Flipp Book class 9

Points to Know • An operating system (OS) is the software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. • Process, memory, file, device. I/O, secondary storage, security, networking, job accounting, communication management are the common functions of the operating system. • A dialog box is a common type of window in the GUI of an operating system. • A file is an item that contains information such as text, picture or music, video, etc. • A folder is a container which is used to store files in it. • Copying a file/Folder refers to reproduce it in another location, without removing it from its original location. • Moving a file or folder refers to shift it from its original location to another new location. • Deleting file/folder refers to remove file/folder permanently from the computer. • If you forget the location of files and folders in the disk, Windows provides several ways to find them. • Recycle bin is a folder which holds deleted files temporarily. You can restore these files again. • Temporary files created by Windows remain on the hard drive due to an irregular exit from a Windows session. • The background of the ‘Desktop’ is called the wallpaper. • A screen saver is an animated image that is activated on a personal computer display when no user activity has been sensed for a certain time. • Permanently deleting files from your computer and make free space of hard disk to use, you need to delete the files from the Recycle Bin. Terms to Know Wall paper : A decorative background of a graphical user interface on the screen. Screen Saver : Moving images or patterns when the computer has been idle for a long time. Recycle bin : A location where deleted files or folders are temporarily stored. Folder : A folder, also called a directory, is a space used to store files. Dialog box : A graphical control element in the form of a small window that communicates information to the user. Desktop : The primary user interface of a computer. Icon : A small graphical representation of a program or file. Window : A separate viewing area on a computer display screen. Smart Computer Science Book-9 101

Worksheet Objective Questions 1. Fill in the blanks: a. Operating system is the ................................... component of the computer. b. .......................... management helps OS to create and delete process. c. ......................... is the primary user interface of the computer. d. .............................. software is used to perform the maintenance task. e. .............................. is a small graphical representation of a program or file. f. ................................. is an element of an windows operating system located at the bottom of the screen. g. ............................ is a separate viewing rectangular area on a computer display. h. A .................................. is a container which is used to store files. i. Folder inside a folder called ................................ j. .................................. a file or folder that refers to shift it from it's original location. k. ................................ a file or folder that refers to reproduce it another location. l. ................................... is a folder which holds deleted files temporarily. 2. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements: a. Operating system is a resource manager. b. In a single user operating system, only one user can access the system at a time . c. MS-Windows is a multitasking operating system. d. Multiple users can access the system simultaneously. e. Deleted items from pen drive moves to the Recycle Bin. f. You can delete a file or folder by dragging it to the Recycle Bin. 102 Operating System

g. You never recover the deleted files or folders. h. When you quit Windows session properly then it creates temporary files. i. You get free space in hard disk after deleting the files or folders from the Recycle Bin. 3. Circle for the correct option: a. Types of operating system: i) Two ii) Three iii) One iv) None of these b. Single user, single task operating system: i) Microsoft Windows ii) Palm OS iii) Both i) and ii) iv) None of these c. Single user, multitasking: ii) Palm OS i) Microsoft Windows iv) None of these iii) Both i) and ii) d. Multi user operating system: i) Unix ii) Linux iii) Windows iv) Both i) and ii) e. To copy the selected file: i) Ctrl+C ii) Ctrl+V iii) Ctrl+X iv) None of these f. To cut the selected file or folder: i) Ctrl+C ii) Ctrl+V iii) Ctrl+X iv) None of these g. To paste the copied item in the new location: i) Ctrl+C ii) Ctrl+V iii) Ctrl+X iv) None of these h. To delete a file from your computer without sending it to the Recycle bin: i) Ctrl+Del ii) Del iii) Shift+Del iv) None of these Smart Computer Science Book-9 103

4. Write the full forms of : a. OS ............................................ b. GUI .............................................. c. I/O ............................................ d. CPU ................................................ e. WWW ......................................... 5. Match the following: List out the temporary files a. Ctrl+A Background of the desktop b. Run To activate the run dialog box. c. Recycle bin Dust bin d. Wall paper To select all the files and folders. e. %temp% 6. Write the terms for the following: Ans:......................................... f. Items moves from Recycle bin to a. Operating system having GUI its original location. interface. Ans:......................................... Ans:......................................... g. Placing your mouse pointer over b. An item that contains information an object. such as text, pictures, videos and music. Ans:......................................... h. Pressing the left mouse button. Ans:......................................... Ans:......................................... c. Window which is used for typing, h. Click the left mouse button editing, drawing and formatting. twice quickly. Ans:......................................... Ans:......................................... i. Roll the mouse wheel. d. A bar which is located at the top of the window. Ans:......................................... Ans:......................................... e. A object that is used to active or control certain elements in a graphical user interface. 104 Operating System

Descriptive Questions 1. Answer the following questions in depth: a. What is multiuser operating system? b. What is single user multitasking operating system? c. What do you mean by GUI? d. Differentiate between application window and document window. e. What is dialog box? f. Write the functions of operating system. g. What is folder? h. What do you mean by sub folder? i. Differentiate between Cut & Paste and Copy & Paste. j. When are temporary files created? Logic based Questions 1. Answer the following questions logically: a. Why is MS Windows called multitasking operating system? b. For what purpose mouse pointer is used? c. Why is Recycle Bin called dust bin? d. Why is operating system called manager of the computer system? Application based questions 1. Suppose your project work is on your computer. Now, you want to keep it in your pen drive. But you want to leave same work on your computer. To do this work which command do you use? 2. Your own folder is placed on the desktop, Now, you want to keep it in the disk of D: drive; not on the desktop; now, which command do you use.? 3. Manik Lal Rapl is getting a lot of temporary files in his computer, Due to this a lot of problems have occurred, Which command should Manik Lal use to remove such files? 4 Samikchya Patel is trapped in a problem as she has deleted some important files from the disk. Is there any option to get such deleted files back? 5. Durga Rasaili has created a project work last year on her computer. Now she forgets the location of this project in the disk. Which technique should be used by Durga ? Smart Computer Science Book-9 105

