ISLAMIC HISTORY BOOK FIVE FIRST EDITION : SEPTEMBER 1988 SECOND EDITION : MARCH 1998 THIRD REVISED EDITION : FEBRUARY 2005 / MUHARRAM 1426 ___________________________________________________________________ Publications of the Islamic Educational Organisation of Southern Africa - IEOSA - 1426H/2005 ___________________________________________________________________ PRINTED BY ARIS / AZANIA BOX MNFRS, DURBAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise be to Allah , Rabb of the Worlds. Blessings & Salaams on Prophet Muhammad , his family and his companions. I thank Allah for giving us the strength to accomplish the revised edition of the History Series. This edition would not have been possible without the IEOSA team, in particular the History Department. THE IEOSA TEAM: ADMINISTRATION: Rashida Ally. DEPARTMENTS: QUR’AAN: Sarah Khan, Fathima Khan, Waheeda Sheik Ahmed. HIFZ: Yasmin Khan. ARABIC: Hafiz Muhammad Jhazbhai, Moulana Ahmad Khalil Aziz, Sa‘eeda Sheriff. TAHDHIB: Amina Cassim, Naffisa Hassim, Fahmida Khan. FIQH & ISLAMIC TEACHINGS: Hafiz Azhar Vawda. ISLAMIC HISTORY: Fathima Abdul Latiff. URDU: Naffisa Hassim. TEACHER EDUCATION: Hafiz A. Vawda, Amina Jamal. DA‘WAH: Sabera Cassim. LIBRARY & RESOURCE CENTRE: Najma Yusuf. LITERACY: A. Jamal, F. A Latiff. PSYCHOLOGY & METHODOLOGY: A. Jamal , F. A. Latiff. PRE-PRIMARY: Fozeeyah Abdool Ghafoor. COMPUTER: Nazima Essop, Hasina Essop, Fazila Razak, Sumaiya Khan. PRINTING: Abdullah Mchunu, Asiya Gumede. All ex IEOSA staff members: Goolam Hoosain Peerbhay, Zuleikha Osman, Youssouf Ali Dahal, Ebrahim & Suraya Lockhat, Zakira Jadwat. We acknowledge the assistance given to us, i.e. Islamic Educational Organisation of Southern Africa (IEOSA), by:- Ustaaz Sheikh Osman Hasnoo; Moulana S.M. Loot; Hafez Yusuf Sufi Paruk; Moulana Abu Bakr Khatib; Moulana M. Abdul Qadir; Moulana A.R. Ansari; Moulana Salot; Sheik M.Y. Booley; Mahmood Dawood; Moulana A.R. Khan; Moulana Mansurul Haq Nazir; Moulana Abdur Razzaq; Moulana Jameel; Moulana Nanabhai (LMA); Moulana F. Bobat; Uzair Amod; Ebrahim Msomi; Abdul Basit Bulbulia; Saaleha Vadachia; Abdullah Mlambo; Omar Mololeki; Nafisa Mazubane; Riaz Jamal; Sheikh T. Bonamali; Farhad Mohamed, Rubina Ebrahim; Hajra Lockhat, Zubeida Docrat; Easy Computers; Trade Page; Lotus Corp.; Ahmed & Mukhtar Hajee; Yacoob Patel; Hawa Asmal, Ahmed & Muhammad Asmal (Par Excellence); Liaquat Ali Khan. EGYPT - Al-Azhar Ash-Shareef - Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar-Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sayed Thantawy, Wakeel Al-Azhar - Dr. Fawzy Fadil Az-Zifzaf; Dr. Ali Faraj; Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdus Samad & Family; Sheikh Ahmed Al-Rouzeqi & Family; Al-Hajj Abdel Hamid Lotfi & Family; Sheikh Abdul Aziz Bakri; Sheikh Muhammad Bihayri; Director of Masaajid, Ministry of Awqaf-Sheikh Mansoor Obaid. S.M. Rashaad; Al-Hajj Tolbar Sakr & Family; Ustaaz Abdur Rahim Atiyah. MOROCCO - Islamic Educational Scientific & Cultural Organisation (ISESCO) - Director General - Dr. Abdulaziz Othman Altwaijri; Ahmedou Ali Diaw, Alhassane Souare; Dr. M. Zebakh; Ishaaq Ameen. SAUDI ARABIA - Rabitah Muslim World League - Dr. Abdullah Bin Omar Nasif, Sheikh Adnan Khaleel Basha; Sheikh Amin Aqil Attas, Dr. Hassan Ali al-Ahdal. Islamic Development Bank (IDB)-Dr. Kayed Abdul Haq, Dr. Mohamed Hasan Salem, Dr. Omar Jah, Engineer Ahmed A. M. Awad, Hajj Mohammed Hameddudin. Ministry of Islamic Affairs-Dr. Abdul Aziz Al-Ateeq. Ministry of Defence-Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz, Sheikh Sulaiman A. Al-Qadeeb. Dr. M. I. Seini; Sheikh Sahl El-Matrafie, Hajee Haniff. Saudi Arabian Embassy (South Africa)-The Ambassador, Dr. S. Zaydaan. PAKISTAN - Haji Zakaria Kamdar; Dr M.Afzal. ITALY - Ahmed I. Nasreddin. KUWAIT - Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs - Khalid Abdullah al - Zayd. International Islamic Charitable Organisation - Ibrahim A. Hassaballa. KENYA - Ibrahim F. Abdullah. SINGAPORE - Muslim Converts Assoc.- Ahmad Jelani Bin Johari. NIGERIA - Sister Aisha Lemu. MALAYSIA - Islamic Religious Department - Selangor - Al-Haj Mansur bin Ramli, Ustaz Ahmad bin Arshad, Muhammad bin Hasan. Dr. Malik Badri, Dr. Omar Kasule, Sr. Dato H. M. Shah, K. Shah. TAIWAN - Chinese Muslim Youth Movement - Al - Hajj Ayoub I. Hsiao. SUDAN - Sheikh Haju Ali. TURKEY - Dr A. Arslan ; H. Dhikr ; H. Ertekin ; S. Afsar. ENGLAND - Islamic Foundation - Leicester, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - Sheikh Ismail Husayn & Family , Abu Dhabi ; Microsoft (Middle East). USA - Dr. Ahmed Sakr ; Ahmed Ali & Family , Ebrahim & Zubeida Lunat ; Basheer Kapdi ; Mohammed Kachry ; Abed of Bits & Bites ; Goolam Jeewa ; Dr. Mohammed & Naseema A. A. Khan ; Muslim Educational Trust (Portland) - Clarke Family , Bir , Hasina & Ashiq Narain ; A. Ramjan & Wajdi Syed. I supplicate Allah to bless and shower His Mercy on all our teachers, founders of the Hajee Ahmed Mohamed Lockhat Wakuff Trust and on all Muslims. Peace be upon all the Messengers and Praise be to Allah , Rabb of the Worlds. Aameen. Qari Ahmed Yusuff Lockhat President Islamic Educational Organisation of Southern Africa
PREFACE Praise be to Allah , Lord of the Worlds, Blessings and Salaams on Prophet Muhammad , his family and his companions. We praise Allah and thank Him for His countless Blessings upon us. We thank Him for guiding us in the research and preparation of this series on Islamic History. Islamic History at IEOSA does not only cover facts and events that have occurred in the past. The entire syllabus has been designed to make learners look into our past, and to improve on our present and future lives. Book Five has been prepared as a study material for learners. The illustrations serve only as a supplement to the information contained in this book. It helps the learner through written and pictorial instructions which are unique only to the series of Islamic History Books at IEOSA. The instructions are as follows: REMEMBER, READ, REFLECT, REVISE. Parents will find this book useful when helping their children to study, as they can read and explain the notes to them. We ask Allah to make this book as a source of guidance for us, Aameen. Department of Islamic History Islamic Educational Organisation of Southern Africa
