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Contents UNIT Reading Vocabulary Grammar multiple choice • words related to change • present tenses 1 • finding evidence in the text • prepositions, collocations & • past tenses, used to & would and not relying on personal expressions, commonly confused All Change beliefs or experience words • future I missing paragraphs • words related to technology • future II pages 5-16 • using reference words, • word formation, collocations & paraphrasing and examples expressions, phrasal verbs 2 to help you Technological Times pages 17-28 Progress Review 1 pages 29-30 3 multiple matching • words related to influential • gerund & infinitive • identifying and comparing people • there, it Influential People opinions expressed by • word formation, prepositions, • modals: ability, permission, different writers phrasal verbs requests, offers & suggestions pages 31-42 • compound adjectives and • modals: obligation, prohibition, words related to work necessity, possibility, deduction, 4 multiple matching • prepositions, collocations & advice & criticism • underlining justification in expressions, commonly confused Ways of Working the text words pages 43-54 Progress Review 2 pages 55-56 5 multiple choice (separate • words related to memory and • relative clauses texts) memories • pronouns Memories • being careful of distractors • word formation, commonly • conditional sentences confused words, collocations & • wishes & regrets, hypothesising & pages 57-68 expressions, imagining • words related to hoaxes, 6 multiple choice mysteries and other strange • checking that the options phenomena Is that for real? you think are wrong are • phrasal verbs, prepositions, actually wrong word formation pages 69-80 Progress Review 3 pages 81-82 7 missing paragraphs • words related to lifestyle and • participle clauses • being prepared to change well-being • emphasis Lifestyle your mind about your choice • collocations & expressions, • comparison phrasal verbs, commonly • qualifiers pages 83-94 confused words • words related to making a 8 multiple choice difference (separate texts) • prepositions, word formation, Making a Difference • managing your time collocations & expressions effectively pages 95-106 Progress Review 4 pages 107-108 9 multiple choice • words related to diet and • reported speech • changing questions into health • reporting verbs You are what you eat! statements to help you • word formation, commonly • the passive: tenses, gerunds, identify the correct answer confused words, phrasal verbs infinitives & modals pages 109-120 • words related to environmental • the passive: impersonal & personal concerns structures, causative forms 10 multiple matching • prepositions, collocations & • paying attention to small expressions, commonly confused Going Green details words pages 121-132 Progress Review 5 pages 133-134 11 missing paragraphs • words related to the arts • articles • rereading the text to • prepositions, collocations & • nouns The Arts ensure cohesion expressions, word formation pages 135-146 12 multiple matching • words related to fashion and • clauses • realising you don’t have being in fashion • question tags, echo questions, short The In Thing to select all extracts when • word formation, phrasal verbs, responses, -ever words answering commonly confused words pages 147-158 Progress Review 6 pages 159-160 Grammar Reference pages 161-183 Irregular Verbs pages 184-185 Writing Bank pages 186-192 Speaking Bank pages 193-194 Speaking Information pages 195-1992

Listening Speaking Writingnote taking discussion and decision making essay• identifying and understanding • talking about change, especially relocating • understanding content and styleparaphrasing • asking for someone’s opinion, commenting • using formal, impersonal language on it and expressing reservationsmultiple matching long turn and discussion letter• interpreting tone of voice, • talking about technology • writing to a newspaperinflection, etc as well as content • organising what you say • giving your opinion about a generalto determine meaning topic and describing an experiencemultiple choice (extracts) comparing photos essay• being aware of distractors • talking about role models and influential • developing your argumentindependent multiple choice people • using examples to support your pointstatements • talking about similarities and differences report• eliminating options that are discussion and decision making • evaluating the factswrong or only partly true • talking about work • describing the original situation, • making deductions and critising changes and results as well as giving recommendationsmultiple choice long turn and discussion review• answering the question in • talking about memory and memories • sentence buildingyour own words to avoid being • paraphrasing • using writing devices to create complexdistracted sentences articlemultiple choice (responses) comparing photos • modifying statements and developing• determining function and • talking about deception and human your ideasmeaning intervention • using adverbs, quantifiers and modal • speculating verbs to modify statementsnote taking discussion and decision making essay• predicting what kind of • talking about aspirations and attitudes • summarising and identifying key pointsinformation is needed and towards life • reacting to opinions expressedidentifying part of speech • asking someone to repeat or explain what lettermultiple matching they said • style and tone• identifying and underlining key discussion and decision making • making negative criticism sound morewords • talking about charities and volunteering polite • presenting advantages and pointing out disadvantagesmultiple choice (extracts) long turn and discussion essay• concentrating on the • talking about food and related health issues • guiding your readermeanings rather than the way • introducing a general comment and giving • using linking words and phrasesthings are phrased an example proposalmultiple choice comparing photos • using the passive• identifying what the question • talking about environmental concerns • using formal languageis focusing on • talking about and reacting to what you see, making inferencesindependent multiple choice discussion and decision making essaystatements • talking about music, literature and works of • pointing out weaknesses in an opposing• managing your time effectively art viewpointmultiple choice • encouraging, interrupting and summarising • balancing your argument(responses) discussion and decision making email• understanding the speaker’s • talking about fashion and lifestyle trends • persuading and encouragingpurpose • expressing and explaining your reservations • using informal remarks appropriately politely 3





