Flash on English_Advanced_Workbook

Contents p. 4 p. 6 1 Trailblazers p. 10 p. 12 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 14 Use of English p. 16 Skills p. 20 p. 22 2 People Close to Us p. 24 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary p. 26 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 30 Use of English p. 32 Skills p. 34 3 The World of Sport p. 36 p. 40 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary p. 42 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Use of English p. 44 Skills p. 46 p. 50 4 Modern Communication p. 52 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary p. 54 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 56 Use of English p. 60 Skills p. 62 5 Education and Jobs Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Use of English Skills 6 Language and Communication Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Use of English Skills 2

7 Money and Business p. 64 p. 66 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary p. 70 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 72 Use of English Skills p. 74 p. 75 8 Art and Entertainment p. 80 p. 82 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 84 Use of English p. 86 Skills p. 90 p. 92 9 Weird Science p. 94 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary p. 96 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice p. 100 Use of English p. 102 Skills p. 104 10 Detective Fiction p. 106 p. 107 Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Grammar and Vocabulary Practice 3 Use of English Skills Topic Vocabulary Self-assessment grids – C1 Audioscripts

1 Trailblazers Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Present and past tenses Present simple Present continuous Present perfect simple It is used to: It is used to describe: It is used: • describe regular or repeated • things happening now or around • when focusing on experiences so actions and everyday routine: the present: far, without specifying when the It rains heavily in March and April. It isn’t raining at the moment. experience happened. What do you usually do on I’m not going to school this week. Have you been to the USA? Sundays? • temporary actions and changing Have you ever been to Sydney? • describe permanent situations, situations: • when a past action affects the general facts, scheduled events What are you doing these days? present or when talking about a (trains, shops, TV programmes, The world population is recent event: etc.): increasing. I’ve bought this. Do you like it? Water freezes at 0°C. • future arrangements and planned Have you met him lately? What time does the train leave? actions: • when the time period is not over • expressing states (stative verbs): Ellen’s leaving tomorrow. yet or when a number indicates I don’t understand this exercise. Where are you going this progression: You look amazing tonight! summer? I’ve read five books this year. The baby doesn’t have a • the fact that the speaker is How many novels has he written? temperature now. annoyed with sb’s habit of doing • with expressions like It’s the first/ • narrating fictional stories: sth (with always): second time... : Oliver Twist runs away and goes to You’re always using my laptop This is the third time I’ve met her London. without asking! today. Past simple Past continuous Past perfect simple It is used to describe: • It is used to describe an action/ • It is used to describe an action • a past action/event that began and event that was in progress at a or event that took place before specific time in the past: another past action or event: finished at a known or specific It was raining when I arrived in When we got to the station our time: Brussels. train had left, so we had to wait It rained a lot in Brussels last I met Lucy while I was studying at for another one. week. Oxford. By the time I finished the story, • a past sequence of actions: What were you doing yesterday the children had fallen asleep. He got in, started the car and at 10? drove away. Note! The Past continuous and Past simple express the relationship between two past activities: Jane was sleeping when the thieves broke in. (The thieves interrupted Jane’s sleep.) 4

Duration forms 1 Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous It is used: • It expresses the duration of an action in the past: • to describe actions or events that started in the past She had been working for only three months when and are still continuing in the present: she won the lottery. How long has it been snowing? • It is also used to describe a past action that was • when an action has been going on intensively and has carried out intensively or vigorously producing a just stopped: visible effect on a situation at a certain moment in the Where were you?! I’ve been looking for you everywhere! past. Your eyes are red: have you been crying? She felt exhausted: she’d been working hard. Note! How long is it since you stopped smoking? (NOT: How long haven’t you smoked) How long is it since you arrived? = How long have you been here? It’s (been) 3 months since I got my cat. = I’ve had my cat for three months. Present perfect simple and Past perfect simple can also be used in duration forms. Present perfect simple Past perfect simple It is used in: It is used in: • present duration forms in negative sentences: • past duration forms in negative sentences: I haven’t smoked since I had pneumonia. I hadn’t seen her for 17 years when we met again in 2005. • present duration forms with state verbs: • past duration forms with state verbs: How long have you known Farrah? I’d had the same car for 25 years when it broke down. Note! When the action is only partly negative you can use the continuous form: Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long. (I HAVE been waiting, but not for long) Tom hadn’t been sleeping well since the argument with Lorna. (he had been sleeping, but not well) used to / be used to Travel and exploring collocations The construction used to + infinitive refers to a past verb + noun habit: • accomplish/perform a feat: do sth extraordinary • I used to go camping with my parents every • be on a mission: be busy doing an important job summer as a child. that involves travelling somewhere The construction be used to + -ing form refers to an • blaze a trail: develop sth important for the first time action you are/aren’t familiar with: • follow in one’s footsteps: pursue the same career I’m not used to getting up early in the morning. • head into the unknown: venture somewhere Phrasal verbs and expressions unexplored with set • raise awareness: make people aware of sth • replicate an expedition: follow the same path as a • set sb up with: introduce a couple • set up (a company): start a business former expedition • set sb straight: inform sb about the truth • pay tribute to sb: do sth to show respect to sb • set sb back: (informal) cost / delay • pioneer a route: be the first to go on a path • set off / out: leave on a journey • set a record: be the first to achieve sth • set ... against: cause someone to be in conflict with • take sth in your stride: to deal with a problem or • set up (ready): ready or put equipment together • set sb up for life: provide enough money difficulty calmly • be dead set against: be strongly opposed to • tackle a challenge: face a challenge • be set on: be ready to do do something adjective + noun • a physical endeavour: a physical effort • an inhospitable place: an unwelcoming place • an inspiring story: a story that encourages you to do sth • a momentous challenge: a very important challenge 5

1 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Grammar a By the time Carol left the ceremony had finished. Present simple/Present continuous/ b When Carol arrived the ceremony had Present perfect started. 1 Complete the sentences with the correct c When Carol arrived the ceremony was starting. tense of the verbs in the box and the words in d When Carol arrived the ceremony started. brackets. e The ceremony hadn’t finished when Carol left. be begin change go have (x2) look f By the time ceremony started Carol had make meet quarrel rain think left. 1 ___________ (Jane) still at home? No, she 4 Complete the text with the correct past tense ___________ (go) to the doctor’s. She’ll be back by midday. of the verbs in brackets. 2 It ___________ (not/usually) in September Gabrielle (1) ___________ (walk) for hours when she nowadays. Seasons ___________ a lot in suddenly noticed that it (2) ___________ (get) dark. recent years. She (3) ___________ (lose) track of time because she (4) ___________ (think) about what to do with 3 I ___________ David near the theatre at 6 her life. this evening because the play ___________ at 6:30. Things (5) ___________ (not be) the same between Gabrielle and her husband since he 4 Greta ___________ worried these days: I (6) ___________ (accept) a job in Bangkok. Why wonder what she ___________ about. (7) ___________ (he/not /discuss) the decision with her? They (8) ___________ (be) married 5 She ___________ (not) dinner at home this for almost five years and always got along well. evening: She ___________ to work late. Lately, though, things (9) ___________ (change). They (10) ___________ (seem) to be disagreeing 6 I ___________ (often) with my brother because about everything and argued all the time. For the he ___________ (always) a mess in our room. first time, she (11) ___________ (start) to wonder if she still (12) ___________ (want) to be his wife. 2 Choose (3) the correct sentence. She (13) ___________ (realise) she had to decide fast as they (14) ___________ (go) to leave very 1 A What is happened? soon. B What has happened? C What did happen? While she (15) ___________ (step) into her flat 2 A Mark is being stupid today. she (16) ___________ (suddenly/feel) she B Mark is stupid today. (17) ___________ (make) the biggest mistake she C Mark has been stupid today. (18) ___________ (ever/make). 3 A Are you seeing my glasses anywhere? B Do you see my glasses anywhere? Present perfect/Past simple C Have you seen my glasses anywhere? 5 Use the prompts to write sentences using 4 A The roast beef smells delicious. B The roast beef is smelling delicious. Present perfect or Past simple and adding all C The roast beef has smelt delicious. the necessary words. Past simple and continuous/ 1 How long/Shakespeare/live/Stratford-upon-Avon/? ___________________________________________ Past perfect simple and continuous 2 How many films/Al Pacino/direct/? 3 Match the sentences that are logically ___________________________________________ 3 Where/you/get/these jeans/? connected. ___________________________________________ 4 Sorry, Mary./I/not/find/your smartphone 1 Carol arrived before the beginning of the ___________________________________________ ceremony. 5 ‘You/see/her/before/? /’ ‘Yes,/we/meet /in Dallas’ ___________________________________________ 2 Carol left before the end of the ceremony. 6 ‘Tom/be/fired!’ ‘Really?/How/it/happen/?’ 3 Carol missed the beginning of the ceremony. ___________________________________________ 4 Carol left after the end of the ceremony. 5 Carol arrived while the ceremony was beginning. 6 Carol left before the beginning the ceremony. 6

