FADRIQUELA, Jerico C._CE-3309_Final Project

CAMBODIA THE KINGDOM OF WONDER \"THE LAND OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY\" យសោធរបុ រ

ABOUT THE COVER THROUGHOUT CAMBODIA'S LONG HISTORY, RELIGION HAS BEEN A MAJOR SOURCE OF CULTURAL INSPIRATION. BUDDHA, A REPRESENTATION OF ENLIGHTENMENT, IS SHOWN ON THE COVER IN AN ATTEMPT TO EVOKE TRANQUILLITY. WE MUST ENLIGHTEN OURSELVES ON THE TEN NATIONS THAT MAKE UP THE \"ASEAN\" TO ENCOURAGE EMBRACING DIVERSITY. THIS WAS THE CHOSEN COVER SINCE BUDDHISM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN INSPIRING CAMBODIANS TO AVOID SELF-INDULGENCE AND SELF-DENIAL. WITH THIS, LET'S BE WILLING TO EMBRACE THE TRUTH AND ENLIGHTENMENT THE WORLD HAS TO OFFER.

LEARNER'S MAGAZINE CONTENTS 0 5 EDITOR'S NOTE 0 6 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 0 7 THE GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA 0 8 ETHNIC GROUPS IN CAMBODIA 0 9 LANGUAGE 1 0 RELIGION 1 1 CAMBODIAN LITERATURE 12 The Reamker 13 Journey to Angkor Wat by Uk Suttantaprj 14 Wilted Flower by Nou Hach 15 Kolab Pailin by Nhok Them 16 Sophat by Rim Kim 1 7 REFERENCES



“If its writing disappears, the nation vanishes.” - Kambuja Surya

The Kingdom of Wonder

EDITOR'S NOTE ELUCIDATE. The ASEAN countries' camaraderie in the face of diversity is truly extraordinary. This diversity promotes economic growth, social advancement, and cultural development by providing opportunities and an expanded list of possibilities. It's my pleasure and privilege to share this JericoFadriquela magazine featuring \"The Kingdom of Wonder,\" Cambodia. The magazine exhibits its culture, history, and precious works of literature. Every nationality, culture, and person differs in perspectives and points of view. However, when both points of view are shared, a miracle is about to happen. I wish you to be inspired as you witness the abundance and beauty of this country. 05

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW CAMBODIA IS A SMALL HEART-SHAPED NATION, ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF WASHINGTON STATE, LOCATED BETWEEN THAILAND, LAOS, VIETNAM, AND THE GULF OF THAILAND. IN THE NORTHWEST, THE VAST TONLE SAP LAKE IS ENCIRCLED BY THE MAGNIFICENT ANGKOR TEMPLES. THIS CIVILIZATION THRIVED BETWEEN THE NINTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES, AND CONTEMPORARY ARCHEOLOGICAL MAPPING REVEALED THAT ANGKOR WAS THE WORLD'S BIGGEST PRE- INDUSTRIAL METROPOLIS. CAMBODIA BECAME A MINOR BUDDHIST MONARCHY RELIANT ON THE GOODWILL OF ITS NEIGHBORS, THAILAND AND VIETNAM. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THESE KINGDOMS SPILLED INTO CAMBODIAN SOIL IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, AND CAMBODIA NEARLY VANISHED. FEARFUL OF THAI AMBITIONS, THE CAMBODIAN MONARCH URGED FRANCE TO OFFER DEFENSE FOR HIS REALM IN 1863. ALTHOUGH FRANCE PROTECTED CAMBODIA FROM BEING EATEN UP, THE PROTECTORATE GREW INTO A FULL-FLEDGED COLONIAL RELATIONSHIP THAT THE MONARCH HAD NOT ANTICIPATED. 06

Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia THE GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA Under peace agreements signed in Paris in 1991, Cambodia came under United Nations protection for a time in preparation for general elections held in 1993. Since then, Cambodia has been a constitutional monarchy ruled by a coalition government that has accepted large infusions of foreign aid. In 1999 Cambodia became a member of ASEAN, and became for the first time, after centuries of isolation, a full-fledged member of the Southeast Asian community. Hun Sen, of the Cambodian People's Party, has been the incumbent prime minister since 1985. He served from 1985 to 1993 and was Second Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 alongside Norodom Ranariddh (1993–1997) and Ung Huot (1997– 1998). Elected as prime minister in his own right in 1998, he is the longest-serving prime minister in Cambodian history. The prime minister is required to be a member of parliament. He first needs to be elected by a majority of parliament before a swearing-in ceremony can occur. The inauguration of the prime minister takes place at the Royal Palace. The monarch, together with the two heads of the Thammayut and Mohanikay orders, witness the prime minister-designate taking the oath of office. The unveiling of a cabinet will follow. The constitution specifies that a new administration must be formed no later than 60 days following an election. Vice prime ministers provide assistance to the prime minister. The formation of a new government takes place no more than 60 days after the election, as defined in the constitution. 07

