to influence someone’s heart or feelings. It is also affected people if they studying too deep and understanding this dance that later will lead them to an astonished feeling whereby they will keep on finding the truth of this dance. Like other dances too, Kudang Kepang also has many speculations made by previous people. The first speculation to be heard is Kuda Kepang is related with ‘Wali Songo’. ‘Wali Songo’ is said to live in Tanah Jawa during the 15th century. 65

This dance started to be created when KUDA KEPANG DANCE ‘Wali Songo’ developing Islamic teachings at Tanah Jawa since the 66 residents are all non-muslims. This effort at first seems so dull when the residents in that Tanah Jawa did not give respond and avoid everytime they came across with ‘Wali Songo’ and his followers or anything that related with ‘Wali Songo’ because they were too afraid. They tend to not getting involved. Like other dances too, Kudang Kepang also has many speculations made by previous people. The first speculation to be heard is Kuda Kepang is related with ‘Wali Songo’. ‘Wali Songo’ is said to live in Tanah Jawa during the 15th century. This dance started to be created when ‘Wali Songo’ developing Islamic teachings at Tanah Jawa since the residents are all non-muslims. This effort at first seems so dull when the residents in that Tanah Jawa did not give respond and avoid everytime they came across with ‘Wali Songo’ and his followers or anything that related with ‘Wali Songo’ because they were too afraid. They tend to not getting involved.

KUDA KEPANG DANCE This Kuda Kepang dance does not have a specific arena for them to perform their performance. This is because this dance can be performed at anywhere or any place that has a large space. Usually, the arena size is in 40 meters x 60 meters. This situation has lead ‘Wali Songo’ and his followers to find another ways in order to be accepted by the residents and one of the ways is by gathering them and asks them to dance together while riding horses. Fortunately, all of them are responsive. ‘Wali Songo’ and his followers were claimed to be succeed. Started from this time, the residents of Tanah Jawa claimed the Kuda Kepang as their custom and game but with different types of horses. Previously, ‘Wali Songo’ asked them to use the real horses but they make it different. They make other fake horses that made of bamboo or animal skins. Everytime they performed Kuda Kepang dance, they will use the fake horses and eventually Kuda Kepang has become one of their culture especially in Javanese society. 67

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Other people speculated that Kuda Kepang was related to Saidina Ali, a famous Islamic figure. Saidina Ali was known as the best fighter fought for Islam in all battles and expeditions that he took part. People also said that he have extraordinary abilities because he can lead his army to fight till the end of their lives. Due to this situation, Kuda Kepang was existed because people believed there are supernatural elements. This statement is supported by Zakaria Ariffin (1990: 25). He stated that Kuda Kepang came from Tanah Jawa and was inspired by Saidina Ali war stories at Tanah Arab. Not just that, he also related it to the murder cases that happen on Saidina Ali’s children which are Hassan and Husin. So, he concluded that Kuda Kepang as remembering to their death. Based on other people trust, some also believed that Kuda  [Photograph of kuda kepang’s Kepang came from ‘alam kayangan’. They believed that Kuda dancer]. (n.d). Kepang was from a Sembrani horse that came from Javanese https://pemetaanbudaya.my/assets/i colony. The Sembrani horse came down to the earth to find his mages/upload/culture_20200724153 missing friend. Later, he found his friend and they began to 017.jpg jump and dance together happily until they unconscious for a while. Then, they were recognized by the people who lived in Javanese colony and started to dance like how both of Sembrani horse and his friend dance. They named it as Kuda Kepang. Johor State 68

