Flash on English_Advanced_Student's book

Welcome to Flash on English Flash on English is your new English language course. On these two pages you will find some information to help you learn to use your textbook. Flash on English contains 10 units, organised in this way: Double linguistic input Each unit opens with a first presentation text which can be in various formats (article, email, report). The second presentation offers extracts from listenings (interviews, dialogues, reports) which aim at introducing topics, activity types and listening techniques you will need at advanced level. Examples of grammatical structures and functions are presented in the Grammar and the Functions boxes, in a concise and clear form to allow the student full autonomy in carrying out the activities. Flash Forward activities keep fast finishers busy. The Use of English page focuses on the language knowledge structures and patterns you will need to produce written texts. It includes vocabulary and morphology activities, offering genuine practice of the Reading and Use of English paper of the Advanced exam. The Flash on Grammar page is dedicated to presenting the grammar structures. CAE Cambridge English: Advanced

The Flash on Skills section helps the students to develop the four language skills. Placed at the end of each unit, it alternately presents two types of text material. CULTURE AND CIVILISATION Focuses on social and cultural aspects of the English-speaking world. LITERATURE Texts aimed at familiarising students with literary genres. The main grammar items are presented schematically in the Grammar Reference at the end of the book, with information about grammar rules and extensive examples. A complete Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) practice test which includes useful tips as a guidance to the different parts and tasks you are expected to produce at C1 level.

Contents Unit Trailblazers Presentations Grammar Vocabulary Achievements 1 Reading Present perfect simple and Weather and temperature Contemporary explorers continuous 2 Past simple and continuous Words and expressions to Listening Past perfect simple and describe what people are like continuous Phrasal verbs for family and A conversation about a travel be used to + -ing / noun relationship experience in France used to + infinitive p. 8 People Reading Third and mixed conditionals Close to Us Nature versus nurture (past action and present consequence) Listening Modals for possibility, People talking about non-traditional impossibility and probability ways of meeting people p. 16 Flashback 1-2 p. 24 3 The World Reading Future simple Words and expressions of Sport Find out about the Cybathlon Future perfect tenses to describe the body and Present continuous for future physical problems p. 26 Listening be going to, be about to Common collocations People talking about the future 4 Modern Comparatives and superlatives Words and expressions Communication Reading and other ways of comparing dealing with technology and A magazine report about techno- so … such, as… information news Expressions connected with political campaigns Listening p. 34 A talk about campaigning with new media Flashback 3-4 p. 42 5 Education Reading wish and if only Expressions for family and and Jobs Regrets that five older people have let sb do sth and make sb do sth friends Obligation and lack of obligation University and first job p. 44 Listening (present and past) Radio programme about higher Conjunctions that introduce Words and expressions 6 Language and education conditional clauses describing people and Communication interpersonal relations Reading Verb patterns A special kind of language learning Verbs of perception Adjectives + preposition + Listening infinitive/gerund Five people talking about accents Verbs + infinitive Verbs + object + infinitive p. 52 Flashback 5-6 p. 60 4

Functions Use of English Skills Expressing interest and asking follow-up questions Phrasal verbs and expressions Culture and civilisation with set Multiple-choice cloze Reading An article about a foreign correspondent for the BBC Listening People talking about risk Sharing your experiences Phrasal verbs and expressions Speaking Asking each other questions about unusual/interesting Telling a story about yourself with down and up travel experiences Phrases with fact Writing An essay about why young people don’t act to change the Open cloze world Culture and civilisation Reading Article about a woman who claims to have lived with monkeys as a child Listening A talk by a student about a research project for a course in psychology Speaking Comparing pictures of people and animals doing things together Writing A review of a book or film Ways to introduce your opinion Phrasal verbs with on Culture and civilisation Connecting words: albeit, eventually, whenever, meanwhile Reading The issue of doping in sport Word formation cloze Listening Discussing the first Indigenous Games Speaking Suggestions to prevent people from cheating in examinations Writing A proposal for a new activity / a report of a sports event Discussing preferences and Complex phrasal verbs with get Culture and civilisation opinions Sentence transformation Reading Gun laws in the US Listening People talking about the first time they used Twitter Speaking Asking each other questions about social media Writing Review of a computer game Sympathising and showing Expressions with let Literature: Mrs Dalloway understanding (I’m sorry to Words and expressions with fancy hear that. / I don’t blame you. / Multiple-choice cloze Reading A passage from the book That’s awful.) Listening A talk by a student about some research for a course Speaking Comparing pictures about people feeling sad or regretful Writing A letter Saying you are going to do Impressions and opinions Culture and civilisation something Collocations with gerunds Multiple-choice gap-fill Reading Future forms of English Listening A talk on automatic translation Speaking Preparing for an interview Writing An essay about becoming an interpreter 5

Contents Unit Presentations Grammar Vocabulary 7 Money and Reading Expressing yourself rhetorically Words and expressions with Business A successful entrepeneur in English business/money Inversion and emphasis Phrases for emphasis Listening so and such Interview concepts Digital profile talk p. 62 8 Art and Reading Relative clauses Describing art and Entertainment An article about a performance Participle clauses and other uses entertainment artist of -ing form Location and places to live Listening People living in unusual places, on p. 70 a houseboat or in a small house Flashback 7-8 p. 78 9 Weird Science Reading Introductory it Wildlife and climate change Climate change and hybrid animals Passive forms Health and medicine Causative have and get Listening Crime and punishment The importance of vaccinations Words and expressions connected with frightening 10 Detective p. 80 Reported speech situations Fiction Main reporting verbs Reading A review of a non-fiction book about a crime in Victorian England Listening People talking about their strange p. 88 experience Flashback 9-10 p. 96 Flash on CAE p. 98 Grammar reference p. 118 Phrasal verbs p. 126 Irregular verbs p. 129 Audioscripts p. 130 6

Functions Use of English Skills Doing an interview Phrasal verbs and expressions for Literature: The Adventure of the Speckled Band Responding to opinions business, job and interviews Word formation cloze Reading A passage from the book Listening Ways of learning new information Speaking Asking each other questions about job interviews Writing Essay on how to get funds for non-governmental organisations Phrasal verbs and expressions Culture and civilisation with over Words and expressions with Reading A blog by a traveller about his visit to Bikini Atoll house and home Listening Three conversations about survivalism, alternative schools Open cloze and gaming competitions Speaking An alternative education system Writing A review of an unusual event or alternative way of life Saying you don’t understand Collocations with adverbs Literature: The Island of Dr Moreau Asking for clarification Expressions with make Confirming that you understand Sentence transformation Reading A passage from the book Listening People talking about human embryo research Speaking Scientific and medical developments Writing An essay about issues around human-animal embryo research Reporting what people said Phrasal verbs Culture and civilisation Recounting unlikely events Expressions connected with fear Open cloze Reading An article about an unexplained occurrence Listening Different conversations about school and education Speaking Questions on general topics Writing Review of a TV documentary 7

1 Trailblazers Contemporary explorers 1 Work with a partner. Look at the photo of the people in the desert and answer the questions. What do you think the people are doing? What do you think drives people to do something like this? 2  1.02 Read and listen to the article about A Anna McNuff contemporary explorers. Which of them Just start; that’s the best way to get going on an adventure, impresses you most and why? according to Anna McNuff who urges people to leave their fears at home and get outside. She would know. In 2013, she 3 CAE Choose from the explorers (A-F) to cycled seven months and 11,000 miles on a pink bike taking in every state in the US. Last year she ran 1,911 miles along New answer the questions. Explorers may be Zealand’s Te Araroa trail. She recently walked out of her back chosen more than once. gate with a backpack and an open European itinerary to be decided by votes from her followers on social media. McNuff Which explorer… is also on a mission to get children outdoors and exploring. 1 doesn’t use a bicycle for exploring, as far as Through her endurance challenges, she’s raised awareness, as well as more than £20,000 for the charities Right to Play and we know? The Outward Bound Trust. 2 has made money to help people through B Belinda Kirk her adventures? 3 proved that exploring doesn’t need to be Kirk’s quest is to get people to live more adventurously. She has walked across Nicaragua, searched for camels in China’s expensive? Taklamakan desert, the so-called Desert of Death, discovered rock 4 chooses destinations where she can get paintings in Lesotho and was skipper of the first female crew to row non-stop around Britain, in a punishing 2,101-mile, 51- away from other people? day voyage. She launched Explorers Connect, a social enterprise 5 encourages all kinds of people of all ages to connecting people to adventures in the UK and overseas in 2009. It’s now a community of 25,000 from total beginners to be adventurous, too? experienced explorers who can link up with adventures, team- 6 has had the longest adventure, both in mates and adventure industry jobs. Currently, she’s establishing Britain’s first national day of adventure, Wild Night Out, to help distance and time? disadvantaged kids get outdoors. ‘I’ve seen adventure change 7 had a completely different kind of job before people’s lives, by giving inspiration and building confidence, creativity and a reconnection with nature,’ she says. becoming an explorer? 8 is leaving it to other people to decide her C Sarah Outen travel plans for her latest adventure? Outen set out from Tower Bridge in April 2011 on her global expedition London2London via the World. Her body was her 4 Match the definitions with the words and only engine. Four and a half years and 25,000 miles later she had rowed, cycled and kayaked her way around the northern phrases in bold in the article. hemisphere. Nothing stopped her; not even hurricanes, typhoons or loneliness. Outen’s first major expedition was a solo row across 1 for very little money (idiom) ________________ the Indian Ocean in 2009, where she set records as the first woman and youngest person to accomplish such a feat. 2 lacking resources and FLASH FORWARD opportunities (adj) ________________ With your partner, make a list of the different 3 the ability to keep doing something difficult sports and physical activities mentioned in the article. Then tell your partner which ones you have for a long period of time (n) ________________ done and which ones you would – and wouldn’t – like to do and why. 4 captain of a boat or ship (n, informal) ________________ 5 the daily routine of activity, necessary to earn a living (n, informal) ________________ 6 the most basic and necessary things (n) ________________ 7 to stay overnight in someone else’s home free of charge or at a low cost (v, informal) ________________ 8 to try to persuade someone to do something (v, formal) ________________ 9 very tiring, requiring a lot of effort (adj) ________________ 10 when you try to do or to get something difficult (n, formal) ________________ 8