HISTORY SERIES PROPHET MUHAMMAD , KHULAFAA-AR-RAASHIDOON AND OTHER PROPHETS OF ALLAH BOOK ONE AND TWO 1. Introduction to the Seerah of Prophet 6.The Coming of Angel Jibreel Muhammad 7.First Believers 2. Birth Prophet Muhammad 8.Jabal- as- Safaa 3. Childhood 9.Cruelty of the disbelievers 4. Adulthood - Black Stone 10.The Courage of Hadrat Bilaal 5. Adulthood - Marriage 11.Migration to Abyssinia BOOK THREE BOOK FOUR Seerah of Prophet Muhammad from Birth Summary of Seerah of Prophet Muhammad to Early Muslims and the following topics: from Birth upto Hijrah and Muslims in 1. The disbelievers try to stop Prophet Madinah as well as Simplified Lessons on : Muhammad from spreading Islam 1. The Battles 2. The Boycott 3. Year of Grief 2. Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 4. Mi`raaj 5. Hijrah 3. Letters of Invitation 6. The Muslims in Madinah 4. The Expedition of Khaybar 5. The Battle of Mu’tah 6. Conquest of Makkah 7. The Expedition of Tabuk BOOK FIVE BOOK SIX Summary of Seerah of Prophet Muhammad 1. Summary of Seerah of Prophet from Birth upto Tabuk Expedition and Muhammad Advanced Lessons on: 2. Qualities of Prophet Muhammad 3. Miracles/Mujizaat of the Prophets 1. The Battles 4. Hadrat Abu Bakr 5. Hadrat Umar 2. The First Hajj 6. Prophet Aadam 7. Prophet Nuh 3. Farewell Hajj 8. Prophet Ibraheem 4. Last Sermon 5. Illness and passing away of Prophet Muhammad BOOK 7 1.Summary of Seerah of Prophet Muhammad 6. Prophet Yusuf 2.Qualities of Prophet Muhammad 7. Prophet Dawud 3.Miracles/Mujizaat of the Prophets 8. Prophet Musaa 4.Hadrat Uthmaan 9. Prophet `Isaa 5.Hadrat Ali
IMPORTANT!!! PLEASE TAKE SPECIAL CARE OF THIS BOOK. IT CONTAINS QUR’AANIC AAYAAT & AHAADITH. Learners are advised to keep this book safely as it is a continuation of notes contained in Books One to Four. This book will also be required for revision purposes for further studies in Islamic History. Parents can assist their children to study by:- 1. Reading and explaining the notes to them; 2. Asking the Revision questions at the end of each lesson orally. NAME:________________________________________ MADRASAH:___________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE 1. Introduction 1 2. The Battle of Badr 2 3. The Battle of Uhud 8 4. The Battle of Trench 14 5. The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 20 6. Letters of Invitation 25 7. The Expedition of Khaybar 27 8. The Battle of Mu’tah 30 9. The Conquest of Makkah 33 10. The Battle of Hunayn 37 11. The Expedition of Tabuk 43 12. The First Hajj 49 13. The Farewell Hajj 51 14. Illness and passing away of Prophet 56 Muhammad 60 15. The qualities of Prophet Muhammad 69 16. Summary
INTRODUCTION In Books One to Four, we learnt about Prophet Muhammad’s life in Makkah, from the time of his birth up to the time of his migration / Hijrah from Makkah to Madinah. We have learnt about events that took place within the first two years after the Hijrah, and the battles that were fought by Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims in Madinah. Prophet Muhammad lived in Madinah for ten years after the Hijrah. In Book 5, we will learn more details about the battles that were fought by Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims in Madinah. Inshaa’Allah, we are going to learn about the First Hajj, the Farewell Hajj, the Farewell Sermon and the passing away of our beloved Prophet Muhammad as well. Book 5 also contains information on some of the wonderful qualities of Prophet Muhammad . 1
THE BATTLE OF BADR 2 A.H. (After Hijrah) Makkans - 1000 men Muslims - 313 men Makkans - 70 prisoners Muslims- 14 martyred Makkans - 70 killed Introduction News of Prophet Muhammad’s welcome and success in Madinah reached the people in Makkah. The Muslims formed a very strong bond of brotherhood with one another. They became a united Muslim community in Madinah and this made some of the disbelievers in Makkah angry. Every year, the Makkans sent a caravan with goods for trading to Syria. On the way back, the caravan had to pass near Madinah. Abu Sufyaan, who was the leader of the caravan was afraid that the Muslims from Madinah would stop the caravan when it passed by. He therefore asked the Makkans for help to protect the caravan on the way back from Syria. In the meantime, Abu Sufyaan decided to take another route to Makkah. When he passed near Madinah unharmed by the Muslims, he sent a second message to the Makkans saying that he and the caravan were no longer in danger and that he did not need protection anymore. The Makkans, whose leader was Abu Jahl still decided to fight the Muslims. 2
Preparation for the Battle The Makkans used this as an excuse to fight the Muslims, thinking that their numbers and weapons will make them win. They then went with an army from Makkah to help Abu Sufyaan. When Prophet Muhammad heard that the Makkans were preparing for battle, he also prepared an army which was made up of 313 Muslims. The Muslims had very few weapons. Most of the Muslim soldiers had only swords with no shields and they were not experienced to fight in battles. Even the Ansaar who had only just accepted Islam, were prepared to wholeheartedly defend the religion of Islam. The Muslims had very few horses and camels to ride on. At times two or three Sahaabah (companions of Prophet Muhammad ) took turns to ride on each camel. Prophet Muhammad walked for long distances before taking his turn to ride on the camels. Many of the Sahaabah pleaded with Prophet Muhammad not to walk, but Prophet Muhammad was a fair man, and therefore shared the camels in a just manner. This incident shows the brotherhood that Prophet Muhammad encouraged amongst the Muslims. On the other hand, the disbelievers who numbered about 1000, had trained soldiers and they had plenty of equipment for war. The main concern of Prophet Muhammad was to protect the Muslims and the city of Madinah. 3
