MODUL DLP BIOLOGI KSSM T4

# jpnmelakajenamakerajaanno1 PROJEK KM2 @ KEMENJADIAN MURID MELAKA MODUL DLP FASA 1 BIOLOGI TINGKATAN 4 NAMA MURID : .............................................................. NAMA KELAS :............................................................... NAMA GURU :............................................................... “PENDIDIKAN BERKUALITI, INSAN TERDIDIK, NEGARA SEJAHTERA”







# jpnmelakajenamakerajaanno1 SENARAI NAMA AHLI PANEL PEMBINA MODUL KSSM @ KM2 MATA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI KSSM TINGKATAN 4 NAMA GURU PANEL NAMA SEKOLAH NORHAFIZAH BINTI HAMZAH (Guru Sumber) SMKA SULTAN MUHAMMAD AIDAH BINTI ABDUL KARIM (Guru Sumber) SMK INFANT JESUS CONVENT NORHASLINA BINTI HASSAN SMKA SHARIFAH RODZIAH ADYANI BINTI AHMAD SM SAINS MUZAFFAR SYAH ANIZAWATI BINTI ZAINAL SMK AYER KEROH NORHAFIZAH BINTI BACHOK SMKA TUN PERAK NURUL AIN BINTI ABAS SMK PERNU EFFADILAH BINTI MOHD SHAARI SMK SIMPANG BEKOH ROSLINAH BINTI SAHAK SMK MALIM RAHAYU BINTI MOHAMED RASHID SMK TEKNIK BUKIT PIATU SITI ARYATI BT MASTURI SMK CANNOSA CONVENT SITI SOLEHA BINTI YUNUS SMK LUBOK CHINA HALISA BINTI BAJIS SMK SERI TANJUNG NUR FAIZATUL AIN BINTI JAAFAR SMK SELANDAR EDISI PERTAMA 2021 CETAKAN JABATAN PENDIDIKAN MELAKA “PENDIDIKAN BERKUALITI, INSAN TERDIDIK, NEGARA SEJAHTERA”

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY AND LABORATORY RULES 1.1 FIELDS AND CAREERS IN BIOLOGY What is Biology? Biology is the study of all processes related to life and living things. The study of Biology helps us to understand the structure and the function of organisms and their interactions with one another and the natural environment. Fields and careers in Biology The contribution of Biology in everyday life. 1

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 1.2 SAFETY AND RULES IN BIOLOGY LABORATOR Equipment and their functions in a biology laboratory Personal protective equipment and their functions in the biology laboratory 2

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE Methods for managing biological waste Methods for managing biological waste Decontamination through autoclaving is done at 121°C and pressurized at 15 psi for 20 minutes Biohazard plastic bags that have been sterilised in an autoclave and sharp waste containers must be stored temporarily in a controlled storage place until the scheduled time for disposal. 3

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE Equipment for managing biological wastes Accidents in the laboratory 4

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE Practices in a biology laboratory 5

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 1.3 COMMUNICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Tables When carrying out an investigation, the experimental data must be recorded in a suitable table. Table: Volume of oxygen released by aquatic plants at different temperature Graph The relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable can be shown in the form of a graph. 6

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE Bar chart Bar charts present data using vertical bars that are not joined to each other. Histogram A histogram shows the visual distribution of data and the frequency of a value in a data set. Table: Number of pupils versus height 7

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE Biological drawing Biological drawing must be exact to give an accurate representation of an observed specimen. Plan, section and direction  Sagittal plane : divides the body into right and left parts  Frontal plane : divides the body into frontal and rear parts  Horizontal plane : divides the body into upper and lower parts  Cross section divides the structure into upper and lower portions horizontally  5 Longitudinal section divides the structure into left and right portions. Sagittal, frontal and horizontal planes Plane, section and direction 1.4 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION IN BIOLOGY Scientific investigations prove the validity of a hypothesis that has been made. The following are the steps in carrying out a scientific investigations. 8

