PORTOFOLIO PENGANTAR ARKEOLOGI

Departemen Arkeologi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gadjah Mada STUDENT PORTOFOLIO Pengantar Arkeologi Dra. Djaliati Sri Nugrahani, M.A. Dhiya Nabilla Susatyo 20/455923/SA/20181 2020 Picture from :https://unsplash.com/s/photos/excavation-site

TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY? ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA OLDUVAI HANDAXE Archaeology is the study of the ancient and 02 recent human past through material ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE remains. MENDUT TEMPLE Archaeology analyzes 03 the physical remains of the past in pursuit of a ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT VARNA MAN broad and comprehensive 04 understanding of human ARCHAELOGICAL INTERPRETATION culture ISHTAR GATE -Society for American 05 Archeology- DATA PRESENTATION IN MUSEUM GRABOW ALTAR 2020 Picture from:https://rashid-international.org/babylon/

PAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA Olduvai Handaxe This particular hand axe was found in modern- day Tanzania in Olduvai Gorge by Louis Leaky in 1913. It dates somewhere around 1.2 million years ago in the lower paleolithic period. It was made from a block of hardened green volcanic lava called phonolite by chipping at the edges with a round pebble, then the flakes were chipped off to create a tool that is thin at the tip and thick and heavy at the bottom. The final shape of the stone would be a symmetrical tool with sharp all-around cutting edges and if looked carefully it is shaped like a teardrop that might have been inspired by the outline of a human hand. Phonolite is a difficult igneous rock to cut, because of that, it can be said that to make this tool it requires skillful, well-coordinated use of force. Although hand axes were made for doing everyday tasks, like woodworking or butchering meats, this specific hand axe is far larger than the usual useful size of such handheld tool (almost too big for a human to hold) and it also has two sharp edges (thus there was nowhere to hold it safely). The dimension of the hand axe itself is, length: 238 millimeters;, weight: 1015.40 grams, thickness: 50 millimeters, and width: 100 millimeters. Based on those measurement, it can be suspected that this hand axe might have been an aesthetically pleasing or decorative object rather than an actual useful tool to do everyday tasks. Pictures from : https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1934-1214-49

PAGE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Mendut Temple Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist Mendut was built from andesite stone and brick on the inside of the building (not visible). The temple base plan is temple located in Mendut village, rectangular with the base level 3.7 meters above the ground. The height of the temple is 26. 4 meters. The Mungkid sub-district, Magelang stairs are adorned with Makara statues. The side of the stairwell is carved with bas-relief of Buddhist stories such Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. as Pañcatantra and Jataka. The outer walls are decorated with bas-reliefs of Bodhisattvas (Buddhist divinities) from Discovered in 1834, it also shares close Garbhadhatu Mandala, such as Avalokitesvara, Maitreya, Cunda, Ksitigarbha, Samantabhadra, Mahakarunika ties with the nearby Borobudur and Avalokitesvara, and other Buddhist figures. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with bas-relief of Hariti Pawon temple, and the three temples on the south wall and Kuvera on the north wall. Inside the temple main room, there are three statues of Buddha are located in one straight line. which are, the Shakyamuni statue, the Avalokitesvara statue, and the Maitreya statue. In the outer wall of the The temple was built during the reign temple there's a jaladwara which is a channel to drain of King Indra from the Sailendra water from the hallway.) dynasty in 824 AD. The Karangtengah inscription dated 824 AD mentioned King Indra has built a sacred building called Venuvana that means bamboo forest. According to J.G. de Casparis, a Dutch archaeologist, the word (Venuvana) might be associated with Mendut temple Picture from : https://jamelatour.co.id/mengenali-candi-mendut-dari-dekat.html

PAGE 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT Varna Man The Varna Necropolis is an ancient burial site located in the western industrial zone of Varna in Bulgaria. The gold treasure found in this place is considered to be the oldest in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC. The graves can be divided into two main groups: graves containing human remains and cenotaphs, or graves containing no such remains. In graves where the skeleton was preserved well enough to determine gender, three-fourths of Example of the goldw found in grave 43 the extended graves were those of males. In Grave 43 (see picture on the left) we can see an abundant amount of gold artifacts, such as gold and carnelian beads; a hat decorated with gold lamellae; earrings, necklace, and bracelets made from gold rings; gold phallus; a bow and a quiver lined with gold; stone and copper axes; and a scepter. Those golds were buried with the remains of a male aged 40-45 and his height was 1.70-1.75 meters tall. Although it is scientifically possible to identify the gender because the skeleton was preserved quite well, we can also know that it is the skeleton of a man because of the findings of a gold phallus which is a penis sheath and it held a war adze or mace. Based on the amount of those golds, the person buried was a man with high status in society. He might be a warrior, a ruler, or a priest-king. Archaeologists also found the riches in just a handful of graves, making them the first evidence of social hierarchies in the historical record. Pictures from : http://realmsofgoldthenovel.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-varna-gold- treasure.htmlhttp://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/varna-gold-treasure-varna-chalcolithic-necropolis-varna-bulgaria/

PAGE 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION Ishtar Gate The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate and the main entrance to the inner city of Babylon. Named after a Mesopotamian goddess of love and war, the gate was constructed around 575 BCE by the order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city. The Gate was part of Nebuchadnezzar's plan to beautify his empire's capital. As the main gateway to the city, its purpose was to awe visitors with the greatness and grandeur of the king. In a plaque installed on the gate, the Babylonian king stated this: “I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that people might gaze on them in wonder.” A processional way went through this gateway, which stretched for over half a mile across the city. Every spring, the king, his subjects, and the statues of gods travel through this way to the temple Akitu to celebrate the new year. The excavation of Babylon began in 1899, But It then took until 1914 to reveal how the gate connected to the Processional Way of Marduk and the city’s complex defensive system of walls and gateways of which it formed a part. Based on the fact that the gate has a significant connection to the city of Babylon as one of the main ways and main gate, the Ishtar gate can be interpreted as an important architecture in the city. It is also can be interpreted as a cultural aesthetics since it was built by the king to show his power and glory and to amaze the visitors Pictures from :https://www.dkfindout.com/us/history/mesopotamia/babylon /https://www.flickr.com/photos/youngrobv/sets/72157604036668403/

PAGE 5 DATA PRESENTATION IN MUSEUM Grabow Altar The Hamburger Kunsthalle is an art museum The museum displayed the altar in two located in Hamburg, Germany. One of the objects separate pieces, the painted outer panel and that I like in there is the Grabow altarpiece. It was the sculpted shrine on the inside panel. Those originally the former main altarpiece of St. Peter pieces are displayed that way so that the in Hamburg and was created around 1479-1383 by visitor can see the inside panel without being Master Bertram. covered. This altarpiece is displayed in a contemplative way, which is a way to give the The picture tells the story of God's divine plan from visitor the freedom to interpret the meaning the creation of the world to the last judgment. The behind the object. To support the display the first six depictions in the upper row illustrate the museum provided an app so that the visitor creation of the world. The subject next to it is can listen or read the information and there's Adam and Eve. At the far right, we see Adam and also a video on how the folding altarpiece Eve after their expulsion from paradise. The series works. of pictures under them depict the stories from the Old & New Testament. In the center, we see the Why do I like this display? It is because the birth of Christ. Only on holy feast days was the room is painted blue. This altarpiece shares a altarpiece completely opened, presenting the room with other catholic religious objects and faithful with the complete pictorial narrative and blue has been a traditional catholic color the sculptural shrine with its total 54 saints figures. especially in the old testament. Aside from that, the blue compliments the gold coloring of the altarpiece and makes it more beautiful. Pictures from: https://www.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/

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