Duration forms 7 Complete the sentences with be used to or 1 6 CAE Complete the second sentence so that used to and the verb in brackets. it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. You must use 3-6 1 I __________ (work) on a team but sometimes words, including the word given. There is an I wish I could do things by myself. example at the beginning (0). 2 The accident was due to the fact that he 0 When did you buy this house? __________ (not/drive) on the left. HAVE 3 Believe it or not, I __________ (not/chat) online How long __h__a_v_e_y_o__u_h__a_d__ this house? before getting a smartphone. 1 It’s been 10 years since I started learning 4 Today’s children find it difficult to concentrate Mandarin. because they __________ (not/read) as much STUDYING as we were. I _______________________ ten years. 2 How long is it since you bought this cottage? 5 How __________ (people/move) around when HAD there were no cars? How _______________________ cottage? 3 They got there before the beginning of the film. 6 When Mr Redford taught me Maths, it NOT __________ (seem) so hard, but now I find it When they _______________________ started yet. impossible! 4 They got divorced a year ago. HAVE 7 I __________ (not/wear) glasses for reading They _______________________ a year. until I turned 50. 5 Emma’s been working from home for a month. STARTED 8 In the Far East people __________ (wear) It’s a month _______________________ working masks when they have a cold, in order not to infect others. from home. 6 When did you move into this house? 9 I’m __________ (not/work) long hours: in fact I usually leave the office at 5 p.m. LIVING How _______________________ this house? 10 __________ (this B&B/be) a farmhouse in the 7 The last time I’d spoken to them was the 1960s. Christmas before. Round up! NOT 8 Cross out the two incorrect tenses in these I _______________________ Christmas before. 8 I haven’t played the guitar for ages. sentences. STOPPED It’s been _______________________ the guitar. 1 Are you seeing / Did you see / Have you seen Emma today? used to/be used to 2 I’m not feeling / I don’t feel / I haven’t felt I used well at the moment. to be somebody… 3 I think / I’m thinking / I thought he was American. 4 Jane is looking / looks / was looking wonderful since she started working out at the gym. 5 I have been working / had worked / have worked really hard, that’s why I am so exhausted this week. 6 Why are you sweating? Have you been running / Are you hot / Were you scared? 7 By the time he got to the gate the plane had taken off / was taking off / took off, so he had to take the next one. 8 I was so glad to meet him: I had been waiting / had waited / was waiting to see him for ages. 7

1 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Vocabulary 11 Substitute the underlined words with a Phrasal verbs and expressions suitable alternative. with set 1 This unwelcoming region has been inhabited 9 Complete with one preposition that is suitable only by shepherds and miners for over 150 years. ____________ for all the sentences. 2 I felt like trying to do the same after listening 1 A Due to bad weather the match was set ____ to her moving account. ____________ until Friday. 3 The breadth and diversity of Da Vinci’s artistic B This tiny gadget will only set you ____ 15 efforts show the genius and mastery of the dollars. great artist. ____________ 2 A Anna won’t change her mind. She’s dead 4 How did you decide to do the same job as set ___ this crazy idea. your father? ____________ B Dictatorships typically set people ____ each 5 You’ll receive a lot of criticism in this job so other in order to better control them. you’ll have to learn to cope with it without losing your temper. ____________ 3 A If I win the lottery this time I’ll be set ____ for life! 6 The mayor publicly praised the firefighters who had died in the fire. ____________ B I hate it when my friends try to set me ____ with someone I would never date! Weather and temperature C I’m thinking of setting ____ an online business. 4 A We have no idea what set ____ the alarm last night. B When you go trekking you usually need to set ____ very early in the morning. Collocations 1 0 Complete the sentences with the correct verb from the box. blazing heading performing pioneering 12 Underline the correct alternative for the replicating tackling following definitions. 1 Professor Nardinelli and his team are interested in ______________ the findings of 1 a very strong wind: gale/breeze the previous experiment. 2 a cloudy day: drenched/overcast 3 the sound made by walking on wet ground: 2 As the pace of change accelerates we sense that we are ______________ into the unknown. gruelling/squelching 4 uncomfortably hot: pouring/sweltering 3 Oregon is ______________ a trail today toward 5 light rain: drizzle/cool a stronger democracy for its citizens and the 6 very wet: freezing/soaked rest of the country. 13 Use some of the words from exercise 12 to 4 Maestro Rosenberg will be ______________ a feat of musical multi-tasking for the choir’s complete these sentences. fourth annual concert. 1 It's __________ with rain! I want to go out now! 5 By launching the new item the company is 2 A lovely __________ was blowing near the ______________ a challenge in senior care. shore. 6 We are ______________ a route of accreditation 3 It was a __________ two-day walk to the that will mean our medical students will be able to practice in Europe under the nearest campsite. consortium. 4 Not having an umbrella, I was __________ and I was afraid that I would catch a cold. 5 I can't stand this __________ cold anymore: I wish I were in the Maldives. 6 It's really hot in the morning, but it gets pleasantly __________ after sunset. 8

14 Complete the text with the verbs from the box. Functions: Expressing interest 1 and asking follow-up questions blow brighten clear cloud cool 16 Complete the dialogue with the expressions die set warm from the box. There are two extra expressions. I can imagine… That sounds awful! No? Why not? Oh, really? Oh, right. So what did you do? When did you leave? Yeah, I know what you mean. Although it’s sunny now, today’s weather A There was an appalling typhoon when I went forecast says that it’s going to to Taiwan on holiday in 2006. (1) ______________ over later in the day. it will also (2) ______________ down in the B (1) _______________________________________ evening so prepare to turn on the heating. A Yeah, it was two days before my flight back A storm is expected to (3) ______________ up during the night, but fortunately the to Europe. It happened in the middle of the rain won’t (4) ______________ in and it will night. I thought I was going to die! probably (5) ______________ up before dawn. B (2) _______________________________________ As for tomorrow, it will be overcast and A Yeah, some cars in the street got overturned windy in the morning, but it’s likely to and swept away by the wind and hundreds (6) ______________ up in the afternoon, and of trees were rooted out and smashed against the wind will probably (7) ______________ the shop windows. down, though the weather won’t B (3) _______________________________________ (8) ______________ up until next week. A Yes it was unbelievable! Fortunately everybody’s used to typhoons there so there was no flood Achievements and nobody got hurt. Anyway, if I ever go back 15 Match these definitions with the correct words to Taiwan I definitely won’t go there in August. B (4) _______________________________________ and expressions. A Because that’s when most typhoons strike the island. The best time to visit Taiwan is spring. 1 A cheap form of lodging used mainly by college-students, where one stays on Language development: acquaintance’s sofa rather than at a hotel. Linking words and expressions 17 Write these words or expressions under the 2 A way of life in modern society, in which people compete with each other to achieve correct heading. power and money. as long as by contrast in case instead 3 A long search for something that is hard to on account of owing to provided since find, or an attempt to achieve something difficult. unlike whereas 4 The most basic and necessary things. contrasting expressing expressing 5 The ability to keep doing something difficult, cause condition unpleasant, or painful for a long time. 6 Very tiring and demanding a great effort. a bare minimum b endurance c gruelling d couch surfing e rat race f quest 9

1 Use of English 4 CAE Read the sentences and decide which Word construction answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There 1 Complete the table with the missing parts of is an example at the beginning (0). speech. adjective opposite noun verb (adjective) __________ __________ __________ accomplish __________ __________ belief __________ __________ riskless __________ __________ challenged/ __________ __________ __________ challenging __________ __________ __________ inspire 2 Write the nouns (N) and verbs (V) whose root 0 I’m not keen _o_n_ travelling by plane. 1 if you travel ___ a shoestring you’d better stay is the same as the given words. at youth hostels or B&Bs. 1 bright  (N) _________  (V) _________ 2 The campaign aims to ___ awareness of 2 hot  (N) _________  (V) _________ 3 dead  (N) _________  (V) _________ environmental issues. 4 enduring  (N) _________  (V) _________ 3 How many times has Jack been ___ Boston? 5 frozen  (N) _________  (V) _________ 4 Were you used to ___ late? 6 brave  (N) _________  (V) _________ 5 She followed in her father’s ___, starting her 3 Complete the following idioms or phrasal verbs own business. 6 Mrs Jenkins was such a good teacher: she by choosing the correct word from the box. actually made history ___ alive! against back in on out 7 It was pouring so we got completely ___ straight up (x2) through. 1 We’re set _________ starting our trip. 8 It rained all day, but fortunately it has ___ now. 2 Don’t worry, I set him _________ on the matter. 3 Don’t worry, Dad has set _________ everything 0 A on B in C of D about ready for our excursion. 1 A in B on C at D by 4 Your new watch is lovely. I wonder how much 2 A make B gain C gather D raise it set you _________, though… 5 We’ll have to set _________ early if we want to 3 A on B in C to D in get there by noon. 4 A work C working 6 If I manage to sell him the whole building B have worked D worked we’ll be set _________ for life. 7 In Shakespeare’s play Richard III sets the king 5 A footsteps C tribute _________ his brother George. 8 Apparently this rain has set _________ for the rest of the day. B challenge D route The TV says 6 A come C become it’s “raining cats and dogs” outside! B get D turn Damn 7 A squelching C soaked climate change. B sweltering D drizzled 8 A died down C brightened up B clouded over D cooled down 10