ETHNIC GROUPS The Vietnamese minority had a little lesser status than IN CAMBODIA the Chinese, and after 1970, the majority of them departed or returned to Vietnam. However, a The majority of people in Cambodia are Khmer (Cambodians), substantial number of Vietnamese immigrants—many creating a homogeneity that is unmatched in Southeast Asia of whom had previously lived in Cambodia—settled and has cultivated a strong sense of national identity. Chinese, there in the 1980s. Vietnamese and Khmers have not Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and different intermarried much because of centuries of animosity indigenous groups of the rural highlands are among the ethnic and mistrust. minorities. The Cham-Malay group was the most significant The lowland areas around the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap, minority in the early twenty-first century. The Cham- on the transitional plain, and along the coast are where the Malay ethnic community, also known as Khmer Islam majority of the Mon-Khmer ethnolinguistic group, or Khmer, or Western Cham in Cambodia, upheld a high level of live. Following waves of Indian influence, they were subjected ethnic homogeneity and endured prejudice to Indo-Malayan influence in the eighth century CE, which may throughout the Democratic Kampuchea dictatorship. have included immigration from Java. From the 10th through The smaller groups of indigenous peoples were the 15th centuries, Tai people immigrated, followed by treated just marginally better than the Khmer Islam Vietnamese people starting in the 17th century and Chinese during that time. The Katu, Mnong, Stieng, Jarai, and people in the 18th and 19th centuries. Rhadé are among the Khmer Loeu (\"Upland Khmer\") groups that live in the sparsely populated The Chinese were the most significant ethnic minority in northeastern districts that border Vietnam and Laos. Cambodia before to 1975 because they were in charge of the nation's economy. 08

The majority of Khmer speakers spoke Central Khmer. Over 90% of Cambodians speak Khmer, an Austroasiatic language. Central Khmer is the dialect spoken in the central plains, where ethnic Khmers are most prevalent. Other Khmer dialects include Phnom Penh Khmer, Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer), Western Khmer (Cardamom Khmer), Southern Khmer (Khmer Krom), and the Khmer Khe dialect of Stung Treng province. Over a million Khmers in the southern districts of Northeast Thailand speak the Northern Khmer dialect. Western Khmer is a conservative dialect that shares characteristics with Middle Khmer. Southern Khmer is the native language of the Khmer Krom people in Vietnam's Mekong Delta area. According to Glottolog, 22 languages are spoken in Cambodia, the bulk of which are also Austroasiatic languages. More Austroasiatic languages spoken in Cambodia include Kuy, Por (Pear), Somray, Chong, Suoy, Sa'och, Tampuan, Kaco', Stieng, Mnong, Brao, Krung (Rade), and Sou (Laven). LANGUAGE 09

RELIGION Theravada Buddhism, which the Khmer still embraces today, was adopted by Cambodians in large numbers in the 13th century. However, for many years the kingdom remained powerful and affluent, as the Chinese diplomat Zhou da guan recorded in 1296. State-sponsored Hinduism and the temples built in its honor lost their significance. The empire gradually lost territory over the following 200 years as vassal nations in what is now Thailand proclaimed their freedom and overran Cambodia. The capital moved south to the area of modern-day Phnom Penh by around 1450, and it has stayed there ever since. Over the course of the following four centuries, Cambodia developed into a modest Buddhist kingdom that was reliant on the goodwill of Thailand and Vietnam. In the middle of the 19th century, the conflict between these two kingdoms spilled over onto Cambodian territory, and the country nearly vanished. 10

CAMBODIAN LITERATURE While Cambodia is famous for the “killing fields” of the Khmer Rouge and the temples of Angkor, it is less known for its writing. Nevertheless, Cambodia possesses rich literature—both oral and written—and had a thriving community of writers before the war. This issue includes examples of this material, rarely translated into English, from the Angkor era through the Khmer Rouge regime and afterward. Cambodian classical literature consists of works written in poetry and documented between the 16th and mid-nineteenth centuries, with most of it reflecting the cultural influence of India. It is divided into three primary genres: epic, verse novels, and cbap, or \"codes of behavior.\" 11