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Kuda Kepang is a game like “sepak raga”  [Photograph of a kuda kepang performance at the field]. but the supports obtained by the society (2014). expand from a village to another village. https://thelongnwindingroad.files.wordpress.com/2014/1 Nowadays, Kuda Kepang is a performing 1/jeromelim-4074.jpg in public events such as wedding ceremony and festivals. In ancient times, braided horse dancers only wore t- shirts. But now, costumes are one of the important elements in the performance of braided horses. For this Kuda Kepang dance, they have their specific traditional clothes. According to the history of the development of Kuda Kepang in Malaysia, especially in Johor, the art of Kuda Kepang was brought by the  [Photograph of a dancer holding pecut and kud6a9kepang woven]. (n.d). http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_75NRagBxOOQ/THEclIyZDFI/ AAAAAAAAAEY/bnsRPixc_OI/s320/images+2.jpg

KUDA KEPANG DANCE people of Javanese descent in Indonesia while migrating to this country. In addition to bring the art of Kuda Kepang, they also bring culture in the form of Javanese clothing. The clothes that used in Kuda Kepang dance are the basic  [Photograph of Tengkolok]. (2018). costume. Normally, the Kuda Kepang dancers' clothes is a https://pngimage.net/wp- traditional Javanese clothing concept in their performance. All content/uploads/2018/06/tanjak-png- 2.png dancers usually wear pants are made from “kempun” cloth, namely Javanese batik. They also will wear a few accessories for the performance such as ‘ketopang’ or ‘tanjak’ and  [Photograph of Tanjak Melayu]. ‘samping’. Nowadays, the Kuda Kepang dancers will wear (2014). ‘tengkolok’. There are two types of “tengkolok” which are https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c9/27/2 “tanjak jawa” and “tanjak Melayu”. Both \"tanjak\" can be a/c9272af7dee341866fd22ad485f2e identified by the way they are tied. 121.jpg  [Photograph of Samping]. (2014).  [Photograph of Tanjak Jawa]. https://i5a2y1wi06- (2014). flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp- http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_75NRag content/uploads/5356-Malay- BxOOQ/THEaQvbBVuI/AAAAAAA Tenun.jpg AAEQ/uEdmdnE3Vw8/s320/blang kon-solo-148x150.jpg 70

KUDA KEPANG DANCE To lead this Kuda Kepang dance, some music instrument is a need to enliven more the dance and fantasizing the dancers. The first instrument is Angklung. Angklung is categorized under idiophone that made of bamboo. Basically, angklung consists of two or four tubes that tied on its house named ‘ancak’. There are two types of angklung that have different functions. Angklung for melody usually is arran-ged with distance between each of them while ‘accompanitment’ angklung is arranged based on tonic triad way which is Do, Mi and So, either in Angklung Major or Minor mode. A knock on the legs part or blow on the lips part will be made if the instrument players do the tuning process. In any performances, 3 or 4 angklung will be used as a complement to the others ensembel. According to history, it is stated that the art of music angklung was came from Tanah Jawa, Indonesia while in Indonesia, they believed that their tradition came from ‘bongkel’ tools that exists in Banyumas, Indonesia. The next instrument is Bonang or Caklempong, one of the famous and unic instrument in Malaysia. Bonang was also known as small gong that arranged horizontally on the top of a rope or wooden box. The shape is like a bowl or in other words like a small jars popping up. The Bonang arrangement of the bonang is there will be in two lines or rows. One of the rows has the high pitch while another one for the low pitch. There will be 10 or 12 bonang arranged in its wooden box. The bowls is made of iron and bronze, a mix of copper and white tin. The process to make the bowls is the material must be melted and forged with the ratio of mix is 10 parts of pure copper and 3 parts of pure tin that later poured in a bowl-shaped container that made of a mix of clay and rice husk. Then, it will be knocked to have a bonang shape instead of melted it. The way to play it is by using two beater that wrapped in a red scarves at the end. The reason why it is wrapped is because to avoid the ‘cembul’ from broken. Only a player needs to beat it for bonang melody, either simultaneous tone or act tone. Bonang is not only being used and played in Kuda Kepang but also played in gamelan performance. Bonang is under the same category as angklung which is idiophone. 71