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE SOALAN OBJEKTIF OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Biologi ? What is meant by Biology ? A. Satu kajian tentang alam sekitar, tumbuhan dan haiwan. A study of environments, plants and animals. B. Satu kajian tentang mikroorganisma dan organisma. A study of microorganisms and organisma. C. Satu kajian tentang interaksi antara benda hidup dan alam sekitar mereka. A study of the interaction between living things and their environment. D. Satu kajian tentang interaksi antara benda hidup dan bukan benda hidup. A study of the interaction between living things and non-living things. 2. Antara yang berikut, manakah merupakan bidang kajian Biologi? Which of the following are fields of studies in Biology? I Epistemologi III Nanoteknologi Epistemology Nanotechnology II Evolusi IV Perubatan Evolution Medicine A. I dan II sahaja C. II dan IV sahaja I and II only II and IV only B. I dan III sahaja D. III dan IV sahaja I and III only III and IV only 9

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 3. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan kerjaya berkaitan bidang Biologi? Which of the following is a carrier related to the fields of Biology? A. Ahli pedagogi C. Ahli geologi Pedagogist Geologist B. Ahli fisioterapi D. Ahli falsafah Physiotherapist Philosophist 4. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah boleh mewakili contoh produk bioteknologi? Which of the following can represent example for biotechnology product? I penghasilan beras transgenik production of transgenic rice II penghasilan petroleum yang berkualiti production of quality petroleum III penggunaan bakteria sebagai baja tiruan usage of bacteria as artificial fertilizer IV penghasilan bahan binaan yang lebih kuat production of stronger build materials A. I dan II sahaja C. II dan IV sahaja I and II only II and IV only B. I dan III sahaja D. III dan IV sahaja I and III only III and IVonly 10

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 5. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu simbol dalam mengurus bahan sisa biologi. Diagram 1 shows a symbol for managing biological waste. Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Apakah yang diwakili oleh simbol tersebut? What does the symbol mean? A. Biobahaya C. Mudah terbakar Biohazard Flammable B. Bahan beracun D. Merengsa Poisonous Irritant 11

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 6. Rajah 2 menunjukkan pelan badan asas bagi vertebrata. Diagram 2 shows the basic body plan for vertebrate. Rajah 2 Diagram 2 Antara satah A, B, atau C , yang manakah satah sagital? Which plane A, B, or C sagittal plane? 7. Rajah 3 menunjukkan seekor ikan. Diagram 3 shows a fish. Y Rajah 3 Diagram 3 Apakah arah Y yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3? Which is the direction Y as shown in Diagram 3? A. Anterior C. Dorsal Anterior Dorsal B. Ventral D. Posterior Ventral Posterior 12

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 8. Rajah 4 menunjukkan sebatang termometer yang telah pecah. Diagram 4 shows a thermometer that has been broken. Rajah 4 Diagram 4 Apakah langkah yang boleh dilakukan dalam mengurus tumpahan merkuri sementara menunggu pihak bomba? What is the right step that can be done to handle mercury spills while waiting for the fire department? A. Tabur serbuk sulfur C. Kaut tumpahan Sprinkle sulphur Scoop up the chemical spills B. Pegang dengan tangan D. Sekat tumpahan dengan pasir Handle using hand Prevent the chemicals spill using sand 13

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 9. Jenis lekapan telinga Bilangan murid Type of earlobe Number of students Telinga melekap 5 Attached earlobe 18 Telinga bebas Free earlobe Jadual 1 Table 1 Jadual 1 menunjukkan data mengenai jenis lekapan telinga iaitu satu contoh variasi dalam kalangan manusia. Table 1 shows the data about the type of earlobe which is one of the example of variation among humans. Graf apakah yang paling sesuai untuk mempersembahkan data mengenai jenis lekapan telinga manusia tersebut? Which graph is the most suitable to present data on the type of human earlobe? A. Graf garis Line graphs. B. Graf bar. Bar charts. C. Histogram. Histograms. 14

