chem notes (1)

15. Explain the changes in foreign trade and investment policy brought about by the government of India in 1991. Ans: By 1991, government felt that it was time for the Indian producers to compete with the producers around the globe. It was felt that such competition would improve the quality of goods produced in India and their performance would improve besides making them competitive in the global market. Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. This meant that foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India goods could be imported and exported easily. 16. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return? Answer: Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because then the MNCs belonging to the developed countries can set up factories in less- expensive developing nations, and thereby increase profits, with lower manufacturing costs and the same sale price. Suppose the Indian government puts a tax on imported goods, then the price of the goods will be higher for the consumer. As a result, the consumer will prefer to buy goods produced locally. Consequently, there will be no demand for imported goods and developed countries will not able to sell their goods in developing countries. In return for liberalisation of trade laws, the producers in developing countries are demanding ‘fair trade’. The developing countries should demand, in return, for some manner of protection of domestic producers against competition from imports. Also, charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set base in developing nations. MNC’s setting up their bases in developing countries should also be compelled to work for the development of the country. 17. How have consumers benefitted from globalization? Ans: (a) Globalization has been of great advantage to consumers –particularly the well-off sections in urban areas. These consumers now enjoy more choice, better quality and lower prices for a range of products from toys to cars. (b) Globalization has also resulted in competition with and among local producers who try to please the customer with better products. (c)Globalization has also influenced the choice of products purchased by the well off in rural areas, who are now displaying an improved standard of living. 18. What is the role of WTO in international trade? • WTO aims to liberalize international trade. It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that all rules are obeyed. • Currently 164 countries are members of WTO. India has joined WTO on 1 January 1995. 4

• The rules are supposed to be obeyed by all countries but currently developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand WTO rules forced the developing countries to remove the trade barriers. 19. WTO has only benefitted the rich nations. Explain. Ans. WTO has been dominated by developed countries. Although WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, developed countries have retained their trade barriers. On the contrary developing countries have been forced to remove trade barriers as per WTO norms. Agriculture is still heavily subsidized in the developed countries and the agriculture would receive large sums of money for production and exports keeping their costs low while developing nations are being asked to reduce farm subsidy. Thus WTO has been biased in favour of developed counties. Impact of Globalisation in India For Consumers • Globalisation enabled greater competition among producers forcing them to produce the quality product at lower price. Consumers today can take advantage of this competition to get a quality product at reasonable price. This lead to higher standards of living. These products are easily available in urban area and not in rural area hence reach of these products is limited thus the rural peoples is not having the same lifestyle as of urban peoples. For MNCs • With globalisation MNCs have prospered a lot. They have increased their investment in India indicating that they are benefitting from the investment. • MNCs can now shift to another country to lower the production cost and gain higher profits. But this shifting creates adverse effects to workers of the companies. • They will get cheap qualified labour at low wages. • Producers will have choice to outsource the work from different country where there is cheap labour and production cost. • Increased investment by MNCs in cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast foods, banking and insurance services has increased employment in many areas. • Local companies which supply raw material to such MNCs have prospered. • Many top Indian companies have been able to invest in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards. 5

For Workers • No Job Security – With growing market competition among industries employers prefers to hire the worker as per need. Thus they can fire the worker at any time. Thus there is no job security for the workers. • Very long working hours – Worker has to work for long hours to meet the demands. They will have no choice than listening to their employer. • Low wages – Job opportunities are limited and number of workers are far more than the opportunities. Thus producers easily get cheap labour and workers are ready to work at less wages. For Small Producers • Small producers face close competition with such a well-established firms. They can bear small loses but small producers cannot bear such loss and ultimately end up selling their company to MNCs. • E.g. Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil are some examples of industries where small manufacturers hit hard due to competition. • There are enough opportunities for skilled workers but unskilled workers remained poor. Steps to attract foreign Investment • Government of India set up Special Economic Zones to attract foreign Investors. • SEZ’s are the Industrial zones where Industries get world class facilities such as electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. • Companies which are set up in SEZ area will do not have to pay taxes of initial period of five years. • Government also allows these companies to ignore some of the labour laws such as instead of hiring on regular basis these companies are allowed to hire workers for short periods i.e. whenever required. 6