Prophet Muhammad’s Du`aa before the Battle Before the battle, Prophet Muhammad spent the night making Du`aa to Allah asking for help. Prophet Muhammad made a special Du`aa for the Muslim army who were fewer in number and who were sincere in their faith in Allah . He made a special Du`aa for the army telling Allah that if the Muslim army was destroyed, then nobody would be left to worship and pray to Him. The Battle of Badr The Battle of Badr was the first battle which was fought by the Muslims. On Friday the 17th of Ramadaan 2 A.H., the two armies met at Badr. Map of the Battlefield of Badr 4
Allah tells us in the Noble Qur’aan, in Surah Aali `Imraan (3); Aayah 13 about the two armies: There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat i.e. the Battle of Badr). One was fighting in the Cause of Allah, and as for the other, they were disbelievers. They (disbelievers) saw with their own eyes twice their(believers) number. But Allah supports with His Victory whom He pleases. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see. Abu Jahl had already camped with his army at the only oasis of water and the solid ground around it. The Muslim army on the other hand quickly built a shelter for Prophet Muhammad on a high mound from where he would be able to see the entire battlefield. The Muslims bravely defended themselves against the Makkan army. They managed to overpower the Makkan army with the Help of Allah and finally gained victory as Allah tells us in the Noble Qur’aan, in Surah Aali `Imraan (3); Aayah 123: And Allah helped you at Badr when you were a small army. So fear Allah so that you may be grateful. 5
Conclusion Seventy Makkans, including Abu Jahl who was an enemy of Islam, were killed and another seventy were taken as prisoners. In the Muslim army, fourteen men were martyred. Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims treated the prisoners kindly although they were the enemies of Islam. The rich among the prisoners were allowed to free themselves after paying money. Other prisoners earned their freedom by teaching the Muslims how to read and write. Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims prayed to Allah for Help. Allah gave victory to the Muslims, because they were strong and had complete faith in Him. The Muslims were brave and were not afraid of the large number of Makkans and their weapons. We must have complete faith that Allah is One and the Only Supreme Being who can Help us. Allah gives victory to those whom He wishes. 6
1. What was the cause of the Battle of Badr? 2. How did the Muslims win? 3. What do we learn from this battle? 4. How did Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims treat the prisoners? LEARNER ACTIVITY Unscramble the following words Eg. A K M H A K Makkah . A C R A N AV ___________________ MARANAAD ___________________ STURT ___________________ TIFAH ___________________ EDAR ___________________ ETWRI ___________________ 7
THE BATTLE OF UHUD 3 A.H. Muslims-700 men Makkans - (After Hijrah) mountain pass 3000 men Martyrs Hadrat Khaalid bin 50 archers Waleed Follow Prophet Hadrat Hamzah Muhammad Introduction Allah the All-Powerful, gave victory to the Muslims at the Battle of Badr although they were smaller in number. Victory at the Battle of Badr made the Muslims feel strong. The Makkans became jealous because they had lost the Battle of Badr. The Makkans lost the Battle of Badr although they were better equipped and larger in number. They had fought against a small army of Muslims and were ashamed about their defeat. The Makkans therefore wanted to take revenge, so they prepared for another battle. This battle took place in Shawwaal 3A.H. at Mount Uhud near Madinah. 8
Preparation for the Battle The Makkans prepared an army of 3000 men and marched to Mount Uhud. The Muslims were again smaller in number and had only 700 men. On the battlefield, Prophet Muhammad placed the Muslim army at the foothills and in front of Mount Uhud, so that the enemy will not attack them from behind the mountain. Prophet Muhammad then arranged the Muslim army in battle formation. There was a pass between Mount Uhud and Mount Rumat, where Prophet Muhammad placed 50 of his best archers. He did this so that the Muslim army would be safe from being attacked from behind the mountain. Prophet Muhammad gave strict instructions to the archers not to move from their positions until he told them to. MAP OF THE BATTLEFIELD OF UHUD 9