5 CAE Read the sentences and use the word Skills 1 given in capitals at the end of each sentence 7 CAE Complete the second sentence so that to form a word that fits in the gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. You must use 3-6 words, 0 I’ve __b_e_l_ie_v_e_d__ in ghosts since BELIEF including the word given. There is an example at the beginning (0). I saw one some years ago. 0 What plans have you got for tomorrow? 1 Meeting the President was one ARE What __a_r_e__y_o_u__d_o_in__g__ tomorrow? of the __________ events in his life. MOMENT 1 How long have you been living in this flat? SINCE 2 Schools are increasingly faced How long _______________________ this flat? 2 My parents strongly opposed the fact that I with the educational problems wanted to take a gap year after high school. of __________ children. ADVANTAGE SET My parents were _______________________ 3 A tropical __________ flooded POUR taking a gap year after high school. the rivers flowing into the lake 3 I don’t usually eat out on week days because last night. I’m too tired after work. USED 4 Britain’s future hangs in the I _______________________ out week days balance and voters are heading because I’m too tired after work. 4 She was ill so she couldn’t join us. into the __________. KNOW ACCOUNT She couldn’t join _______________________. 5 His sparkling personality was 5 the company has been there since 1981. SET what made him an __________ ACCOMPLISH The company _______________________ 1981. 6 She was hoping to find someone for her sister salesman. to date after the divorce. 6 The weather will be __________ CAST UP She was hoping to _______________________ for the rest of the week though it somebody after the divorce. won’t rain. 7 I’ve had this new camera for a few weeks. It’s _______________________ this new camera. 6 CAE Read the text below and think of the 8 I can no longer swim as far as I could in the word which best fits each gap. Use only one past. word in each gap. There is an example at the USED beginning (0). I _______________________ farther than I do now. James (0) __w__a_s__ tired: he’d been (1) _____________ a mission (2) _____________ months and he longed to go home. He’d (3) _____________ missing his wife and the kids, and the only thing he could think of (4) _____________ to see his family. He began thinking about the moment when he had agreed to leave and the way he (5) _____________ found to avoid telling Anna that he was a secret agent. He wondered what she and the kids (6) _____________ doing: they were probably sitting in front of the TV or playing some board game in the kitchen. 11

1 Skills Reading 1 Read the article and match the correct heading with each paragraph. 1 negative side effects 4 performance during 2 cardiac effects competitions 3 what makes an athlete tick 5 how adrenalin affects the body TheWonders of Adrenaline A The excitement an athlete feels when D The rush of adrenalin into the working participating in a sport or activity is the release of muscles has a positive effect on athletic adrenalin into their circulatory system.Adrenalin, performance. Unfortunately, if the athlete isn’t also known as epinephrine, is the body’s response able to control this hormonal flow, it could have to stress and at one point, centuries ago, may have negative effects on overall health.The production made the difference between life and death. Our of adrenalin is designed as a survival technique, heightened senses prepared us to either fight or but far too often the stress hormones are called flee. It was a survival instinct that can be applied into action at inappropriate times. If this happens to athletic activities today. more frequently then it should, the result is a B The influx of adrenal surge is a welcomed suppressed immune system and a propensity effect when an athlete is about to do battle toward a resistance of infections. in the sporting arena.There’s an increase of E The athlete that is more able to direct energy sent to the muscles and the muscles their energy properly, is usually the athlete response is to boost their ability to react. that experiences victory. It’s not enough to There’s an enhanced alertness brought about feel the adrenalin surging through your body by an arousal of the central nervous system. – it’s equally important to control the adrenal The body begins to sweat more, in preparation response in such a way that produces the best to cool the muscles and the pupils dilate in an results.The most effective way of focusing is effort to take in more of the surroundings.The to place yourself in a similar scenario as often athlete is now ready. as possible.This is called training and it is an C When adrenalin is released into the essential component of the athletic experience. bloodstream, it invariably finds its way to the heart.The heart, upon feeling the increase in adrenalin, immediately boosts the rate and strength of its beating.The result is an increase in blood pressure, which, in turn, allows for an increase in respiratory exchange, making more oxygen available for the working muscles. The more oxygen available, the better the performance. 2 CAE Read the article again. In which paragraphs (A-E) of the article is the following information mentioned? 1 Adrenalin may cause athletes to become ill more easily. 2 Athletes typically feel excited when adrenalin is released into their systems. 3 Only thanks to proper use of energy can athletes win competitions. 4 Muscular performance is enhanced by an increase in rate of breathing. 5 Adrenalin used to play an essential role in protecting people from danger. 6 The body releases adrenalin when a person prepares to fight. 12

Listening 1 3 2 CAE You will hear David Belle talking about parkour. Complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. 1 Parkour is not so similar to sport as it is to ________. 2 Parkour was born in a suburban area of ________. 3 David Belle says that the only tool you use in parkour to face every obstacle is your ________. 4 Parkour became a worldwide sport after it had been made popular by a programme entitled ________. 5 The film shows an impressive jump between two buildings that are ________ above the street. 6 You can only learn to avoid getting hurt in parkour if you ________ the techniques. 4 3 Listen to the extract from Robinson Crusoe and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F). 1 Robinson wishes he hadn’t left his family when the ship starts sailing in the sea. ____ 2 As soon as the sky brightens up Robinson stops feeling seasick. ____ 3 During the night after the first storm, Robinson is still shocked and decides he will go back home. ____ 4 Robinson is so frightened when the second storm starts that he begins to pray. ____ 5 During the second storm Robinson sees other ships around him. ____ 6 The sailors ask Robinson to help them, but he’s too scared to leave his bed. ____ 7 The captain tells the crew to signal for help. ____ 8 As the ship starts sinking, Robinson passes out. ____ Writing 5 3 Listen again and sum up the story in about 100 words. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Your class has listened to a radio discussion on the problems that professional athletes are faced with nowadays. You have made these notes. Write an essay discussing these problems and saying which is more likely to influence an athlete’s career. Problems that athletes are faced with nowadays: • winning no matter what it takes; • injuries and career; • pressure from media. 13

2 People Close to Us Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Third and mixed conditionals Third conditional sentences refer to hypothetical past situations, an imaginary event that never took place in the past: we’re just imagining a different past situation, but we can’t change things as they went. if + Past perfect (if clause) would/wouldn’t have + Past participle (main clause) If I had known you were here, I would have had lunch with you. (but I didn’t know) (but I didn’t have lunch with you) If you hadn’t helped the Robinsons, they wouldn’t have known what to do. When past events have results in a present situation, there is a mix of second and third conditional. if + Past perfect (if clause) would/wouldn’t + base form (main clause) If I hadn’t missed the 7.30 train, I would be at home by now. (but I didn’t take it) (but I’m not at home now) If you hadn’t helped the Robinsons, they wouldn’t have known what to do. Modals for possibility, impossibility and probability Modals in the present could/may/might + base form possibility He may/might/could have the flu. may not/mightn’t + base form (positive) There may/might/could be a train strike next week. possibility can’t + base form (negative) Don’t ask him: he may not know the answer. couldn’t + base form You might not believe me, but I saw the cat open the should + base form impossibility door. must + base form It can’t be that late: we’ve just arrived! The situation couldn’t be worse. probability (with He left 4 hours ago: he should be home by now. some degree of You’ve been running for an hour: you must be tired. uncertainty) deduction Note! Modal verbs can also be followed by be + -ing, when they refer to something that is probably or possibly happening now. Let’s go: they might be waiting for us. Paul can’t be training now: he’s just finished his lunch. 14

2 Modals in the past could/may/might have + Past possibility She could/may/might have taken a day off. participle (positive) Tony hasn’t turned up yet: he may not have received our may not/might not have + Past possibility invitation. participle (negative) They can’t/couldn’t have seen us: it was too dark! can’t/couldn’t have + Past impossibility participle expectation Let’s call him: he should have arrived by now. should have + Past participle past deduction This fresco is amazing: it must have taken months to must have + Past participle paint it. Note! Modals in the past can also be followed by have been + -ing, when they refer to something that was probably or possibly happening at a given time in the past. The inmates escaped through this hole: they must have been digging it for years. Modals and if clauses Expressions with down and up • if I could = if I were able/allowed to • be up to sb: be sb’s responsibility or decision I’d have been in trouble if I had had to take my • be up to (doing) sth: be capable of doing sth • be up for (doing) sth: feel like doing sth driving test again after so many years. • be up there with the best: be excellent at sth • I could = I’d be able to • What are you up to?: what are you doing? • I should = I’d have to • put your foot down: demand that sth be done • I could have + Past participle = I’d have been • be down on sb: criticise sb able to Idioms and collocations • I should have + Past participle = I’d have had to If I hadn’t found my passport, I’d have had to • might as well (do): an expression used to suggest doing something when there is no better alternative report/should have reported it to the police. • Try as I might, … : a phrase that introduces an Phrasal verbs with down and up expression of regret or failure after trying hard (to do something) • back down: admit you are wrong • get sb down: make sb feel unhappy • Nothing has come of it: an idiom indicating that the • get down to work: start working seriously expected results haven’t been achieved • look down on sb: think you are better than sb • play things down: make sth look less bad than it is • Let’s take it from there: an idiom that means • run sb down: unfairly criticise sb roughly the same as ‘let’s see what happens after • wear sb down: to tire sb out, to cause to feel tired that’. • bring sb up: raise (children) • cheer (sb) up: cause someone to feel happy verb + noun • stand sb up: not to show up at a date • make an excuse: to give false reasons why you cannot do sth • have high expectations: believe sth will be very good • have (got) nothing to lose: an idiom used to say that doing something won’t make a situation any worse than it is and might in fact improve it • give it a go: attempt something • take issue with sth/sb: disagree strongly with sth/sb 15