KUDA KEPANG DANCE The next one is Kenong. It is also an idiophone Kenong instrument that came from Jawa, Indonesia. Physically, the shapes of kenong same as the gong but more thin and round than gong. Kenong is tied on a hard wood to produce a melodious tone when it is knocked. It must be knocked once for each of the notes using the knockerthat consists of wood and wrapped rope on the top part of the knocker. The reason why it must be knocked once for each notes is because to produce softer sound. Gendang Jawa Then, Gendang Jawa (Figure 6). Gendang Jawa is specialized for Kuda Kepang performance which literally has different shape and pattern from other instrument. It has longitude shape with 3 feets length and different sizes of surfaces. The surfaces are covered with cow or goat skin and the frame was made of wood. During it is played by the players, they will play it in sit down while the ‘gedombak’ was put on their cross- legged. Players only use their hands to produce the sound but it is not easy to handle because it required high skills. Gendang Jawa is a membraphone instrument. The common instrument to be heard in Malaysia is Gong (Figure 7). Gong was came from Southeast Asia that made of round bronze, the side is downwards, hollow inside and ‘cembul’ in the middle at the surface part. There are several sizes of gong which produce different sounds. Typically, 1 or 2 drums also being played to diversify the rythms and made it more unique. Gong is actually not only used for Gong Kuda Kepang but also for other events, perfor- mances or ceremony because it is a high quality instrument. Local gong has ‘shallow’ and ‘sma7ll2 boss’ and the melody produced is a sign for opening and ending of particular song.

KUDA KEPANG DANCE The instrument that rarely heard and but known by most people is Saron Pekin (Figure 8), also used for Kuda Kepang performance. It is actually a new addition instrument in Gamelan Melayu ensemble. The pattern is it has a blade with a bit smaller size but thicker than the size of blade of ‘Saron Penerus’. Saron Pekin played by using a hammer made of a buffalo horn and the techniques is called ‘perdam’ that will produce loud sound. Saron Pekin The last one is Jidur (Figure 9). Jidur is made of hollow coconut stalks and the surfaces covered by goat or cow skin. It has a small-barrel-shaped with 16 inches height hammered using two woods. Jidur 73

KUDA KEPANG DANCE For this Kuda Kepang dance, they will perform in a group and all members are male. This dance is a military-style dance because they only danced by using their feet. To perform this dance, they need at least 25 people which are 9 of them are dancers, 5 of them are musicians, 2  [Photograph of a violent confrontation during people will act as ‘bomoh pemulih' and others will act as the Hong Kong protests]. (2019). area guards in each performance. However, there are 40 https://twitter.com/xyz11111112 members in their association. One of the dancers’ acts as a leader called 'danyang'. The number of braided horses used is at least 9 in each performance. ‘Danyang’ is a guardian or caretaker for Kuda Kepang which use cemeti to control movement of dance and also behavior of rider which is the dancer. ‘Danyang’ will use ropes to control the dancers dance and the all dancers must follow his instruction in the beginning. The movements of Kuda Kepang dance are called Lenggang Kiprah. There are five types of Kuda Kepang dance which are are ‘Sola’, ‘Selendang’, ‘Pak Tani’, ‘Pucuk Rebung’ and ‘Perjuangan Mempertahankan Diri’. Techniques to dance this Kuda Kepang dance are by leap and shaking their body, raising their head and sitting down. The movement of shaking body is as symbol of movement that similar to the horse moving and walking. The movement of raising the head is as symbol of movement like a horse running or racing while the sitting movement is depicting the horse dancing. 74