The Battle of Uhud The battle began with traditional single combats first. Hadrat Abu Dujanah , Hadrat Hamzah , Hadrat Ali , and Hadrat Sa’ad fought bravely and defeated a number of Makkan soldiers. Before the general fighting even started, the Makkans had already lost many soldiers in single combat, thus giving the Muslims great courage and hope. During the battle, the Muslims were winning and the Makkans were losing. The Makkans left their goods on the battlefield and started to run away. The Muslims on the battlefield began to collect the goods that the Makkans had left behind. Seeing this, the archers that Prophet Muhammad had placed on the mountain pass, thought that the battle was over. They also wanted to collect the goods that the Makkans had left behind, therefore most of them left their positions. A group of Makkans who were led by Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed (who had not yet entered into the fold of Islam) saw that the mountain pass was not well guarded. They entered through the mountain pass and attacked the Muslims from behind. The Muslims fought back bravely and the Makkans lost many soldiers from their army. Soldiers from the Muslim army were also wounded and altogether seventy Muslims were martyred. Amongst the martyred in the Muslim army, was Prophet Muhammad’s uncle Hadrat Hamzah . He was martyred by a slave by the name of Wahshi, who was promised his freedom if he took Hadrat Hamzah’s life. The Makkans were so bitter for revenge that they mutilated the bodies of the Muslim martyrs. Hind, (the wife of Abu Sufyaan) tore out the liver of Hadrat Hamzah . 10
Prophet Muhammad was also wounded in this battle. A rumour (false news) had spread that Prophet Muhammad was martyred. However, Allah the Most Powerful protected Prophet Muhammad . The first man who found Prophet Muhammad still alive was Hadrat Kaab bin Maalik . “I recognised Prophet Muhammad’s bright eyes gleaming from beneath his helmet. I called out at the top of my voice: O Muslims, the Prophet of Allah is here!” This revived the strength and courage of the Muslims and they began to fight back bravely once again. Allah tells us in the Noble Qur’aan, in Surah Aali `Imraan (3); Aayah 152: And Allah did indeed fulfil His Promise to you when you were about to destroy your enemy with His Permission until (the moment) you lost your courage and fell to disputing about the order and disobeyed it after He showed you (of the Booty) which you love. Among you are some that desire this world and some that desire the Hereafter. Then He made you flee from your enemy in order to test you. But surely, He forgave you and Allah is Most Gracious to those who believe. 11
Conclusion Some Muslims were martyred because most of the archers were disobedient to Prophet Muhammad and had left their positions from the mountain pass. The martyrs were all buried in the vicinity of Uhud. The Muslims did not have enough cloth to cover the feet of some of the martyrs. Eventually, grass was used to cover their feet. Prophet Muhammad too was very sad about his uncle Hadrat Hamzah’s passing away. It should be noted that Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed accepted Islam in the year 8 A.H., and fought bravely on the side of the Muslims in many battles. He also received the title of Sayfullah (Sword of Allah ) for his bravery in the wars. We must always obey Allah’s Commands and the teachings of His Messenger. We must strive to do good and keep away from what is evil. Obeying Allah and Prophet Muhammad leads to success and disobeying Allah and Prophet Muhammad leads to hurt and problems. 1.What was the cause of the Battle of Uhud? 2.Why were some Muslims martyred in the Battle of Uhud? 3.What lessons do we learn from this battle? 12
LEARNER ACTIVITY Use the clues to fill in the crossword Down 1. Prophet Muhammad placed 50 of them in the mountain pass. 2. The people who fought against the Muslims came from this city in Arabia. 3. This battle was fought in 3 A.H. Across 4. The Muslims were protected by _____________. 5. This battle was fought in 2 A.H. 6. The first name of the Makkan leader who entered through the mountain pass. 7. The beloved uncle of Prophet Muhammad who was martyred during this battle. 1A 2M 3 6 4 LL H R H 6K AA ID A 5B R 7H M AH S 13
THE BATTLE OF KHANDAQ/TRENCH 5A.H. Muslims - 3000 men Makkans- (After Hijrah) Banu Nadir 10 000 men sandstorm Banu Qurayzah Banu Qaynuqah hurricane Hadrat Salmaan Al Farsee Introduction: the Jews Prophet Muhammad tried to make peace with the Jews when he first arrived in Madinah. Some Jews from the Banu Qaynuqah tribe were against Islam and began to cause trouble. They were told not to make mischief, but they did not listen. As a result, the Banu Qaynuqah tribe were sent away from Madinah. Another Jewish tribe known as the Banu Nadir, plotted to kill Prophet Muhammad . This plot was discovered and they too were sent away from Madinah. They settled in a place called Khaybar. 14
A Jewish tribe, the Banu Qurayzah, at first stood by the Muslims and did not betray them. They remained in Madinah, but later turned against the Muslims. The Jews that were sent away from Madinah were unhappy and they began to side with the Makkans. They joined forces with the Makkans and with other small Arab tribes. Together, they prepared an army of 10 000 soldiers for another battle. Preparation for the Battle The news of the disbelievers’ preparation for the battle reached Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims. They began to think of ways to protect Madinah and to defend themselves. They knew that the disbeliever’s army was larger in number. There were two sides of the city that were already protected by high lava rocks, while on the third side Madinah was protected by thick palm groves. The unprotected sides still needed to be protected. Among the people in Madinah, was a Persian named Hadrat Salmaan Al Farsee who suggested that they should dig trenches (hollow ditches), across the entrances of the city of Madinah. Prophet Muhammad thought that this was a good idea, so 3000 Muslims quickly set to work. It was cold because it was the middle of winter, yet the Muslims worked day and night digging the trenches. Prophet Muhammad also helped to dig the trenches, which were about 5 metres wide and 5 metres deep. 15