1 Vocabulary: Achievements 6 Match these words to make expressions to talk D Sarah Williams about achievement. Find them in the article She is a runner, skydiver, bungee jumper, climber, cyclist and and check that you know what they mean. world traveller … and a former banker. In 2013 she swapped the rat race for marathons and other gruelling challenges 1 blaze a awareness and is currently training for the world’s toughest footrace, the 2 be on b endeavour 200-mile Marathon des Sables across the Sahara. Now an 3 raise c your stride adventure aficionado, Williams’ new vocation is to motivate 4 set d a trail and inspire women and girls to challenge themselves. She’s 5 accomplish/perform e a/the challenge the founder and host of the Tough Girl podcast, weekly 6 physical/human/artistic f a mission interviews where female adventurers share their journeys 7 take sth in g a/the feat first-hand. 8 tackle h a record E Emma Timmis 7 Complete the sentences with an expression Timmis is a runner, cyclist and climber, she was honoured from exercise 6 in the correct form. in the 2015 National Adventure Awards for physical endeavour. At 32, she has already tackled some of the world’s 1 Barack Obama ____________ for people of toughest challenges, but takes it all in her stride. Last May, colour by becoming the first black president of Timmis discarded her running shoes and rollerskated across the USA. the Netherlands in seven days with a friend. Thanks to couchsurfing and imaginative budgeting, they only spent 2 The Dutch sailor Laura Dekker ____________ £245 each – proving that adventures can be created on a of sailing solo around the world when she was shoestring. only sixteen and succeeded – she was very young to ____________ like that. F Dervla Murphy 3 Online pressure groups like Avaaz.org and A travel legend, Murphy has always blazed her own trails. Change.org are committed to ____________ Now in her 80s, she continues to journey around the world as worldwide about social and political issues she has for more than five decades – usually alone and mostly – they’re ____________ to make the world a on a bicycle. She travels with the bare minimum, counting better place. on the hospitality of local people. Her daughter Rachel and three grand-daughters live in Italy and join Murphy on her 4 During the 2016 US election campaign, journeys when possible. ‘Choose your country, use guidebooks Donald Trump seemed to ____________ all the to identify the areas most frequented by foreigners – and criticism of him ____________ – incredibly, it then go in the opposite direction,’ says Murphy. didn’t seem to affect him much at all! GRAMMAR 5 Serena Williams has ____________ as the highest-earning female athlete of all time in Past simple and Past perfect terms of prize money. Last year she ran 1,911 miles along New Zealand’s Te 6 When you’re a top athlete, you have to train for Araroa trail. hours every day – it’s a real ____________. Four and a half years and 25,000 miles later she had rowed, cycled and kayaked her way around the Say it! northern hemisphere. 8 Work with a partner. Talk about what these Grammar reference p. 118 people and organisations have achieved and/or 5 Choose the correct option. are achieving by using expressions from exercise 7. Add other people and organisations 1 By the time she was/had been twenty, she ran/ to the list if you want to. had run ten marathons and rowed across the Atlantic. J.K. Rowling Medecins sans Frontieres Simone Biles Friends of the Earth 2 In January 2016, he left/had left his job and Hillary Clinton Beyoncé began/had begun a two-year journey around Rafa Nadal Felix Baumgartner the world. Christine Lagarde Amnesty International Cristiano Ronaldo The Red Cross 3 They never went/had never been out of the United States before they went/had been on their trip to Europe last year. 4 I was/had been late getting out of the meeting and by the time I got/had got to the station the train just left/had just left. 9

1 Intrepid holidaymakers 1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos of places in the region of Provence in France. What makes an area like this so popular for holidays? 2  1.03 Listen to Liz talking to her friend FLASH FORWARD Rick about a recent holiday she went on in Imagine you could go on a cycling holiday. France with a friend. How did they travel Plan the trip by answering these questions. around? Where would you go? How long would you go for? 3  1.03 Listen again and decide if the Who would you go with? How many kilometres would you be able to cycle sentences are true (T) or false (F). each day? 1 Liz managed the cycling easily. ___ Where would you stay? How would you train for the trip? 2 Liz hadn’t done any training for the trip. ___ Is there anything else that you would need to plan? 3 Liz did a lot of cycling in the past, but Work with a partner. Find out about each other’s cycling holidays. doesn’t do so much anymore. ___ GRAMMAR 4 They managed to cycle to their Present perfect simple and Present destination each day. ___ perfect continuous 5 On the second day of the trip, the weather I haven’t done anything since we got back. I’ve been recovering ever since! went from one extreme to another. ___ Grammar reference p. 118 6 They didn’t have protective clothes to keep themselves dry. ___ 7 They couldn’t find anywhere to get out of the rain. ___ 8 Getting to Avignon was expensive. ___ 10

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form 6 Correct the mistakes with used to + infinitive 1 of the verb in brackets – the Present perfect and be used to + -ing/noun in the sentences. simple or the Present perfect continuous. One sentence is correct. 1 I ________ (cook) for the party since early this 1 I used to go to the cinema a lot, but I never morning. Now, I’m so tired, I don’t feel like seem to have time anymore. partying at all! 2 She’s got three young kids and a full-time job, 2 You ________ (fail) the course? I don’t believe so she used to multitask! it! What ________ you ________ (do) all year? ________ you ________ (not study)? 3 A Did you use to have long hair when you were younger? 3 He ________ (not play) a match since last December, when he injured his leg. He B Yeah, it was really long. It was used to ________ (recover) ever since. coming down to the middle of my back! 4 We ________ (work) on this project for the 4 He didn’t use to like living in London, but now past year, and there ________ (be) so many he does – after ten years, he used to live there. problems with it that I ________ (really have) enough! Vocabulary: Weather and temperature 5 British citizens who ________ (live) outside of 7 Put the weather and temperature words from the UK for more than 15 years can’t vote in UK elections or referendums. the box under rain, wind, sky, hot, wet or cold in your notebook. Add any others that you know. GRAMMAR baking (adj)  blow (v)  breeze (n) Past continuous, Past perfect simple and Past perfect continuous brighten up (v)  clear up (v)  cloud over (v) cool down (v)  cool (aj)  drenched (adj) So, anyway, we were sitting there… But I thought you’d done loads of training for the trip, drizzle (n and v)  heat wave (n)  overcast (adj) hadn’t you? pour down (v)  set in(v)  shower (n) I’d been thinking that we could find a café. soaked (adj)  squelching (adj)  sweltering (adj) Grammar reference pp. 118-119 freezing (adj)  downpour (n)  clear (adj) cold spell (n)  die down (v) 5 Underline the correct alternative. FUNCTIONS 1 By the time the concert started, it was raining/ had been raining for hours and the field was Expressing interest and asking badly flooded. follow-up questions 2 I hadn’t waited/hadn’t been waiting very long before she arrived. So, how did it go? It sounds (really) amazing/ When did you…? grim/awful etc.! 3 We had stood/were standing there, wondering Oh, really? how we had ended up/had been ending up in What happened? No? Why/Why not? this situation, when Lucy finally arrived with Yeah, I know what you Oh, right. the key. So what did you do? mean. I can imagine. 4 Tim Why do you think they didn’t win? Sara I don’t think they had had/had been Say it! having enough practice in such high temperatures, that was the problem. 8 Think of a time when you have experienced 5 She said that she had worked/had been extreme weather. What happened? Work with working all day and that she wasn’t having/ a partner and tell each other your stories using hadn’t had time to eat anything. vocabulary from exercise 7 and expressions from the Functions box. 6 He asked us if we were calling/had been calling him, as he’d received/had been receiving lots Critical thinking of missed calls from an unknown number. 9 Work with a partner. Read about a trip that a GRAMMAR group of students is planning and make a list of used to + infinitive, be used to + a) what could go wrong, and b) what they could do -ing/noun to prevent things going wrong. Five university students plan to go on a week’s walking I used to do a lot of cycling in the past. tour in a remote hill area in late October. They have tents I’m not used to cycling up hills. and supplies of dried food, but assume that there will I’m just not used to such an intense pace anymore. be places to buy more food. None of them have walking boots, only trainers. They don’t take a map with them, Grammar reference p. 119 as they intend to rely on maps on their mobile phones. 11

1 Use of English 4 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the Phrasal verbs and expressions with set following questions. 1 Underline the phrasal verbs and expressions 1 Who would you like to follow in the footsteps of? 2 Have you ever had a history teacher that has with set in the sentences, then match them with their meaning in definition a-h. made history come alive for you? 3 Have you heard an inspiring story in the news 1 I’m all set. Are you ready? 2 They set the company up in 2004, and it’s recently? 4 What’s the most inhospitable place that you’ve been doing really well ever since. 3 I set him straight on a thing or two – I was ever been to? 5 Can you think of an expedition that you’ve really fed up with him thinking that about me. 4 Failing the exam is a real setback. It means I heard about that you’d like to replicate? can’t start university this year. 5 CAE For questions 1-8, read about two more 5 We set off/out really early this morning, around contemporary adventurers and decide which 6 a.m., as we had a long journey ahead of us. answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. 6 She’s really set on going to Australia next year. Justine Gosling is a time traveller: she fuses all the things She’s working hard to save money for the trip. she loves best – history, exercise and (1) _____ stories – 7 He’s dead set against going to university. He into momentous (2) _____ that reignite the past. She had never been on an expedition when she (3) _____ wants to leave school and start work. in August 2015 to travel 5,000 miles on foot and 8 She set up the cameras and computers ready bicycle along the 15 countries bordering the iron curtain separating western Europe from the former Soviet Union. for the video meeting. Postwar history came (4) _____ for her, a physiotherapist, who was four years old when the Berlin Wall came down. a to prepare and/or put together equipment Jacki Hill-Murphy has travelled to inhospitable places to b to be ready to go prepared for a situation recreate the journeys of daring female adventurers from the c to be very sure that you don’t want to do past. In tracking four valiant women who left inhibition at home and (5) _____ into the unknown, she pays tribute something to their spirit and achievements. She has (6) _____ in d a delay caused by something going wrong the footsteps of Victorian explorers Isabella Bird, who e to have that thing as your target or focus travelled by yak across the Digar-La Pass in India, and f to start a journey Mary Kingsley – who pioneered the route to the summit g when someone has the wrong idea about of the volcano Mount Cameroon; and also Kate Marsden, who trudged from Moscow to Siberia in search of a cure for you and you correct the misinformation leprosy. h to start a business or organisation Hill-Murphy also braved piranha-infested waters in a canoe to (7) _____ the 1769 expedition of Isabel 2 Work with a partner. Tell them about: Godin, the only survivor of a 42-person, 3,000-mile expedition along the Amazon. Hill-Murphy’s (8) _____ a setback that you’ve had; and those of her heroines come to life in her recent book, something that you’re (dead) set against; Adventuresses. something that you’re really set on; a time that you set someone straight on something; something that you, or someone you know, has set up. Vocabulary: Travel and exploring 3 Match the words to make collocations and 1 A uninspiring C accomplished B inspiring D gruelling expressions about exploring and travel. Check 2 A challenges C endurance that you know what they mean. B difficulties D endeavour 3 A set up C set against 1 follow in a story B set on D set off 2 head into b the unknown 4 A up C true 3 history came c challenge B alive D live 4 an inhospitable d an expedition 5 A headed C fell 5 an inspiring e tribute to sth or sb B lead D happened 6 a momentous f the footsteps of sb 6 A traced C wandered 7 pay g alive B followed D chased 8 replicate h place 7 A duplicate C revise B repeat D replicate 8 A travelling C travels B travel D traveller 12