KUDA KEPANG DANCE This performance cannot be started recklessly. This is because there are several things that should be followed by all dancers for their safety. For example, when they perform at wedding party, the owner of the house needs to prepare ‘sajen’ in Javanese or a dish such as ‘kuih muih’ or red porridge and they also have to prepare nine types of snacks specifically for dancers. Besides, there are several tools that were used in this Kuda Kepang dance. The most important tools are 9 to 10 horses are made of cowhide and shaped like a horse and coloured red, white or grey. The second tool is a Sprint that made of bamboo and a rope which are combined and twisted into one. The function of this sprint is to instruct and control the braided horse dancers. The third tool is a long rope size 100 feet or 30 meters. The rope is used as a fence to prevent drunken dancers from roaming and to make it easier for shaman to control the dance.  Pecut [Photograph of Pecut that used in kuda kepang dance]. (2019). https://www.jarananttn.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/10/Pecut-Cemeti- Penari-Jaranan-dan-Kuda-Kepang- 450x671.jpg 75

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Male’ kuda kepang Usually Kuda Kepang be performed in an open space are or at the big stage. Before they started to dance, ‘Tok Bomoh’ will burn the incense and recites the spells to give spirit to the horses. He also used several nature elements such as raw  [Photograph of a male woven kuda kepang]. eggs, flowers, grass, and water for the performance. (2019). http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- This Kuda Kepang Dance will be guided by a ‘danyang’ who gIfyFb3rhSc/UZ7iXGTr_6I/AAAAAAAAACo/I KYSaGfHRJ4/s1600/kuda+jantan.JPG rhythm of each dancer that ride on the horse. The ‘danyang’ which used the sprints to determine the leads the dancers will step in the ring when the music started. The tempo of dance's music is slow and it is quite boring at the beginning. Every dancer will ride a horse based to the arrangement that determined by the song tempo and its melody. When the music became rapider, the dancers will dance quicker too. Sometimes the organizers will stretch a cloth which called as 'licik' cloth for the dancers or as known as players to go through it. The Kuda Kepang dancers will do any weird and abnormal steps in this dance such as performed a martial arts by jumping six-foot high and any others styles. While the dancer is doing their performance, the sounds that accompany this dance will be lively. This is because certain people said that if the melody of music is not energetic, the dancers will start kicking the music player like an angry horse. The dancers will perform this Kuda Kepang Dance for two hours until all dancers experienced the situation of 'bersawai' and mesmerized with the greatness of their dance's steps. When the dancers started drunk, they would imagine that they are riding a real horse while dancing to the accompaniment of music. This is because the dancers are trying to follow the music tempo. This situation called as \"naik syeh\". If the situation turn out to be wild and uncontrollable, ‘Tok Bomoh’ will order each of the guards stationed from corner of the arena to catch and drop them to the ground and then Tok Bomoh will recite a spell to recover them. Female’ kuda kepang The Kuda Kepang is a woven statue shaped like a horse without legs. There are two type of Kuda Kepang which is male and female. To make it look more attractive, Kuda Kepang is made from woven bamboo and patterned animal skins. Kuda Kepang is very popular with the people of Johor, especially of Javanese descent. It is usually  [Photograph of a female woven kuda played at gatherings in conjunction with celebrating dignitaries, 76 weddings and festive days. kepang]. (2019). http://4.bp.blogspot.com/- ox02ZfWDcYs/UZ7iVnF4r9I/AAAAAAA AACg/5C9e9CE4Y7M/s1600/kuda+bee

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Taboo is a rule that is commonly used since ancient times. The word Taboo carries the meaning of prohibitions from doing something and if these prohibitions or bans are not followed, it will lead to bad consequences. As we know, there are many taboos especially during the ceremony and daily activities in the Malay community. It is same goes to this Kuda Kepang dance which has its own taboo that must be followed to avoid from bad situation occurred. As we can see, there are various aspects in Kuda Kepang dance taboos such as taboos before starting the dance, taboos to dancers, taboos of musical instrument, taboos against Kuda Kepang and taboos to the audience. The taboos created are intended to ensure that the uniqueness of value in the braided horse dance can be preserved. There are some taboos that should be stress before dancing this Kuda Kepang dance. This is because some people belief that the Kuda Kepang has been influenced by the spirits or some kind of mystic power that involves a special ritual before playing to avoid something unexpectable such as hit the players or the audience. The ceremony begins with the worship of spirits by the ‘Tok Bomoh’. He will prepare some dishes for ‘penunggu’ such as coconut, rice, incense, white cloth, needles, threads, ‘bunga rampai’ and eggs and the ‘Tok Bomoh’ will pray to begin the opening ceremony of the arena.  [Photograph of a bowl of Bunga Rampai]. (2019). https://c- sf.smule.com/rs- 77 s55/arr/fb/f1/57e103f3-d32b-49cd- b8fc-d580fd7e1aa2_1024.jpg