POWER SHARING 1. What do you understand by the term ethnic? (1/2) • A social division based on shared culture. • People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. • They need not always base the same religion or nationality. (Add a relevant example) 2. What led to the tension in Belgium between the Dutch speaking and French speaking communities? • The minority French speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. • This was resented by the Dutch speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. • The tension between two communities was more acute in Brussels. • Brussels presented a special problem: The Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital. 3. What were the Majoritarian measures adopted by the democratically elected Sri Lankan Government? [OR] What were the government measures that created an alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils? • In 1956, An Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil • The governments followed preferential policies that favored Sinhala-applicants for university positions and government jobs • A constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. • All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

• They felt that none of the major political parties lead by the Sinhala Leaders was sensitive to their language and culture. • They felt that the constitution and the government policies denied them equal political rights. 4. What were the consequences after the policies were adopted? OR How has the Belgian government solved its ethnic problem? • Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French – speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. • Some special laws require the Support of majority of members from each linguistic group • Thus, no single community can make decision unilaterally. • Many powers of the Central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. • The state governments are not subordinate to the central government. • Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. • The French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central government. 5. The Sri Lankan parties launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language. Explain. • The Sri Lankan parties launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language for regional language, equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs but their demand repeatedly denied. • By 1980s, several political Organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. • The distrust between the two communities turned into a wide spread conflict. • It soon turned into a civil war. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. • Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. 6. The Belgium Model is very complicated. Explain. • The Belgium Model is very complicated.

• Apart from the Central and the state governments, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people, belonging to one language community – Dutch, French, German-speaking, no matter, where they live. • This government has the power regarding cultural, educational, language-related issues. • It is very complicated even for people living in Belgium. • But these arrangements have worked well so far. • They helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. 7. What is the difference between Sri Lankan government and Belgium government? • In Belgium, the leaders have realized that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feeling and interest of different communities and regions. • Such a realization resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power • Sri Lanka shows as a contrasting example it shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country. 8. Why is power sharing is desirable? • Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. • Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. • Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation. • Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority it often bring ruin to the majority as well. • Secondly, power sharing is good for democracy. • Power sharing is a very spirit of democracy. • A democratic rule in world sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live effects. • People have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. • A legitimate government is one where citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system. 9. What are the basic principles of democracy [OR] what values are needed to ensure importance of people in democracy?

• One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power • People roll themselves through Institutions of self-government. • In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. • Everyone has a voice in shaping of the public policies. • It follows that in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible. 10. What are the different forms of power sharing? A. HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER • Power is shared among different organs of government such as legislature executive and Judiciary • It allows the different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers • This results in the balance of power among various institutions. B. FEDERAL DIVISION OF POWER • Power can be shared among government at different levels • A General government for entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level in India, we refer to it as the central or union government • The government at the provincial or regional levels are called differential names in different countries C. FAIR SHARE IN POWER • Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups • Community government in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement • In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislature and administration D. PRESSURE GROUPES ETC. • Power sharing arrangement can be also seen in the way political parties, pressure group and movement control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. • People will also have a share in governmental power either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence in decision making process.

11. Mention the 3 causes for the civil war in Sri Lanka? The Sri Lankan Tamils had launches parties and struggle. • Their demands for autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils. • Struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs failed. • In 1980s several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam in the northern and eastern part of Sri Lanka. It soon turned into a Civil War. 12. Why has Brussels been chosen as the headquarters of the European Union? • They recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities and the arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is innovative. • It has the avoided civic problems and division on linguistic basis, instead brought stability. • Though complicated, this arrangement has enabled everyone to live together within the same country. 13. How is the system of ‘check and balance’ maintained among the different organs of government? • Power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. • It allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. • Such a separations ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organs checks the other. This results in balance of power. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1. What is the ethnic compositions of Belgium? (5) 2. What is a major social division or composition in Sri Lanka? (5) 3. What is a community government? Give example. (1) 4. Why some Tamils were called Indian Tamils? (1) 5. What was the object of amendments to the constitution of Belgium? (1) 6. Name the principles of government that are followed in Belgium and Sri Lanka. (1) 7. Differentiate between horizontal and vertical division of powers. (3) 8. How and why is power shared among different social groups? (3)