THE REAMKER “Honour of Rama” It is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana The protagonist of the tale is Rama (Preah Ream in Khmer), a prince who spent fourteen years in exile in the jungle without cause. After a series of misadventures, including the kidnapping of his wife Sita (Neang Seda) by the wicked giant Ravana (Reap) and her eventual rescue with the assistance of an army of monkeys led by Hanuman, Rama returns home and takes his throne. Issues of trust, loyalty, love, and In Cambodia, The Reamker serves as vengeance are discussed in the inspiration for a variety of performing Reamker through dramatic styles. Episodes are included in the interactions between princes and repertoires of classical dance-drama, giants, monkeys and mermaids, all-male masked dance-drama, and and a beleaguered princess. shadow puppet shows. Although each Although Preah Ream is said to be group concentrates on distinct events, an incarnation of the Hindu god The Reamker is generally the sole Vishnu, his characteristics and narrative performed by all-male those of the other characters in the masked dance-dramas and huge story are seen as more like those of shadow puppet play troupes. There is, regular people than gods in of course, a lot of overlap in terms of Cambodia. Despite being couched themes. in magical tales, the intricate interplay of strengths (bravery, 12 foresight) and flaws (distrust, deceit) depicts characteristics of clearly human social interaction.

JOURNEY TO ANGKOR WAT (NIREAS NOKOR VOAT) ABOUT THE AUTHOR UK SUTTANTAPRJ IND (OKNHA SOTTANPREYCHEA OEN), WHO LIVED FROM 1859 TO 1924, HAD A SIGNIFICANT INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY CAMBODIAN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION. HE STUDIED PALI BUDDHIST LITERATURE AND ITS KHMER AND THAI TRANSLATIONS FOR 10 YEARS AS A MONK, SEVEN OF THEM IN BANGKOK. HE SPENT THE LAST TEN YEARS OF HIS LIFE IN PHNOM PENH, WHERE HE WROTE SOME OF HIS MOST WELL- KNOWN COMPOSITIONS, INCLUDING A LONG ETHICAL TREATISE CALLED THE GATILOK AND A TEN-VOLUME COLLECTION OF FOLKTALES BASED ON BUDDHIST TALES. HE RESIDED IN BATTAMBANG BEFORE MOVING TO THE COLONIAL CAPITAL, BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE CITY'S 1907 RETROCESSION FROM SIAM TO FRENCH INDOCHINA. \"JOURNEY TO ANGKOR WAT,\" IS ONE OF HIS MOST WELL-KNOWN POEMS. ABOUT THE POEM THE MOST WELL-KNOWN POEM, JOURNEY TO ANGKOR WAT, DESCRIBES IND'S FIRST VISIT TO SIEM REAP IN 1909 WHEN HE WAS ASKED TO GO WITH THE KHMER PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR AND HIS FRENCH COUNTERPART TO SEE KING SISOWATH'S ARRIVAL AT THE ANGKOR TEMPLES. ALTHOUGH IT WAS INITIALLY RELEASED IN 1934, IT WAS PROBABLY WRITTEN BETWEEN 1909 AND 1915. IND WROTE HIS 550- STANZA POEM IN THE RECENTLY ASSIMILATED THAI LITERARY FORM OF NIRAT (NIREAS IN KHMER). THERE AREN'T MANY INSTANCES OF THIS UNCOMMON TYPE OF \"SEPARATION POEM\" LEFT. THE POET IN NIREAS WRITINGS REFLECTS ON THE JOURNEY TAKEN, THE STRANGE TOPONYMS VISITED, AS WELL AS THE BELOVED LEFT AT HOME IN THESE SONGS OF DEPARTURE. IND'S TEXT IS ABUNDANT. 13