6. Lakpa is going to make a painting for his project work. When he starts his com- puter, he could not see anything on the desktop due to untidy and fade desktop background. And when he leaves the computer idle for some times, computer remains active and burning at same ratio as computer is working. Now, in such situation, what should be the technique to be used by Lakpa ? Lab Project-1 1. Perform the following activities in the comput- er and note down the steps you follow. a. Create a folder 'RAHUL' on the desktop. b. Copy this folder on the disk of D: drive. c. Access this folder from disk of D: drive and create the following folders under it. • Animal • Bird d. Now, change the name of 'Rahul' to Ranu' from the desktop. e. Move the folder Ranu' from desktop to 'Rahul' folder of disk of D: drive. f. Copy all the contents of 'Rahul' folder to 'Ranu' folder of location of disk of D: drive. g. Now, delete 'Rahul' folder from the disk of D: drive. 2. Perform the following activities in the computer and note down, what steps you follow. a. Set the desktop background. b. Set the screen saver for five minutes of screen idle. c. Set the slide show desktop background. d. Set the appropriate date and time in your desired format. 106 Operating System

Working With Graphics CHAPTER 7 Chapter Includes • Graphics Editing. • Introduction of Graphics • Changing the size and format of • Different Graphics Format image. • Text and selection Tool • Graphics for Web • Cropping Image • Image size and resolution. INTRODUCTION Computer graphics can be a series of images which is most often called a video or single image. It is the technology that concerns with designs and pictures on computers. That’s why, computer graphics are visual representations of data shown on a monitor made on a computer. Computer graphics deals with creation, manipulation and storage of different type of images and objects. An image in computer graphics is made up of a number of pixels (Picture Element). GRAPHICS FORMAT There are a number of different types of graphics file formats. Each type stores graphics data in a different way. A graphics file format designed specifically for representing graphical images. It can be broadly categorized into bit-mapped graphics formats and vector graphics formats. Vector Graphics Vector graphics are well suited for logo designs and icons as they are made of lines and points, rather than pixel values. Vector graphics files contain mathematical descriptions therefore when you shrink or enlarge a vector image, your graphic gets larger but you will not lose any detail or quality. Adobe Illustrator is a widely used vector program (AI, EPS, PDF). Vector graphics are great for large print jobs such as signs, wraps, and vinyl, as well as embossing, embroidering, and engraving. Bitmap Graphics Bitmap graphics are well suited for photographs. Bitmap files are also referred to as raster or pixel based files. Raster images are made from a grid of dots, Smart Computer Science Book-9 107

where each pixel is assigned a specific single color. Unlike vector files, when you enlarge a raster file you are stretching the actual pixels themselves, which results in a pixelated or blurry image. Raster images are typically used for photographs, digital artwork and web graphics (such as email, social media content and banner ads) One of the most popular bitmap programs is Adobe Photoshop (PSD). BITMAP/RASTER FILE FORMATS The common raster files format are: JPG/JPEG JPG/JPEG (acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group) is the most popular raster graphic file format using effective compression algorithms which enable you to achieve a small file size without quality loss (or with acceptable quality loss). When you save a JPG file you can select a compression level by adjusting the file quality to file size ratio. JPG is most commonly used on web pages (along with GIF and PNG). GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) A very well-known format is also GIF. As opposed to JPG, it is rather not used to save photos but graphics/ illustrations. GIF is quite popular in web for lightweight animations. Currently, they are also used instead of emoticons in various chat apps. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) It is a raster image format which supports lossless data compression and also background transparency. In fact, for having transparent effects, PNG images are best options for professionals who are related to web. 108 Working With Graphics

TIF/TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A format used basically only for printing. As opposed to JPG, only lossless compression is used in TIF files, which means their sizes are usually much larger. PSD (Photoshop Document) PSD is the primary format that Photoshop produces. It is a layered image file and proprietary file. It can be edited anytime using its individual layers. The user can flatten the image into other image formats for making usable on the web. You have to save PSD files before converting into other formats because you cannot regain the PSD again. A PSD file can be maximum height and width 30,000 px and file size is of 2 GB. IMAGE DIMENSIONS AND PRINTED RESOLUTION Image dimensions measure the total number of pixels along an image’s width and height. Resolution is the fineness of detail in a bitmap image and is measured in pixels per inch (ppi). The more pixels per inch leads the greater the resolution. Generally, an image with a higher resolution produces a better printed image quality. Same image at 72‑ppi and 300‑ppi; inset zoom 200% IMAGE EDITING WITH PHOTO SHOP Image editing refers to modifying or improving digital or traditional photographic images using different techniques, tools or software. Images produced by scanners, digital cameras or other image-capturing devices may be good, but not perfect. Image editing is done to create the best possible look for the images and Smart Computer Science Book-9 109

also to improve the overall quality of the image according to different parameters. Changing the Image Size Image Size is the term given to describe the height and width of an image in pixels. Maximum Image Size is determined by the megapixels of a camera. For example, a 10-megapixel camera will give a maximum image size of 2592 by 3872 pixels. We can edit the image size as we like in the photoshop. Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Click the image menu tab Step- 2 : Click the 'Image size..' op- tion. You get this image size dialog box. Step 3 : Set the parameters as you like. Such as image height, width, resolution, etc. Step-4 : Now, click the 'Ok' button. Changing the format of image You can convert a digital photo’s file format on your computer by using Adobe Photoshop Elements. Elements lets you choose from a list of formats, so you can make your picture file just what you want it to be. To change an image file format, follow these steps: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Open the image in Adobe Photoshop. Step-2 : Choose File, Save As. Step-3 : The Save As dialog box ap- pears, as shown in this fig- ure. Step-4 : Select the file format that you want to change the im- age into. Step-5 : Click the Save button. Step-6 : Click the OK button in the dialog box. 110 Working With Graphics