9. “Power sharing arrangements can be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control those in power.” Explain. (5) 10. “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy”. Justify the statement. (3/5) 11. Brussels was the epicentre of tension. Justify.(3/5) 12. Draw a comparative analysis between power sharing arrangement in Belgium and Sri Lanka. (5) 13. Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united. Justify the statement with valid arguments and appropriate examples. (3/5) 14. Explain- The idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. Also explicate the different forms that have common arrangements of power sharing. (5) 15. Belgian model, though complicated, is effective. Explain. (5) 16. Difference between Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils (3) 17. Where are the Sri Lankan Tamils concentrated? (1) 18. When did Sri Lanka gain independence? (1) 19. What do the majority population of Sri Lanka speak? (1) 20. The leaders of Sri Lanka supported which community and why? (1/3) 21. Which policy was adopted in Sri Lanka and what does it mean? (1/3) 22. State any two policies that disregarded Tamils in Sri Lanka (3) 23. Is Sri Lanka a secular state? Justify (3) 24. Where did the Sri Lankan Tamils demand a separate state? (1) 25. What led to a civil war in Sri Lanka? (1) 26. What is a civil war? (1) 27. Which incident led to the rise of refugees in Sri Lanka? (1) 28. What led to the recognition of regional differences and cultural diversity in Belgium? (3/5) 29. State the features of the Belgian Model. (5) 30. Discuss the federal set up of Belgium. (5) 31. Name the 2 major parties in Germany (1) 32. What does the image of German Engineering depict? (1)

33. Maria studies in a Dutch medium school in the northern region of Belgium. Many French- speaking students in her school want the medium of instruction to be French. Selvi studies in a school in the northern region of Sri Lanka. All the students in her school are Tamil-speaking and they want the medium of instruction to be Tamil. If the parents of Maria and Selvi were to approach respective governments to realize the desire of the child, who is more likely to succeed and why? (3) 34. What is the basic principle of democracy? (1) 35. The idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of _____________________. (1) 36. A good democracy ___________________ powers among its citizens. (1) 37. What do you understand by federal division of powers? (3) 38. Give an example of power being shared among different social groups. (1) ********************

Resources and development 1) Examine the three major problems created as a result of indiscriminate utilization of natural resources. A- The following are the three major problems created as a result of indiscriminate utilization of natural resources. a) Depletion of resources at a faster rate. b) Accumulation of resources in the hands of few creating a wide gap between the haves (rich) and have nots (poor). c) Increase in global crises like ozone layer depletion, global warming, pollution and land degradation 2) “Indiscriminate use of natural resources has led to numerous problems.” Justify the statement. A- Indiscriminate use of natural resources has led to numerous problems. The following points justify the statement. a) Human activities, like cutting and felling of trees, and lopping of trees, have led to destruction of forests. Such losses have increasingly marginalised and impoverished many communities, who depend upon forests for food medicine, etc. b) Some human activities, such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying, have contributed to land degradation. c) Water resources have been polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus making it unfit for human and as well as animals’ consumption. 3) How can you contribute to minimize land pollution? Explain. A- We can contribute to minimizing pollution by a) Creating awareness about not burning fallen leaves or garbage in the parks or on the roads. b) Requesting our parents and the people in the neighbourhood not to dump garbage in the ponds, rivers and other water-bodies, especially, while performing rituals. Page 1 of 12

c) Not polluting the water storage tanks at home. (Any other relevant point/points) 4) “Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.” Justify the statement with appropriate arguments. Ans: Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life and economic activities like agriculture, mining, transport and communication system. 95 per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Therefore, it is very important to use the available land for various purposes with careful planning, otherwise we will be responsible for the adverse consequences. 5) Distinguish between red and laterite soils, stating five points of distinction. Ans: The following are the differences between red soils and laterite soils. 6) “In India, some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with three examples. (i): India is a vast country. It has fertile plains and high mountains, which are a source of perennial rivers . ((ii) It also has plateaus, which are a rich source of minerals, fossil fuels and forests. However some regions are rich in certain types of resources and deficient in others, like the following. Page 2 of 12