The Trenches Arrival of the enemy When the large army of Jewish tribes, Arab tribes and the Quraysh of Makkah arrived at Madinah, they found that they could not enter the city because of the trenches. The enemy tried to make things difficult for the Muslims. They camped outside the city of Madinah and stopped all goods from entering or leaving the city. It was cold and the food supplies became very low. The Banu Qurayzah who were inside the city of Madinah also turned against the Muslims. The Muslims were now in danger not only from outside the city, but from inside as well. 16
Allah’s Power Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims made Du`aa to Allah asking Him for His help. Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims were patient and they had strong faith in Allah . Allah therefore answered their Du`aas and that very night, Allah’s help came in the form of a powerful wind (sandstorm). The powerful wind (sandstorm) continued for 3 days and nights. In Surah Al Ahzaab (33); Aayah 9, Allah tells us that He sent down a powerful wind (sandstorm) and an army of Angels (which the enemy could not see), to help the Muslims. O You who believe! Remember Allah’s Favour on you, when there came against you armies, but We sent against them a hurricane and armies that you did not see [i.e. troops of angels]. But Allah sees (clearly) all that you do. There was such a powerful wind, that the enemy tents were blown away or buried under the sand. The powerful wind also made it impossible for the enemy to make a fire to cook a meal, or to warm themselves. The enemy became very frightened because of the powerful wind. Their plans for the battle were ruined (spoiled), so they returned to Makkah. 17
Conclusion Alhamdulillah, once again, Allah gave victory to the Muslims. The Muslims were overjoyed when they saw the enemy leaving, as this meant victory for Islam. The Banu Qurayzah were then also sent away from Madinah. The Battle of Trench took place in Shawwaal / Dhul Qa`dah 5 A.H. We Muslims must never give up hope and always pray to Allah for His help. Sometimes Allah wants us to have patience (sabr) before He gives us the good that we ask Him. We must therefore practise patience and put our trust in Allah . Allah sent His Help to the Muslims during the Battle of Trench in the form of a sandstorm and armies of Angels. We Muslims will always be successful so long as we please Allah . Allah helps us in many ways. 18
1. Name the three main Jewish tribes that lived in Madinah. 2. How did the Muslims prevent the enemy from entering Madinah? 3. How did Allah send help to the Muslims? 4. What lessons do we learn from this battle? LEARNER ACTIVITY 1. In the blocks below, there are words that describe Prophet Muhammad’s actions during the Battle of Khandaq / Trench. 2. Join the blocks that have information about this battle, by drawing lines to link them all together. Asked Allah for Help Fulfilment of Prisoners Promise Accepted advice Battle of Was Brave and Khandaq/Trench Courageous C from others Hajj Uhud Martyrs Was Patient Never gave up1H9 ope
THE TREATY OF HUDAYBIYYAH 6 A.H. (After Hijrah) `Umrah -1400 Muslims camped negotiations agreement treaty Bay`ah al Ridwaan letters to kings Introduction By the Grace of Allah , Islam grew rapidly as many people began accepting Islam. One night, Prophet Muhammad had a dream that he was entering the Sacred Masjid in Makkah (Masjidul Haraam). In Dhul Qa`dah 6 A.H., Prophet Muhammad took 1400 Muslims and set out from Madinah towards Makkah, with the intention of performing `Umrah. The Muslims carried only their travelling swords with them and they wanted to perform `Umrah without any bloodshed. 20
The Muslims stop at Hudaybiyyah When the Quraysh heard that the Muslims were coming to Makkah, they did not allow them to enter the city. Therefore, the Muslims had to camp at a place called Hudaybiyyah, which is a short distance away from Makkah. Prophet Muhammad had discussions and negotiations with the Quraysh leaders. While the Quraysh leader Urwah ibn Mas`ud met with Prophet Muhammad for negotiations, he was able to observe first hand, the great amount of respect that the Sahaabah had for Prophet Muhammad. Prophet Muhammad wanted the Quraysh leaders to allow the Muslims to enter Makkah. The Direction of Hudaybiyyah from Madinah 21
Bay`ah al Ridwaan After negotiations with Urwah ibn Mas`ud, Prophet Muhammad sent Hadrat Uthmaan into the city of Makkah for further negotiations with the Quraysh. When Hadrat Uthmaan was delayed in returning, the Muslims became worried and thought that Hadrat Uthmaan had been killed. The Muslims were concerned about Hadrat Uthmaan’s safety, because they were strongly united in the brotherhood of Islam. Prophet Muhammad gathered the Muslims around him and told them that they would not leave until they had found out what had really happened to Hadrat Uthmaan . Prophet Muhammad also decided that if they were challenged, then they would defend themselves. The Muslims pledged (promised) their full support to Prophet Muhammad . This pledge was known as the “Bay`ah al Ridwaan” and Allah revealed the following Aayah of Surah Fath (48); Aayah 18 of the Noble Qur’aan: Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they gave the Bay`ah (pledge) to you (O Muhammad ) under the tree: He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down calmness upon them and He rewarded them with an approaching victory. 22