Cropping image Cropping photos is one of the most basic, but important, photo editing skills. It is the process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Use the Crop tool to crop and straighten photos in Photoshop. Steps to Follow: Step-1 : From the Toolbar, select the Crop Tool . Crop bor- ders display on the edges of the photo. Step-2 : Draw a new cropping area or drag the corner and edge handles to specify the crop boundaries in your photo. Step-3 : (Optional) Specify the Crop options using the Control bar. Step-4 : Press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac OS) to crop the photo. Type Tool The Type tool allows you to add text to your file. You can use text on a variety of projects, such as adding it to your images to create a poster, holiday card, or invitation. You'll also be able to customize the text to suit your needs. Steps to follow: Step-1 : Locate and select the Type tool in the Tools panel. You can also press the T key on your keyboard to access the Type tool at any time. Step-2 : In the Control panel near the top of the screen, choose the desired font and text size. Step-3 : Click the Text Color picker, then choose the desired color from the dialog box. Step-4 : Click and drag anywhere in the document win- dow to create a text box. Step-5 : A new text layer will be added to your docu- ment. You can start typing to add text to the layer. Smart Computer Science Book-9 111

Lab Activities 1. Place the first image, then edit as second image using crop Tool. Change the resolution 150 pixels, and Save your file in JPEG file format. 2. Place the first image, then type the text as shown in the second image. Change the reso- lution 300 pixels, and Save your file in TIF file format. SELECTION TOOL Photoshop's selection tools are the most powerful part of the application. Selection Tools which are used to select portions of an image to edit and unlock the power of Photoshop. The selection tools includes the following: Rectangular Marquee Tool Rectangular Marquee Tool, one of Photoshop's basic selection tools. As the name implies, the Rectangular Marquee Tool is perfect for times when you need to draw or select in the shape of a rectangle or a square. To use the rectangular marquee tool, follow the following steps: 112 Working With Graphics

Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Activate the Rectangular mar- quee tool by clicking on the icon. If it is not seen, select it from the floating window. Step-2 : Bring the mouse cursor to the point of the image where the corner of an imaginary rectan- gle should be, and press the left mouse button. Step-3 : Keeping the left button pressed, move the cursor diagonally to the opposite corner and release the button. To select in square, hold down the shift key. Step-4 : Now, you can move, copy the selected portion using the Move tool and you can feel foreground color or background color on it. Tricks & TIPS • Press Alt+Del key to fill the foreground color. • Press Ctrl+Del key to fill the foreground color. • To move in new location use, move tool. To make duplicate copy use copy paste or click with alt key and move by dragging in new location. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image then edit as second image using the rectangular marquee tool. Smart Computer Science Book-9 113

Elliptical Marquee Tool The Elliptical Marquee Tool, which is used to draw oval or circular selections. It's nearly identical to the Rectangular Marquee Tool and works much the same way. Steps to follow: Step-1 : Select the Elliptical marquee tool from the Toolbox by clicking on the icon. If it is not seen, select it from the float- ing window. Step-2 : Bring the mouse cursor to the point of the image where the corner of an imaginary rect- angle with an inscribed el- lipse should be, and press the left button. Step-3 : Keeping the left button pressed, move the cursor diagonally to the opposite corner and release the button. To draw a perfect circle, hold down the shift key. Tricks & TIPS • Press Alt+Shift , if you want the selection should be generated from the center to borders, not from one corner to another when selecting an elliptical or a rectangular area. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image then, edit as second image using the elliptical marquee tool. 114 Working With Graphics

Single Row/Column Marquee Tool The Single Row/Column Marquee Tool in Photoshop selects a single row/ column of pixels in the image from left to right or top to bottom. Steps to Follow Step-1 : Select the single row or col- umn marquee Tool. If it is not seen, select it from the float- ing window. Step-2 : Bring the mouse cursor to the point, and click once. Step-3 : Fill the background, fore round color or you can move, copy. Lab Activities 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal single pixel line using Single Row and Column Marquee Tool. Smart Computer Science Book-9 115

LASSO TOOL (L) The Lasso tool is used for selections where there is no pre-defined shape. The Lasso tool gives you more freedom in the shapes you select. There are three types of Lasso Tools: i) Standard Lasso Tool ii) Polygonal Lasso Tool iii) Magnetic Lasso Tool. By default it will select the standard Lasso tool. To cycle through the Tools press Shift + L. Standard Lasso Tool The standard Lasso Tool allows you to select areas by freehand. Simply click and drag to select the outline of your area. To complete the selection, drag the mouse back to the start point. To use this tool, follow the following steps: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select the Lasso tool from the Tools panel. Step-2 : Position the cursor somewhere on the edge of the element that you want to select. Step-3 : Trace around the ele- ment and try to capture only what you want to retain in your selection. Step-4 : Continue tracing un- til you return to your starting point; release the mouse button. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image then edit as second image using the standard Lasso Tool. 116 Working With Graphics