The cold desert of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.  Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources but lacks in infrastructure development, as it is a mountainous state.  The state of Rajasthan is well endowed with wind and solar energy but lacks in water resources. 7) “33 per cent area should be under forests.” Justify the statement highlighting the environmental values of forests. A- According to the international norms, the forest cover in a country should be 33 per cent of the total geographical area. However the forest cover in India is estimated at 637,293 sq. km, which is 19.39 per cent of the total geographical area. a) The following points sum up of the environmental values of forests. If a country does not have 33 per cent geographical area under forest it may lead to poor quality of support system— water, air and soil. b) Forests preserve the genetic diversity of plants and animals. c) The forest ecosystem is the storehouse of valuable forest products, minerals and other resources. 8) Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. A- Two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion are deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining. (Any two or any other relevant point) The following are the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. a) Sheet erosion: It is the result of excessive flowing of water resulting in the removal of the topmost layer of soil. It is the result of accumulation of runoff water which then rapidly flows into narrow channels during or after heavy rainfall or melting of show, considerably removing the soil cover.. b) Wind erosion: Wind blows loose soil (explain) (any other type) 9) Describe any three measures of controlling land degradation. A- Measures to solve the problem of land degradation in India are as follows. Page 3 of 12

i) Afforestation and proper management grazing lands ii) Planting of shelter belts for stabilizing sand dunes iii) Proper management of wastelands iv) Control on mining activities v) Proper discharge of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment vi) Adopting effective ploughing techniques 9) Why is it essential to have resources planning? What are the three stages of resource planning in India? a) If the present trend of resource development by few individuals continues the future of our planet is in danger. b) Planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises. The three stages of resource planning are : i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. iii) Match the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 10) Give the importance of soil. Explain three factors responsible for soil formation. A- Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Plants grow in the soil. It also supports different types of living organisms on earth. The three factors responsible for soil formation are as follows. 1. Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. 2. Forces of nature like running water, wind, glaciers, temperature and decomposers help in the formation of soil. 3. Chemical and organic (humus) changes are also important factors in the formation of soil. Page 4 of 12

11) Explain the importance of conservation of resources. A- Resources are essential for all kinds of developmental activities. But indiscriminate use of resources and overuse of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. This had been the main concern of the leaders and thinkers in the past. For example, Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words, “there is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed’’. He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resources depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. For the first time, conservation of resources had been advocated by the Club of Rome at the international level in a more systematic way in 1968. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. 12) What type of soil found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give the main features of this type of soil? A- Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. The main features of this type of soil are: i) Alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, clay .It contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat etc. ii) Due to its high fertility regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. iii) Soil in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation. iv) This is the most widely spread and important soil in India. 13) Explain land use pattern in India and why the land under forest has not increased much since 1960-61. A- a) The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available. Page 5 of 12

b) Of this 43.3% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culturable waste,7.03% is current fallow,4% is covered by pasture and 1% is covered by tree crops. c) The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy. d) The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The land under forest did not increase much since 1960-61 due to several reasons like- i) The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and made conservation of forests difficult. ii) The ever increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing population. iii) Large scale development projects, industrialization and urbanization have reduced the forest cover to a great extent. 14) Explain the role of humans in resource development. A- The process of transformation of things into resource involves an inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate the pace of economic development. Human beings are essential components of resources as they transform materials in the environment into resources and use them. 15) Distinguish between national and international resources Page 6 of 12

16) What are the reasons for land degradation? Describe briefly any four measures to conserve land from degradation. A- At present there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. It has mainly been due to the following reasons. a) Human activities like deforestation, mining, quarrying, overgrazing are mainly responsible for land degradation. b) In states like Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining has caused severe degradation. In Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. c) Industrial effluents have become a major source of land and water degradation in many parts of the country. d) Over-irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, has led to waterlogging and increased alkalinity and salinity in the soil. The following are the four measures to conserve land from degradation. i) Afforestation and management of grazing can solve the problem to some extent. ii) Planting of shelter belts of trees and growing of thorny bushes can stabilize sand dunes and check land degradation. iii) Control over mining activities can also contribute to it. iv) Proper management of waste lands, controlling mining activities. Proper discharge and disposal and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. *** Percentages may vary. Please update according to the revised textbook. *** Read ‘State of India’s Environment’ EXTRA QUESTIONS 1) What is bangar? 2) What is the most widely spread and important soil in India? Page 7 of 12