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 10. Ahmad sedang menjalankan penyelidikan dalam bidang Biologi. Dia perlu berkomunikasi mengenai hasil-hasil penemuan dengan melibatkan jadual, graf dan lukisan biologi. Ahmad is conducting a research in Biology. He needs to communicate about his findings with tables,graphs and biological drawings. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah ciri-ciri lukisan biologi yang tepat? Which of the following are the characteristics of accurate biological drawings? I Kecil tetapi tepat Small but accurate II Tidak berlorek secara artistik Not shaded artistically III Lukisan tidak perlu dilabel Drawing must not be labelled IV Garis lukisan perlulah jelas, bersih, berterusan dan tidak terputus Line drawn must be clear, clean and continuous A. I dan II sahaja C. II dan IV sahaja I and II only II and IV only B. I dan III sahaja D. III dan IV sahaja I and III only III and IVonly 11. Apakah itu hipotesis? What is a hypothesis? A. Menyatakan satu masalah dan membentuk satu soalan State a problem and form a question. B. Satu pernyataan umum selepas menggunakan satu teknik eksperimen. A general statement after using an experimental technique. C. Satu pernyataan yang menghubungkaitkan antara pembolehubah. A statement that relates between variables. 15

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 12. Antara yang berikut, manakah merupakan urutan langkah-langkah yang betul dalam kaedah saintifik? Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the scientific method? P : Kesimpulan R : Membuat hipotesis Conclusion Making hypothesis Q : Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan S : Mengenal pasti masalah Constant variables Identifying problem A. R  S  Q  P C. S  Q  R  P B. R  Q  S  P D. S  R  Q  P 13. Rajah 5 menunjukkan graf kesan suhu terhadap tindak balas enzim. Diagram 5 shows a graph of effect of temperature on enzyme reaction. Kadar tindak balas enzim Rate of enzymatic reaction Suhu Temperature Rajah 5 Diagram 5 Berdasarkan Rajah 5, jenis pemboleh ubah apakah yang diwakili oleh suhu ? Based on Diagram 5, what type of variables that represent by temperature ? A. Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan C. Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan Manipulated variable Constant variable B. Pemboleh ubah bergerakbalas Responding variable 16

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE SOALAN STRUKTUR STRUCTURED QUESTION 1 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu bekas untuk pengurusan bahan sisa biologi. Diagram 1.1 shows a bin for managing biological waste . Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 (a) Nyatakan kategori bahan sisa biologi bagi Rajah 1.1: State the category of biological waste for Diagram 1.1 : ………………………………………………………………….................................... [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Berdasarkan jawapan di (a) berikan dua contoh bahan yang boleh dimasukkan ke dalam bekas tersebut. Based on the answer in (a) , give two examples of materials that can be inserted into the bin. ………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 markah] [2 marks] 17

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE (c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan alat peralatan perlindungan diri yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan sampel biologi. Diagram 1.2 shows personal protective equipment that is used for handling biological samples. Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.2 Terangkan kaedah pengurusan alat perlindungan diri seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 1.2. Explain the method to handle the personal protective equipment as shown in Diagram 1.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… [3 markah] [3 marks] (d) Seorang pembantu makmal ingin melupuskan bahan sisa biologi cecair. Terangkan langkah-langkah keselamatan yang perlu diamalkan semasa mengurus bahan sisa biologi tersebut. A laboratory assistant wants to dispose liquid biological waste. Explain the safety steps that must be practised while handling the biological waste. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 markah] [2 marks] 18

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 2 Seorang murid ingin membuat pemerhatian struktur organisma berdasarkan satah, keratan dan arah. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tiga satah utama. A student wants to observe the structure of an organism based on planes, section and direction. Diagram 2.1 shows the three main planes. XY Z Rajah 2.1 Diagram 2.1 (a) Namakan satah X, Y dan Z seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 2.1. Name plane X, Y and Z as shown in Diagram 2.1. X : …………………………………………………………………....……………... Y : …………………………………………………………………....…………….... Z : …………………………………………………………………….……………... [3 markah] [3 marks] (b) Berdasarkan jawapan di (a) nyatakan perbezaan di antara satah P dan R . Based on the answer in (a) ,state the differences between plane P and R. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… . [1 markah] [1 mark] 19