Polygonal Lasso Tool The Polygonal Lasso Tool allows you to create selections using straight edges. Each click you make will create a point until you return to your original starting point. To use this tool, follow the following steps: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select the Polygonal Las- so tool from the Tools panel. Step-2 : Click and release at any point to start the Polygo- nal Lasso selection line. Step-3 : Move (don’t drag) the mouse and click at the next corner of the object. Continue clicking and moving to each corner of your element. Step-4 : Return to your starting point and click to close the selection. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the Polygonal Lasso Tool. Smart Computer Science Book-9 117

Magnetic Lasso Tool It is used to the make selection by moving the tool around an object with a solid color base. For images with a high contrast background this makes cutting out selections simple. To use this tool, follow the following steps. Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select the Magnetic Lasso tool from the Tools panel. Step-2 : Click the edge of the ob- ject you want to select to place the first fastening point. Step-3 : Continue to move your cursor around the object, without clicking. Step-4 : Return to your starting point and click the mouse button to close the se- lection. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the Magnetic Lasso Tool. 118 Working With Graphics

QUICK SELECTION TOOL ( W ) The Quick Selection Tool lets you easily select an object simply by painting over it with a brush. Enable \"Auto-Enhance\" in the Options Bar for better quality selections. To use this tool follow the following steps: Steps to Follow: Step-1 : Select the Quick Selection tool Step-2 : In the options bar, click one of the selection options: New, Add To, or Subtract From. Step-3 : To change the brush tip size. Step-4 : Choose Quick Selection op- tions. Step-5 : Paint inside the part of the image you want to select. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image then edit as second image using the Quick Selec- tion Tool. Smart Computer Science Book-9 119

MAGIC WAND TOOL ( W ) Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool selects areas of similar color with a single click. The \"Tolerance\" value in the Options Bar sets the range of colors that will be selected. To use this tool follow the following steps: Steps to follow: Step-1 : Choose the picture you want to edit and load it up in Photoshop or our chosen image editing software. Step-2 : Selecting the magic wand tool on the tool panel. Step-3 : Set the parameters in the option bar. Step-4 : Click and release on the area you want to select. Lab Activities 1. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the Magic Wand Tool. 120 Working With Graphics

SAVE IMAGES FOR WEB It’s possible to reduce the file size without significantly reducing the quality of your images. The favorite method of reducing file size without significantly reducing the quality of the image is to use Photoshop’s “Save for Web” function. To use this feature, follow the following steps: Steps to Fellow: Step-1 : Open your image in Photoshop Step-2 : Go to File > Export > Save for Web (Legacy)…. A window will appear which will allow you to choose your export quality. Step-3 : In the “Save For Web” box, we need to make a few selections. Image Type: Image Quality: Dimensions: Step-4 : Select the location to save the image. Step-5 : Click 'OK' button. Lab Activities 1. Place the given logo image, then save for the web base document. Smart Computer Science Book-9 121

Points to Know • Computer graphics deals with creation, manipulation and storage of different type of images and objects. • Graphics file formats can be broadly categorized into bit-mapped formats and vector formats. • Vector graphics are well suited for logo designs and icons as they are made of lines and points, rather than pixel values. • Bitmap files are also referred to as raster or pixel based files. • Image dimensions measure the total number of pixels along an image’s width and height. • Resolution is the fineness of detail in a bitmap image and is measured in pixels per inch (ppi). • Image editing refers to modifying or improving digital or traditional photographic images using different techniques, tools or software. • Cropping photos is the process of removing unwanted portions of a photo. • The Type tool allows you to add text to your file. • Selection Tools which are used to select portions of an image to edit and unlock the power of Photoshop. • The selection tools are : Rectangle marquee tool, Elliptical marquee Tool, Single marquee tool, Single column marquee tool, Lasso tool, Polygonal lasso tool, Magnetic lasso tool, Quick selection tool, Magnetic wand tool. • The Lasso tool is used for selections where there is no pre-defined shape. • The favorite method of reducing file size without significantly reducing the quality of the image is to use Photoshop’s “Save for Web” function. Terms to Know Graphics : An image or visual representation of an object. Bitmap image : A digital image composed of a matrix of dots. Vector image : A computer-made image that is made up of points, lines, and curves that are based upon mathematical equations, rather than pixels. Resolution : The fineness of detail in a bitmap image and is measured in pixels. Pixels : Picture elements. Cropping : The process of removing portions of a photo to create focus or strengthen the composition. Tolerance : The sensitivity similar color or pixels of the magic wand selection. Tools : Objects used to carry out a particular function. 122 Working With Graphics

Worksheet Objective Questions 1. Fill in the blanks: a. An image is in computer graphics made up of a number of ............................. b. Vector graphics are made of ........................... and ............................ c. ......................... graphics are well suited for photographs. d. Raster images are made from grid of ............................. e. ......................... images are best option for professionals who are related to web. f. ............................ tool is used for selections where there is no predefined shape. 2. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements: a. Computer graphics is the technology that concerns with designs and pictures on a computer. b. Vector graphics file contains mathematical descriptions. c. Vector graphics are great for online publishing. d. GIF is quite popular in web for light weight animations. e. PSD is the primary file format of the Photoshop. f. Image dimensions measure the total number of pixels along an image's width and height. g. Resolution is the fineness of detail in a vector image. h. The polygonal lasso Tool allows you to create selections using straight edges. 3. Circle for the correct option: a. Graphics file format can be broadly categorized into: i) Two types ii) Three types iii) four types iv) None of these b. The Elliptical Marquee Tool is used to draw : i) Oval ii) Circular iii) Both i) and ii) iv) None of these Smart Computer Science Book-9 123

