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CLASS NOTES

Nationalism in India 1) How did the First World War help in the growth of the Nationalist Movement in India? (pg 54)  The war created a new economic and political situation.  Led to an increase in expenditure which was met by the additional taxes on Indian people.  Prices increased that led to difficulties for the common people.  Villages were forced to supply soldiers.  Crops failed leading to shortage of food.  Spread of influenza epidemic.  The feeling that the Indians were being unnecessarily dragged into the war, made them united.  When Mahatma Gandhi returned to India, he brought in the concept of Satyagraha. 2) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? Or Why did Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act? (pg 55)  The Act was hurriedly passed.  Took away many civil liberties of Indians.  Indians took it as an insult.  Mainly because they were expecting constitutional concessions after the end of the war. 3) Why did Gandhi decide to withdraw non-cooperation movement? (pg 61)  Gandhi felt that the movement was becoming violent.  Example, Chauri Chaura incident.  Satyagrahis needed to be trained properly.  Some Congress leaders were tired of mass struggle.  They wanted to participate in elections. 4) What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha? Or “A Satyagraha was a battle through non- violence.” Explain. (pg 55)  Novel method of mass agitation used by Gandhi in South Africa.  Applied the same in the Indian National Movement.  It stressed on the power of truth and non-violence.  Physical force was not needed.  Satyagrahi could win the battle without using force.

5) Discuss in brief the Jalianwala Bagh massacre. (pg 56) (direct answer) 6) Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. (pg 63)  Gandhi found salt as a powerful symbol to unite the nation.  It was an important item used by people of all sections.  He sent a letter to the Viceroy putting forward 11 demands.  The demands would help the people to identify themselves with the movement.  Most important demand was to abolish salt tax.  He believed that this was the most oppressive part of British rule. 7) Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?  Condition of the Muslims was inferior to Hindus.  So, they wanted a separate electorate.  In case of joint electorate, the Hindus who are a majority will not give a fair chance to the Muslims to win the election.  They felt, the Muslims will be at the mercy of the Hindus.  Hindus felt, separate electorate will be against the spirit nationalism. 8) How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain. Or How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.  Bharat Mata as Identity of the nation: 1) In the 20th Century, various images of Bharat Mata came up. 2) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay of Bengal wrote Vande Mataram dedicated to motherland. 3) He created the first image of Bharat Mata. 4) Abanindranath Tagore also painted the image of Bharat Mata.  Folklore as Identity of the Nation: 1) Folklore must be restored to bring in a sense of pride. 2) Rabindranath Tagore began reviving folk songs, dances etc. 3) In Madras, Natesa Shastri published “The Folklore of Southern India” in Tamil.  Flags as Identity of the Nation: 1) Flags were created to unify people. 2) During Swadeshi Movement, tricolor flag was created. 3) In 1921, Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag. 4) Carrying the flag, and holding it high during marches became a symbol of defiance.  History as Identity of Nation: 1) History of India was reinterpreted. 2) India began looking at its past as glorious, prosperous. 3) Indians began blaming the British for destroying the rich Indian past.

9) Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh. (pg 59)  The talukdars and landlords asked for high rents and other cesses from the peasants.  Peasants had to do unpaid work for landlords.  There was no security.  They had to bear the burden of high revenue and were oppressed by the talukdars and landlords. 10) Explain any three reasons for the lukewarm response of some Muslim organizations towards the Civil Disobedience Movement. (pg 68)  Muslims were disappointed with Non-cooperation movement (NCM).  NCM ended without any concrete outcome.  Congress was highly associated with the Hindus.  Both the communities were organizing religious processions.  Clashes and riots between the two communities.  Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate, but no compromise could be arrived at.  Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status.  When the civil disobedience movement began, they could not trust. 11) How did Gandhi try to integrate the Depressed Classes into society? Explain. (pg 67 & 68)  Organized Satyagraha so that they could enter temples, have access to public well, tanks etc.  He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables.  Asked the upper castes to change their attitude towards them.  He went on fast when the British agreed to have a separate electorate for Dalits.  He believed that would slow the process of national integration. 12) Why did the rich peasants take part in the CDM? (pg 65)  Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat were hit by trade depression and falling prices.  They were unable to pay government revenue as their income reduced.  The government did not want to reduce the revenue.  They were unhappy about it.  So, they decided to support CDM with an intention to reduce the revenue. 13) Explain the causes that led the tribals to the revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. (pg 60)  The British government had closed many large forests.  They did not allow the tribal people to enter into these forests.  This affected their livelihood.  Their daily activities were affected.  The government was forcing them to work for free in the building of roads.