2 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Grammar Modal verbs for possibility, Third and mixed conditionals impossibility and probability 1 Complete the third conditional sentences with 4 Tick (3) the sentences where modal verbs are verbs from the box in the correct tense. used to express possibility, impossibility or probability. ask be break choose go have help invite marry sell use win 1 You should eat more vegetables to stay healthy. 1 If they __________ me to give them a hand I __________ them. 2 We may be driving solar-powered cars in the future. 2 Which candidate __________ you __________ if you __________ the chance to do it? 3 You can’t have bought a smartphone in 1990. 3 I __________ (not) my car if it __________ (not) down. 4 Students must listen to their teachers at school. 4 __________ Catherine __________ Edgar Linton if he __________ (not) rich? 5 Doctors might find a cure for cancer by 2025. 5 Manchester United __________ the match if they __________ a different formation. 6 My brother couldn’t ride a bike when he was five. 6 If Tracy __________ my ex boyfriend I __________ (not) to her wedding. 7 May I borrow your pen, Madam? 8 People could live to be over 100 in the 2 Match the two halves of the sentences. future. 1 If you hadn’t seen that horror film, 2 What would you have done 5 CAE Complete the second sentence so that 3 Would you be happier 4 If there had been a different colour, it has a similar meaning to the first, using the 5 There would be more polar bears word given. You must use 3-6 words including 6 If governments had tackled the issue before, the word given. There is an example at the beginning (0). a if you had married another woman? b there would be fewer environmental 0 Perhaps I’ll drive there. problems. MAY c if you had seen them cheat during the test? I _m__a_y__g_o_t_h_e_r_e__b_y_ car. d if we had stopped global warming. 1 Perhaps there won’t be any petrol left in 50 e you would be sleeping now instead of being terrified. years’ time. f I’d have bought it. NOT There _______________________ left in 15 3 Write if sentences based on the situations years’ time. below. 2 I’m sure you didn’t expect it. 1 He was late because he’d missed the train. HAVE If he ______________________________________. You _______________________ it. 2 It rained all day so we couldn’t play the match. 3 I don’t believe they didn’t do it on purpose. We could _________________________________. DONE 3 You frightened the baby so now she’s crying! They _______________________ on purpose. The baby _________________________________. 4 I’m not sure whether this is real gold. 4 As I had forgotten my password I had to ask MIGHT This gold _______________________ real. for a new one. 5 They were probably starving. If I _______________________________________. BEEN 5 I couldn’t see the film because the TV wasn’t They _______________________ starving. 6 There’s a chance Ella missed the bus. working. COULD I _________________________________________. Ella _______________________ the bus. 6 I didn’t finish university so now I can’t find a better job. If I _______________________________________. 16

6 Complete these sentences by choosing the Round up! 2 7 Read the situations and complete the best option (A, B, C or D). sentences below. They must have broken the ice while we were making the sandwiches. 1 I had to finish my project by midnight so I couldn’t go out. 1 Jack and Sue aren’t speaking to each other. They ________________ an argument. If _______________________ to finish my project, I _______________________. 2 It ________________ cold today: everybody’s wearing a hat and gloves. 2 Chances are he overslept this morning. He _______________________ this morning. 3 Josh is so pale today: he ________________ 3 I’m exhausted because I stayed up late last well. night. 4 Let’s call her later: she ________________ . I _______________________ if 5 She was furious! she ________________ for _______________________ earlier. hours. 4 I’m sorry I bothered you, but I couldn’t do the 6 The cake’s been in the oven for 30 minutes: exercise by myself. it ________________ ready now. If I had been _______________________ you. 7 Charlie ________________ in Paris with us. He 5 I can’t afford to buy a house now because was born one year later. I have never saved money. 8 It ________________ in this picture but I’m not If I _______________________ afford to buy a sure. house now. 6 What was I supposed to do? 1 A must have had C should have had What would you _______________________ in B may have D could have my shoes? 7 Maybe they didn’t hear the announcement. 2 A might be C could have been They _______________________ the B should have been D must be announcement. 8 You’re in trouble because you didn’t listen 3 A couldn’t feel C shouldn’t feel to me. B might not feel D mustn’t feel If _______________________ trouble. 4 A couldn’t sleep C could sleep 8 Cross out the only incorrect modals in these B could be sleeping D could have slept sentences. 5 A could have C must have been 1 It may not / could not / might not snow tomorrow. 2 He can’t have / couldn’t have / mustn’t have known the password to our account. 3 David can / must / may know the answer: he has already done this exercise. 4 Jane should / can / could be back by 7 o’ clock. 5 I don’t know if I can join you. I may have / must have / could have to study tomorrow. 6 It must / may / can’t have been snowing for a while: the road is white. waited waiting B may be waiting D might wait 6 A should be C could be B might have been D must have been 7 A can’t be C must be B may not have D couldn’t have been been 8 A must rain C might be raining B could have been D should have raining rained 17

2 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Vocabulary 11 Complete the sentences by choosing the best Phrasal verbs and expressions option (A, B or C). with up and down 9 Underline the correct alternative in each 1 Don’t try to ______ it down, Jordan. We’re in deep trouble. sentence. 2 I’m sure those two are ______ to something: 1 It’s unfair of the boss to be/run down on me don’t trust them! for what wasn’t my fault. 3 We’re going to the movie tonight if you’re up 2 These rainy days are starting to get/put me ______ it. down. 4 As a director, Blake Edwards ______ up there 3 I wonder why she keeps playing/running with the best. herself down like that: she’s gorgeous. 5 I’m usually very easy-going but this time I had 4 Teaching young kids is likely to run/wear you to ______ my foot down. down at the beginning, but it’ll get better after a while. 6 It took him a while to feel he ______ to walking again after the accident. 5 My in-laws looked/got down on me because I didn’t have a degree. 1 A play B get C look 2 A getting down B up C down 6 It’s time for us to run/get down to work now. 3 A at B on C for 4 A stands B puts C is 10 Substitute the underlined words with the 5 A get B give C put 6 A was up B got down C brought up correct phrasal verbs from the box. be up to me bring me up cheer me up give up on me stand me up look up to me 1 It must have been hard for my grandmother to raise me: she was 65 when my parents died. _____________ 2 If none of you volunteer, it will be my responsibility to decide. _____________ 3 I’m such a loser that even imaginary girlfriends don’t show up when I date them. _____________ 4 I’m lucky I have great friends to make me feel happy when I’m blue. _____________ 5 I hope my grandchildren will see me as a role model one Idioms and collocations 1 2 Match each sentence (1-6) with a suitable day. _____________ idiom (a-f). 6 If I fail again, they may stop 1 I told you we have already found a solution! believing in me. _____________ 2 The party’s over. 3 I’d take the job if I were you. 4 The police questioned the man for hours. 5 You don’t need to worry about this problem. 6 You must try it at least once! a You’ve got nothing to lose. b Let me take it from here. c Why are you taking issue with that again? d Come on, give it a go! e We might as well go home now. f However, nothing came of it. 18

Adjectives and expressions Functions: sharing experiences 2 and talking about yourself to describe people’s character 13 Write the correct adjective next to each definition or synonym. clever kind judgmental cynical moody messy snobby stubborn relaxed traditional 1 hypercritical ___________________________ 2 easy-going ___________________________ 3 untidy ___________________________ 4 haughty ___________________________ 5 sympathetic ___________________________ 6 old-fashioned ___________________________ 7 erratic ___________________________ 8 pig-headed ___________________________ 9 cunning ___________________________ I must admit you have a very impressive résumé! 10 sarcastic ___________________________ 1 5 Underline the correct alternative. 14 Complete the expressions used in these 1 Teenagers today are terribly rude. Mind you/ You know, I was probably just as bad when sentences. I was that age. 1 He won’t change his mind: he’s as stubborn 2 I hate to say that, but I must admit that/ as an __________. in fact I’ve never read this book. 2 Internet __________ is really popular today: 3 It came as a surprise and, to be honest/ more and more people find their partners anyway, I was genuinely shocked by the news. online. 4 That’s a good point, but actually/so, that’s not 3 I’m sure you’ll like him: he’s friendly and what I meant. __________ to talk to. 5 I don’t know if it was lost or stolen: 4 The actors have a __________ sense of humour anyway/in fact, it’s gone. so the film isn’t very suitable for young children. 6 Men don’t really enjoy playing football, you know/so, they just like talking about sports. 5 He has very strong points of __________ and he will definitely stand up for his rights. Language development: Phrases with fact 6 You should have a __________ attitude to your 16 Complete the sentences with the correct diet, because all extremes are dangerous. expressions from the box. 7 I don’t think __________ dates are the solution: if you have no idea who you’re going to meet due to the fact in spite of the fact you’re likely to be very disappointed. It’s a fact as a matter of fact 8 He can tell you what star sign you are just by 1 That is a matter on which I agree with him, looking at you. He’s been __________ astrology ______________ that our political standpoints for years. are otherwise very different. 2 ______________ that smugglers often add blue dye to tankers of clear alcohol and import it as glass cleaner, thus avoiding the high tariff on booze. 3 Yes, ______________, you are annoying me. So, please, leave me alone. 4 The decrease was ______________ that some EU producers have reduced the number of daily production shifts. 19