KUDA KEPANG DANCE The player is similar to the traditional medicine, so they  [Photograph of a violent confrontation need to give 'pengeras', but the kuda kepang player's during the Hong Kong protests]. 'pengeras' need to be given to the Tok Bomoh for the (2019). https://jovee.id/wp- performance. This 'pengeras' consists of a few grains of content/uploads/2020/06/Beras_menta kemeyan, embers to burn kemeyan, rice mixed with chicken h_boleh_dimakan.jpg and vegetable side dishes, one jar of raw water, some types of 'kuih-muih' and the most important thing is that the host or organizer must give RM2.25 to the ‘Tok Bomoh’ while the fee for each performance held is not less than RM200. One of the taboos to the player is they cannot see the red cloth during their performance. This is a main natural taboo in the Kuda Kepang dance. The Kuda Kepang players are also not allowed to see  [Photograph of raw eggas]. (2019). glass, even glass fragments. This is because the kuda https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ kepang players who have 'naik syeh' are able to perform commons/e/e9/Telur_ayam_kampung. unexpected acts or movements and if they saw chaotic or JPG fragments of glass they are afraid they will ‘eat’ the glass or fragments of glass.  [Photograph of a violent confrontation  [Photograph of a violent confrontation 78 during the Hong Kong protests]. during the Hong Kong protests]. (2019). (2019). https://produkkelapa.files.wordpress.co https://4.imimg.com/data4/KR/SD/MY- m/2010/11/buah-kelapa.jpg 15171806/white-cotton-thread-

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Next, taboo of Kuda Kepang dance not only involves horse players, Kuda Kepang and musical instruments but also the audience. The audiences were forbidden to curse the Kuda Kepang dancers, it does not matter if they have 'naik syeh' or not. If they curse the Kuda Kepang dancers, they may receive the bad luck. In the game of Kuda Kepang there are also taboos that involved players of horse musical instrument. All musical instrument players have to play music according to the situation of the Kuda Kepang players because it is feared that the Kuda Kepang players will be angry with the music player. For example, if the condition of the players is 'naik syeh', the musical players need to play the instruments energeticly. This is because the Kuda Kepang players will get angry and make them kick the music player if they failed to follow the tempo of the Kuda Kepang players. The longer the music is played, the more melodious it sounds. Therefore, the Kuda Kepang players will make sure they can catch up with the music. This shows that high spirits are the basis of their beliefs and interests. The Kuda Kepang woven statues which are used during the Kuda Kepang dance also have a specific taboo. The Kuda Kepang woven statues must be stored or retained in a special place due to the cause the spirit of the Kuda Kepang woven statues to rage by ruining the upcoming shows if this horse is placed in a random place and does not take good care of it.  [Photograph of a Pecut]. (n.d).  [Photograph of kemenyan]. (2018). http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-- O_TVUaKVdY/UZ7iiGM6vSI/AAAAAAAAADQ/7yvS https://ohmedia.my/wp- 79 nwX7_X8/s400/images.jpg content/uploads/2018/01/ohmedia-kemeyan1.jpg