14) I) Describe the extent of people’s participation in the non-cooperation movement in the towns. Or Categorize and discuss the different urban segments which joined the NCM. (II) What were its economic effects? (III) Why did the movement decline? (pg 58) (I)  The movement started with the middle class participation.  Many students left government schools and colleges, teachers resigned, lawyers gave up their legal practices.  Council election was boycotted. (II)  Foreign goods were boycotted.  Liquor shops were picketed.  Foreign cloth was burned.  Import of foreign goods declined.  People began discarding foreign cloth.  They wore only Indian ones.  Indian textiles prospered. (III)  Khadi was expensive than mill made cloth.  Indian Institutions were slow in coming up.  Students, teachers and lawyers began once again joining work. 15) Explain the circumstances under which Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931. Or How did the colonial government react as the CDM spread in the country. Explain. (pg 64)  Congress leaders were arrested.  Violent clashes took place.  Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested.  Due to which there was angry protest.  Many were killed.  Mahatma Gandhi was arrested.  Industrial workers attacked places like police posts, railway station.  Government tried to suppress the movement with force.  Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked.  Women and children were beaten. 16) Explain the reaction of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed in Imperial Legislative Council in 1916. (pg 55)  Rowlatt Act gave the British government to repress political activities.  Indians reacted to it unitedly.  A hartal was begun on 6th April.  Rallies were organized.  Workers went on strike.

17) Describe the actions taken by the British administration against nationalists who opposed the Act. (pg 55)  Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.  Mahatma Gandhi was stopped from entering Delhi.  The police on 10th April open fired on a peaceful procession.  Martial was imposed. 18) Examine the events that led to the CDM. (pg 62-63)  Simon Commission was instituted to deal with the economic problems of India. But did not have any Indians.  Viceroy Irwin offered a dominion status and Round Table Conference.  Congress did not accept.  Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1929 demanded Purna Swaraj.  They declared that they would be celebrating 26th January as the Independence Day.  But many people did not support.  Thus, Gandhi started a mass movement- CDM. 19) Why did Gandhi relaunch the CDM? (pg 64-65)  Gandhi was disappointed with the Round Table Conference held in London.  When he returned from London, he found Jawaharlal Nehru and Ghaffar Khan in jail.  Congress was declared illegal.  Government tried to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. 20) Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the NCM. (pg 60)  Peasants in the hills began protesting when they were forced to work for free in the construction of roads.  They were stopped from entering their own forest reserves.  The movement here was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.  He claimed that he had many super natural powers.  He spoke about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.  Asked people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.  But said that force should be used to liberate themselves.  The peasants attacked police stations.  Tried to kill British officials.  Carried on Guerrilla warfare. 21) Examine the role of industrial working class in the CDM. (pg 66)  Though many did not participate, yet a few did.  They boycotted foreign goods.  Strikes were organized by railway workers.