2 Use of English 4 CAE Complete the second sentence so that 1 Complete the table with the missing parts of speech. it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You adjective adverb noun verb must use 3-6 words including the word given. There is an example at the beginning (0). ___________ _____________ argument _________ 0 Perhaps it won’t rain next week. ___________ _____________ _________ flatter MAY It ____m_a__y_n_o_t__r_a_in____ next week. ___________ sympathetically _________ _________ 1 It was a rainy day but we went camping judgemental _____________ _________ _________ anyway. DESPITE ___________ _____________ _________ tidy We went camping _______________________ raining. social/ _____________ _________ _________ 2 I’m sure she’s been crying: her eyes are red. sociable MUST She _______________________ her eyes are red. 2 CAE Read the sentences and use the word HAVE 3 I share my bedroom with my brother and sister. given in capitals at the end of some of the TWO lines to form a word that fits in the gap in I share my bedroom _______________________. the same line. There is an example at the 4 If we had booked in advance we would have beginning (0). found better seats. FACT 0 Annie’s _p_o_l_it_e_n_e_s_s_ is her best quality. POLITE Our seats aren’t very good _______________________ didn’t book in 1 He’s often been accused of advance. 5 He wants to become a professional footballer, __________ in his attitude towards CYNICAL but I don’t think he’s good enough. UP politics. He wants to be become a professional footballer, but he _______________________ to it. 2 She __________ refused to sign STUBBORN 6 My brother is always trying to get out of doing the chores. the document. EXCUSES My brother is _______________________ doing 3 Don’t worry if Dave sometimes the chores. 7 I disagree with the way you are raising your snaps at you. It’s just normal children. ISSUE teenage __________. MOOD I _______________________ the way you are raising your children. 4 I think her __________ is one of her KIND 8 I’d help you if I could. ABLE strong points. I’d help you if I _______________________. 5 I’m sure he’ll handle the situation very __________. CLEVER 6 If you want __________, you EXCITE ought to try bungee-jumping. 3 Underline the suitable word in italics. 1 There was an expression of carefree / careless happiness on the faces of both father and daughter. 2 The city has never been as energetic / lively as it is now. 3 He found out that the ring was invaluable / valueless so he threw it away. 4 Gary sat with his hands clasped, annoyed at the unhelpful / helpless receptionist. 5 The minister was self-conscious / self-centred about his lack of formal education. 6 Sam is very sensitive / sensible with his money. He likes to save it and doesn’t invest in high-risk shares. 7 He looked up at her, but wasn’t exactly rewarded with a loving / lovely glance in return. 8 She made a cowardly / coward decision to go along with the group. 20

5 CAE Read the sentences and decide which 7 Complete the sentences with the words from 2 answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There the box. is an example at the beginning (0). blood close estranged foster good 0 The party’s over. We _m__ig_h__t as well go home. half long-distance step 1 Terry has very strong points of ______. 2 He was adopted at 3 because both his ______ parents had died in a car crash. 3 People ______ high expectations, and the Council bears great responsibilities. 4 I hope the cabin crew won’t ______ issue with the size of this backpack. 5 It’s so annoying! I’m starting to be ______! 6 You can take as a ______ that they’ll serve sushi at their dinner. 0 A might B may C could D must 1 A vision B ideas C view D mind 2 A natal B birth C original D true 1 I have a __________ brother: we both take after our mother. 3 A get B make C take D have 2 Annie’s my __________ sister: she came to live 4 A take B have C do D make with us when my mother married her second husband. 5 A bored B exasperated C worried D stunned 3 They decided to become __________ parents 6 A data B certainty C given D trait when they realised they couldn’t have their own children. 6 CAE Read the sentences and think of the 4 He’s a very __________ friend and one of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one few I really trust. word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). 5 I haven’t been on __________ terms with her since we fell out in 2005. 0 I wouldn’t do it if I _w__e_r_e_ you. 1 If I ______ had to change my job I’d have tried 6 Parents, siblings and grandparents are all __________ relatives. to become a life coach. 2 I don’t like people who are cynical ______ love. 7 The famous actor and his __________ wife 3 She’s quite traditional ______ her outlook so have finally reached a settlement in their bitter divorce. she wants to wear a white wedding dress. 4 Have you ever been ______ a blind date? 8 There’s an article on how to make __________ 5 I don’t know if it’s a good idea: she ______ not relationships work. like it at all. 8 Find the mistakes in each of these sentences 6 If I had repaired the TV, now we ______ watch and correct them. the match. 7 My wallet isn’t in my bag. I must ______ 1 That path is too dangerous: it would be silly if dropped it when I was on the train. we had tried to walk there. _________________ 8 Both his daughters are university professors: 2 You didn’t tell me anything: you must have told he ______ be proud of them! me what was happening. _________________ 3 She would have taken me to the station if her car didn’t break down. _________________ 4 If she would have helped me I could have passed the test. _________________ 5 If I hadn't to work I would go for a walk in the park with you. _________________ 6 It must be hard for women to raise so many children during the Victorian age. _________________ 7 Would you mind if I use your mobile phone? _________________ 8 Despite I was wearing a thick coat I was freezing. _________________ 21

2 Skills Reading 1 CAE Read the extracts from four articles on how birth order may affect a child’s personality. For questions 1-4 choose from the extracts A-D. The extracts may be chosen more than once. What could birth order predict about you? A Simply by virtue of being a couple’s first child, a firstborn will naturally be a sort of experiment for the new parents, a mixture of instinct and trial-and-error. Perhaps this will cause the parents to become by-the-book caregivers who are extremely attentive, stringent with rules, and overly neurotic about the minutiae. This in turn may cause the child to become a perfectionist, always striving to please his parents. As the leader of the pack, firstborns often tend to be reliable, cautious and controlling. B ARtstwpchsytecahaiehpmscmriiiioltroccdaueurhakyrldrlaeteoclcihtnyneuioii.ogsnnnup,nFkglemtdoieerodnfrrelbugodnatesrrehtsiimarnbisdksltgluilcubilyrenhldteeshgisyttalttoaesdsiesimporrtrbehuntteuhenehb,claealatafrimhntoasluiyehclnastdyteheygsedtetmhrataibhrcagisaeenttiseyibyipvsbbtlnaihieroltnorieeitfengettcengs.dJehrtsoiewasvvuaaveiaertstedrhnleeotdahtamplehliremnvelosoykeirsefrelianonlyHsitpmgko.uaeeuTegmdtlnnhyheagtateah1tnenyole,r C For years the sound of children bickering and fighting has been the bane of parents across the country. But now, researchers have said that younger offspring arguing with their older siblings are more likely to be successful in later life. Scientists at Cambridge University have found that arguments between brothers and sisters actually increase social skills, vocabulary and development. They say that falling out develops their competitive streak and helps them to become more popular and successful at school, which helps them in later life. D Firstborn kids may have better thinking abilities compared to their siblings, according to a recent study. This is probably due to the fact that their mental skills are more encouraged by their parents at an early age. The research supports the theory that firstborns are environmentally primed to thrive better academically and financially when they’re older. Previous studies suggest that older kids are more likely to be ambitious and to strive for achievement than their siblings. The research results suggest that broad shifts in parental behaviour are a plausible explanation for the observed birth order differences in education and labour market outcomes. Which extract… 1 shares extract B’s view that parents are more likely to engage in mentally stimulating activities with their eldest child? 2 shares the same idea as extract D as to the impact of birth order on academic results? 3 has a different opinion about how birth order may affect a child’s success as an adult? 4 shares the same idea as extract A that firstborn children may aim at being successful and do their best for the purpose? 22

2 Read the text and add the headings that have been removed from paragraphs 1-6. 2 Recognise and respect diversity. Be explanatory and justify your opinion. Control your temper. Be precise. Use proper language. Tone down your language. Netiquette Tips For Online Discussions 1 ________________________________________ 4 ________________________________________ Typos, spelling errors, and mixed up Because written communication lacks the support of facial or sentences reflect on you; correct spelling and voice clues, it can be easily misinterpreted. A great way to deal grammatical construction are a must, so keep with this is to avoid the use of strong words and, again, read aloud in mind to read through your posts before everything you want to post before you send it. Moreover, try to you submit them. Finally, never type sentences avoid humor and sarcasm completely, as they can both easily create in capitals: writing in only capital letters is misunderstandings and tension. regarded as shouting, and this, apart from 5 ________________________________________ being annoying, could be considered rude. One of the great beauties of forums and online discussions is that 2 ________________________________________ you can meet people from all parts of the world, as the Internet is a Being misunderstood is quite common global medium.This means that while participating in a discussion in online interactions; escape the you and your virtual classmates may use the same language miscommunication trap by double checking to communicate with each other, but the truth is that cultural that what appears perfectly clear to you is not backgrounds, linguistic terminology, and abilities to express oneself confusing your readers.The best way to test in written language may vary significantly in an online environment. your messages for clarity is to read them aloud This is why it is important that people may have opinions that before you send them; this way, you will be able differ from yours: It is OK to disagree with a point of view, but it is to see if they make sense. definitely inappropriate to be offensive towards others. 3 ________________________________________ 6 ________________________________________ Points can be easily missed if hidden in a flood In addition to the previous tip, you may be respectful, but others of text; when making a thorough comment, be may not be.When being personally attacked on the web, it is easy to as brief as possible. If you have several points get angry. But you won’t win an argument if you lose your temper: you want to develop, post them individually in tantrums lead nowhere. Instead, take a deep breath and count to ten. more than one focused messages, rather than If needed, get away from your computer and go for a walk around in a long, overly wordy paragraph. However, the block before you reply.This way you will ensure that, being avoid posting messages that contain only a few calmer, you can argue the point instead of attacking the person who words and generic statements, such as ‘I agree made it. More often than not, a bit of thinking and a bit of time with you’. result in more rational and coherent responses. Listening 3 4 CAE You will hear 5 short extracts in which people are talking about siblings. TASK 1 TASK 2 For Speakers 1-5 choose from the list (A-H) if he or she: For Speakers 1-5 choose from the list (A-H) if he or she: A has two brothers Speaker 1 A enjoyed being with his brothers Speaker 1 B has two sisters Speaker 2 B was jealous of a sister Speaker 2 C is an only child Speaker 3 C hates being an only child Speaker 3 D has a sister Speaker 4 D disliked his half-brother Speaker 4 E has 3 siblings Speaker 5 E loves his sister Speaker 5 F has a half-brother F never sees his siblings G has a younger brother G doesn’t remember much H has half-siblings H wished he had a sibling Writing 4 CAE An exchange student from New Zealand is coming to stay in your country for a year. Write an email to him explaining what people are like in your country, what he is likely to find pleasant and/or unpleasant about them and what he ought to avoid doing. Use 220-260 words. 23