c. Bitmap files are also referred to as: i) Raster based ii) Pixel based iii) Both i) and ii) iv) None of these d. Photoshop is a : ii) Vector base program i) Bitmap base program iv) None of these iii) Both i) & ii) e. Adobe Illustrator is a: ii) Bitmap Program i) Vector Program iv) None of these iii) Both i) & ii) f. Most commonly images used on web pages are: i) JPG ii) JPEG iii) PNG iv) All of these g. A file format used basically only for printing : i) TIF ii) PSD iii) GIF iv) All of these h. To cycle through the selection of lasso tool, press : i) Shift+C ii) Ctrl+C iii) Alt+C iv) None of these 4. Write the full forms of : a. PPI ............................................ b. JPG .............................................. c. PSD ............................................ d. GIF ................................................ e. TIF ............................................ f. PNG ............................................... g. JPEG ......................................... g. APP ................................................ 5. Match the following: Standard Lasso Tool a. Magnetic Lasso Tool b. Polygonal Lasso Tool c. d. Crop Tool e. Elliptical Marquee Tool 124 Working With Graphics

Descriptive Questions 1. Answer the following questions in depth: a. What do you mean by computer graphics? b. What is graphics file format? c. What is vector graphics? d. What is bitmap graphics? e. What does GIF save? f. What do you mean by image editing. g. What do you mean by image size? h. What do you mean by Selection Tool? i. Differentiate between Cut & Paste and Copy & Paste. j. When are temporary files created? Logic based Questions 1. Answer the following questions logically: a. Why do you create JPEG file format? b. Why do you create PNG file format? c. Why is TIF file format suitable for printing job? d. Why do you save your file in PSD format? e. When do you crop image? f. When do you use standard the Lasso Tool? g. When do you use Magic the Wand Tool? h. When do you use Quick the Selection Tool? i. Why do you use 'Save for Web' option? Application Case Study based questions 1. Babana Danuwar has to design the following for the official printing job? a. Company logo b. Advertisement Banner c. Signs d. Wrappers of goods e. Vinyl f. Product and service icons i) Which graphics technology is suited for these works ? ii) Which program will you suggest Babana to design these works? ii) If he has to publish these works in official website, social media, and send for multiple per- sons through the email and messengers, How should Babana prepare these works for this case? Smart Computer Science Book-9 125

2. Jeni Poudyal has been assigned this image to edit in the Photoshop: a. The text is unwanted part, the image is only needed. Which technique would be used by Shanta? b. This image will be placed in the chil- dren's books which would be printed. In which file format should she save this image? c. How would Shanta change the background color white? Mention your logic. 2. Shivani Gupta has been assigned this image to edit in the Photoshop: a. She wants to select the two yellow rect- angle objects , which selection Tool is suited for this case? b. To select square block, how would she select ? c. If she wants to interchange the color of two half circles yellow and white, which Selection Tool is suited for this case? d. Which is the best Tool to select the triangular objects of this image? 3. In the basis of given picture, answer the asked questions: a. Which tool would you use to select this image ? b. How do you select the background of this image? c. If you want to select and change the col- or of eye, what technique and tool would you use? d. Is Polygonal Tool suited to select the shirt ? Mention your logic e. Which is the best tool and technique to select the mouth ? f. If you want to save this image for web publishing, which technique would you use? 126 Working With Graphics

Lab Project Work 1. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the convenient Tools and technique in the Photoshop. 2. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the convenient Tools and technique in the Photoshop. Smart Computer Science Book-9 127

Lab Project Work 3. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the convenient Tools and technique in the Photoshop. 4. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the convenient Tools and technique in the Photoshop. 5. Place the first image, then edit as second image using the convenient Tools and technique in the Photoshop. 128 Working With Graphics

8Internet & Web Technology CHAPTER Chapter Includes • Common HTML Tags. • Introduction of Intent Technology • Working with Table • Common Terms • Working with Forms • Internet of Things • Introduction of CSS • Cloud Computing • Types of CSS • Introduction to HTML INTRODUCTION The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support e-mail, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony. COMMON TERMS OF WEB TECHNOLOGY The methods by which computers communicate with each other through the use of markup languages and multimedia packages is known as web technology. The common terms of web technology are: WWW (World Wide Web) World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet. These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. Web Server A web server is a computer having a special software that allows to run websites and distribute web pages as they are requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to the users. This Smart Computer Science Book-9 129

intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Web Browser A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the page on the screen. Eg. Chrome, Firefox, Opera, etc. Hosting In order to get a website online, you need to host (or save) your website files on a web server connected to the internet. Hosting service providers are a type of business that enables individuals to save and access their website quickly without having to purchase and connect their own web server. Most website builders include hosting within their subscriptions. Web Client Web client is known as the client computer/mobile devices or user computer which is connected to the server computer. Web Browser software is stored in this computer. Due to this software, it accesses the internet. Web page A web page is a document, commonly written in HTML, that is viewed in an in- ternet browser. A web page can be accessed by entering a URL address into a browser's address bar. A web page may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to access other web pages and files. A web page is often used to provide information to viewers, including pictures or videos to help illustrate important topics. A web page may also be used as a method to sell products or services to viewers. Web site A site or website is a central location of web pages that are related and accessed by visiting the home page of the website using a browser. Multiple web pages make up a website. URL A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to locate a resource 130 Internet & Web Technology