Past simple and Past perfect 1Flash on Grammar 1 Complete the sentences with the correct tense used to + infinitive, be used to + of the verbs in the box, Past simple or Past -ing/noun perfect. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form already close  always want  arrive of used to and a word from the box. be love miss never try do go not live play see not sit work not realise  spend  you not go 1 We ________ a lot of each other when we were 1 A By the time we ________ at the airport, the younger, but then somehow we lost touch. check-in desk ________ and we ________ our flight. 2 A ________ quite a lot of sport? B Yeah, I ________ tennis at least twice a B What bad luck! week, and I ________ running regularly, but 2 I ________ bungee jumping before going on I just don’t have time now, what with work and the kids. holiday to New Zealand. 3 I ________ the whole evening speaking to Maria 3 I ________ in the country. I find it too quiet and isolated. I want to move back to the city. – I ________ before how interesting she is. 4 A How ________ your trip to Paris? 4 She didn’t like the job at first – she ________ at a computer all day – but now she doesn’t B Wonderful! I really ________ it! mind it. A ________ there before? B No, never. I ________ to, though. 5 My parents ________ in Barcelona. That’s where they met. Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous Round up! 2 Underline the correct alternative. 5 Complete a blog post about an experience while 1 He’s worked/’s been working from home for the flying, by choosing the best option (A or B). past six months, and he says his life has really changed/has really been changing for the The best way to travel for me is by plane. I (1) _____ it better. ever since I first (2) _____ on a plane, when I was four. I (3) _____ all over the world, for holidays and for my 2 OK, we’ve shopped/’ve been shopping since job, and there (4) _____ one time when I (5) _____ a 10 o’clock this morning and I’ve had/’ve been bit scared. It was on a flight from Madrid to New York having enough! It’s time to go home. and we were about halfway there, flying over the Atlantic. The plane (6) _____ around a bit due to 3 I’ve been/’ve been being ill and haven’t turbulence, but it (7) _____ me, really – I (8) _____ managed/haven’t been managing to do much it. But then, suddenly, we (9) _____ what seemed like revision over the past few days. I hope I don’t hundreds of metres. Lots of people (10) _____, me fail the exam. included! The captain (11) _____ an announcement, explaining that we (12) _____ an air pocket, and that 4 You look nice and relaxed. What have you this (13) _____ the plane to drop, but that everything done/been doing? was OK. What a relief that was! Generally, though, I (14) _____ on a plane now that I find it quite relaxing Past continuous, Past perfect simple and and usually fall asleep quite soon after take off. Past perfect continuous 3 Complete the sentences with the Past 1 A ’ve been enjoying B ’ve enjoyed 2 A went B had been continuous, Past perfect simple or Past perfect 3 A had been flying B ’ve flown continuous form of the verb in brackets. 4 A ’d only ever been B ’s only ever been 5 A felt B used to feel 1 For years, he ________ (say) that he wanted 6 A has been moving B had been moving to study Engineering at university, but then he 7 A hadn’t bothered B didn’t use to bother failed Physics and had to rethink his plans. 8 A used to B ’m used to 9 A had just fallen B just fell 2 My mum ________ (live) in Berlin at the time B screamed that the wall came down, in 1989. 10 A had been screaming B made 11 A has made B hit 3 He said that he ________ (have) a really good 12 A had hit B have been causing time at the party, but then his ex-girlfriend 13 A had caused B ’m so used to being arrived. 14 A so used to be 4 A You’re here at last! I thought you ________ (miss) the bus. B No, but the police stopped the bus and arrested the driver. Apparently he ________ (drink). 13

1 Flash on Skills John Simpson, has survived gunfire in Baghdad, Belgrade and Life at risk Tiananmen Square; but the BBC’s intrepid world affairs editor almost died from eating some dodgy haddock far closer to home. Before you read Three days after coming out of hospital, Simpson sits nursing a 1 You’re going to read an article about John glass of red wine in an Oxford hotel still looking mildly surprised that some Monday morning kedgeree could have led to a doctor Simpson, a foreign correspondent for the predicting his imminent demise. ‘I’ve been close to death a lot, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). but I’ve never been close to death through natural causes,’ he says. Before you read, work with a partner and make a list of risks that you think the job of With his face still a shade darker than his trademark linen foreign correspondent could involve. jackets, the only sign of the near-fatal illness is a slightly weaker voice. Yet the fish combined with some pills he’d been taking for Reading decades ended in a ‘kind of storm’, blood poisoning and kidney failure. He spent 10 days in hospital and confounded the doctors 2 Read the article. Are any of the risks from by sitting up in bed within two days of the doctor’s dire warning. ‘I’ll be back working soon,’ says the 72-year-old, before admitting your list in exercise 1 mentioned? that the doctors have advised him neither to rush back, nor drink. 3 CAE Read again. For questions 1-6 choose Set to celebrate 50 years working for the BBC this year, Simpson is not meant to be talking to the Guardian about his brush with the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits death (he is saving that for a piece in a rival newspaper) but about best according to the text. his latest book. 1 The words ‘the doctor’s dire warning’ mean A potted history of foreign reporters interspersed with accounts that the doctor thought that Simpson… from his own illustrious career – from travelling with Ayatollah Khomeini to Tehran in 1979 to entering Afghanistan in a burqa A was seriously ill. for wars in the 1980s and 1990s – Simpson describes the book as a B needed to stay in hospital for several days. ‘training manual for a job that’s virtually disappearing’. C would never work again. D was about to die. He has no doubt that financial constraints combined with the 2 Which sentence best describes Simpson’s rise of the smartphone has done for the sort of eyewitness, dusty- shoe reporting he and the heroes in his book have enjoyed. situation at the time the article was written? A He surprised his doctors by recovering so ‘The money’s gone,’ he says mournfully. ‘I’m sure that there’ll be foreign news, of course ... But the grand tradition which goes back quickly, and they have declared him fit for hundreds of years, it ain’t going to go forward more than 20 or 30.’ work. B He is fully recovered from his illness and has He may agree that the book is a bit of a requiem and yet, his already returned to work. tales of midnight dashes and near misses during a conversation C He is keen to return to work after his illness that lasts for two and a half hours is much more of a celebration and is following the advice of his doctor. Rude about both government ministers and BBC management, D He is keen to return to work after his illness, he is too entertaining to pass for either. Yet he is BBC to the core. but is not following the advice of his doctor. 3 In relation to the job of a foreign correspondent, When he mentions how moved he was by his grown-up Simpson says that… children (he also has a 10-year-old from his second marriage) A the job as he has known it is dying out due weeping round his bedside, he admits: ‘They would have perfect to new technologies and lack of money to right to feel I haven’t put them first.’ What did he put first, I ask. fund it. B in 20 to 30 years’ time, there won’t be any 5 Simpson realises that… foreign reporting due to lack of money to pay A his commitment to his job has affected his for it. C his book will help train people to become family negatively over the years. foreign correspondents in the traditional B that his family would be justified in feeling sense. D foreign correspondents can’t do such a good that he has prioritised his job over them. job if they’re not reporting from the scene of C the danger that he put himself in with his the action. 4 We get the impression from the article that job made his family very upset. Simpson… D he was right in putting his job before his A has never liked working for the BBC. B has criticisms about how the BBC is run, family. but feels that it is part of his identity. 6 As an employee, Simpson could be best C would like to be a BBC manager or a government minister himself. described as… D has used his new book to complain about A obedient and faithful. his life spent working for the BBC. B hard-working and tough. C independent and fearless. 14 D questioning and cautious.

‘The bloody BBC! Nothing else. I certainly haven’t put my wives or Culture and civilisation 1 girlfriends first, God knows I haven’t.’ 6 The father’s attitude to eating fugu in the Simpson, who comes alive talking about being bustled across future… Syria with the Russian army this July (‘it was tremendous, enjoyable, difficult!’), cannot be easy to manage. Whenever A is the same as his daughter’s. the BBC have told him not to go places he has ‘always ignored B is much the same as it was in the 1980s. them’ and tells the tale of being held in Syria for 24 hours after C changed after he found out about the pretending to be an academic. fatalities at a nearby restaurant. He uses his Irish passport for all the ‘wild and woolly places’ where the UK is an enemy or where there is a risk of kidnap. The Speaking Irish government would be much more likely to ‘see a PR advantage in trying to get me out,’ he says. ‘I think the UK government would 5 CAE Work with a partner. Ask and answer be glad to demonstrate their toughness and then no doubt send a junior minister to my funeral.’ the questions. I ask if there are any no-go areas, and immediately regret it. 1 What’s the riskiest thing you’ve ever done? ‘There’s nowhere I wouldn’t go! That’s the job.’ 2 What’s the most unusual thing that you’ve ever Listening eaten? 3 What has been your most interesting travel 4  1.04 CAE You will hear two different experience? extracts where people are talking about risk. 4 Which countries would you consider too “high- For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to what you hear. risk” to go to? Why? 5 Which politician or political activist do you Extract 1 You hear a man called Fred telling a friend about admire the most? Why? a time in his life when he was at risk. Writing 1 What impression is given from the conversation of 6 CAE You have been to a talk led by a well- the relationship between Fred and his stepmother? A They tolerated each other, but didn’t have a known foreign correspondent and political activist in your country. She argued that most great relationship. young people today don’t do enough to change B He had a good relationship with her and they the world compared to people of her generation – she thinks they are apathetic and afraid of enjoyed doing things together. taking risks.You have made the notes below: C She tried her best to develop a good relationship Reasons young people don’t take action with him, but he rejected all her efforts. prefer to spend time in a virtual world on screen, 2 Which sentence best describes the situation of not in real world risk that Fred was in? scared to get involved A He brought it on himself. fatalistic about future B It was unavoidable due to the circumstances. C Another person put him at risk. Some opinions expressed in the discussion 3 How did Fred react to the situation of risk? ‘Social media is an effective way of mobilising A He realised the full impact of his situation at people for a cause.’ ‘It’s a fact that there is more to be frightened of the time that the event happened. today – the world is a scarier place than it used B He felt bad at the time of the event, but the to be.’ ‘Governments and big businesses have control of full impact didn’t hit him until later. everything. What can I as an individual do?’ C He felt uncomfortable in the situation, but Write an essay of 220-260 words in an understood the need for it. appropriate style discussing two of the reasons in your notes that young people don’t act to change Extract 2 the world. You should explain which is more to You hear a father telling his daughter about a time blame, giving reasons to support your opinion. You can make use of the opinions expressed in that he took a risk. the discussion if you want to, but you should use 4 How does the father respond to his daughter’s your own words as far as possible. question about risk? 15 A He isn’t sure how to answer the question. B He jokes about it before getting to the point. C He gives various true examples of his risk- taking experiences. 5 Before he ate the ‘fugu’ fish, the father… A didn’t have any idea about the risks of eating it. B was fully aware of the risks. C had some idea of the risk, but didn’t know about it fully until later on.