3 The World of Sport Focus on Grammar and Vocabulary Expressing the future in English The Future in English Present simple • a clearly planned action, difficult to The plane takes off at 9:00 tomorrow. change, timetable events and schedules Present (transport, TV programmes, etc.) Tom retires in three years. continuous When we get there, we’ll have dinner. will for future • a fixed event You’re leaving tomorrow, aren’t you? • in future time subordinate clauses be going to • a fixed plan/arrangement Future continuous • personal predictions You’ll break that if you drop it. • an immediate decision I’ll just go and close the door. Future perfect • a promise, an offer, a request I’ll never leave you! • future events subject to true facts You’ll be 20 on your next birthday. Future perfect • an order (with emphasis) You will stop that at once! continuous • with the following verbs: hope, think, I expect the train will be late. be + infinitive believe, expect, doubt, guess When we get there, we’ll have dinner. • in future time main clauses Look! He’s going to fall off that bridge! • a strong prediction based on visual, I’m going to learn a new language. current evidence She’ll be watching TV when you call. • a strong personal intention or a decision already taken I’ll be writing this book for the rest of the year. I’ll give it to her: I’ll be seeing her tonight. • an action in progress at a point in the Don’t phone her now. She will be driving home future from work. She will have retired before the company closes. • action happening for a period in the future • an action that is regular or definite In two years’ time I’ll have finished this book. • assumptions about what people might be You won’t have heard the news, of course. doing at present I’ll have been working here for ten years next May. • an action that will be finished before a clear time in the future All candidates are to wait in the foyer. • a time which we look back at from a future point • an assumption on the part of the speaker • a situation in progress until a moment in the future/time which we look back at from a future point • formal arrangements, instructions or orders Note! • In future time subordinate clauses the Present perfect can also be used instead of the Present simple when the completion of the event is emphasised. When we’ve had a rest, we’ll go out. • will and shall have similar meanings in British English, but shall tends to be used in formal contexts and polite offers and is only used with the first person singular and plural (I and we). Shall I take your coat? 24

• The Future continuous is common in everyday speech. It can be used to emphasise the routine nature of an 3 action. It’s OK, I’ll get it for you. I’ll be going to the shops anyway. • Remember that will can occasionally be used with a present meaning, indicating a tendency or habit. You will keep saying the wrong thing, won’t you? (you always tend to make the same mistake.) Boys will be boys. (boys have certain characteristics we have to accept.) Complex future constructions The Future in English (2) able to as future form of can I don’t think I’ll be able to help you after all. Sorry. She won’t be able to finish in time. have to as future form of must Will you be able to mend it by Friday? be about to/be very imminent events You’ll have to be very careful if you want to go on the point of for formal arrangements/scheduled times there tonight. They won’t have to wait very long if they’re lucky. due to Will we have to bring our passports? She’s about to become a mother. He’s on the point of resigning. The meeting is due to start in twenty minutes. Word formation: The body • slightly/well-built A slightly-built acrobat Body vocabulary can be used to make adjectives. • heavily muscled • long/short/blonde-haired A heavily-muscled bodyguard They are both long-haired and pretty well-built. • red-faced • brown/blue-eyed I saw a red-faced boy running out of the gymnasium. The brown-eyed girl scowled at me. • long/gangly-legged • long/snub-nosed A long-legged water bird A pretty, snub-nosed little girl I have a three-legged stool in my kitchen • broad-shouldered • flat-footed He’s strong and broad shouldered A flat-footed police officer • barrel-chested A big, barrel-chested young man Idiomatic expressions with parts of the body • on the other hand, … give the other side of the argument • turn your nose up at the idea reject the idea with visible disapproval • roll your eyes show impatience or frustration • turn the other cheek not seek revenge or feel resentful • keep your chin up not be depressed in difficult times • stick your neck out be prepared to commit oneself/say something publicly • hold your hand up admit your responsibility • palm sb off with vague excuses try to satisfy sb with a few false words • be neck and neck be completely equal in the race • pay lip service to sth promise sth is important, without doing anything about it • twist your arm make sb do sth against their will/better judgement • use strong-arm tactics use force or threats • be all ears be really interested in what sb has to say • keep sb at arm’s length stay a safe distance from sb who is not to be trusted 25

3 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Grammar Modal verbs for future meanings The Future in English 3 Indicate which modal verbs have a future 1 Decide if the predictions are quite certain (C) meaning (F), or a present meaning (P). or rather unsure (U). 1 You should be careful when you play ____ darts. ____ 2 She might leave him for that other guy. ____ 3 They might be awarded special medals ____ for bravery ____ 4 The team will keep on getting ____ overconfident. 5 I’ll come as soon as I can. ____ 6 The children may sit down, but they ____ must not talk. 7 They’ve got lots of injuries. We must win the championship now! 8 Sorry. I can’t come tomorrow. I’ve got too much on. ‘Have you noticed, spring’s coming?’ 4 Which function does each of these future ‘Yes, the rain is getting warmer.’ expressions perform? Offer (O), promise (P), prediction (PR), intention (I), immediate decision (D) or assumption (A)? 0 It’ll rain tomorrow morning, I bet. __C__ 1 He can’t be going to the party dressed ____ like that! 1 Look, there’s going to be a storm soon. ____ ____ 2 I’m never going to change my mind ____ 2 I may go to the show. ____ on this. ____ ____ 3 You might get that game for your birthday. ____ 3 I’ll unlock it for you. 4 OK, I’ll close the door then. ____ 4 The specifications will be as reported 5 We’ll always be by your side. 6 There’s going to be trouble, I can in the table. ____ tell you. 5 She’ll be painting in her studio I expect. ____ 6 The vase might be all right on that windowsill. ____ 5 Tick (3) the five sentences where the Future 7 Jake will probably accept her proposal. ____ continuous is used correctly. Change the other three sentences, using the correct future 8 Sue and Liz could be in trouble. ____ tense. 2 Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 I’m going 1 She’ll be working on the project 2 She’s going 3 They’ll have been until Christmas at this rate. _________ 4 We’ll be 2 5 You’ll have They’ll be finishing the job by 6 Surely our team must 3 this time tomorrow I promise. _________ Oh, this afternoon I’ll probably 4 be listening to music as always. _________ a waiting for hours before she finds the time 5 You’ll be hoping for a bit more to see them. b finished all the crisps in five minutes eating from the new player, I suppose. _________ like that! 6 c watching the match when you come. I’ll be coming round to see you We’re not going to miss it! d win the championship now! 7 at once. _________ e riding this afternoon. She loves horses. f to change the end of the story: it’s too Clive can take it for you. He’ll be boring at the moment. 8 going to the Post Office anyway. _________ Sarah and Annie will be sending tweets all day tomorrow, I bet. _________ I’ll have a coffee and then I’ll be rushing off. _________ 26