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE (c) (i) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan beberapa biji bawang merah. Diagram 2.2 shows some onion. Rajah 2.2 Diagram 2.2 Terangkan bagaimana keratan yang dibuat kepada bawang R pada Rajah 2.2. Explain how the section done to onion R in Diagram 2.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… [2 markah] [2 mark] (ii) Murid tersebut juga ingin mempelajari arah dalam biologi. Labelkan arah bagi haiwan berikut dengan menggunakan empat anak panah. The student also wants to learn directions in Biology. Label the directions of this animal using four arrows. [4 markah] [4 marks] 20

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE 3 Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan oleh sekumpulan pelajar untuk mengkaji kesan aktiviti cergas terhadap bilangan denyutan nadi. Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut. An experiment was conducted by a group of students to study the effect of vigorous activity on the number of pulses. Table 1 shows the experimental results. Bilangan denyutan nadi (Bilangan kali seminit) Pelajar Number of pulse (number per minute) Students Rehat Berjalan Berlari Imran Hafiz Rest Walking Running Amly 50 70 100 50 80 110 60 70 100 Jadual 1 Table 1 (a) Kenalpasti pernyataan masalah untuk eksperimen ini. Identify the problem statement of this experiment. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini State the hypothesis for this experiment …………………………………………………………………………………….......... .…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2 markah] [2 marks] (c) Nyatakan: State: (i) Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan : Manipulated variables ………………………………………………………………………………… 21

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE (ii) Pembolehubah bergerakbalas : Responding variables ………………………………………………………………………………... [2 markah] [2 marks] (d) (i) Lukis satu carta bar untuk mewakili data dalam Jadual 1 bagi setiap individu. Draw a bar chart to represent the data in Table 1 for each individual. [2 markah] [2 marks] (ii) Berdasarkan carta bar yang dilukis di (d)(i), nyatakan hubungan antara bilangan denyutan nadi dengan aktiviti yang dijalankan. Based on the chart drawn in (d)(i), state the relationship between the number of pulse rate with the activities carried out. ……………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………...................... [2 markah] [2 marks] 22

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE (e) Cadangkan satu cara pengukuran yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur kesan aktiviti cergas. Suggest a method that can be used to measure the effects of vigorous activity. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 markah] [1 mark] 4 Rajah 3 menunjukkan keadaan yang berlaku selepas satu kemalangan yang melibatkan radas pecah di dalam makmal Biologi. Diagram 3 shows the situation after an accident involving a broken apparatus in a Biology laboratory. Rajah 3 Diagram 3 (a) Terangkan situasi di atas. Explain the above situation. .…………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 markah] [1 mark] (b) Terangkan langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil dalam situasi ini. Explain the steps need to be taken in this situation. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………. … [3 markah] [3 marks] 23

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM BIOLOGY MODULE (c) Nyatakan dua kesan buruk sekiranya bahan ini tidak diuruskan dengan betul. State two bad effects if this material is not properly managed. …………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. [2 markah] [2 marks] (d) Sekiranya seorang pelajar telah tersentuh bahan ini tanpa perlindungan diri, nyatakan simptom-simptom awal akibat keracunan bahan ini. If a student has touched this material without personal protection, state the initial symptoms of poisoning for this substance. …………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………......... [2 markah] [2 marks] 24

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.1 Structure and Function of Cell 2.1.3 Analysis of Components of Animal Cell and Plant Cell Structure of Animal Cell Structure of Plant Cell 25