2 People Close to Us Nature versus The ‘nature versus nurture’ debate is never far from your nurture mind when you’re an adopted child. While most children spend their formative years being told they have their 1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos and mother’s brains, their father’s looks, and a host of other inherited traits, adopted children often find themselves answer the questions. wondering who they get their characteristics from, both physical and psychological, and just how different they’d be What do you think the relationship is between the if they’d grown up with their birth parents. people in each photo? I was adopted at six months from an orphanage in Eritrea, north-east Africa, by a British academic and his American What do you understand by the concepts of ‘nature’ wife. By the time I was seven, my mum had died and I was and ‘nurture’ in relation to someone’s personality? living with my dad in Manchester. How do you think this relates to the photos? 1 When people came to our front door looking for my dad, they always assumed they’d got the wrong house. But if they stayed for a cup of tea, they too would realise we are similar in many ways. It’s the same with my brother and sister (my dad remarried and had two more children). There is a way of being that makes us identifiable as a family. 2 CAE You are going to read an extract from 2 When I ask my 21-year-old brother Tom if I’m at all like my a newspaper article about one woman’s dad, he bursts out laughing: ‘Yeah, you’re getting more and experience of nature versus nurture. Four more like him with every day,’ he says. This is both alarming paragraphs have been removed from the and comforting. ‘You’re both very moral, non-judgmental extract. Choose from the paragraphs (A-E), the and easy to talk to. You’re similar in conversations, even one which fits each gap (1-4). There is one your houses are similar: there’s lots of wood everywhere extra paragraph which you do not need to use. and books on every surface. Oh, and you’re messy, too, and you’re really into your food - but then both of those last 3 Read the article again and decide if the ___ two are a given in our family,’ he adds. My sister Lydia, 16, ___ agrees: ‘You’re both quite snobby about food and you’ve sentences are true (T) or false (F). ___ both got very strong points of view. Dad’s stubborn and so ___ are you. And when you get angry you both go very quiet and 1 Hannah Pool believes that her ___ have a moody face.’ personality was the result of the nature that she was born with. 3 Ten years later I walked into a room to meet my birth father, 2 Other members of Hannah’s adoptive my sister and three brothers. Suddenly the nature/nurture family think that Hannah is very similar debate became more real. Instead of being an abstract to her adoptive father. concept, it had a face; five faces to be precise. Would I have any similarities to my birth family, beyond the physical? 3 Hannah didn’t know that she wasn’t an After all, DNA aside, they were strangers. orphan until she was already grown up. 5 shocked (adj) ___________ 4 Hannah gives the impression that she doesn’t have a high opinion of 6 something that is certain (phrase) ___________ her biological father. 7 the biological mother and father 5 Hannah felt that she was similar in various ways to members of her family of a child (n plural) ___________ in Eritrea. 8 very annoyed (adj) ___________ 4 Match the definitions with the words and 9 to think that something is wrong phrases in bold in the article. (phrase) ___________ 1 brothers or sisters (n plural) ___________ 10 a feeling of excitement (n) ___________ 2 a chemical in the body containing FLASH FORWARD genetic information (n) ___________ Work with a partner. Make a list of the different people and things that can affect a child as they 3 features of somebody’s character grow up. Compare your list with another pair, then discuss which you think has the greatest influence. (n plural) ___________ 4 a large number of things or people (phrase) ___________ 16

Adopted at six months, 2 Hannah Pool was naturally curious about nature versus 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form nurture. Here, she relives the day the debate came to life ... of the verbs in brackets. 4 1 If he had made more effort at school, he _______ (get) a place at university last year. It took a few more meetings with my 2 If she hadn’t missed the deadline for applications, birth family before I she _______ (be) at university now. had any sense of their personalities. Gradually I discovered that my birth father is a 3 I think I would be a very different person if kind, calm, clever man. He is both traditional and liberated I _______ (born) in a different country. in his outlook: he took issue with the length of my skirt (too short), but he never questioned why it took me so long to trace 4 We _______ (be) there by now if you _______ them (too scared). All of my birth siblings are full of energy, (not take) so long to get ready! excitable even; we all have high-pitched voices and loud laughs. 5 If I _______ (adopt), I would definitely want to try One of my favourite moments in Eritrea was an argument and find my birth parents. I had with my sister, Timnit, over whether or not I should visit the village in which I was born. My sister didn’t think I 6 We _______ (not live) in this lovely house now if we could manage the difficult three-hour walk (I was convinced I could). Despite the fact she was speaking Tigrinya and I was _______ (not get) such a good price for our old one. speaking English we were both standing up, talking over each other, pointing our fingers in the other’s faces and refusing to Vocabulary: Expressions describing back down. Eventually both of us fell about laughing. ‘I just saw what it would have been like if I’d grown up with both of people’s character you,’ said my exasperated birth brother, Medhanie. 6 Match these words to make expressions to describe A My dad is white and I am black, so there was never a people’s character. Find them in the article and moment when I did not know that I was adopted. However, check that you know what they mean. due to the fact that I am as stubborn as an ox, incredibly cynical and have a filthy sense of humour, I was also aware from an 1 be as stubborn a about (food) early age that, in many ways, I take after my adoptive father. 2 have a filthy b as an ox B There was much crying, hugging and kissing (them) and a 3 have a relaxed c energy fair bit of stunned silence (me). Later, in the same room, my d into (your food) siblings and I compared everything from skin colour to foot attitude e points of view size. But while this was a thrill, I’d come looking for more 4 be easy to f sense of humour than just physical similarities. 5 be (really) g talk to C Ever since, I’ve wondered whether my detached reaction to 6 be snobby h to (tidiness) such an intensely emotional experience was because, thanks 7 have got very i your/his/her to my dad, when it comes to public displays of emotion, I am outlook inherently British. strong j your/his/her D So that’s nurture taken care of. What about nature? When I 8 be traditional in outlook was adopted, my mum and dad were told I had no immediate 9 be liberated in family; I was an orphan. Then, at 19, I got a letter that informed 10 be full of me that my birth father was still alive, and I had siblings. E There are the obvious external similarities, such as our love 7 Complete the sentences with an expression from of good food, music and the fact we all have what can best be described as a relaxed attitude to tidiness. Then there are the exercise 6. elements of my personality that may or may not have anything to do with the way I was brought up. 1 He’s _______ food – he’ll only eat at the most expensive restaurants. GRAMMAR 2 Once he’s made up his mind about something, he Third and mixed conditionals won’t change his opinion. He’s as _______. (past action and present consequence) 3 She never seems to get tired. She’s absolutely ‘I just saw what it would have been like if I’d grown _______. up with both of you.’ Adopted children often find themselves wondering 4 They’re quite _______. They’re not going to live just how different they’d be if they’d grown up with together before they get married. their birth parents. 5 She’s really _______ her food. She loves cooking Grammar reference p. 119 and is always watching cookery programmes. 6 I’ve got a pretty _______. I really don’t care if the house is a bit messy, as long as it’s clean and warm! 7 We ended up chatting for ages. She was surprisingly _______. 8 What a _______ she’s got – I couldn’t believe some of the things she said! I’m glad my parents weren’t around to hear! Say it! 8 Work with a partner. Talk about the traits that you have in common with the other members of your family and how you are different to them. 17

2 Meeting people 1 Work with a partner. Match the following ways of meeting people (1-5) with their definitions (a-e). 1 speed dating a a social meeting with someone that you’ve never met before, usually 2 online dating organised by a mutual friend, with a view to starting a romantic relationship 3 find-a-friend apps 4 blind dates b an event where you talk to a lot of people for a short time to see if you’re 5 social networking interested in them for a possible romantic relationship c the activity of communicating through websites for people with shared interests d when you look for new platonic friendships through exchanging information with people on your mobile phone e when you start a romantic relationship through exchanging information with people over the Internet 2  1.05 Listen to two speakers, Mark and Ruth, each talking about an event that involved meeting people. Which of the ways of meeting people from exercise 1 do they talk about? 3  1.05 Listen again and answer the questions. 1 How did Mark feel initially about the idea of meeting Lucy’s friend? 2 If he didn’t get on with Lucy’s friend, what did Mark plan to do? 3 How many different excuses for Lucy’s friend being late did Mark think of? 4 What did Mark realise in the end? 5 How did Mark’s evening end? FLASH FORWARD 6 Why did Ruth decide to try a different way of Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. meeting people? 7 What impression do we get of the age that Would you like to try speed dating? Why/Why not? Ruth would like her partner to be? Have you ever been on a blind date? If so, what 8 What does Ruth say in relation to the age of happened? one of the men at the event? Would you ever use a find-a-friend app? Why/Why 9 How many people were taking part in the event not? that Ruth talks about and how long did they Do you know anyone who has met their partner have to speak to each other? through internet dating? Do you think it is a 10 Was the event a success for Ruth? successful relationship? Why/Why not? 18

GRAMMAR 2 Modals for possibility, impossibility Vocabulary: Idiomatic expressions and probability 5 Complete the phrases from the audio script As you get older, it can be quite difficult to meet with words from the box. someone. It could be great. come give have (x2) make might take She could have got stuck in traffic. She may have just misjudged how much time it 1 What _______ I got to lose? would take to get there. 2 Why not _______ it a go? She couldn’t have been held up for that long – the 3 I could always _______ an excuse and leave traffic wasn’t that bad. She really should have arrived by that point if she early! was going to come. 4 I thought I _______ as well try it. There was one guy there who must have been at least 5 I was feeling a bit nervous, even though I 40. It might have been different with a different set of didn’t _______ particularly high expectations of people. the evening. 6 You get their contact details and _______ it Grammar reference WB pp. 14-15 from there. 7 Nothing long-term has _______ of it. 4 Complete the sentences by choosing the FUNCTIONS correct option (A, B or C). Sharing your experiences and telling 1 Let’s try it. It ___________ lots of fun! A can be a story about yourself B could be C might have been so mind you 2 Mum Why hasn’t he arrived yet? anyway still Dad Who knows? He ___________ missed I mean actually you know to be (quite) honest the train. well I must admit that... A might have in fact B must have C could be Say it! 3 It ___________ difficult for people to start a 6 Work with a partner. Follow the stages below new relationship after a bad break up – to trust someone again. and tell each other your stories. Use language A can be for sharing experiences and telling a story B might have been about yourself from the Functions box above. C should have been 4 They said they were definitely coming. Imagine that you’ve been on a blind date, Something ___________ to stop them. A can have happened or to a speed dating event, or have had your B should have happened first face-to-face meeting with someone C must have happened that you’ve met online or through a find-a- 5 Speaker 1 I think I saw Neil as I was driving friend app. Where did you go? What was through town today. the person like? What was the best part of Speaker 2 You ___________ – he’s on holiday the experience? Did anything go wrong? in Spain at the moment. A couldn’t have done Plan your story. Use phrases from exercise 4 B must have done C may have done where appropriate. 6 There ___________ some milk in the fridge – I bought three litres yesterday. Critical thinking A can be B might have been 7 Work with a partner. Make a list of the pros C should be and cons of meeting people online and offline. You may want to consider the following: number of people doing it geographical area honesty about personal details, e.g. appearance, marital status availability chemistry between people Which one has more pros? 19