3) Why has equitable distribution of resources become essential? 4) What is the objective of the Agenda 21? 5) What is the oceanic area up to12 nautical miles from the coast line known as? 6) What do you mean by Exclusive Economic Zone? 7) What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area? 8) Which soil type is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rainfall? 9) Gully erosion is common in which river basin? 10) What is the land left uncultivated for 1 or less than 1 agriculture year known as? 11) Which relief features of India has 30% of the total surface area of the country? 12) Name the cold desert which is relatively isolated from the rest of the country and has very rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructure and minerals. 13) Land not available for cultivation is called ______________. 14) Which type of soil has a good capacity to hold moisture? 15) What do you mean by bad land or ravines? 16) What do you mean by gross cropped area? 17) Balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local level is essential. Justify the statement. 18) What is Resource? 19) Classification of Resources 20) What are the problems in resource development? Page 8 of 12

21) Why is resource planning a complex process? 22) Why did Gandhiji remark, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.” ? 23) Resource depletion and colonization 24) How is over irrigation responsible for land degradation in Punjab? 25) How is cement industry responsible for land degradation? 26) How are mining activities responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand? 27) How is overgrazing responsible for land degradation in Gujarat? 28) Mention three physical factors as well as three human factors which determine the use of land in India. 29) Soil is formed by the process of _____________________. 30) Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year is called ___________. 31) “There is enough for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s agreed”. Who said this? 32) ________________ and _______________ are the methods of soil conservation in the hilly areas. 33) ___________________ is a method of growing rows of trees in arid regions. 34) Land use pattern of India is lopsided. (True/False) 35) Red soils are found in Thar Desert. (True/False) Page 9 of 12

36) Fossil fuels are examples of non-recyclable. (True/False) 37) What is soil erosion? 38) Leaching is ________________. 39) Fallow land refers to ______________________. 40) Supply a technical term for the dead and decomposed material found on the top soil. 41) The state having maximum net sown area in India is _______________. 42) Ploughing along the contour lines can ______________________. 43) Name two nutrients in which alluvial soil is deficient. Briefly write how the fertility soil affects distribution of population? 44) What is sustainable development? How is related to resource planning? 45) In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book ____________________. 46) The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the ___________________________ Report, 1987. 47) the above report introduced the concept of ______________________ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book entitled ________________________. Page 10 of 12

MAJOR SOILS (IDENTIFICATION ONLY) TYPES OF SOIL (A QUICK GLANCE) Alluvial Soils  Found in the entire northern plains  Deposited by Himalayan river system  Consists of sand, silt, clay  Towards inland- soil particles bigger in size  In the upper part- coarse  Bangar- old alluvial soil  Khadar- new alluvial soil  Bangar soil- high amount of kanker nodules than khaddar  Khaddar has more fine particles. It is more fertile  Alluvial soil- fertile  Has potash, lime  Crops grown- sugarcane, paddy  Densely populated region Page 11 of 12

Black soil  Black in colour  Also called regur soil  Best for growing cotton  Important factors- climatic condition, parent rock  Found in Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh  Clayey  Rich in nutrients  Poor in phosphoric contents  Sticky Red and Yellow Soils  Develops on crystalline igneous rocks  Found in low rainfall areas, Orissa, Chhattisgarh  Develops reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks  Yellow in colour- in a hydrated form Laterite soil  Comes from the word- later means- brick  Develops in high temperature and heavy rainfall  Intense leaching  Humus content low  Can be cultivated with good dose of manure and fertilizer  Found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Arid Soils  Red to brown in colour  Sandy in texture  Saline in nature  Salt content is high lacks humus and moisture  Found in western Rajasthan Forest Soils  Found in the hilly and mountainous areas  Loamy and silty in valley sides  Coarse grained in the upper slopes  Low humus content  Acidic in nature Page 12 of 12

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On December 13, 2019, Andhra Pradesh S the Disha Act, 2019 (Andhra Pradesh Criminal amend doctor raped and murdered brutally in Hyderabad. The like rape, gang rape, and speeding up trials of such offe The Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra cleared unanimously in December 2021. The bill partic children. The Act provides for death penalty for ra punishment in case of acid attacks on women and sex limit of 30 days to complete probe from the day of reg

State Legislative Assembly passed collectively ABOUT THE dment law, 2019) as a tribute to a veterinary LAWS e Act provides the death penalty for offenses ense within 21 days. a Amendment) Bill, 2020, is a bill which was cularly dealt with crimes against women and ape and has increased minimum quantum of xual assault of children. It has also set a time gistering of complaint

2019 HYDERABAD GANG RAPE AND DISHA LAW CAUSE In November 2019, the gang rape and murder of a 26 old veterinary doctor in Shamshabad, near Hyde sparked outrage across India. Her body was fou Shadnagar on 28 November 2019, the day after sh murdered. Four suspects were arrested and, accord the Cyberabad Metropolitan Police, confessed to raped and killed the doctor.