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.1.4 Main Function of Components in Animal and Plant Cells Cell Component Characteristics Functions Nucleus - Spherical, compressed, - Control all cell activity enclosed in a nuclear - DNA determines the cell membrane with pores characteristics and - Contains chromosomes, metabolic functions nucleolus and nucleoplasm Jalinan endoplasma & ribosom - A system of - Transport system within the interconnected folded cell flattened sacs - Provide wide surface for - ER membrane is enzyme attachment and continuous with the biochemical reactions nuclear membrane  Rough endoplasmic  Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes reticulum transport protein attached to the surface synthesized by ribosomes  Smooth endoplasmic  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have reticulum synthesizes and ribosome transports glycerol and lipids, detoxify drugs and metabolic by-products  Ribosom is a small, dense  Ribosome is the site for spherical granule protein synthesis consisting of protein & ribonucleic acid 26

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Cell Component Characteristics Functions Golgi apparatus - A stack of parallel - Processes, modifies, packs, Mitochondrion flattened sacs coated by a and transports chemicals Centriole Lysosome single cell membrane such as proteins, - New membrane is added carbohydrate and at one end and vesicles glycoprotein bud off from the other end - Rod-shaped or spherical, - A site that generates energy consists of two layers of through oxidation of glucose membranes; smooth outer during cellular respiration membrane and folded inner membrane - Contains enzymes for cellular respiration - Cylindrical components - Forms spindle fiber during that exist in pairs in cell division animal cells, made up of microtubules - Does not exist in plant cell - Small spherical sac - Hydrolyses complex organic enclosed in a single molecules i.e protein, membrane nucleic acid, lipid - Contains hydrolytic - Break down bacteria, enzymes components of damaged cells 27

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Cell Component Characteristics Functions Vacuole - Liquid-filled sac @ cell - Water is absorbed into the Chloroplast sap, surrounded by the vacuole and cells become tonoplast turgid  Cell sap contains water, - In unicellular, contractile organic acids, sugars, vacuole involve in amino acids, enzymes, osmoregulation, osmosis mineral salts, oxygen, and excretion carbon dioxide, metabolic by-products - Oval shaped, consists of - Chlorophyll absorbs two membranes sunlight and converts to chemical energy during - Chlorophyll pigments in photosynthesis grana give plants green colour Cytoplasm - Jelly-like medium that - Medium for biochemical Plasma membrane contains components of reactions in cells suspended cells - Contains organic compounds - Outer membrane - Separates content of cell surrounds cell from external environment - Made of protein and - Control movement of phospholipid substance into/out of cell - Thin and elastic - Allow exchange of - Partially permeable nutrients, respiratory gaseous, waste material between cell and surrounding 28

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Cell Component Characteristics Functions Cell wall - A strong, rigid outer layer - Maintain shape of plant cell - Made up of cellulose fiber - Provides mechanical support - Fully permeable to plant cells 2.1.5 Comparison of Components of Animal and Plant Cells Animal cell Similarities Sel tumbuhan Nucleus  Does not have  Fixed shape fixed shape Cytoplasm  Has cell wall Plasma membrane  Has chloroplast  Does not have cell  Has big wall Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus vacuole  Does not have Endoplasmic reticulum  Carbohydrate chloroplast Ribosome storage - starch  Does not have  Does not have vacuole centriole  Carbohydrate storage - glycogen  Has centrioles 29

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.3 Living Processes of Multicellular Organisms 1. Are organisms with more than one cell 4. All cells Multicellular 2. Undergoes work together organism cell to form a differentiation complex process organism 3. Cell becoming specialised in structure and function Epithelial tissue Connective Cell Nerve tissue organisation in tissue humans Muscle tissue 25

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.3.1 Specialised Cell Structure and Function 2.3.2 Specialised Cell in Multicellular Organisms Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissues lining the intestinal wall • Absorb nutrients and secretes digestive enzyme • Goblet cells secrete mucus Epithelial tissues lining the alveolus of the lungs, body cavities and blood vessels • Thin and are arranged in a layer • Epithelial tissues on the outer surface of the skin consist of several layers. Epithelial tissues lining the surface of trachea and broncus • Cilia act as a dust filter • Goblet cells secrets mucus Epithelial tissues lining the tubules, glands and kidney ducts • Synthesis ATP • Epithelial cells in kidney involve in detoxification process Epithelial Tissue Nerve tissue • Consists of neurons or nerve cells • Involved in transmitting nerve impulses 31