WILTED SUMMARY FLOWER SINCE THEY WERE LITTLE, BUN THOEUN (ប៊ុនធឿន) AND PHKA SRAPOUN VITHEAVY (វិធាវី) HAVE BEEN SCHEDULED FOR MARRIAGE. BUNTHOEUN'S FAMILY, UNFORTUNATELY, ផ្កា ស្រពោន FALLS INTO POVERTY AFTER A STORM WRECKS THE BOAT HIS FATHER WAS USING TO DELIVER THE RICE BY: NOU HACH IN PREY NOKOR. ALONG WITH KOLAB PAILIN AND VITHEAVY'S MOTHER, MRS. NUON (យាយនួន), IS A LADY WHO VALUES MONEY OVER INTEGRITY AND HONOR. SOPHAT, PHKA SRAPOUN IS SHE RENOUNCES BUNTHOEUN AND HER DAUGHTER'S ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIES WEALTHY MAN NAISOT CONSIDERED ONE OF THE THREE (ណៃស៊ត) IN PLACE OF VITHEAVY. NAISOT HAS A SHORT FUSE AND IS UNETHICAL. HE DOES ANYTHING HE CLASSIC NOVELS OF MODERN KHMER WANTS WITH HIS MONEY. LITERATURE.[1] THE NOVEL IS SET VITHEAVY BECOMES UNWELL AND LONGS FOR BUNTHOEUN AFTER BEING ENGAGED TO NAISOT. SHE DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD DOESN'T DARE CHALLENGE HER MOTHER ABOUT THE ENGAGEMENT, THOUGH. SHE BECOMES MORE ILL. AS OF CAMBODIA. THE STORY PORTRAYS A RESULT, MRS. NUON SENDS HER DAUGHTER TO SIEM REAP, A TOURIST TOWN, BUT THE CAMBODIAN TRADITION OF THE MOOD OF VITHEAVY DOESN'T IMPROVE. ARRANGED MARRIAGES. BLOOD SPUTUM UP FROM VITHEAVY. DUE TO HER MOTHER'S SUPERSTITION, SHE IS TAKEN TO THE 14 FORTUNE TELLER WHERE DIFFERENT CURES ARE ATTEMPTED. HOWEVER, IT IS UNSUCCESSFUL. SHE STILL HAS A BAD SICKNESS. BUNTHOEUN FEELS DEPRESSED AND SOBS IN PRIVATE AFTER LEARNING VITHEAVY WOULD WED SOMEONE ELSE. TO RELIEVE TENSION, HE SPENDS DAYS IN THE FOREST SEARCHING FOR FIREWOOD AND FISH WITH MR. SO (តាសូ). VITHEAVY PERISHES WHEN HE GETS BACK HOME. THIS CIRCUMSTANCE GREATLY HURTS HIM.

NOVEL KOLAB PAILIN កុ លាបប៉ៃ លិ ន NHOK THEM PENNED THE CAMBODIAN BOOK KOLAB PAILIN IN 1936. KOLAB PAILIN IS REGARDED AS ONE OF THE THREE GREAT NOVELS OF CONTEMPORARY KHMER LITERATURE, TOGETHER WITH SOPHAT AND PHKA SRAPOUN. THE NARRATIVE DOES NOT EMPHASIZE ANY ASPECTS OF BUDDHISM OR HINDUISM AS RELIGIONS. IT DEPICTS THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CAMBODIAN PEOPLE DURING FRENCH COLONIAL RULE. THE MAIN CHARACTER OF THE NOVEL IS A YOUNG ORPHAN KID NAMED \"CHAUCHETR,\" WHO WAS SENT TO THE NORTHERN REGION OF PAILIN IN CAMBODIA BY HIS DECEASED FATHER TO WORK AT A DIAMOND MINE. ALTHOUGH IT DOESN'T EXPLICITLY ADVOCATE FOR SELF-RELIANCE, IT DOES PROVIDE YOUNG CAMBODIAN WOMEN SOME ADVICE ON SELECTING A PARTNER. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: NHOK THEM HE MOVED TO THAILAND AND FOUND EMPLOYMENT THERE. BEFORE MOVING BACK TO PHNOM PENH TO SERVE ON THE TRIPITAKA COMMITTEE AT THE BUDDHIST INSTITUTE, HE SERVED AS A PALI INSTRUCTOR IN BANGKOK FROM 1927 TO 1930. HE WORKED AS THE PUBLISHING MANAGER FOR KAMBUJSURIYA MAGAZINE AT THE ROYAL LIBRARY OF CAMBODIA IN 1938. THE FOLLOWING YEAR, IN 1939, HE WAS CHOSEN TO REPRESENT NORODOM SOTHEAROS AND THE BUDDHIST INSTITUTE TO CREATE CURRICULA AND LAUNCH THE BUDDHIST INSTITUTES IN LUANG PHRABANG AND VIENTIANE, LAOS. HE ESTABLISHED THE BUDDHIST INSTITUTE IN KLIANG PROVINCE IN 1942, AND HE WORKED AS A CURRICULUM REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE BUDDHIST INSTITUTE IN PAKSE, LAOS, IN 1943. 15