6 Use the verbs in brackets to complete the Dave OK, I (10) ________ tell you what I’ll 3 Anita do: I’ll work like a slave for the next few sentences logically, using Future perfect or weeks and I’ll try and come out and join Future perfect continuous. you when I (11) ________ earned enough cash. 0 They (build) that house for over five years by Great! You (12) ________ earned June. hundreds of pounds before we leave. And you know I can always lend you a few _T_h_e_y__w_i_l_l _h_a_v_e__b_e_e_n__b_u__il_d_in__g_t_h_a_t__h_o_u_s_e__f_o_r__ quid if you don’t have quite enough. _o_v_e_r__fi_v_e_y_e_a__rs__b_y__J_u_n_e_._____________________ 8 Complete the sentences so that they are true She (cook) the meal before they arrive for the dinner party. for you. Use the Future continuous and Future perfect forms. _S_h__e_w__il_l_h_a_v_e__c_o_o_k_e__d_t_h_e__m__e_a_l_b__e_fo_r_e__t_h_e_y___ _a_r_r_iv_e__f_o_r_t_h_e__d_i_n_n_e_r_p__a_rt_y_.__________________ 1 At this time next week, I ___________________ __________________________________________. 1 I (study) three different subjects by the time I 2 By the time I’m thirty I’ll ___________________ stop this evening. __________________________________________. ___________________________________________ 3 At this moment my mother/father/brother/sister 2 Serena (live) in London for ten years by her will probably ______________________________. next birthday. 4 While I am studying next week, my friends ___ ___________________________________________ 3 Carl and Andros (start) four small businesses __________________________________________. 5 By the end of this month I _________________ once this one is up and running. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________. 4 You (break) so many hearts by the time you 6 By the year 2050, the human race __________ come back from your year abroad! __________________________________________. ___________________________________________ 5 I (sing) professionally for almost ten years 9 Read the sentences and correct the mistakes. when we record the album in May. One sentence is correct, put a tick (3) in the ___________________________________________ space. There are two examples to help you. 6 Susie (make) at least ten films when her 0 She’s going to be hungry after such contract runs out. ___________________________________________ a long day. ____3_____ 7 Complete the conversation using the verbs They’ll have finish by now. _f_i_n_is_h_e__d_ from the box. There are two verbs you do not 1 I’m be coming round to your place need to use. tonight, as usual. _________ will have ’ve ’ll (x2) will have left 2 He won’t finished yet. Call him ’ll be seeing ’s going won’t shining later tonight. _________ having going spending ’re leaving 3 We’ll be working all day tomorrow, Anita So, what are you (1) ________ to do over so I don’t care what the weather Dave the summer? Exams will be over, the sun Anita will be (2) ________, … will be like. _________ I’ve got no idea, Anita! I (3) ________ Dave have enough money to do anything 4 Surely we can’t to lose now! _________ Anita exciting, that’s for sure. Why don’t you come to Croatia with us 5 She will had been waiting for ages then? It (4) ________ to be great! We (5) ________ hiking for most of the time, before they see her. _________ walking through the interior, (6) ________ beautiful lakes and waterfalls, and we’ll 6 Do you play tennis tomorrow? _________ be (7) ________ a lot of time on the beach too, of course! We (8) ________ at the end of June. I’d love to, Anita, but I really am strapped for cash right now. Oh, go on Dave, I know you (9) ________ love it! 27

3 Grammar and Vocabulary Practice Vocabulary The body and physical problems Parts of the body 1 2 Match the problems with the possible 10 Revise your knowledge of the names of the treatments. parts of the body. Put the following words in the correct column. elbow wrist calf toe chin cheek ankle ribs chest tummy/belly thumb thigh hips cheekbone eyebrow forehead shoulder shin upper arm/biceps belly button arms and torso legs and head 1 broken arm hands feet 2 sprained wrist/ankle 3 torn or pulled muscle 11 Use the words from the box to complete the 4 dislocated shoulder 5 torn ligaments sentences. 6 tendonitis 7 concussion cheekbones eyelashes brilliant 8 cramp lovely, curly built muscle sparkling knuckles a stretch affected leg, apply pressure, wait for it to pass 1 She’s got _________ eyes. b reposition into socket: an operation may be 2 She’s got great ____________ tone. required 3 He’s got __________ white teeth. c plaster cast or splint for around four weeks, 4 You’ve got __________ hair! use a sling 5 He’s tall and well- __________. d no sport for at least two weeks: avoid 6 You can find over 1,000 styles of false impacts/trauma etc. e rest, wear support bandage around __________ online! affected joint 7 When he was a boxer, he broke his __________ f rest, and perhaps anti-inflammatory medication several times. g rest, perhaps an operation is required, 8 She’s got an attractive face with high __________. always use support h rest, no training until pain goes, gradual return to sport 1 3 Complete the sentences with the words from the box. See the Topic Vocabulary section on page 104 for help. ear-splitting spine-chilling heart-warming eye-watering heart-breaking mouth-watering 1 I saw a _______________ horror film last week. 2 Can’t we go outside? The music is too loud here, really _______________. 3 This novel is really _______________. It’s so moving. 4 My aunt makes delicious cakes which also look great. They are absolutely _______________. 5 When she heard the _______________ news her eyes filled with tears. 6 Looking at your partner playing with your son is so _______________. 28

Idiomatic expressions Adverbial phrases about time 3 1 5 Complete the sentences with a suitable word. 14 Look at the list of common expressions and 1 I promise I’ll send you the report as soon as the explanations of their meaning. Try to guess _________. the word that is missing from each one. Use the list in the box and the Topic Vocabulary 2 She is on the _________ of leaving that job. section to help you. The stress is too much for her. leg cheeky back shoulders foot 3 You are _________ to meet the director at ten head chest stomach elbow o’clock precisely. nose eye cheek neck face thumb hands 4 What sort of job do you think you’ll be doing _________ a few years’ time? 1 a pain in the _________ a real irritation 5 I was _________ to call her when the doorbell 2 _________ a lift ask for a free journey rang. in a car; hitchhike 6 We’ll all have passed our exams _________ Christmas. 3 to _________ somebody look at someone Phrasal verbs with on up intently, assessing 16 Compete the sentences with the correct verbs them from the box. 4 turn the other refuse to take work spur fall cut rely/depend catch _________ revenge; forgive 5 _________ up to the deal with the situation problem; not to hide from difficulties 1 That dance craze will never _________ on here. 2 We’re going to have to _________ back on 6 get it off your talk about a something to save money. _________ problem; share a 3 I know it’s not a very good picture, but I’m difficult secret going to _________ on it. 4 She’s a great friend. You can really _________ 7 have a lot have a lot of on her. on one’s _________ responsibility 5 We’re going to have to _________ back on plan 8 _________ one’s way force one’s way B. 6 Disappointments only seem to _________ her through the crowd through people on to greater effort. 9 give sb a _________ up help sb 10 cannot _________ sth sth is too much to bear 11 _________ around looking into other people’s business 12 put your _________ make an effort Functions into work Introducing your opinion 1 7 Complete the following sentences with a 13 to _________ the bill pay the whole price suitable word. 14 to _________ (up) lead a group or team 1 In my _________, it’s a really stupid idea. a team 2 If you _________ me, he should get a new job. 3 From a student’s _________ of view, the tests 15 be very _________ be disrespectful, just aren’t fair. naughty 4 Do you believe _________ ghosts? Or are you a 16 be safe in one’s look after sb sceptic? 5 Is she for or _________ capital punishment? _________ 6 What do you _________ of the proposals? Are they feasible? 7 I _________ we will ever achieve world peace. It’s an impossible dream. 8 I am _________ that we can solve the dispute. 29

3 Use of English 1 CAE Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning of the text (0). THE WORLD CONKER CHAMPIONSHIPS In most parts of the world, the fruit of the horse chestnut tree will (0) _p__ro_b__a_b_l_y_ be left lying on the ground as rubbish. Conkers, as they are known in Britain, are inedible and pretty much (1) __________. But in Britain they are priceless to children who (2) __________ them avidly, and walk home from school with their pockets bulging. And (3) __________ is there all this enthusiasm over these peculiar signs of autumn? It all comes down to an ancient playground game that, (4) __________, remains popular to this day. Kids (5) __________ in Britain bore holes in conkers, tie them onto strings and (6) __________ each other to head-to-head matches. The winner’s conker smashes his opponent’s and becomes a ‘one-r’, with one victory to (7) __________ name. The scoring is cumulative and so a ‘hundred-er’ (8) __________ have won a hundred battles. And every year, in October, on a (9) __________ village green in a perfect English setting, hidden away from the modern world, you (10) __________ watch the world conker championships. People come from as far away as Japan to compete, local beer is served warm and plentiful, and a wonderful time is had by all. 0 A probably B probable C possible D maybe 1 A unusual B unused C useless D unusable 2 A take B put C collect D carry 3 A what B when C how D why 4 A funnily B amazingly C wildly D traditionally 5 A somewhere B anywhere C nowhere D everywhere 6 A challenge B ask C fight D demand 7 A his B her C its D their 8 A seems B should C pretends D looks 9 A delightful B strange C impossible D awesome 10 A might B can C will D would 2 CAE Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Going up in a balloon Perhaps men and women were never given wings, but I think we were (0) __m__e_a_n_t__ to fly. Nothing is so rewarding, so thrilling as being in the air and looking (1) ______________ on the countryside below. And in a balloon you can do this in your own time, (2) ______________ the cares of the world are left behind. It doesn’t require great skill to (3) ______________ a ride in a balloon: (4) ______________ that little bit of courage to jump into a basket and allow the thermals to pick you up and into the air. All at (5) ______________ you’re flying! Weightless, suspended in the air, (6) ______________ your fuel starts to run out and you can’t go (7) ______________ any longer. The silence and peace up there in the clouds (8) ______________ seem unreal, but that is what life (9) ______________ be like, in my opinion: quiet and unstressed, giving you the time and space to think. And when (10) ______________ you come to earth with a slight bump, you will (11) ______________ left with an unmistakeable feeling of elation. You (12) ______________ have done something special, and the obligatory glass of champagne, always drunk after a first balloon flight, will taste sweeter than ever! 30