 Wore Gandhi caps.  Participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. 22) Examine the role of women in the CDM. (pg 67) 23) How did NCM spread in the countryside? Explain. (pg 59 & 60)  In the countryside, peasants and tribal people participated in the movement.  In Awadh, movement led under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra.  It was against the increased rents by the landlords; begar.  They demanded reduction in revenue, abolition of begar.  Congress tried to integrate this movement into the wider struggle.  But the use of violence and the wrong interpretation of Gandhiji thoughts led to the decline of the movement.  In Andhra Pradesh, Gudhem Hills, a movement began by the tribal against the reservation of their forest areas that affected their livelihood.  The movement was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.  Again, the use of the violence led to its decline. 24) Discuss in brief the satyagraha movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi after arriving to India. (pg 55) 25) “Plantation workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.” Explain (60)  For plantation workers of Assam, it meant to move in & out freely.  It meant having a link with their villages.  Actually, the workers were not allowed to do so.  When they heard of NCM, thousands of workers left the plantation and headed home.  But they were caught by the police and brutally punished. 25) What was the reaction of the people after the Jallianwalla Bagh incident? How did the government try to suppress the revolt? (pg 56)  There were strikes.  Clashes with the police  People attacked the government buildings.  Government used to force to suppress the movement.  People were made to rub their nose on the ground, salute all the sahibs,  People were beaten.  Villages were bombed. 26) Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch NCM? (pg 56)  He knew that to launch a successful nationalist movement, they had to bring Hindus and Muslims together.

 During that time, Khilafat Committee was formed in order to defend the Khalifa’s temporal power.  Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi to join hands.  Mahatma Gandhi saw it as a good opportunity.  Thus, he decided to start NCM. 27) Why was NCM called so? (57)  In Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi said that it was with the cooperation of the Indians that the British were able to establish themselves.  So, if the Indian refused to cooperate, the British rule would collapse.  They would get independence. 28) How could non-cooperation become a movement? (pg 57)  Movement would take place in stages.  First, surrender anything that it is related to the government.  If the government used force, a full civil disobedience would be launched. 29) Why were many Congressmen against NCM? (pg 58)  They were not interested to boycott the council elections.  They felt that the movement would become violent.  For a while, there seemed no compromise between those who were supporters and those who were not supporters of the movement.  Finally, a compromise was established. 30) “In such a situation of internal debate and dissension, two factors again shaped Indian politics towards late 1920s.” Explain. (pg 62)  Worldwide economic depression.  Agricultural prices fell.  Demand for export fell.  Exports also declined.  Peasants suffered.  Establishment of Simon Commission to deal with this situation.  But had no single Indian member. They were all British. 31) Why did the poorer peasantry participate in the CDM? (pg 65)  Wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.  Small tenants could not pay rent due to economic depression.  But Congress did not support much as it would upset the rich peasants and landlords. 32) Why did the Indian Industrialists and merchants support CDM but later on withdraw its support? (pg 66)  They wanted to expand their business activities.

 They felt that, this would give them opportunity to do so.  They help CDM by giving money.  But, the failure of Round Table Conference disappointed them.  They withdrew their support. MAP SKILLS Locate and label the following with appropriate symbols on an outline map of India. 1) The place associated with the movement of indigo planters. 2) The place where Peasant Satyagraha took place. 3) The place where cotton mill workers organised Satyagraha. 4) The city related to Jallianwala Bagh Incident. 5) The place connected to the calling of the Non-Cooperation movement. 6) The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in December 1920. 7) The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in September 1920.

THE NEW INDIAN SCHOOL W.L.L KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN CLASS X SECOND TERM ECONOMICS NOTES CHAPTER 4 GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY 1. Which company can be considered as Multinational Corporation? Ans: MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. 2. What is meant by investment? Ans: Investment refers to the money spent by a company to buy assets such as lands, buildings, machines and other equipment. 3. What is meant by foreign investment? Ans: Investment made by an MNC in a country is foreign investment. 4. How do MNCs manage to keep their production costs low? Ans: MNCs keep the cost low by a) Setting up factories for production in a region or part of the world where abundant raw material is available at a low cost. b) Cheap labour and abundant raw materials help in keeping manufacturing costs low. c) Setting up trade and distribution centres in regions close to their markets d) Setting up offices to attend to customers in countries like India where enough English speaking youth are available. 5. How is a local company benefited by collaborating with an MNC? Ans: The local company enjoys a two-fold benefit when it ties up with an MNC. a) MNC provides money for additional investment to increase production. b) It also brings in the latest production technology. 6. What are the ways in which MNCs are able to link production processes in different locations across the globe? Ans: • MNCs are setting up partnerships with local companies • Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology. • They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand name to the customers worldwide. 1