on the internet. It is also referred to as a web address. URLs consist of multiple parts including a protocol and domain name that tell a web browser how and where to retrieve a resource. Home Page The home page is the main page of a website from which all other pages on the website can be linked. It is also called default or front page of a site that visitors see when they load a URL. It contains key information of website and hyper-links. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client-server network protocol. WWW is about communication between web clients and servers. Communication between client computers and web servers is done by sending HTTP requests and receiving HTTP responses. Hyper Link A hyperlink is an element in HTML document that links to either another portion of the document or to another document altogether. On web pages, hyperlinks are usually colored purple or blue and are sometimes underlined. Upload Uploading is the process of moving digital files such as photographs or docu- ments from your computer and placing them on to a central server so that some- one else can retrieve or see them. For example, you might save photographs from your digital camera on to your computer and upload them in social network such as Facebook, where you can allow friends and family to see them. Download Downloading is the opposite of uploading. Download refers to the process of re- ceiving data in the personal computer or device over the Internet. IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IOT is influencing our lifestyle from the way we react and behave. IOT is a giant network with con- nected devices. Sensors are embedded in every physical device. It can be a mobile phone, elec- tric appliances, vehicles, barcode sensors, traffic lights, and more. These sensors transmit valuable data and sent to the IOT platform securely. Smart Computer Science Book-9 131

IOT integrates the collected data and performs the further analytics. The valuable information is shared with other devices for better user experience automation. DNS Domain Name Server (DNS) is a standard protocol which converts human readable domain names (like: www.google.com) into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (like: 173.194.39.78). Computers can only communicate using a series of numbers, so DNS was developed as a sort of “phone book” that translates the domain you enter in your browser into a computer readable IP. Netiquette Netiquette represents the importance of proper manners and behavior online. It is the set of professional and social etiquettes that are practiced and advocated in electronic communication over any computer network. Common guidelines include being courteous, precise, and avoiding cyber bullying. Search Engine A search engine is software accessed on the Internet that searches a database of information according to the user's query. The engine provides a list of results that best match what the user is trying to find. Today, there are many different search engines available on the Internet, each with its own abilities and features. The first search engine ever developed is considered Archie, which was used to search for FTP (File Transfer Protocol) files, and the first text-based search engine is considered Veronica. Currently, the most popular and well- known search engine is Google. Other popular search engines include AOL, Ask. com, Baidu, Bing, DuckDuckGo, and Yahoo. 132 Internet & Web Technology

CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software. Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it. Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security. HTML (HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE) HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content. It allows the user to create and structure sections, paragraphs, headings, links, and block quotes for web pages and applications. This markup tells a web browser how to display text, images and other forms of multimedia on a web page. HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 but was not released officially, which was published in 1995 as HTML 2.0. HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999. HTML Files Every web page is actually a HTML file. Each HTML file is just a plain-text file, but with a .htm file extension instead of .txt, and is made up of many HTML tags as well as the content for a web page. A website will often contain many html files that link to each other. You can edit HTML files with your favorite editor, like notpad, Visual Studio Cod, Notepad++, Sublime Text, etc. HTML Tags HTML tags are the hidden keywords within a web page that define how your web browser must format and display the content. Most tags must have two parts, an opening and a closing part. For example: <html> is the opening tag and </html> is the closing tag. Note that the closing tag has the same text as the opening tag, but has an additional front slash ( / ) character which indicates \"end\" or \"close\" character. HTML tags can be of two types which are: i) Paired Tags ii) Unpaired Tags Smart Computer Science Book-9 133

Paired Tags: A tag is said to be a paired tag if the text is placed between a tag and its companion tag. In paired tags, the first tag is referred to as opening tag and the second tag is referred to as closing tag. Example: <i>This text is in italics. </i> Unpaired Tags: An unpaired tag does not have a closing tag. Unpaired tags are also known as Singular or Stand-Alone Tags. Example: <br> , <hr>, <img> are examples of unpaired tags. HTML ELEMENT The HTML element is between the start tag and the end tag is called an HTML element; It is important to have your content in it. Syntax: <tagname>Content goes here...</tagname> Example: Element content End tag Start tag My First Heading </h1> <h1> My first paragraph. </p> <p> <br> HTML ATTRIBUTES You can define an attribute as the characteristics of any HTML tag that needs to be placed within the opening tag. The following are the characteristics HTML attributes: • All HTML elements can have attributes. • Attributes provide additional information about an element. • Attributes are always specified in the start tag. • Attributes usually come in pairs of name and value pairs: name=\"value\". Example: i) <p style=\"color:red ; font-family:arial\">This is a red paragraph.</p> ii) <img src=\"d:\\picture\\girl.jpg\"; width=\"500\" ; height=\"600\"> • style attribute is used with <p> tag and src, width, height attributes are used with <img> tag. 134 Internet & Web Technology

ESSENTIAL HTML TAGS Each HTML file must have the essential tags for it to be valid, so that web browsers can understand it and display it correctly. There are four sets of HTML tags that are needed to form the basic structure for every HTML file: i) <html></html> ii) <head></head> iii) <title></title> iv) <body></body> <html> </html> This basically defines the document as a web page. It also identifies the beginning and end of the HTML document. All other tags must fall between the these tags. Header - <head> </head> The header contains information about the document that will not appear on the actual page, such as the title of the document, the author, which stylesheet to use and also meta tags. Title - <title> </title> The title tag defines the title that will appear in the title bar of your web browser. The title must appear between the head tags. Body - <body> </body> The body tags contain all the information and other visible content on the page. All your images, links and plain text must go between the <body> and </body> tags. These four tags are special. There must only be one set of each and they must be in the correct order like in the example below. The fun and creative part comes when using the basic tags for adding content and headings. Body Tag Attributes Description Attributes Set the background color bgcolor set the background image background Set the body text color text Set the left margin leftmargin Set the top margin topmargin Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> Smart Computer Science Book-9 135