3 CAE Read the text below and use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a 3 word that fits the gap in the same line. There is an example at the start (0). Futurology KNOW Once upon a time the task of (0) ____k_n_o_w_i_n_g____ the future was left to fortune- ABLE tellers, prophets and magicians. But now this has all changed. Indeed an (1) ______________ to predict the future can earn you a lot of money. And it is not INVEST just a question of ‘betting on the right horse’, or knowing which stocks and shares PROFESS are going to rise and make millions for (2) ______________. There is a whole new NATION industry gradually coming into being, a fully fledged (3) ______________ no less, with university departments, (4) ______________ conferences and respected RESEARCH publications all adding their weight to field. And the task of these highly DEAD intelligent (5) ______________ is not to make ‘a fast buck’ with a lucky guess. On the contrary, they are engaged in the (6) ______________ serious business of FINITE improving our lives and trying to stave off the worst effects of pollution and global ABLE disasters. Wouldn’t it be (7) ______________ better to to know about these things before they happened? It would (8) ______________ us to prepare better for the dangers that lurk in our future. Futurology is a new science with a great future ahead! 4 CAE Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use from three to six words and you must not change the word given. There is an example at the beginning (0). 0 Don’t worry! I am sure you will get there in the end. EVENTUALLY Don’t worry! I am sure you __w_i_ll__g_e_t_t_h_e_r_e__e_v_e_n_t_u_a_l_ly__. 1 Zara is a great friend because you can always be sure she will help you. RELY Zara is a great friend because you _____________________________. 2 The mother was on the point of losing her temper when the baby stopped crying. ABOUT The mother was _____________________________ when the baby stopped crying. 3 It is a wonderful place to spend a holiday even if it is rather expensive. ALBEIT It’s wonderful place for a holiday, _____________________________. 4 While he was dreaming of his girlfriend, she was seeing another boy. MEANWHILE He was dreaming of his girlfriend, _____________________________ boy. 5 If you would like to know my opinion, I think bullfighting is wrong. ASK If _____________________________, bullfighting is wrong. 6 The company has decided to reduce expenditure on stationery, so don’t waste paper! CUT Don’t waste paper as the company has decided _____________________________ stationery. 7 She was generally right in what she said at the interview. ESSENTIALLY What she said at the interview _____________________________. 8 It’s quite good quality and it is also the cheapest one in the shop. BESIDES It’s quite good quality _____________________________ cheapest one in the shop. 31

3 Skills Reading 1 CAE You are going to read the answers young people gave to the question posed by a magazine ‘How do you see your chances for employment in the future?’. Read the texts and choose the right person (A, B, C or D) to answer each question. Worried about the future? Scared that you’ll never get the job you always dreamed of? I suppose you think you’re not alone in these times of economic cutbacks and dwindling resources. But when we asked a group of young people about their expectations for the future we got some answers that came as quite a surprise. B Keira, working in product promotions A Karl, mathematics student I think the secret for us is to be able to IasnblIfsmgYtnasaIonoowehoewoorpnolfryuv.peleioumttadukteIcfaohouhthnrercrhsutepiitelee.iktnskhdtbbfteamOhtyosaainneeoi.pl,ntncirloruaiorAnryanea,adfdvcerrtngrvntepniiaedadeonmgcde-doyrtIdtmatteriaeusoheeelvnttnnietahpei-nrefaiimterfedlencagn.,najilsrovshvYgaeboetIahtyeteheonntfletod,voviefieudoatdscoeoaiofetrdtnlhrtn.ncennoosntiiesynooIamaod’rgi’oitfgsnudmysmiiyststnetev.hhsmhmhtm.nIeefiIhttasasoiWthitnahteoyaoltthhrg:lirokakemr.nmeifiItemnvniaeTplkdIrjtcaieegrukthshuvimeaastinatsmneaiocvywtnongtaiht,nhegnlaonasgweldaark.eoitdm’oontosbIrwafg’teon.edlemnoobesoAimsolotraefaolrnentvtcledhelodoettenahhsmedtteieahmnswifrnisngrsnea!goetiyfmmtsear,acegaynhtelohtkdnhiteenooowegtludoypagtrogtodachiwcnhobaIniihe’nnlmyaggt adapt, to change career path a number of times, and not to be too attached to a phhtoabporonaueaenpdrrbtftdeerwtmicefytoquueaosrullkltkaayairitirgnnaneIesgny’gmentgtsotltheiusvuguirneagotpegsnohin.w.iod,nIgI:be’udlactulnkooohtpefnmaaagIe’’vrmtempptetmieioclaattiuuiahilngnolrread,songres,gtiolchnwvOoriehtstmshaKoretepef.emaaEmgvlnliepvyryaerll.r.onwtkIAyhemhianfetobpdesclolcaeahwmnactaen,hele’lilretttlfo’uhnoshurigragnngevwogh,ehioonsiestrougrokt TtdmdIrhaabyyyenetnsglhfi:eeeuiwtrvttho’uestauryhjetsuoi’tnssouhtgroishsnuihm,agtworsmtduhhaloofredoerraagrerrli,t,eevhawaennol’elitsdyteasahwhswagoeirnhoudsto.lhrdAfehoospsuareivlldeydoeonnawgusg’ohtnwaagfgstoeopriitattei’’lttssloh.spnleihkloeogetuu.thhlItdtase’rssbtmeoaef.ul, C Colin, self-employed D Katerina, activist and campaigner There’s no doubt that things have changed a lot. The world’s Ihbttawch’heaelnmaireinrtdvnrahdtiejkkbupuof!ilruasotteythGitranlifaeilyslekfolanode,iibsylsuclywaueantdlprranmgasuwsy,wyeepai!waoneiratOnuoimhtttsp!fhiaimhlBoncoleelofugeu.anuts’ttPsrrorhigawesgwnoneoeoegaanpsntdptsealhniheaonlebaloyrorgyttuseff,h.!iatlnwaGedeTnnirsidhsiaeetvhhfepseodmopauerimufnorcgsfetoaieieatcctnngaluitlooeahthlirtmootooeseidfwen!yfths!,wIm:lsosIaoeyinwenmdono’ddtoktupliyunlscli-cayc’fftaektirinyos’tnt a different place from the one my parents knew. I can’t say if we are, and enjoy the privilege of living I’m happy with these changes: I can’t know what it was really in this time of high-tech and endless like before. We have to live in real uncertainty, if you ask me. potential. I might get the chance to go We don’t know what the next big thing is going to be. We don’t into space before I die! The truth is, we even know what skills will be useful in ten years’ time.You can are the generation that has no limits. Destiny has granted us the opportunity do all the training courses you like and still find tsototprpyianlgmpoesotpalneyitshtihnegi.rTimheaogninlyattihoinn,gor yourself washed up and unemployable if you the lack of it, I should say. don’t watch out. I think you need to get as many qualifications as you can, do all the courses and collect all the certificates going because you never know what will come in handy. There’s lots of stuff you can do online too, and it’s free, so getting together a portfolio of the stuff employers like isn’t too hard. Then you’ll be ready when your lucky break comes along. Which young person says… 1 People need to be more inventive and original to take advantage of what life has to offer. 2 There has been a transformation from one generation to another. 3 Doing specific training won’t necessarily guarantee you a job. 4 The future isn’t promising if you aren’t courageous enough. 5 This is the best era for someone to pursue a career. 6 You need to be prepared so you can take your chance when it comes. 7 Young people are the first to be able to avoid really boring jobs. 8 People tend to be excessively pessimistic about things nowadays. 9 People should experiment in all sorts of ways on the job market. 10 People should be aware of their good fortune. 32

Listening 3 2 Consider the following questions about video games briefly and note down your answers in one or two words. • Do you like video games? Why/Why not? Do you have any favourites? • What do you think is the future of computer games? Is there nothing really new to develop? Will games become more three-dimensional? Do they have therapeutic possibilities (i.e. helping people with brain injuries or physical disabilities? 3 5 CAE You will hear an extract from a radio show in which two bloggers talk about competitive video games and the Video Game Olympics. Listen and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. 1 What effect did the Internet have on computer 4 The Paris edition of the Video Games Olympics gaming? attracted… A It made it available to more people. A hundreds of players and thousands of fans. B It made it more interesting. B thousands of players and millions of fans. C It gave it a personal aspect. C thousands of players and lots more fans. D It started competitions for prizes. D big business sponsors for the first time. 2 The big change in the last two years or so has 5 Dirk and Sheena’s views on the effects of big money been that… competitions on young people… A players don’t play in their bedrooms A are largely optimistic and very similar. B are similar, but Dirk has more reservations. anymore. C differ because Dirk is worried and Sheena is not. B new games are available on the Internet. D differ because they have different experiences of C players have internet personas. D competitions where the players are present. gaming. 3 Dirk and Sheena… 6 In the end, Dirk and Sheena agree that old sports… A are both quite good at video games. A should be protected because they are beneficial. B have different abilities playing in public. B are needed because of their health benefits. C are both better at watching than playing. C will have died out in two generations. D don’t often play video games. D will only stay popular if they are good enough. Writing 4 CAE Write an answer to one of the questions using 220-260 words in an appropriate style. When you have finished, put the composition away for a couple of days and then take it out and reread it. Try to improve it in any way you can, correcting mistakes and refining your vocabulary choices. A Yppporllaaeuyysheeeadrnsv,tiewentgdhcae.y)tsoaitughnrendeimdwdeahaaiynvtiopitdlwaueoscouopglmdoaipmanuptestpefaeorrareslot(etfoftaewsynatoaraugecnetcgrioospnmae,npoodarpniylgeyoi.nuiDnanelgysgocpruraeripobchpeoilceuhs.no,Wtwirnyrttihetaeernadagctalaiemobtntreeowriasidth. Finish by asking for a meeting to discuss the project in detail. B iapWnnrorsdiojtesemcuategsgl.deTeetetsteltalriatlhtoapenrmaodjcewahcshatkratiotitfasrtbkhaileileslyseofyirmnogdouannciteiasyinantftoioeofrrfneecsirhnt,iiwnlydgohr.uaeMtrntaaiimnkreeehaosyosoafpufneirdtraliedln.tagDteyetrsosqychoureuiitblpeceofwotuhirltemdh panwrle.oowrjekct 33