Muscle Tissue I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Smooth muscle • Found in blood vessel, digestive tract and urinary tract • Involves in all involuntary movements Skeletal muscle • Attached to skeletal bones • Involved in voluntary movements Cardiac muscle • Found only in the walls of the heart • Enable the heart to pump blood Connective Tissue Fibrous connective tissue • Consists of large amounts of closely packed collagen fibres • Found in tendons (bones - muscles) and ligaments (bones - bones) Cartilage • Strong, flexible and supports the nose and ears • Also found in the intervertebral discs (acts as shock absorbers) Bone tissue • Consists of cells in a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibres • Support the body and protect internal organs 32

Muscle Tissue I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Adipose tissue • Found beneath the skin • Store energy, as an insulator, provides support and protection to organs Loose connective tissue • Found in between organs • Holds organs firmly Blood tissue • Comes from bone marrow • plays important roles in transport, protection and regulation 33

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Tissue Organisation in Plant Ground Tissue Parenchyma tissue Collenchyma tissue Sclerencyhma tissue • Thin-walled celss • Thickening by • Thickened with lignin with large vacuoles cellulose and pectin • Provides structural • Store starch, sugar • Provides support to support and and water young stems and mechanical strength to herbaceous plants plants 34

Vascular Tissue I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Xylem tissue • Joined end to end, stretching from roots • Walls are deposited with lignin to provide mechanical support • Transport of water and dissolved mineral salts from roots to all parts of plants Phloem tissue • Consists of sieve tubes • Transport food (during photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of a plant 2.3.3. Density of Organelle in Specialised Cells Cells Organelles found in high Role of the organelles to the specialized densities cell Sperms Mitochondria Provide energy to a sperm to move its tail and swim towards the Fallopian tube to fertilise the ovum Flight muscle cells Mitochondria Provide energy for muscular contractions in insects and birds Meristematic cells Mitochondria Provide energy for active cell division and Chloroplasts cell growth Palisade mesophyll cells Absorb energy from sunlight for Spongy mesophyll photosynthesis cells Rough ER Synthesis and secrete digestive enzymes Pancreatic cells Golgi apparatus Produce mucus Goblet cells Smooth ER Carry out carbohydrate metabolism Liver cells Golgi apparatus Detoxify poisons and drugs 35

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.3.4. Effects of Deficiency / Absence / Failure of Function of Organelle for Particular Cells Absence of MITOCHONDRION: Absence of LYSOSOME: unable to cause stunted growth, weak muscles, decompose microorganisms, damaged and vision and hearing problems. Also cells and toxic materials in the body diseases related to the liver, kidney and heart. TAY-SACHS DISEASE: Lysosome cannot produce certain Absence of RIBOSOME: unable to enzymes. Patients will experience synthesis proteins. stunted growth and mental retardation. Absence of CHLOROPLAST: unable to carry out photosynthesis, no food production 36

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 2.4 Level of Organisation Organ System in Plant 37

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Organ System in Human Nose 2) Respiratory system Trachea 1) Blood circulatory system Lungs  Gaseous exchange (oxygen and carbon Root dioxide) between the body and the external  Transport nutrients, environment Blood respiratory gases, vessel hormones and waste products Mouth 3) Digestive system 4) Urinary system Oesophagus Liver  Digestion of food Kidney  Produces, stores and Stomach and absorption of Ureter eliminates excretory Intestine nutrients and water wastes from the body into the body Bladder  Regulates blood osmotic pressure 5) Integumentary system Skull 6) Skeletal system  Protects the body Rib cage  Supports the body from physical Humerus injury, infection and Vertebral column  Protects internal dehydration Pelvic girdle organs Femur  Provides surfaces for the attachments of muscles Pectoralis Thyroid 8) Lymphatic system gland major 7) Muscular system Lymph  Protects the body against infectious Biceps  Muscles contract Lymph diseases Triceps and relaz to enable nodes movements  Returns tissue fluid to Biceps Lymph the blood circulatory and vessels system quadrice ps femoris 38