<head> <title>My Page Title</title> </head> <body bgcolor=\"blue\"; text =\"white\"; leftmargin=\"50\", topmargin=\"50\"> This is where all my web page content goes! </body> </html> • All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html> HTML BASICS Once you have the essential tags sorted out, there are a number of basic tags you will use a lot in order to add content such as: All of these must appear between the <body> and </body> tags, and you can learn more about them by following. Headings HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading: Syntax: <hn attribute>This is heading 1</hn> Attributes: Attributes Example Description align align=\"left\" Set the heading left alignment align=\"right\" Set the heading right alignment align=\"center\" Set the heading center alignment align=\"justify\" Set the heading justify alignment Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> 136 Internet & Web Technology

<title>Example of heading</title> </head> <body> <h1 align=\"right\">This is heading 1</h1> <h2 align=\"right\" >This is heading 2</h2> <h3 align=\"justify\" >This is heading 3</h3> <h4 align=\"left\" >This is heading 4</h4> <h5 align=\"center\">This is heading 5</h5> <h6 align=\"center\">This is heading 6</h6> </body> </html> Paragraphs HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag. Most content on a simple web page will appear in paragraphs or sections. Syntax: <p attributes> Some text </p> Attributes Example Description align align=\"left\" Set the paragraph left alignment align=\"right\" Set the paragraph right alignment style align=\"center\" Set the paragraph center alignment align=\"justify\" Set the paragraph justify alignment style=\"color:red\" Set the color of text styel=\"font-family:arial\" Set the font type for the text styel=\"font-size:30px\" Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <p align =\"center\"; style=\"font-family:arial\" >This is first paragraph.</p> <p align =\"right\"; style=\"color:red; font-size:20px\" >This is second paragraph.</p> <p align =\"left\" >This is third paragraph.</p> </body> </html> Smart Computer Science Book-9 137

LINKS Links are necessary for users to jump from one page to another. HTML links are called hyperlinks. You can click on a link and jump to another document. When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand. There are three basic types of links: • Global Link • External Link • Internal Link. Global Link: The link which redirects the new website is called global link. Attributes Example Description href href=\"https://www.memoricapublication.com\" Set the hyperlnik to jump new website. Syntax: <a attribute> Click me </a> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>HTML Links</h2> <p>HTML links are defined with the a tag:</p> <a href=\"https://www.memoricapublication.com\">This is a link</a> <p><a href=\"class.html\">Class Page</a> is a link to a page on this website.</p> </body> </html> 138 Internet & Web Technology

External Link: The link which redirects to the next page of the current website is known as the external link. Attributes Example Description href href=\"secondpage.htm\" Set the hyperlnik to jump new page of current website. Syntax: <a attribute>click me</a> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>My School</title> </head> <body> <font face= \"arial black\" color =\"red\"><b> <h2 > This is First Page</h2></b></font> <hr> <h3><a href=\"page2.htm\"> Go to Second page</h3> <img src= \"school1.png\" align = \"left\" border = 2 height =200 px width = 300px> </body> </html> Smart Computer Science Book-9 139

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>My School</title> </head> <body> <h2 > This is Second Page</h2> <hr> <h3> <a href=\"page1.htm\">Go to first page</h3> <img src= \"sch.png\" align = \"left\" border = 2 height =200 px width = 300px> </body> </html> Internal Link: The Link which redirects to the specific section of the same page of the current running website is known as the internal link. Attribute Example Description ame <a name=\"Poultry\"></a> Set the hyperlnik to jump new section. href <a href=\"#Poultry\"</a> Set the name of section to jump new section. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> 140 Internet & Web Technology

<head> 141 <title>Farming</title> </head> <body> <a name=\"top\"></a> <h3><a href=\"#Cow\"</a> Cow Farming</a><h3> <h3><a href=\"#Poultry\"</a>Poultry Farming</a> <h3> <h3><a href=\"#Sheep\"</a>Sheep Farming</a><h3> <a name=\"Cow\"></a> <font color=\"red\"><h2 > Cow Farming</h2></font> <h4 align=\"right\"><a href=\"#top\"</ a>Go to Top</a><h4> <img src= \"cow.png\" > <hr> <a name=\"Poultry\"></a> <font color=\"red\"><h2 > Poultry Farming</h2></font> <h4 align=\"right\"><a href=\"#top\"</a>Go to Top</a><h4> <img src= \"poultry.png\" > <hr> <a name=\"Sheep\"></a> <font color=\"red\"><h2 > Sheep Farming</h2></font> <h4 align=\"right\"><a href=\"#top\"</a>Go to Top</a><h4> <img src= \"sheep.png\" > </body> </html> Smart Computer Science Book-9

HTML Images Adding your photos or other images to your web page is fairly simple. HTML images are defined with the <img> tag. The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes. Syntax: <img src=\"photo.jpg\"> Attributes Example Description src src=\"logo.jpg\" Place the image. Set the alignment for the image. align align=\"left\" or \"right\" or \"center\" Set the width of the image Set the height of the image width width=\"104\" Control the alternate of image height height=\"142\" alt alt=\"memorica.com\" Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>HTML Images</h2> <p>Example of img tag:</p> <img src=\"logo.jpg\"; alt=\"memorica.com\" ; width=\"104\" ; height=\"142\"> </body> </html> HTML Buttons HTML Font The <font> tag is used in HTML 4 to specify the font face, font size, and color of text. Syntax: <font attributes>..</font> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <font size = \"6\">Here font size is 6</font> <br> 142 Internet & Web Technology