Allah the Protector had protected Hadrat Uthmaan . He had not been harmed and he returned safely to the Muslims. The Bay`ah al Ridwaan stands as a great part of Islamic History because it stood for the strength and willingness of the Muslims to stand united and to face any danger without fear. After many negotiations / discussions with the Quraysh, an agreement was reached and a treaty was signed. This treaty is known as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Some conditions of the Treaty that was signed between the Muslims and the Makkans at Hudaybiyyah: 1. Both sides agreed not to fight for 10 years. 2. The Muslims should go back to Madinah that year. 3. The Muslims may come back the next year and stay in Makkah for 3 days only. 4. The Muslims shall not take back with them the Muslims living in Makkah, nor shall they stand in the way of anyone from among themselves, wishing to remain in Makkah. 5. After the treaty if anyone from amongst the Makkans went to Prophet Muhammad in Madinah, then Prophet Muhammad would have to return him to the Makkans. However, if any person from the side of Prophet Muhammad went to the Makkans, then they would not return him to Prophet Muhammad in Madinah. 6. Neighbouring tribes were free to join either parties (i.e. Muslims or Makkans). Prophet Muhammad used wisdom in signing the treaty with the Makkans and returning to Madinah. He knew that the treaty would be favourable for the Muslims in the future. 23
The Treaty was favourable for the Muslims for the following reasons:- 1. There was peace, (no war) and the Muslims were free from attack for a while. 2. While they stayed at Hudaybiyyah, the Makkans observed the good habits of the Muslims and many accepted Islam. 3. The city of Madinah was at last regarded as an independent state by all people. 4. The city of Madinah now had its own land, over which it had total control. 5. Prophet Muhammad was now the lawfully accepted ‘leader’ of Madinah, even though there were many people in the city who had not accepted Islam as yet. The Muslims only saw the benefit of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah much later. Sometimes we only see the benefit of the good that we do, much later. We must practise patience in times of trouble, as Allah rewards those who are patient. 24
PROPHET MUHAMMAD INVITES THE RULERS OF NEARBY COUNTRIES TO ACCEPT ISLAM Towards the end of 6 A.H., Prophet Muhammad addressed letters to spread the wonderful message of Islam to the rulers of neighbouring countries. Prophet Muhammad invited them to accept Islam. The letters were sent by Prophet Muhammad to the rulers of Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia and Rome. The emperor of Rome showed an interest, but did not accept Islam. The king of Egypt respectfully received Prophet Muhammad’s letter and sent gifts to Prophet Muhammad. However, he also did not accept Islam. The king of Persia did not accept Prophet Muhammad’s invitation to embrace Islam. He tore the letter into pieces. The king of Abyssinia / Ethiopia later accepted Islam. 1. Why did Prophet Muhammad go to Makkah in Dhul Qa`dah 6 A.H? 2. How many Muslims accompanied Prophet Muhammad on this journey? 3. Why did Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims have to camp at Hudaybiyyah? 4. Explain the Bay`ah al Ridwaan. 5. What were the conditions of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah? 6. Why was the treaty favourable for the Muslims? 7. Which king later accepted Islam? 25
LEARNER ACTIVITY Drawing up of an Agreement Two people that you know have had a disagreement. 1. In the space below, list a set of rules that you want the two people to follow in order to make peace. Agreement Rules: a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________ f. ______________________________________________________ 2. After both people have seen this agreement and are happy to follow the rules, ask them to sign their names in the spaces below. 1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 1st person 2nd person 26
THE EXPEDITION OF KHAYBAR 7 A.H. (After Hijrah) Muslims - 1600 Fort Victory Introduction After the Jews left Madinah, they settled in the many forts of Khaybar. This is a place about 160km north of Madinah. These Jews continued to make mischief against the Muslims and plotted to invade Madinah. Almost a month after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed, Prophet Muhammad came to know about the plans and the preparations of the Jews to invade Madinah. Prophet Muhammad tried to negotiate with the Jews but they were unable to live peacefully with the Muslims. Thus, upon the advice of the Sahaabah, Prophet Muhammad set out with 1600 Muslims to meet the Jews in their territory. The Siege of Khaybar The Muslim army arrived at Khaybar during the night, and positioned themselves outside the Jewish forts. 27
In the morning, when the Jews came out, they were surprised to see the Muslims. They ran back into their forts. The Muslims surrounded the forts and occupied them one after the other over a period of several days. During this encounter,15 Muslims were martyred whilst the Jews lost 93 men. martyred. Conclusion When the Jews asked for mercy, Prophet Muhammad was understanding towards them. The Jews promised Prophet Muhammad that they would give half their produce from their lands to the Muslims, if they were set free. Prophet Muhammad accepted their offer. The crops from the land around Khaybar, was distributed among the Muslims. Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims returned to Madinah and were now safe from the Jews. It was just after the Expedition of Khaybar that a Jewish lady tried to poison Prophet Muhammad. Prophet Muhammad began to chew the first morsel of food, but he immediately tasted the poison and removed it from his mouth. Allah , the All Knowing had protected Prophet Muhammad and he was saved from being poisoned. `Umrah of Prophet Muhammad In 6 A.H. Prophet Muhammad had decided to perform `Umrah with the Muslims. The disbelievers in Makkah had stopped them and the result was the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. One of the conditions of the treaty was that the Muslims were permitted to perform the `Umrah the next year. 28