SOPHAT SYNOPSIS សូផាត SUON, A SISOPHON GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL, HAS AN AFFAIR WITH AN ORPHAN LADY NAMED SOYA, BY: RIM KIM [ រីម គីន ] AND SHE FALLS PREGNANT AS A RESULT. SUON GOES TO PHNOM PENH, CONCERNED ABOUT HIS PROFESSION AND THE WEDDING HIS MOTHER HAD PLANNED FOR HIM AND LEAVES SORYA WITH A RING THAT ALLOWS HER TO HOPE FOR HIS RETURN UNTIL SHE DIES, AND SENDS THEIR SON, SOPHAT, TO LEARN AT THE PAGODA. THE EPONYMOUS HERO IS LATER ASSIGNED TO CONTINUE HIS EDUCATION IN PHNOM PENH, WHERE HE LIVES AT WAT OUNALOM AND MEETS NARIN AFTER DEFENDING HIM FROM BULLIES. SOPHAT ACCEPTS NARIN'S INVITATION TO LIVE WITH HIM, WHERE HE MEETS HIS ADOPTIVE SISTER, MAN YAN, WITH WHOM HE FALLS IN LOVE. SOPHAT ACCIDENTALLY LEAVES THE RING HIS MOTHER GAVE HIM IN THE BATHROOM ONE DAY. WHEN THE FATHER OF NARIN SEES THE RING, HE REALIZES THAT SOPHAT IS HIS SON AND SHOWS HIM KINDNESS. MAN YAN IS ALREADY MARRIED TO ANOTHER MAN, WHOM SHE REJECTS ON HER WEDDING DAY BY JUMPING INTO A RIVER, BUT IS SAVED FROM DROWNING BY SOPHAT WHO WAS FISHING NEARBY, AND THE TWO ARE MARRIED AND LIVE HAPPILY EVER AFTER. SOPHAT FEELS UNWORTHY OF SUCH CONSIDERATION, FLEES TO BECOME A FISHERMAN, AND IS ASSUMED BY EVERYONE TO BE DEAD. ABOUT THE AUTHOR ONE OF THE PIONEERS OF CAMBODIAN MODERN LITERATURE, RIM KIN (KHMER: 1911– 1959) WROTE SOPHAT, THE COUNTRY'S FIRST BOOK TO BE PUBLISHED AND THE FIRST MODERN NOVEL TO BE WRITTEN IN PROSE AS OPPOSED TO THE NATION'S USUAL POETRY STYLE. A MOVIE WITH THE SAME NAME WAS MADE IN 1964. THE FIRST CONTEMPORARY KIN SERIAL STORIES WERE PUBLISHED IN 1935 IN RATRI THNAI SAUR, A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN CAMBODIA. KIN SERVED AS THE ASSOCIATION'S INAUGURAL PRESIDENT FROM 1955 UNTIL 1957. 16

“LITERATURE ADDS TO REALITY, IT DOES NOT SIMPLY DESCRIBE IT. IT ENRICHES THE NECESSARY COMPETENCIES THAT DAILY LIFE REQUIRES AND PROVIDES; AND IN THIS RESPECT, IT IRRIGATES THE DESERTS THAT OUR LIVES HAVE ALREADY BECOME.” ~ C.S. LEWIS, A BRITISH SCHOLAR, AND NOVELIST REFERENCES Anonymous (n.d.) Kolab Pailin. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolab_Pailin Anonymous (n.d.) Phka Srapoun. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phka_Srapoun#:~:text='Wilted%20Flowe r')%20is%20a,French%20colonial%20period%20of%20Cambodia. Anonymous (n.d.). What is the Importance of Literature and its Impact on Society? Penlighten. Retrieved from https://penlighten.com/importance-of-literature Chandler, D (n.d.). Cambodia: A Historical Overview. Asia Society. Retrieved from https://asiasociety.org/education/cambodia-historical- overview May, S. (November 2, 2015). Cambodian Literature: From Angkor to Year Zero and Beyond. Words Without Borders Overton, L.C. (n.d.). Cambodia: Ethnic Groups. Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia Pinterest and Canva for images Smyth, D. A. (n.d). Khmer Literature. Classical Literature. Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/Khmer-literature TMN (July 3, 2013). Rim Kin: Sophat. The Modern Novel. Retrieved from https://www.themodernnovelblog.com/2013/07/03/rim-kin- %E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F- sophat/ Toni Shapiro-Phim (n.d.) The Reamker. Asia Society. Retrieved from https://asiasociety.org/education/reamker 17

ASEAN LITERATURE FINAL PROJECT JERICO C. FADRIQUELA BSCE - 3309 LEARNER'S MAGAZINE OF 2022