<font face = \"Monotype Corsiva\" size = \"6\">Font style Example 2</font><br> <font color = \"#0000FF\"> Color change using Hex value </font><br> <font color = \"aqua\"> Color change using color name </font> </body> </html> HTML Lists HTML lists are defined with the <ul> (unordered/bullet list) or the <ol> (ordered/ numbered list) tag, followed by <li> tags (list items): Attribute: Example (Unorderlist) Attributes Example (Unorderlist) <ul type=\"circle\"> <ol type=\"1\"> type <ul type=\"disc\"> <ol type=\"A\"> <ol type=\"a\"> <ul type=\"quare\"> <ol type=\"I\"> <ol type=\"i\"> Syntax: <ul type=marker><li>.....</li></ul> <ol type=marker><li>.....</li></ol> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>An Unordered HTML List</h2> <ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Tea</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul> <h2>An Ordered HTML List</h2> Smart Computer Science Book-9 143

<ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Tea</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol> </body> </html> Nested List A list created within a list is called nested list. Any type of list can be nested. Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title> Example of nested list</title> </head> <body> <h2>Nested List</h2> <ol><b><u>Subjects</u></b> <li>Maths</li> <ul> <li>Algebra</li> <li>Arithmetic</li> <li>Geometric</li> </ul> <li>Computer</li> <ul> <li>Fundamental</li> <li>OS</li> <li>Web</li> <li>Programming</li> </ul> </ol> </body> </html> 144 Internet & Web Technology

Description Lists HTML also supports description lists. A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term. The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag describes each term: Syntax: <dl> <dt>..<dd>..<dt/></dd> </dl> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>A Description List</h2> <dl> <dt>Coffee</dt> <dd> We believe that coffee is more than just a drink: It’s a culture, an economy, an art, a science and a passion. Whether you're new to the brew or an espresso expert, there's always more to learn about this beloved beverage. </dd> <dt>Milk</dt> <dd> Milk is a white, nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who are breastfed) before they are able to digest other types of food. </dd> </dl> </body> </html> Smart Computer Science Book-9 145

Line Break Equivalent to one carriage return, it is used to start text on a new line. It inserts a single line break. It useful for writing addresses or poems. It is an empty tag which means that it has no end tag. Syntax: <br> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h1>The br element</h1> <p>Rudra Narayan<br> Goalbazar-10,<br>Siraha,<br> Nepalr.<br> Contact: 9801330138</p> </body> </html> Horizontal Line The horizontal rule, often referred to as the HTML line separator tag, creates a horizontal line commonly used to visually separate sections on a page. It has the following attributes: Syntax: <hr> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h1>Introduction of the Web</h1> <hr> <p> The methods by which computers communicate with each other through the use of markup languages and multimedia packages is known as web technology. The common terms of web technology are: </p> </body> </html> 146 Internet & Web Technology

TEXT FORMATTING TAGS Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text. The following common HTML tags are used to format the appearance of the text on your web page. Tag Function Example <b> To make bold text <b> I am bold text <b> <strong> To make important <strong> I am important text <strong> <i> To make italic text <i> I am italic text <i> <em> To make emphasize <em> I am emphasized text<em> <mark> To make marked <mark> I am marked text<mark> <sup> To make superscript <sup> I am superscript text <sup> <sub> To make subscript <sub> I am subscript text <sub> Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <p><b> I am bold text <b> </p> <p><strong> I am important text <strong> </p> <p><i> I am italic text <i> </p> <p><em> I am emphasized text <em></p> <p><mark> I am marked text <mark></p> <p><sup> I am superscript text <sup></p> <p><sub> I am subscript text <sub></p> </body> </html> Smart Computer Science Book-9 147

Lab Activities 1. Prepare the following page using HTML. 148 Internet & Web Technology

WORKING WITH TABLE HTML tables can be beneficial in different cases, in which you can arrange data such as texts, lists, links, images, tables within a table, videos, etc. in the form of rows and columns where each intersection is called the cell. Tables can be created within a web page using the <table> tag. Within it, the <tr> <th>, <td> tags are used for table row, table heading and table data. Syntax: <Table attributes> <tr> <th>...<h> <td>..<td> <td>..<td> <td>..<td> ................... ................... </tr> </table> Attributes: Description Attributes Example Border <table border=\"1\"> It sets the one point border for the table. Width <table width=\"100%\"> It sets the 100% width of the table. Align <table align=\"center\"> It aligns the table in center of the screen. Bgcolor <table bgcolor=\"gold\"> It sets the background color of the table. Colspan <th colspan=3> It merges the three columns. rowspan <td rowspan=\"2\"> It merges the two rows. Example: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <table width=\"100%\" border=\"1\" bgcolor=\"gold\" align=\"center\"> <tr align =\"center\"> <th colspan=3>Marks obtained</th> </tr> Smart Computer Science Book-9 149

<tr align =\"left\"> <th>Name</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>Grade</th> </tr> <tr> <td> Sonu </td> <td> 95 </td> <td> 'A' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Raju </td> <td> 84 </td> <td> 'B' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Dalu </td> <td> 90 </td> <td> 'A' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Sailu </td> <td> 60 </td> <td> 'C' </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Junu </td> <td>78 </td> <td> 'B' </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> 150 Internet & Web Technology