KUDA KEPANG DANCE Mainkanlah gendang Membakar semangat Biar lebih kencang Darahku pun mengalir Semoga kedengaran Suara persembahan Dengarlah laguku ini Rentak kaki dan menari Janganlah berhenti Walau peluh kian membasah Ayuh lari jangan menyerah Mari kudaku janganlah kau ragu Ikuti irama jangan kau terserlah Berlarilah lari dengan laju Andai kau terleka nanti terhumban ke bumi Ini dia tarian asli Datang hilanglah pergi telan zaman Cubalah tuan-puan menghayati Keindahan tiada tolok bandingan 80

KUDA KEPANG DANCE In conclusion, Kuda Kepang dance must be preserved and continuously perform to ensure this traditional dance is not forgotten by the young generation. As the senior dancers of this Kuda Kepang dance, they are required to inspire the young generation to learn, join and appreciate each side of this dance. 81

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MAK INANG DANCE Mak Inang dance is one of the traditional dances found in Malaysia. This dance comes from the state of Melaka. This dance is widely introduced to prevent from outdated in the swallow of time. This dance is also a cultural art that should be known by people, especially teenagers nowadays.  Sultan Mahmud Shah 1488-1511 [Photograph of Sultan Mahmud Shah Melaka]. (2013). https://dusunraja.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/mahmud.jpg?w=94&h =150 According Yayasan Warisan Pahang (2018), Mak Inang dance or Inang dance created in the time of the Malacca Sultanate (1488-1511) which at that time Malacca was ruled by Sultan Mahmud Shah. Mak Inang dance means sitter but this dance is also known as Inang dance. On the orders of Sultan Mahmud Shah, a special Mak Inang song was created to accompany this dance. 85

MAK INANG DANCE During the ceremony, this Mak Inang dance will be performed in front of the Sultan. The movement and rhythm of the Mak Inang dance is gentle and graceful. This dance also has the characteristics that are suitable to be danced and performed in the palace. Mak Inang dance was danced by women only in ancient time, however, when it was comes to the needs and the passage of time, Mak Inang dance performances were danced in pairs of men and women. The number of pairs that are usually Tarian Inang presented between 4 to 6 pairs, but it is also can be adjusted according to the size of the stage. Rohaizam Rosli (2011).Seni Budaya: Tarian Inang. In the past, this dance was danced in the palace https://1.bp.blogspot.com/- but now it is perform at festivals and wedding xSH82QCBWgQ/ThvbViEJFYI/AAAAAAAAAhs/_0lb ceremony. CUTNjPM/w1200-h630-p-k-no- nu/9319_1236714072049_1055156935_771495_37 77006_n.jpg Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara, Kelantan (2017) has mentioned that “This dance has a strong Chinese cultural element and also danced according to the tempo rate of tambourine, violin and drum. Sometimes the dancers bring shawls to celebrate this dance. This dance is created by native Malay songs with the rhythm of the songs from the original Malay particular. When staged this Tarian Inang dance is a great performance and able to [Photograpgh of Tarian Inang Si Kunang-Kunang]. elevate the art of Malaysian dance to the (2013) https://www.facebook.com/PlanetJoget/photos/tari international level. Every basis of movement an-inang-si-kunang-kunang/1405253926378605/. has an implicit meaning to be translated.” This dance has various functions and meanings during the old days or even in this modern age. The function of Mak Inang dance is to reflect the social life of the community. This show is used as entertainment and to give pleasure to the audience. In addition, it is also plays an important role in the economic aspect. Life in the world of dance art when performed professionally can be used as Persembahan Tarian Inang a field of work. Besides, this custom and culture that is maintained will be a tourist [Photograph of Persembahan Kejutan Permata attraction to come visit our country. This can indirectly develop the country's Seni Tari Tarian Inang]. (2021). economy https://i0.wp.com/ytimg.googleusercontent.com /vi/XNV- 86 M9tNB2Y/hqdefault.jpg?resize=650,400