2 Use of English a He’s always criticising me. b He’s not capable of (doing) it. Phrasal verbs with down and up c I insisted that something was done in the 1 Complete the sentences below with words way I wanted. from the box, checking the meanings of the d I’m not willing to do it, I don’t feel like phrasal verbs in bold as necessary. doing it. children herself me (x2) e It’s your decision. someone things we work f It’s your responsibility, there’s no one else 1 __________ were talking over each other, to do it. pointing our fingers in the other’s faces and g She’s equal in ability to the best. refusing to back down. h What are you doing? 2 He always tries to play __________ down, Phrases with fact pretend it’s not serious, even when something 4 Complete the sentences with the phrases with could actually be really bad. fact from the box. 3 Looking after three __________ under the age of five, day in, day out, is wearing me down. In spite of/Despite the fact (that) Due to the fact that  as a matter of fact 4 Can we please just get down to some __________ and not waste any more time? The fact is (that)  It’s a fact that 5 It’s rained every day for two weeks. 1 __________________ every year, thousands of I haven’t seen the sun at all. It’s really getting marriages end in divorce. __________ down. 2 __________________ I have many of the same 6 I know that my parents-in-law look down on traits as my adoptive father, I believe that __________ because I didn’t go to university, nurture has a lot to answer for. like their daughter did. 3 __________________ I just don’t love him 7 Her self-esteem must be really low – she’s anymore and there is nothing that I can do always running __________ down, saying what about it. she can’t do rather than what she can do. 4 __________________ we were speaking 8 I waited for him for an hour, but then went different languages, we were behaving in a home. I was stood up by __________ that I’d very similar way. never even met! 5 I met my current partner through a speed 2 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the dating event, __________________. following questions. 5 CAE Read the blog post and think of the 1 Do you ever back down in arguments? word which best fits each gap. Use only one 2 Do you tend to play things down, even when word in each gap. they’re serious? It’s (1) ________ fact that some 3 What tends to get you down? people are brilliant at getting down 4 Would you ever stand anyone up? (2) ________ the task in hand. No ‘I’ll 5 Are you good at getting down to work, or do just make a quick cup of coffee before I start’, or ‘I must just phone X to talk about X you tend to procrastinate? before I get going’, for them! There’s no putting 6 Is there anyone that you feel looks down on things off at (3) ________. These lucky people just start – and finish, and then go on to the you? next thing. 7 What would you say to someone that you felt And then there are the rest of us – the ones who procrastinate, the ones who are capable of was running you down? going to any lengths, of (4) ________ any kind of 8 What wears you down in life? excuse, to avoid getting on with the job. In my own case, I can’t blame it (5) ________ nurture. Expressions with down and up As a matter of (6) ________, my parents were 3 Complete the expressions with down or up, great role models in this respect. They always got on with what they needed to do without then match each one with an alternative way the kind of avoidance tactics that I routinely of saying the same thing. use in my adult life (I’m not running myself (7) ________, just being honest). And they 1 It’s _____ to you. brought me (8) ________ to be like them. 2 I don’t think he’s _____ to (doing) it. So what went wrong? 3 I’m not really _____ for (doing) it. 4 What are you _____ to? 5 It’s _____ to you. 6 I put my foot _____. 7 She’s _____ there with the best. 8 He’s always _____ on me. 20

Flash on Grammar 2 Third and mixed conditionals (past 4 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Some action and present consequence) 1 Use the information to write third or mixed of the sentences are correct. conditional sentences. 1 She musn’t have been very happy if she’s broken up with him after all that time together. 1 He didn’t go to university. He hasn’t got a very good job now. 2 A Why isn’t he answering his phone? B He could eat dinner, or perhaps _________________________________________ 2 I went to the party. I saw my ex-girlfriend and he’s having a shower? 3 The concert should be good. The band’s we got back together. _________________________________________ apparently great live. 3 I stopped having guitar classes when I was 4 A I wonder why Jane just walked younger. Now I can’t play very well. past me without saying hello. _________________________________________ B She might not see you. You know 4 We didn’t put our house on the market last how bad her eyesight is! year. We still haven’t sold it. 5 Oh dear, I think I may have left the front door _________________________________________ 5 She took the job that she was offered last year. unlocked. I need to go back home and check. She’s living in Italy now. Round up! _________________________________________ 5 Complete the email with the verbs from the 6 I was adopted when I was six months old. box. I wasn’t brought up in an orphanage. _________________________________________ might have been  hadn’t thrown  must have can’t have  hadn’t had  can’t be easy 2 Write at least six third and mixed conditional could be  had been  may sound sentences about the topics in the box and/or must be feeling  should get  would have any others that you can think of. Hi Suzy, your school/university life  your work situation your family  your friends  your country I’m so sorry to hear the news about David. the last election in your country It (1) ________ to split up with someone a famous sportsperson or actor after so many years. You (2) ________ really your last holiday  your pet down, you poor thing. Mind you, to be honest, I’m not really surprised that it’s happened. Modals for possibility, impossibility or This (3) ________ a bit insensitive, though probability I hope not, but living with someone who’s 3 Complete the sentences with a suitable modal got such strong opinions on absolutely everything (4) ________ been easy. In fact, if verb for possibility, impossibility or probability I (5) ________ in your place, I (6) ________ in the correct form. left him years ago. The fact that you didn’t means that you (7) ________ a lot more 1 He ____________ be very moody, especially patience and tolerance than me, without doubt! when he’s hungry. Anyway, looking on the bright side, without 2 That ____________ be right. It says it’s 7, not David around we (8) ________ to see lots 8, in the Answer Key. more of each other! I know he never liked me. If we (9) ________ that argument at 3 You ____________ be right – I don’t know, that party, years ago, and I suppose if there’s no Answer Key to check! I (10) ________ that glass of water at him, then things (11) ________ different, but, hey, 4 She ____________ arrived yet. She called me what does it matter now? earlier to say that she’s running late. I was thinking that some retail therapy 5 She ____________ be here. I can smell that (12) ________ just what you need to take perfume that she always wears. your mind off things. What about this Saturday? Are you up for it? 6 Do you think they ____________ forgotten that we’re having a party? It’s not like them to be so Lots of love, late. Jules 7 A seven-hour delay on your flight? 21 You ____________ been really fed up waiting all that time! 8 Growing up as an adopted child? I ____________ know. I was adopted when I was a month old.

2 Flash on Skills Living with monkeys Before you read 1 You’re going to read an extract from an article about a woman who claims to have lived in a rainforest with monkeys as a child. Before you read, work with a partner and make a list of things that the monkeys might have taught her. Reading 2 CAE Read the extract. Six paragraphs have been removed. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Marina Chapman says she isn’t as mobile as she once was. It’s not so A Did she think much about her human family? It’s easy to climb trees these days, let alone swing from them. Well, she is strange, she says: she has no memory of anything about 60 or 62 years old – maybe older. She’s not sure. Chapman is tiny, before the kidnap. God knows, she’s tried to sinewy, bendy. At times she doesn’t look quite human – a bit simian, a bit remember. ‘I keep working at it, but there is nothing. feline and quite beautiful. I’ve tried to imagine it so many times.’ 1 B Eventually, Marina came across an extended family of small monkeys. She says she was relieved – they By the time Marina was rescued by hunters, she says, she had lost her language weren’t human, but they looked humanish. She completely. And that’s when life really got tough. She claims she was sold into decided to settle in that part of the jungle. a brothel in the city of Cúcuta, lived as a street urchin and was enslaved by a mafia family, before being saved by a neighbour and eventually moving to C In one of the most memorable sections of the book, Bradford, Yorkshire. Which is where we find her today. she describes how she got terrible food poisoning 2 and thought she was going to die. She was writhing in agony when an elderly monkey led her to muddy Marina is married to John, a retired scientist, and has two grown-up daughters. water. She drank the water, vomited and began to She has lived in Yorkshire for 30 years and speaks in a wonderful, Colombian- recover. Bradford hybrid. While John prepares macchiatos and double espressos, Marina talks about her first memory, from shortly before her fifth birthday. D It’s an unbelievable story, and many have chosen 3 not to believe her. Most publishers refused to touch her forthcoming book because they thought she She thinks the hanky must have been soaked in chloroform. In her book, she was a fake. The Girl With No Name certainly raises says the next thing she knew she was being driven deep into the Colombian rain interesting questions about authenticity and memory. forest, where she was dumped. She describes how she thought the kidnappers Is Marina Chapman a fantasist who has embellished would return for her, but they didn’t. She thought she would be rescued by her past or a childlike woman trying to make sense of passers-by, but nobody passed by. She says she wept and screamed and still a remarkable childhood? nobody came. She walked and walked and walked, looking for a way back or signs of human life – but none was to be found. E Marina says she loved living with the monkeys, but 4 she craved human contact. She saw hunters come into the jungle occasionally; they terrified her with The monkeys went about their business, scavenging for food, grooming each their guns and machetes, and yet there was still an other, playing, and ignored Marina. She didn’t know it at the time, but this attraction, something she recognised in them as was a blessing – they could easily have rounded on her. Marina was envious inescapably human. of the monkeys: they were close, and had fun together. She wanted to be part of the family. But they weren’t interested. F Perhaps it’s not surprising that Marina Chapman seems 5 different from the rest of us. In her formative years, she says, she grew up with monkeys. Only monkeys. After that, she says, the young monkeys befriended her. Marina observed them For around five years (again, she’s unsure – there is no closely, and learned from them: how to climb trees, what was safe to eat, how reliable means of measuring) she says she lived deep to clean herself. She soon discovered that if she stood underneath monkeys in the Colombian jungle with no human company. She carrying armfuls of bananas, they would inevitably drop a couple, and if she was remembers learning to fend for herself – eating berries quick enough she could grab them for herself. Over time, she says, the monkeys and roots, nabbing bananas dropped by the monkeys, allowed her to sit in the trees with them. When they were away looking for food, sleeping in holes in trees and walking on all fours. she’d become lonely and would anxiously await their return. 6 G She was playing close to her home when she was aware of two adults creeping behind her. ‘I saw a hand Marina’s account asks a lot of her readers, and leads us to examine the nature cover my mouth – a black hand wrapped in a white of memory. If she cannot remember her pre-jungle childhood, how can we trust hanky. Then I realised there were two people taking what happened afterwards? Might she be suffering from false memory syndrome? me away. There were children in the background – Perhaps she unconsciously invented the story of the monkeys as a means of I could hear them crying.’ coping with a traumatic childhood? Or maybe she is simply telling the truth. 3 Read the extract again. Are any of the things from your list in exercise 1 mentioned? Check with your partner. Find out if your partner believes that Marina really did live with monkeys when she was a child. Why/Why not? 22