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Brain 9) Nervous system Pituitary gland 10) Endocrine system Cranial nerve Thyroid gland  Detects and Adrenal gland  Together with Spinal cord responds to stimuli Pancreas nervous system, Ovary (female) coordinates body Peripheral  Coordinates body activities via nerves activities Testis (male) hormones 11) Female reproductive 12) Male reproductive system system Ovary  Produces ova and Testis  Produces sperms and Uterus female sex male sex hormones Vagina hormones Penis 39

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE Soalan Objektif 1. Organel manakah yang terlibat dalam pembentukan gentian gelendong? Which organelle is involved in the formation of spindle fibres? A. Nukleus C. Lisosom Nucleus Lysosome B. Sentriol D. Ribosom Centriole Ribosome 2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan. Diagram 1 shows a plant cell. Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Antara komponen sel A, B, C dan D yang manakah terlibat dalam memberikan sokongan kepada tumbuhan herba? Which cellular component A, B, C or D involve in providing support in herbaceous plants? 25

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 3. Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis sel. Diagram 2 shows two type of cells. Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Proses manakah yang hanya boleh dilakukan oleh salah satu daripada dua sel ini? Which process can be carried out by only one of these cells? A. Mengawal pergerakan bahan ke dalam sel Controlling the movement of substances into the cell B. Mengawal tindak balas kimia dalam sel Controlling the chemical reaction in the cell C. Menghasilkan kanji dalam sel Making starch inside the cell D. Menggunakan glukosa dalam sel Using glucose inside the cell 41

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 4. Rajah 3 menunjukkan Paramecium sp. yang hidup di air tawar. Diagram 3 shows a Paramecium sp. which lives in freshwater. Diagram 3 / Rajah 3 Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D yang manakah jika tidak berfungsi akan menyebabkan organisma ini meletus? Which parts labelled A, B, C or D if not functioning will causes the organism to burst? 5. Manakah antara berikut benar tentang pembiakan Amoeba sp. dan Paramecium sp.? Which of the following is correct about the reproduction of Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.? Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp. A. Belahan dedua Spora Binary fission Spore B Spora Belahan dedua Spore Binary fission C Konjugasi Belahan dedua Conjugation Binary fission D. Konjugasi Spora Conjugation Spore 42

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 6. Rajah 4 menunjukkan sel yang didapati dalam satu daripada sistem badan manusia Diagram 4 shows cells found in one of the systems in human body. . Apakah sistem itu? Rajah 4 / Diagram 4 What is the system? C. Sistem pencernaan A. Sistem saraf Digestive system Nervous system D. Sistem urinari B. Sistem limfa Urinari system Limphatic system 43

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 7. Rajah 5 ialah carta bar yang menunjukkan kepadatan organel Z dalam dua jenis sel haiwan Diagram 5 is a bar chart that shows the density of organelle Z in two type of animal cells. . Kepadatan organel Z Density of organelle Z Sel hati Sel otot Jenis sel Liver cell Muscle cell Type of cells Rajah 5 / Diagram 5 Apakah bahan yang diproses oleh organel Z ? What is the substance processed by organelle Z? A. Asid nukleik C. Glikoprotein Nucleic acid Glycoprotein B. Iodin D. Asid urik Iodine Uric acid 44

I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS MODULE 8. Antara berikut yang manakah ialah tisu penghubung? Which of the following is a connective tissue? A. C. B. D. 9. Antara berikut tisu manakah mengandungi kepadatan mitokondrion paling tinggi? Which tissue contains the highest density of mitochondria? A. C. B. D. 45