MAK INANG DANCE MALE DANCER Each type of dance has a specific costume. Why? So that the audience can see for themselves the differences in each type of dance other than rhythm, swing and so on. Same goes to this Mak Inang dance. This dance has a special costume. This type of costume has also been worn since time immemorial when presented in front of the palace. According to the passage of time, Mak Inang dance is now danced in pairs or couple which is male and female. Both of them have different outfits.  Baju Melayu Cekak Musang For male dancer, there are 3 types of Malay clothing. First, ‘Baju Qaseh Farizan. (2013). Teknik Mengambil ukuran Baju Melayu Cekak Musang. Melayu Cekak Musang’ consisting https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/teknikmeng of ‘sampin’, ‘kain’ and ‘songkok’. ambilukuranbajumelayucekakmusang-130226221538- This clothes is commonly used at phpapp01-thumbnail-4.jpg?cb=1361917392 family events such as feasts,  Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga celebrations and activities. Fatin Nurathirah. (n.d.). Pakaian Tradisional The ‘Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga’, Kaum-kaum di Malaysia. this shirt is made from the https://pakaiantradisionaldimalaysia.weebly.com /uploads/2/5/5/1/25512739/9266587_orig.jpg ‘sampin’, ‘kain’ and ‘songkok’. Normally male dancer will wear ‘Baju Melayu Cekak Musang’ adopt appropriate ceremony, which usually involves formal occasions. 87

MAK INANG DANCE , ‘Baju Melayu Gunting Cina’, this  Baju Melayu Cina Gunting dress is commonly used in [Photograph of Baju Melayu Cina Gunting]. (n.d.). Pakaian everyday situations at home for an Tradisional Kaum-kaum di Malaysia. https://1.bp.blogspot.com/- informal event. qEW_VGisx8c/Xok9Q5vzosI/AAAAAAAAB2A/YOUrb6QNjMUQ t8SPWv27li6fQKbzKYHbwCNcBGAsYHQ/s640/Baju-gunting- cina.jpg  Samping  Songkok [Photograpgh of Samping]. (2020). [Photograph of Songkok]. (n.d.). https://www.omarali.com.my/wp- https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/37880000050 content/uploads/2020/05/13a-510x680.jpg 0105661/ab34e017eaa4af16e9655bf1f002eb09_4 00x400.jpeg Inang dancer costumes have various functions and symbols. This is because the Malays, clothing is not only used to cover themselves and protect the body from heat and cold, but they are also used to highlight the symbols mean. The symbols embody the noble values t​ hat are highly esteemed by the community. For example, Baju Melayu Cekak Musang has five buttons on the shirt, which means the five pillars of Islam which must be observed by all Muslims. Furthermore, it can also be seen in Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga that has a button on the shirt meant only God (Allah) who must be worshiped and nothing else is required of worship for Muslims. 88

FEMALE DANCER BAJU KURUNG ‘Baju kurung’, which is complete with skirt (‘kain’), shirt and shawl. The scarf is worn and tucked around the shoulder neatly and usually does not wrap around the wearer's neck.  Baju Kurung [Photograph of Baju Kurung]. (n.d.). https://encrypted- tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRsK- UxqRcV462N6PqiIVWzpa9WxeaqfeygBQ&usqp=CAU LONG KEBAYA Long ‘Kebaya’, which consists of skirt (‘kain’), shirt and even a scarf. The length of the sleeve is about two fingers from the wrist so that the bracelet worn by the women can be seen. The width of the sleeve is about three fingers from the surface of the sleeve. The depth of the shirt varies from to the calf limit or slightly above, but not short.  Long Kebaya [Photograph of Kebaya Labuh Koleksi Nona]. (2019). https://soffyfashionblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/i mg_20190207_174638_277.jpg?w=676 89