Culture and civilisation 2 Listening 4 1.06 CAE You will hear part of a talk given by a student called Sylvia Bayley about a research project that she is doing for her university course in psychology. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. Sylvia’s project was inspired mainly by (1) __________. The basic aim of Sylvia’s project is to find out more about the (2) __________ between animals and humans. Sylvia’s talk draws on the work of Dr Vint Virga about what humans can (3) __________ from animals. In the first point that Sylvia mentions, she says that humans would benefit from living more in the (4) __________, like animals do. The second point that Sylvia mentions is that, if we follow the example of animals, humans should rationalise things less and follow their (5) __________ more. Sylvia goes on to say that, just as animals rely on non-verbal communication, the way humans communicate without (6) __________ can also have an impact. Sylvia is keen on the idea that we should follow the example of animals when it comes to (7) __________. Sylvia is doubtful about whether animals have the capacity to consciously (8) __________; she thinks it’s more that they just forget. Speaking 1 2 5 CAE Work with a partner. One of you is 3 Student A, the other Student B. Follow the stages below: Student A, look at photos 1 and 2, which show people and animals doing things together. Why might they be doing these things? How do you think the people might be feeling? Tell Student B. Student B, tell Student A which of the activities in photos 1 and 2 you think is the most useful and why. Student B, look photos 3 and 4, which show younger and older people doing things together. What might they be doing? How do you think they might be feeling. Tell Student A. Student A, tell Student B how successful you think the younger people might have been in helping the older people. Writing 6 CAE You see the following announcement on a website, Amazing Lives: Reviews wanted 4 SosWtfwhoienlmhenmhsadaboethtmotuetdhohsleiipekndabygyooyroedrodauvimufydiileu,lmwaewnozah?drinrooeDhngfrhoisaadoawtbasrbtonhtoudhudenooetukbwnytseohohumeoryoakafprlt.inhloeemairxrsgsptoepehndera’irstetsonfoliofcnseceuuddfrrsvidoeivmse their experience? Write your review in 220-260 words in an appropriate style. 23

1 Flashback Past continuous, Present perfect 2 GRAMMAR continuous, Past perfect continuous 4 Complete the sentences with the correct tense Present simple, Present continuous and Present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets. 1 Complete the blog post about a student’s 1 I didn’t have a break at the weekend, because travel experiences with the correct form of the I __________ (prepare) my presentation for the verbs in brackets. meeting next week. 2 Paul sounded stressed when I spoke to him I (1) __________ (not travel) very much, I’m sorry earlier. He said he __________ (try) to solve a to say, and there (2) __________ (be) so many places computer issue for the past two hours. I (3) __________ (want) to go to. I (4) __________ (be) 3 He __________ (talk) on the phone for over an to a few countries in Europe, and to North Africa – I had a hour. great holiday in Morocco with my family a few years ago – but 4 He was extremely tired because he __________ I (5) __________ (never be) to the US, or to Canada, or (travel) for 24 hours. anywhere in Asia, and I’d really love to go. I (6) __________ 5 I cut myself this morning while I __________ (try) to save up some money at the moment for a trip to (shave). New York with my girlfriend next spring. I (7) __________ 6 Our car broke down on the motorway (not do) it very well, though, as I (8) __________ (have) a lot yesterday. It __________ (run) perfectly well up of other expenses recently, so (9) __________ (not manage) to then. to save very much so far, but, right now, I (10) __________ (look for) a job over the holidays to earn some money to fund the Third and mixed conditionals (past trip. If anyone out there can offer me anything, let me know! action and present consequence) 5 Complete the blog post with the correct form 2 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Some of the verbs in brackets. are correct. 1 I live here since I was a child. I really like it. Is it all down to fate? 2 He’s learning to drive at the moment. He aims If I (1) __________ (not have to) work late the day before, I (2) __________ (have) time to go shopping, to pass his driving test by Christmas. and I (3) __________ (not wake up) the next morning 3 ‘This party’s great! We have a really good time!’ to find that there was no milk for my coffee, and so 4 They never went to Prague, but they really I (4) __________ (go) out to the corner shop to buy more. Then, I (5) __________ (not bump into) my want to go. friend Celia, so (6) __________ (not know) about her 5 She’s got her headphones on – she isn’t party that evening – the one that she (7) __________ (forget) to invite me to! If I (8) __________ (find out) listening to you. about it later, I (9) __________ (still be)upset with her 6 She’s incredible. She takes part in three triathlons now for not inviting me. Anyway, if I (10) __________ (not go) to the party, I (11) __________ (not meet) and a 200km bike race in the past year! Alex, or at least not then, and he (12) __________ (not be) my boyfriend now! Past simple, Present perfect and Past perfect 6 Complete the third and mixed conditional 3 Complete the sentences with the correct tense sentences so that they are true for you, then of the verbs in the box. compare your sentences with a partner. speak move leave forget  1 If I hadn’t been born in ____________________. 2 If I had been able to do anything I wanted last miss out  have weekend ____________________. 3 I would be a different person if 1 He __________ several relationships before he settled down. ____________________. 2 Your essay is very good on the whole, but you 4 I would be living in ____________________. __________ some important points. 5 If I hadn’t ____________________. 3 I sent the contract this morning, but then I 6 I would have been able to watch that film, if realised I __________ to sign it. 4 Somebody stole her car because she ____________________. __________ it unlocked. 5 It’s hard to believe it’s been three years since we __________ to this country. 6 __________ you __________ to Max this week? 24

Modals for possibility, impossibility and Flashback 1 probability 2 7 Underline the correct alternative. Extreme weather conditions 10 Read part of an email from a woman called 1 It should/must start when you press the button and it definitely shouldn’t/can’t make that noise! Anne to a friend telling him about a recent There can/must be something wrong with it. walk where she experienced extreme weather conditions. Underline the correct alternative. 2 I can’t find my phone. I think it might/should have fallen out of my pocket on the train. There’d been a bit of a (0) heat-wave/cold spell – it had been absolutely (1) sweltering/squelching, with 3 The staff might/can be very unfriendly in the temperatures getting up to 40º in the city. But, it had tax office – it depends who you get and if they’re been gradually (2) blowing up/cooling down over in a good mood or not! the previous few days, and the day we went for the walk, it was probably around 25º. It was sunny and 4 I’m not sure what’s happened, but there must/ there was a gentle (3) breeze/gale – perfect walking should be a problem of some kind – the message weather. Anyway, we’d been going for about two just said to pick her up at the station as soon as hours, when, suddenly, the sky (4) clouded over/ possible. She can/could have missed the train, brightened up and the wind (5) died down/blew or she might/couldn’t have lost her ticket. Who up and it started raining, just (6) drizzling/pouring knows? down a bit at first, but it was soon (7) pouring down/ brightening up. And it wasn’t just a summer VOCABULARY (8) shower/gale, lasting just a few minutes, either – it really (9) died down/set in. You could see by how Achievements (10) overcast/clear the sky was that it wasn’t going 8 Complete the sentences with a word from the box. to (11) brighten up/die down anytime soon – the sky was just one big, black cloud. And I didn’t have any waterproof gear with me, like Jane did, so I got completely (12) drenched/cool – my shoes were so awareness endeavour feat stride trail full of water that they were literally (13) squelching/ baking as I walked! And the temperature dropped by 1 She takes everything in her __________ – she about 10º in a matter of minutes, so I was never gets stressed about anything. (14) freezing/soaked, as well as wet. 2 What a __________ you’ve accomplished – full Idiomatic expressions marks in all your exams, the highest-scoring 11 Complete this story of an online dating student ever! experience with a word from the box. 3 The suffragettes fought in early twentieth century Britain to raise __________ of women’s rights, excuse go high lose nothing well especially their right to vote. So I thought to myself, why not give it a 4 The greatest human __________ ever? Hard to (1) __________ , what have you got to say – there have been so many amazing things! (2) __________ ? I could always make an (3) __________ , after all, and leave 5 In the late nineteenth/early twentieth century, early, if I didn’t like it. I spoke to a friend Maria Montessori blazed a __________ in about it and he agreed that I might as teaching young children – her methods were (4) __________ try it. So, without any very different to traditional ones of the time. particularly (5) __________ expectations of the evening, I went along. I thought it went Expressions describing people’s character well, but (6) __________ has come of it, 9 Complete the sentences with a word from the I’m sorry to say. box. outlook relaxed snobby stubborn into 1 They can be quite __________ about cars. They won’t travel in mine – they say it’s too old and dirty! 2 She won’t change her mind. She’s as __________ as an ox. 3 I used to be really __________ running, but stopped when I hurt my knee. 4 My great-grandmother wasn’t at all traditional in __________ despite her traditional upbringing – she had very modern ideas about everything. 5 There’s too much pressure in my job for me to have a __________ attitude to work. 25

3 The World of Sport Cyborgs 1 Work in pairs. Think of all of the mechanical repairs and additions we make to our bodies (e.g. pacemakers, prosthetic limbs etc.) and make a list. How much of a person’s body can be replaced and altered? What problems can a person have? 2  1.07 Read and listen to find out about the The Cybathlon is the Olympic Games for cyborgs, people who have mechanical and computerised additions Cybathlon. to their bodies to enable them to do things that would normally be impossible for them. We are all familiar with 3 Read again and choose the correct option. certain devices that assist humans and are fixed to, or even into, their bodies: you only need to think of wheelchairs, 1 In the Cybathlon in Zurich, successful hearing aids and casts and braces for arms and legs to competitors won… realise how normal these things are. But the new levels that prosthetics are about to reach are going to make a truly A prize money. different world. What it means to be injured or in some B medals. way physically impaired is going to be transformed, and C contracts. probably much for the better. 2 Cybathlon competitors are called pilots because… A they compete in fast races. In October 2016 the first Cybathlon was held in B they have had a lot of training. Zurich. There were only six ‘races’ at this inaugural event: C they use significant technological tools. a number that is set to increase next time the Olympics are 3 Another difference with the Paralympics is… held, in Tokyo, in 2020. Then the competition will last for A the races involve typical, ordinary tasks. seven days and will include competitions for the visually B the prize money is very different. impaired. There might well be prize money in addition C there are always obstacles in the races. to the medals and private feelings of satisfaction that 4 People often refuse to use artificial limbs at scientists and competitors earned in Zurich. present because… The Cybathlon is different from the Paralympics. The A they are much too expensive. difference is essentially that in the Paralympics disabled people B they require too much mental effort. compete using prosthetic devices that rely on human muscle C they don’t work very well. power alone: they are a celebration of human strength and 5 Prosthetics are going to be transformed as skill, albeit in challenging circumstances. But the Cybathlon offers fame and glory to technology and innovation, with people… competitors subject to much greater interventions, and A will be able to feel as well as move. tools that show a different level of invention. Indeed, the B use them much more often. competitors are called pilots, not athletes, and the whole aim C find them more comfortable. of the event is to look to the future. The hope is that devices 6 The text suggests that competitions might help… showcased here will encourage and accelerate technological A to make the scientists famous. development and reduce costs. B to make the scientists rich. C to encourage these technological developments. The events at the games might seem mundane at first sight. But in ordinary life simple actions, like taking a coin out 4 Match the definitions with the words and of your pocket or putting a key in a lock, are very challenging. They require precise motor skills and these are particularly phrases in bold in the article. hard to master with the traditional prosthetic limbs that are now in use. It is this that is going to change. So the races 1 lying hidden and maybe dangerous (v) ________ at Cybathlon meetings will always be seemingly simple challenges such as preparing a meal or using a powered 2 surprising and memorable (adj) ________ wheelchair to negotiate a course with bumps and stairs. Perhaps the most striking will be the powered exoskeleton 3 given significant prominence (v) ________ race, where competitors will rely on an external ‘coat’ to be able to navigate and walk through a series of tricky obstacles. 4 ordinary and uninteresting (adj) ________ FLASH FORWARD 5 inventions developed for Read the text again. Identify the different events a particular purpose (n plural) ________ mentioned in the Cybathlon games. Try to think of some more simple “races” that would test the 6 to carry or transmit (v) ________ skills of physically impaired people. 7 to learn to do something really well (v) ________ 8 machines inserted into the ear to help people hear (n plural) ________ 9 to encourage and motivate (v) ________ 10 analyse and translate (v) ________ 26