Therefore, in the month of Dhul Qa`dah 7 A.H. Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims went to Makkah to perform the `Umrah. When Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims entered Makkah, the disbelievers mockingly spread the news that the Muslims had become weak and sickly whilst in Madinah. It was for this reason, that Prophet Muhammad instructed the Muslim men to do Ramal in the first three rounds of Tawaaf. Ramal means to walk briskly with short quick steps, with the chest out, whilst moving the shoulders. [Please note: Ramal is performed by males only.] We should also be forgiving like Prophet Muhammad as forgiveness encourages understanding and co-operation in the people around us. Allah the All Knowing, has the Power to protect, guide and shower mercy on the Believers. We must always have courage and bravery when striving in the path of Islam. 1. When did the Expedition of Khaybar take place? 2. Why did it take place? 3. What is Ramal? 4. What important moral did you learn from this expedition? 29
THE BATTLE OF MU’TAH 8.A.H.(After Hijrah) Hadrat Zayd bin Haarithah Hadrat Ja`far bin Abi Taalib Hadrat Abdullah bin Rawaahah Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed Introduction When Prophet Muhammad had sent invitations to the rulers of the neighbouring countries, one of the messengers was sent to a place called Basrah (which was under the rule of the Romans). The messenger was killed and the ruler of Basrah also threatened to invade Madinah. Preparation for the Battle Prophet Muhammad sent an army of 3000 Muslims under the leadership of Hadrat Zayd bin Haarithah to face the enemy. 30
Prophet Muhammad also gave the following instructions to the army: “If Zayd bin Haarithah is martyred, then Ja`far bin Abi Taalib will be your commander. If he too is martyred, then Abdullah bin Rawaahah will take command. If he too is martyred then you can select a commander from among yourselves.” The Battle The Muslims bravely faced a large army of 100 000 enemies. This battle took place at a place called Mu’tah about 800 km away from Madinah. The Muslims fought bravely, but Hadrat Zayd bin Haarithah (who was the first slave to accept Islam) and Hadrat Ja`far bin Abi Taalib , (who had spoken on behalf of the Muslims to Najaashi, the King of Abyssinia) and Hadrat Abdullah bin Rawaahah were martyred. Hadrat Ja`far bin Abi Taalib was so brave that he continued to fight even after both his arms were cut off. Conclusion The Muslims now appointed Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed as their leader and they managed to gain the upper hand in the battle. The next day, Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed spread the Muslim army out in a long line and it looked like they were going to oppose the enemy again. The enemy however, did not come forward to fight and Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed withdrew his army and returned to Madinah. Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed had great courage. He earned the title of Sayfullah (Sword of Allah ) from Prophet Muhammad , for his bravery in the battle. 31
We must have complete faith and trust in Allah as He gives success to those who strive to please Him. We should always be brave and courageous and put our faith in Allah when we defend Islam. 1. When was the Battle of Mu’tah fought? 2. Which Muslim leaders were martyred in this battle? 3. What title did Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed receive for his bravery in the battle? 4. What important lesson did you learn from this battle? 32
THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAH 8 A.H. (After Hijrah) Muslims - 10 000 men Muslim - Banu Khuzaa`ah Makkan - Banu Bakr easy victory Humble forgive Prophet Yusuf Introduction At first, there was peace between Makkah and Madinah after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed. This gave the disbelievers a chance to see the beauty of the Islamic way of life. Many of the disbelievers therefore accepted Islam. During this time, the wonderful message of Islam was spreading. Two years later, the peace treaty was suddenly broken by the Makkans. One of the Makkan allies, by the name of Banu Bakr, began to trouble one of the tribes, by the name of Banu Khuzaa`ah, who were allies of the Muslims. This tribe went to Prophet Muhammad for help. 33
The Muslims enter Makkah Since the Makkans broke the treaty, Prophet Muhammad set off towards the city of Makkah in the month of Ramadaan 8 A.H., with 10 000 men. Prophet Muhammad mounted his camel and prepared to enter Makkah. He placed Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed in command on the right and Hadrat Zubayr bin Al Awwaam on the left of the entrance from the south of the city. His own troop which was now in the centre, he divided into two; half of it was to be led by Hadrat Sa`d bin `Ubadah and his son, and the other half, in which he would ride, was to be led by Abu `Ubaydah. When the instruction was given to enter Makkah, they were to divide and enter the city from four directions. Hadrat Khaalid bin Waleed from the south, and the others from the hills through three different directions. When the Makkans saw the large number of Muslims, they surrendered (gave up) without any fighting. Allah the All Powerful made it possible for the Muslims to enter the city of Makkah without a battle. Map of the Conquest of Makkah 34