MAK INANG DANCE ACCESSORIES SCARFS  [Photograph of Scarfs]. (n.d.). https://id-test- Female dancer will place a scarf on the 11.slatic.net/p/472806a42c46746 head as a symbol to \"protect herself\" and d7d9e7538d227c9ee.jpg the dignity of a woman.  [Photograph of Handkerchief]. HANDKERCHIEF (n.d.) https://beautifullinens.com/product female dancers will hold small colorful /lehner-switzerland-mens-white- handkerchiefs in addition to providing cotton-satin-band-handkerchief/ dance. Some female dancers will also wear or hold handkerchiefs while they  [Photograph of Cucuk Sanggul]. (2018). perform. https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-baqA7u2hpf4/Ws4y- Z5JIeI/AAAAAAAACiI/Yefw- SIPUT SANGGUL ezKEvsmWQ01EMVmbJmrG7aTIjkPwCEwYB hgL/s1600/CIMG2725.JPG female dance wear “siput sanggul’. ‘Siput sanggul’ (‘cucuk sanggul’) which consists  [Photograph of Dokoh]. (n.d.). of 3 types, namely, ‘siput tegang’, ‘siput https://dynamic.zacdn.com/5LlrpEHnTrJYSh7G cekak’, and ‘siput lintang’. Can also be 58OOqe0eEc4=/fit- customized with a scarf or head covering. in/346x500/filters:quality(95):fill(ffffff)/http://static ‘cucuk sanggul’ is a symbol of women's .my.zalora.net/p/paulini-1327-1894141-1.jpg self-defense. 90 DOKOH For female who wear long ‘Kebaya’ in performance will also added with an accessories named ‘Dokoh’. ‘Dokoh’ is made of a chain and decorated woth some side shapes listed at left and right side of the chain.

MAK INANG DANCE  Inang Dance Costume Aina Nabila Ahmad (2012) Kostum Tarian Inang. https://dynamic.zacdn.com/5LlrpEHnTrJYSh7G58OOqe0eEc4=/fit- in/346x500/filters:quality(95):fill(ffffff)/http://static.my.zalora.net/p/paulini -1327-1894141-1.jpg Female And Male’s Dancer Outfit 91

MAK INANG DANCE REBANA VIOLIN GONG  S. Huges (n.d.).Alat Muzik  [Photograph of Violin]. (n.d.)  [Photograph of Gong]. (n.d.). Tradisional Melayu. https://bentleymusic.com/wp- https://cf.shopee.com.my/file/c3803c https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d4 content/uploads/2019/07/115_ 05fb6f65144fab14940091a745 /50/90/d450902f52c62e9b9d77 CT_Violine_front_web.jpg 07a2e40eabee.gif Musical instruments play an important role in making an interesting and entertaining performance such as dance. Inang use traditional musical instruments. This is because these instruments have been used since time immemorial in performing the Inang dance. According to Yayasan Warisan Johor (2017), Musical instruments used for Inang dance are Gong, Accordion, Violin, Drum and Rebana. Tempo Inang dance song is simple and not slow like Asli dance but also interspersed with Gong beats. However, there is also a fast tempo of Inang song due to Chinese influence and the creation of Inang Cina dance. Examples of Inang songs are Selendang Mak Inang, Inang Pulau Kampai and Inang kampong. ACCORDIAN DRUM  [Photograph of Accordian]. (n.d.)  Nizamkem (n.d.). Gendang is a Malay Music 92 https://1.bp.blogspot.com/- Instrument. jhxfZy178rM/TZ6u- https://previews.123rf.com/images/nizamke eODUQI/AAAAAAAAAD8/nLQZATJXytI/s16 m/nizamkem1602/nizamkem160200067/53 00/acco.jpg 037653-gendang-is-a-malay-traditional- music-instrument-.jpg

MAK INANG DANCE Inang dance movements are mostly focused on the part of the hand that is raised in line with the shoulders of both male and female dancers. The average tempo movement of the Inang dance is 2/4 interspersed with gong beats. The Inang can also be danced quickly which is 4/4 based on the masri rhythm. 93