People with serious spinal injuries will be able to compete, and they 6 Work with a partner. Read the questions and 3 will be using a combination of sensors, electronics and miniature motors to swing their legs in a coordinated and effective way. decide how likely it is that the predictions will come true. Try to use going to/will/might. And this reminds us just how miraculous the movements made every day by the human body really are. When a person 1 Do you think artificial intelligence will take over picks up a small object, their brain and peripheral nervous the world in the next twenty years? system coordinate, deciding how far to reach, what level of force is required, how to bend each joint, and how to grip; and all of 2 Are you going to start doing a new sport soon? this without any conscious effort. Instead, doing this with man- 3 Who’s going to win the Champions League/ made hands and arms takes a huge amount of concentration, and many amputees prefer not to wear artificial limbs at all. It will be NBA/Wimbledon Championships this year? so different in years to come. Computer algorithms will decode 4 What’s the most difficult challenge you will signals from muscles and nerves and will then automatically predict what the wearer is trying to do. It might even be possible probably face in the next few years? to insert Wi-Fi transmitters and receivers into relevant parts 5 What do you think the next significant of the body, so people will be able to control their limbs just by thought. Even more impressive is two-way prosthetics: soon it technological invention will be? will be possible to feel as well as move with added body parts. Synthetic arms will be implanted directly into the bone and Vocabulary: electrodes will convey motor instructions to the hand and fingers, and sensors will send signals back to the arm’s remaining sensory The body and physical problems nerves. This will be a transformation in prosthetics, making 7 Complete the sentences with the words and it a reactive as well as an active science. This will one day help disabled cyclists, as using pedals is especially difficult because the expressions from the box. motion required involves changes in stimulation patterns, with one leg pushing and the other pulling whenever we pedal. casts and braces physically impaired Are competitions the best way to encourage these miraculous motor skills prosthetic limbs advances? And will the future really be so bright for the ‘pilots’ of the near future? There is debate in the scientific community spinal injuries nervous system joint grip because collaboration may seem more beneficial, but prizes and honours will probably mean more investment, and competitions amputees implanted directly into the bone will spur creative minds and be open to unknown as well as big companies. A competition will help a group to finish their project more quickly than if the developmental stage seemingly has no 1 ________ can leave people paralysed. limits. Meanwhile the technological developments are there, 2 ________ are much more effective nowadays, and so artificial limbs are inevitably going to become more and more incredible. Soon, most parts may be 3D-printed and they allowing people to walk after losing their legs. will surely be much cheaper. One day the Cybathlon will perhaps 3 It’s difficult to ________ things with your hands have achieved the same prominence as the Paralympics. if they are greasy. Another question, lurking in the more distant future, 4 ________ pain affects the knees, ankles, however, is how the human race is going to be affected by all this. elbows and wrists especially. GRAMMAR 5 If someone is ________, it means they have Expressing the future in English difficulty in moving and perhaps walking. 6 ________ need a lot of physiotherapy and The human race is going to be affected by all this… They will surely be much cheaper… psychological support to overcome the loss of a People with serious spinal injuries will be able to limb. compete… 7 ________ are very hard to relearn if some trauma affects them seriously. Find one or two more examples of future ideas 8 ________ help support and protect arms and described with going to or with will in the text. legs but can be heavy and uncomfortable. 9 The human ________ is a very complex Grammar reference pp. 119-120 and delicate network of sensors allowing coordinated responses to the body’s 5 Complete these sentences with the correct environment. 10 Sensors can now be ________ and so they are form of will or be going to. invisible and do not inhibit the user. 1 Prices ______ probably go up this year. 2 I ______ give you a lesson you’ll never forget! Say it! 3 She ______ be in real trouble. I’m sure of it. 4 They ______ receive their diplomas quite soon. 8 Work in small groups. 5 It ______ rain at some point next week. 6 They ______ change the way we get our money What sort of problems do physically impaired people have to overcome in your and there’s nothing we can do about it. town? Is there always a ramp for access to buildings? How about public transport? Make a list of between five and ten potentially tricky situations and suggest cheap and effective solutions, if you can. 27

3 Predicting the future 1 Work in pairs. Decide what you think will certainly/will probably/might happen in the next ten years. In the next ten years … electric cars will be much more common; universities might be very expensive; the Internet might not be free any more, etc. 2  1.08 You will hear three different extracts, all with people talking about the future. Listen to the speakers and decide if each one is generally positive or negative in their ideas about the future. 3  1.08 CAE Listen again. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) that fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract. E xtract one Extract three You hear a radio interview. You hear a psychologist giving a lecture about 1 The economist suggests that… our future as humans. A working people will be guaranteed a 5 She suggests that with things controlled by minimum salary. machines… B both employed and unemployed people will A humans might feel powerless and receive a salary. unimportant. C governments will have to tax more to finance B humans will react happily to the changes. salaries. C humans might have nothing to do. 2 He believes that in the future… 6 She says that the overall effect might be… A we will work less and have less money. A confusion and resentment about the situation. B we will be unhappy with higher prices. B questioning of our role as producers in C we will recycle more and work less. society. E xtract two C doubts about the importance of humans on You hear two women chatting about earth. communications in the future. 3 The second speaker says that she thinks… FLASH FORWARD A there will be few big changes in the way we Work in small groups. Have a brief discussion communicate. about the future. What little things can we all do B people will return to emails rather than social to make life better? The following questions might help you. media like Facebook. C investment in new social media systems is What can we do with electronic gadgets that don’t work anymore? And batteries? too costly now. Do you think you (or your family) will install solar 4 The second speaker says that we don’t need panels in the next few years? And your school/ new devices because… company/department? A there are too many on the market already. How do you think people will get around in the B they are so complex they sometimes don’t future? Will more people use bikes? Will cars be quieter and cleaner? Will air travel become even work. cheaper? C they have plenty of capacity that we are yet to use. 28

3 GRAMMAR FUNCTIONS Complex future ideas Ways to introduce your opinion … clear changes that are about to happen very soon. I’m convinced… As I see it, … Countries are going to have to introduce a minimum I am sure… It seems to me salary. You know why? Because… We will have decided to work less. In my view, ... that… Our very identity … will have been called into question. If you ask me, … We’ll also be able to learn to exploit our current technology better. Say it! We’ll need to cut back on our personal expenditure. We’ll be spending less. 7 Work on your own. Think of about five predictions Grammar reference pp. 119-120 about your town for the next few years. Then work in pairs and compare your predictions. 4 Complete the sentences with the words from Agree and disagree, using the functions above to help you give your point of view. the box. A I’m convinced the traffic’s going to get worse. There just aren’t enough car parks. going (x2) will (x2) able B I’m sure you’re right. Anyway, we could start need have about using bikes as much as we can. 1 I think they __________ be really angry. 2 She is __________ to be made CEO very soon. Critical thinking 3 Watch out! You’re __________ to knock that 8 Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the glass off the table! 4 They’ll __________ a lot more money to buy reasons people might have to be optimistic or pessimistic about the future, starting from the that house. ideas below. 5 He’ll __________ finished the job before you Optimistic because even get started! • Technology is getting better all the time. 6 It’s __________ rain, I can feel it in my bones. • Medicine is very effective nowadays. 7 If you make the right choices when you go • Humans are very creative and adaptable. shopping, you __________ save money. Pessimistic because 8 She’ll never be __________ to sing in tune. • Pollution is going to get worse. 5 Complete the sentences with be about to or • Natural resources are finite. • Poverty is increasing. will in the correct form. 1 I __________ qualify as a doctor. Only two weeks to go! 2 I think I __________ change my hairstyle in the next few weeks. 3 Look! She __________ do the triple jump! 4 I’m warning you, I __________ lose my temper! 5 He __________ get the job if the interview goes OK. 6 They __________ be back soon, I can assure you. Vocabulary: Common collocations 6 Underline the correct alternative to complete the sentence with a common collocation. 1 Don’t worry! It’s not all doom and down/gloom. 2 We were left feeling unsuitable/inadequate. 3 I don’t want to be unduly/unreasonably pessimistic, but things are looking tough. 4 Like boys, men tend to like smart/shiny new toys. 5 You can plainly/obviously see that it’s not true. 6 In the not-so-distant view/future, we’ll be using wrist-phones, I’m sure. 29