7. Why are MNCs able to dictate their terms on prices, wages and quality? Ans: MNCs place orders for production with small producers. They purchase goods produced by these producers and sell them under their own brand name. Therefore they are able to maintain quality and determine prices. By tying up with local producers or purchasing small companies MNCs are able to influence labour conditions and determine wages. 8. What is meant by foreign trade? Ans: Trade outside the domestic market, i.e., with other countries is termed as foreign trade. 9. How does foreign trade result in integrating markets? Ans: With the opening of markets or with foreign trade, goods travel from one market to another and choice of goods to the consumers increases. Prices of similar goods in different markets tend to become equal and the producers in different markets compete with each other. With the liberalisation of foreign trade, electronic goods like digital cameras, laptop, smartphones have flooded the Indian market and give good opportunities to the buyer to select the item of their choice. 10. What is the meaning of Globalization? Ans: Globalization is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries resulting from greater foreign investment and foreign trade in goods and services. 11. How has globalization leveled trade between countries? Ans: Globalization is a process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries. Globalization has led to integration of production processes and markets across the world as a result of greater foreign investment and foreign trade. MNCs undertake production at locations around the world where costs of raw material and labour are low resulting in free movement of goods, services and technology. There is also increased interconnectivity and wireless connectivity resulting from development in information and technology. Globalization has thus leveled trade between countries and integrated the market processes across the globe. 12. Discuss the role of MNCs in the process of globalization. • MNCs usually set up production units across the globe in places where the market is nearby, there is the availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs and other factors essential to the growth of production. • The setting up of production in various countries leads to the development of products globally. Sometimes, the MNCs might also set up production with the local companies of a country as a joint responsibility, thus bringing in the latest technology and foreign investment. 2

• The MNCs also link and control the production of goods. Large MNCs in developed countries often place orders for production with small producers all around the world which are then sold by the MNCs under their brand name. • The power of control and influence of such corporations has contributed to the interlinking of such widely dispersed locations across the globe. More and more goods and services, investment and technology are moving between countries. This process, in turn, has contributed to the growth of globalization process. 13. Explain the factors that have enabled globalization:- Improvement in Transportation Technology • Railways, waterways, airways, roadways are developed to facilitate faster transport of goods. • Containers are the still chambers that can store products in efficient way to facilitate the transport. Use of containers enabled to lower the loading time, reduce the handling cost and hence faster delivery of goods. Improvement in Information and communication technology: • Internet- to send and receive data instantly efficiently communicates by email and video call services, online payment through e-banking facilities. • Mobile services – to facilitate communication around the world. • Satellites to link connection from any parts of the world. Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy • Removing trade barriers or restrictions set by government is called liberalisation. • Trade barriers are the restrictions laid by government to regulate the foreign trade. With these barriers government decides what kind of goods and how much quantity of each should come into the country. • Trade barriers are necessary after Independence to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. At this time government only allowed import of essential items such as machines, fertilisers, petroleum etc. • Around 1991, Indian government accepted the liberalisation policy removing barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment and enabling foreign producers to compete with domestic producers. 14. Explain the meaning of liberalization. Ans: Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on trade is known as liberalization. This means businesses are allowed to take decisions freely about what they wish to import or export, i.e., government has turned liberal. It implies goods can be imported or exported freely and foreign companies can be set up offices in the countries concerned. 3