Prophet Muhammad made Du`aa to Allah and thanked Him for their safe entry into Makkah and for their easy victory over the Makkans. Prophet Muhammad then entered the Ka`bah and cleared all the idols that were inside it. Since that day, there are no idols in the Ka`bah. The Ka`bah was once again made the place of worship for Allah Only. Prophet Muhammad told Hadrat Bilaal to call out the Azaan and then he led the Salaah. Prophet Muhammad’s Forgiveness After the Salaah, Prophet Muhammad addressed the people of Makkah. Among the people were those who had harmed many Muslims and also those who were responsible for the passing away of his uncle Hadrat Hamzah . The Makkans were pleasantly surprised when Prophet Muhammad did not take revenge on them. Instead he forgave them and treated them with kindness and generosity. Prophet Muhammad looked at them and said: “Do you know how I am going to deal with you? I am going to deal with you just as Prophet Yusuf dealt with his brothers. You are free and may Allah have Mercy on you”. It was Prophet Muhammad’s kind and forgiving nature that brought many people into the fold of Islam. Conclusion The Conquest of Makkah is the greatest victory in Islamic History. It was achieved without a battle. 35
Prophet Muhammad taught us to take a stand against injustice (wrong doings). Once victorious, Prophet Muhammad showed kindness to the Makkans and this made many of them accept Islam. Be kind to people and Allah will make people respect you. We should be able to forgive people because forgiveness is more superior (or greater) than revenge. As Muslims, we must show the teachings of Islam in the way we behave. This will encourage people towards accepting our religion. We learn not to have pride. We must thank Allah for everything. 1. Why did the Muslims march to Makkah in 8 A.H.? 2. What did Prophet Muhammad do when he entered Makkah? 3. What lessons do we learn from the Conquest of Makkah? 36
THE BATTLE OF HUNAYN 8 A.H. (After Hijrah) Muslims -12 000 men 8 A.H. (After Hijrah) Hawaazin Banu Thaqeef Hawaazin 8 A.H. (After Hijrah) Muslims -12 000 men 8 A.H. (After Hijrah) Introduction Allah , the All Powerful made it possible for Islam to grow into a strong religion. After the idols were removed from the Ka`bah at the Conquest of Makkah, there was still a tribe in the south of Arabia, the Hawaazin tribe, that had not accepted Islam. This tribe became jealous of the Muslims and decided to join forces with another tribe called the Banu Thaqeef, who were from Taa’if. These tribes prepared for a battle in Shawwaal 8 A.H. after the Conquest of Makkah. Preparation for the Battle When Prophet Muhammad heard of what the enemy tribes were planning to do, he also made preparations for the battle. After preparing for battle, Prophet Muhammad and the Muslims marched from Makkah towards Taa’if with a very large army of 12 000 men. 37
The Battle of Hunayn The disbelievers marched and arrived at the valley of Hunayn before the Muslims. They hid themselves in the area of the mountain pass and waited for the Muslim army to arrive. When the Muslim army arrived, the disbelievers attacked them with arrows. The Muslims were surprised and at first they turned away from the enemies. Prophet Muhammad however, stayed firmly in his place with his uncle Hadrat Abbas . Prophet Muhammad and his uncle Hadrat Abbas called out to the Muslims asking them to return to their posts. The Muslims answered their call and quickly returned to their positions and continued to fight against the enemy. Direction of Hunayn from Makkah 38
Allah tells us in the Noble Qur’aan, in Surah Tawbah (9); Aayaat 25 and 26: 25. Truly Allah has given you victory on many battlefields, and on the Day of Hunayn (battle) when your great numbers amazed you, but it was of no avail(use) to you and although the earth is wide, became narrow for you, then you turned back in flight. 26. But Allah did pour His calm on the apostle and on the believers and sent down forces which you saw not: He punished the disbelievers: thus does He punish those without faith. 39
Outcome of the Battle The Muslims fought with all their might. The strength of the Muslim army was so great, that the enemy ran away. Some of them ran away to Taa’if and hid in a fort. Taa’if was so well guarded that the Muslims could not gain entry. When the enemy did not come out, Prophet Muhammad returned to Makkah where he performed `Umrah. During this time, Prophet Muhammad received a request from the Banu Hawaazin tribe (to which Sayyidah Halimah belonged) to be pardoned. The Hawaazin begged for forgiveness for their part in the battle and requested the release of their people who were taken prisoners. Prophet Muhammad and the Sahaabah agreed to this request and released all the Hawaazin captured in the battle. Among them Prophet Muhammad found his foster sister Shai`ma, the daughter of Sayyidah Halimah . He offered to take her to Madinah to live with him as his sister if she so wished. Shai`ma accepted Islam but preferred to remain with her tribe. Prophet Muhammad later returned to Madinah. Conclusion The battle was won by the Muslims and many of their belongings that were taken away from them, was regained. The Muslims had also taken 6000 prisoners but they were later set free. They gathered a large amount of goods amounting to 24,000 camels, 40,000 goats and 40,000 ounces of silver. Prophet Muhammad not only set the prisoners free, but also gave them clothes and provisions for their journey. The whole of the Hawaazin tribe were so happy with Prophet Muhammad’s generosity, that they accepted Islam. 40
Allah was most kind to the Muslims. He gave them victory after they were almost defeated. Our faith in Allah is most important. Our size and number is of no help to us. Only Allah can grant us victory. We should always be aware of the Power, Strength and Might of Allah . We must have complete faith in Allah for His Help as He Alone has the POWER to protect us. 1. What was the cause of the battle? 2. What happened to the Muslims at first? 3. What important lesson do you learn from this battle? 41
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