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PROTESTS The rape and murder caused outrage in several part country. Protests against rape were organised acr country including the major cities, New Delhi, Ahmedabad. Hyderabad was the centre of the p Politicians including Rahul Gandhi, expressed shock o incident that happened near Rajiv Gandhi International Protesters across India demanded stricter laws rapists. After the arrest of the four suspects, a crowd residents gathered at the Shadnagar police station to against the crime and demanding that the police eith or shoot the culprits.

ts of the ross the Mumbai, protests. over the l Airport. against d of local o protest her hang

DISCUSSION IN THE PARLIA On 2 December 2019, the incident was d and the Rajya Sabha. The members of the concrete action. In the Lok Sabha, the Unio to every suggestion to curb such heinous cr In Rajya Sabha, an adjournment motions ove allowed the members to discuss such incid during a heated debate that the rapists sh surgically and chemically castrate convicted offenders. He stated that the list of sexua for faster delivery of justice and the hangin penalty for the accused was common deman

AMENT discussed in both houses of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha e two houses expressed outrage on the incident and demanded on Minister Rajnath Singh stated that the government was \"open rimes\" and ready to explore strongest legal provisions. er the incident was rejected by Chairman Venkaiah Naidu, but he dents in the country. Member of Parliament Jaya Bachchan said hould be lynched. P. Wilson suggested courts be empowered \"to d rapists before they are released from jails\" to prevent repeated l offenders should be released publicly. Vijila Sathyananth asked ng of the accused before 31 December. A speedy trial and death nd of the members

PROPOSED CHANG In an interview to NDTV while visiting the family of the victim, Union Kishan Reddy criticised the casual attitude of Telangana Police a urgency. He stated \"No one can be turned away from the police sta compulsory for every police station to accept a complaint. The FIR should have helped to search the girl.\" The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) has mad changes to IPC and CrPC rules.

GES n Minister of State for Home, and their lack of a sense of ation like that. We will make it R can be filed later; first they de additional suggestions for

DISHA ACT

WHAT CHANGES WERE BROUGHT ? Few days after the rape and murder of the 26-year-old veterinarian in Hyderabad, which triggered a national uproar, Andhra Pradesh became the first state to enact a law aimed at granting capital punishment to those convicted of specific crimes against women and to speed up the trial of those cases within 21 days of the crime.

FEATURES DIFFERENT FROM EXISTING LAWS A Women & Children Offenders Registry is to be establis operated and maintained by the Andhra Prad Government in an electronic form. This registry will be m public and will be available to law enforcement agencies. The Government of India has also launched a Nati Registry of Sexual offenders but the database is digitized and is not accessible to the public

S shed, desh made ional not

Exclusive punishment of death penalty in cases relating to there is adequate conclusive evidence. At present, provision case is a fixed jail term leading to life imprisonment or the de Reduces the judgment period: The judgment will have to be date of offence in cases of rape crimes with substantial conc The existing judgment period as per the Nirbhaya Act, 2013 and Cri 2018 is 4 months (two months of investigation period and two months of trial period). Stringent punishment for sexual offences against children: The Bill prescribes life imprisonment for sexual offences agai children. In cases of molestation/sexual assault on children under the POC from a minimum of three years to a maximum of seven years of Punishment for harassment of women through social medi through email, social media, digital mode or any other form imprisonment.

o rape and murder of a woman where SALIENT n for punishing an offender in a rape FEATURES OF eath sentence. DISHA LAW e pronounced in 21 working days from clusive evidence : iminal Amendment Act, inst CSO Act, 2012, it was imprisonment. ia: In cases of harassment of women m, the guilty shall be punishable with