3 Use of English 4 Actually, what you are saying is ______ correct. 5 It was a ________ ideal solution but in the end Phrasal verbs with on it led to disaster. 1 Match the correct definition with each phrasal 6 They reacted ________ to the news. I think verb. they weren’t expecting it. 7 These two ideas are ________ the same. It is 1 This new idea of wearing your scarf on top of your jacket will never catch on! only a question of emphasis. 8 She performed ________ better than last time. 2 We just don’t have enough cash these days. We’re going to have to cut back on our What an improvement. spending. 9 There’s no need to be ________ worried. 3 I know my accent isn’t very good, but I’m They’ll look after us. working on it! 10 It is _______ obvious that this plan won’t work. 4 They called on the Prime Minister to resign. Connecting words 5 You can always rely on your best friend. 4 Underline the correct alternative. 6 They were spurred on by the roar of the home 1 It was a difficult journey, but eventually/ crowd. meanwhile they arrived. 7 If you find yourself in difficulty you can fall 2 It’s an unpopular proposal, besides/ back on the reserve supplies in this box. nevertheless I think we should accept it. 8 I don’t know what we’re going to do. It 3 Meanwhile/Whenever we unpack the picnic depends on the weather. things, it starts to rain. a affected/ d use when you 4 He went out drinking with friends; eventually/ b decided by are in trouble meanwhile the milk boiled over on the cooker. c become very e reduce popular f demand 5 It’s a beautiful place to live, albeit/nevertheless encourage g try hard to very expensive. strongly improve/perfect h trust 6 She’s got the right qualifications for the job, and albeit/besides, she’s got more experience 2 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. than anyone else. 1 Have any fashions caught on in your country in 5 CAE Read the text below and use the words the past year or so? given in capitals at the end of the lines to form 2 Who is the person you rely on most? a word that fills in the gap in the same line. 3 Do you keep some money hidden in your There is an example at the beginning (0). bedroom to fall back on when you really need it? When you get in a hole SURPRISE 4 Have you cut back on your spending for food, MUSCLE Speleology is one of those hidden mysteries: ABLE entertainments, clothes or anything else a (0) _s_u_rp_r_i_si_n_g_l_y popular sport, practised DUE recently? by thousands, but known to only a select few. 5 What spurs you on when you are studying? Although it requires some (1) _________ SENSE A reward at the end? A good mark in the test? strength, I have known all sorts of cavers: even 6 What part of your English are you going to the (2) _________ and people with significant PREDICT work on in the next few weeks? Vocabulary? physical problems can explore the world Fluency? Pronunciation? underground without (3) _________ difficulty. ADEQUATE 7 When you decide whether to go out with And what an experience it can be. Down REASON friends or not, what does your decision depend there you can find yourself exposed to a kind COMPARE on? of (4) _________ deprivation, as natural light is non-existent and sounds are muted Using adverbs and strange. But in actual fact, conditions 3 Complete the sentences with the best adverb are highly (5) _________ and they almost never vary. Temperatures are the same night from the box (more than one option is possible). and day, in summer and winter, and even the dampness is a constant. But this means you have to be (6) _________ dressed for a trip down below, and your equipment must be of largely plainly strangely inadequately good quality and (7) _________ new. A world unduly truly essentially seemingly that is (8) _________ strange and beautiful inevitably incomparably awaits you, after you nervously make your first descent into the dark unknown. I promise 1 They were overconfident and they slipped it will be an experience you never forget and ________ to defeat. perhaps, like me, you will want to keep on caving once you have given it a try. 2 She answered all of their questions ________, and so she failed the interview. 3 I am ________ at the end of my patience! Please be quiet! 30

Future forms and meanings 3Flash on Grammar 1 Match the examples with the correct meaning. 3 Correct the mistakes in the sentences and 1 I’ll just put this a an event that suggest improvements. Some of the sentences back in the drawer. will finish before are correct. a particular 1 She’ll have been promoted soon, I expect. 2 You’ll get into time 2 There’s going to be a storm: look at those black trouble if you don’t work hard enough. b an unalterable clouds. arrangement 3 By the time you get back, I will tidy the house 3 I’m going to learn a new language c an immediate and we can relax. this year. decision 4 What do you do tomorrow evening? 5 We’re selling our car next year. 4 Look! She’s going d a prediction 6 They will complete the project by the beginning to crash into that that you feel tree! sure about of April. 7 Watch out! She’ll drop that vase! 5 We’re having e a strong 8 The train will leave at 10 o’clock. a tea party this personal afternoon. intention 4 Complete these sentences with the most 6 Don’t call him this f an action suitable future form. Sometimes more than one evening. He’ll be that will be in answer is possible. doing his driving progress in the 1 I can see you’re busy so I __________ (finish) test. future the cooking. 7 I’m sure they’ll g fixed plans/ 2 I’m sorry we can’t come to the party. We have finished arrangements before you get __________ (go) to the theatre that night. there. h a strong 3 She believes there __________ (be) another prediction 8 The plane leaves in based on clear crisis. half an hour. evidence 4 I can’t wait for next Friday. We __________ 2 Underline the correct alternative. Think why (relax) in a bar instead of spending all our time in this lousy office! each one is better. 5 We __________ (wash) the car before dad gets home. 1 She’s looking really pale. I think she’s going to/ 6 It looks as if she __________ (win) easily. she will faint any minute now. 7 __________ (do) you anything nice this evening? 8 The meeting __________ (start) at 8 o’clock. 2 I will/I’m going to write a novel this year. 3 They will have finished/they will be finishing Round up! 5 Complete the letter with words from the box. by 10 p.m. I’m sure. 4 When you come into the office next week, I’ll work/I’ll be working on the new project. will (x2) might have going (x3) 5 I don’t know. I might/will take up dancing this about be should year. Dear Sarah, 6 If things go on like this there will be/must be I just don’t know what to write, I am so confused. You know I went for an interview yesterday? Well, trouble. the good news is I (1) ___________ be starting with 7 While you’re lying on that beach getting a Jones and Clarke next week! It (2) ___________ be a really good opportunity, but I’m not (3) ___________ tan, I’ll slave/I’ll be slaving over the hot stove to get too excited yet. I will (4) ___________ to work cooking! so hard to keep up with everyone in such a high- 8 ‘Oh I forgot my keys!’ – ‘It’s OK! I’ll get/I’m going powered company. The problem is, we’re just to get them for you.’ (5) ___________ to move house, so I just don’t know how I’m (6) ___________ to manage to do both at the same time! And the car is (7) ___________ in for a service tomorrow as well – and that (8)___________ certainly take days. It (9) ___________ be a very difficult week, but it’ll be worth it in the end, I suppose! Anyway, I’m just writing to say I hope you’ll (10) ___________ there for me if I need you! 31

3 Flash on Skills Pink elephants in the room? Doping in sport Doping in world sport Before you read 1 You are going to read the opinions of four A – the sports professional sports experts on the subject of doping. Before you start, think about what cheating Of course there’s lots of doping going on in sport. I see drugs is in sport and what is just a fair way of cheats all the time and it really gets me. It means you have to doing the best you can. Do you think the measure yourself against more than one person: the competitor, following should be allowed in professional and the trainers and doctors who are helping her to gain an unfair sport or not? advantage. I just try to do the best I can, honestly and cleanly. And using chemicals and medication to help body it’s healthier too. I have heard of lots of successful athletes who growth have made themselves ill by taking banned substances, or even having blood transfusions just before a game or suffered premature death. It’s tragic and it has to be stamped out. race I’m convinced it can be, if the courts and the administrators do using doctors and medication during the game their job, – and all of us professionals decide we’re not going to using oxygen during breaks in play tolerate it any longer. Reading 2 CAE Read again and for questions 1-4, B – the journalist choose from the experts (A-D). The experts may be chosen more than once. We all love a good scandal, and there’s nothing better than an Which expert… Olympic team banned for steroid abuse or a champion or trainer 1 believes there is little or no significant caught red-handed, switching the samples of a drugs test or doping in sport? something. But we’re all human, and some of us want to get an 2 believes drug-users in sport will probably edge, whatever the risks. And nowadays, the rewards are so great not be punished? it’s worth the risk. You might never get caught, or at least you will 3 doesn’t mention the advisors helping drugs get away with it for long enough to make your name and make a cheats? fortune. Anyway, there’s a fine line between illegal drug use and 4 is concerned about the threat to health skillful exploitation of loopholes in the regulations. And remember, posed by doping? the best cheats are always one step ahead of the game. 3 What do you think the punishments for doping should be? A lifetime ban? Disqualification C – the commentator for a few years? Or just expulsion from the competition the athlete is in when caught? I hate the idea of doping in sport, and I hate the way people try And what is the best way of preventing the to exploit the story to sell papers, or blacken the name of certain illegal use of drugs in future? athletes for their own advantage. The fact is that there are very few cases of illicit substances being used in sport, and they are 32 inevitably found out. It’s just not true that competitions are won by nefarious means. Quite the contrary. We are lucky enough these days to witness spectacular feats by incredibly hardworking sportspeople almost every week. Records are broken and miracles achieved by dint of hard work and obsessive training. Please don’t let a tiny minority of secretive individuals spoil our fun. D – the sports administrator All I can say is that action is being taken, on every level and at every sporting event. Nobody wants the scourge of doping in sport and there are very effective rules designed to prevent it. Of course, things can never be perfect and no international sport can call itself one hundred per cent clean, but the cheats do pay, I am sure. Samples are taken more regularly than ever and no winning athlete can avoid the test tube for very long. The days when a novice turned up in the changing room just to switch samples with the champion are long gone. We are stamping out doping slowly but surely and in most competitions the winner is honest. At least, a cheat has to have a very good doctor to avoid being caught these days.

3Culture and civilisation Listening Speaking 4 Discuss these pictures in small groups: are 7 CAE Work in groups of two or three. Have a look they sports competitions or games? at the suggestions for different ways of preventing people from cheating in an important examination. 5 You are going to listen to a conversation Talk together and discuss the advantages and between two journalists discussing the first disadvantages of each idea. Indigenous Games, a kind of alternative When you have discussed all of the Olympics. First try to imagine what sort of sports might be included. Is there a typical suggestions, decide which two of the methods traditional game in your area that could be would be the most effective and acceptable part of an alternative Olympics? policy to adopt. 6 1.09 CAE Listen to the conversation very heavy video fines surveillance and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. What can we do to stop cheating? 1 Sandra says she believes the Indigenous Olympics… written allow instant honesty everyone dismissal A might grow gradually in importance. promises to do what B will find it difficult to have more than 30 they like countries involved. Writing C will have more than two thousand 8 CAE Write an answer to one of the questions. competitors next time. D will grow fast and significantly in future. Your local council is offering funding for a day of activities for disadvantaged people in 2 Keith describes the days of obligatory social the community. Write a proposal explaining mixing… what kind of activity you would like to organise and how it would be done. Write A in somewhat ambivalent terms. between 220-260 words in an appropriate B in plainly critical terms. style to make your proposal. C in strongly enthusiastic terms. D in puzzled and confused terms. Write a report of a sports event you remember well. Explain what the event was 3 There are specific regulations in the games like, and also your feelings as you watched about… it. Say if you would recommend this kind of event to other people and why / why not. A how you paint your body. You should write about 220-260 words. B the colours you are allowed to wear. C both your body and your feet. 33 D limiting the use of expensive trainers. 4 Keith is dubious about body paint because… A he thinks it is just pretty. B he thinks it looks a bit silly. C it just makes for good photos. D people don’t understand its meaning. 5 Sandra says that the various games are… A a vital way to record indigenous heritage. B a good combination of sporting and cultural content. C naturally quite funny for everybody sometimes. D a way to affirm the importance of tribal culture. 6 Sandra and Keith eventually… A agree on the basically positive value of the games. B continue to disagree about the costs and cultural aspects of the games. C agree on some aspects of the games, but disagree on others. D are convinced that the games are a good thing overall.