1 All Change“ ”What if we don’t change at all ... and something magical just happens?Read these quotations about change. Which ones express a similar idea to the caption under thepicture above?A To change is difficult, B If you don’t like something, but not to change is fatal. change it. If you can’t change it, “ ”William Pollard “ change your attitude. ”Maya AngelouC It is not necessary to change. “D It is not the strongest of the Survival is not mandatory. species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one “ ”W Edwards Deming ”most responsive to change. Anonymous DVD 1 Watch this short video that shows how some animals have adapted to their differentenvironments. List at least one thing about each of these animals that has helped it survive in itsnatural habitat.• camel • giraffe • penguin 5

BReading1 Work with a partner. Look A at the pictures. Do you know C what they show? Do you know which part of the world they have in common?2 Quickly read the text. Which of the pictures are mentioned? What are the pictures examples of? Label them with these words • cultural learning • European explorer • genetic adaptation • Inuit cultureWhat drives changein human life on earth? Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their surroundings that has been accumulated over time. As a surroundings than any other living creature. Proof of this is result, many species become extinct as their natural habitat the fact that as a species, we inhabit every corner of the earth. shrinks and they are unable to adapt to new ones. Although it is true that other species also live in these places, Of course, this accumulation of cultural knowledge does none of them inhabits as many places as we do. But what not happen overnight. It happens over generations and makes humans the world champions of adaptation? Are we relies not only on the sharing of knowledge, but also on the more intelligent and more capable of finding solutions to the improvement of the existing technologies from one generation difficulties that each environment throws at us? Not necessarily. to the next. Consider, for example, the Inuit of the Canadian One idea puts cultural adaptation forward as the explanation. Arctic, who are living in some of the harshest conditions on It argues that our ability to learn from others and to transmit earth.Their survival has depended on their knowledge of knowledge, wisdom and skills means we are able to adapt to, seal behaviour, their ability to fashion tools for hunting, to and therefore survive in, new surroundings far more quickly sew warm clothes and to build shelters to keep out winter than biological adaptation would allow. It has even been argued storms.They designed a covered seal-skin boat which was that this process has replaced biological adaptation. later adopted by Europeans and Americans and retains the Inuit name: kayak. Each subsequent generation did not have Some people believe that the mechanism which drives our to ‘reinvent’ these methods of survival; they simply learnt ability to adapt at the cultural level is not very different from that which causes us to adapt at the biological or genetic level. In his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins coined the term ‘a meme’ to convey, as he put it,‘a unit of imitation’. He abbreviated ‘mimeme’ from the Ancient Greek root meaning ‘imitated thing’, and suggested that as a unit of culture, memes such as tunes, ideas, fashions and even building methods could be passed, or transmitted, from mind to mind through imitation. Some scientists see a similarity between genes and memes. Both are kinds of information passed down through the generations; the latter of course allowing faster adaptation than the former. This is really the crux of the matter when we compare ourselves to other species. Although other living creatures have exhibited cultural transmission, the examples are very few and far between compared with what humans can achieve. In addition, other creatures do not pass on the same kind of knowledge that we do. Some species may learn, for example, how to find shelter or hunt for food through imitation, but this behaviour could be learnt by the individual on their own. Other species lack the ability to pass on knowledge about their6

3 R ead the article again and choose the best answer A, B, C or D. 1 What does the writer say about cultural adaptation Make sure you find evidence in the text and don’t rely in the first paragraph? on personal beliefs or experiences when you answer multiple-choice questions. The questions are about A It proves humans are cleverer than other living the text, and the writer’s opinion, which not all readers creatures. will agree with! B It is less useful than biological adaptation. 4 In the third paragraph, the writer explains that C It has speeded up biological adaptation. the difference between humans and other species D It has enabled humans to inhabit diverse is that environments. A humans develop more quickly than other species. B humans benefit from things previous 2 What is said about the word ‘meme’ in the second generations learnt. C cultural transmission is unique to humans. paragraph? D humans cannot survive in shrinking habitats. A The Ancient Greeks invented it. B A scientist created it. C A book was written about it. D Biologists discovered it. 3 In what way do memes resemble genes, according to 5 Why does the writer mention the Inuit?the second paragraph? A They are an example of how cultural evolution A They are transferred biologically. works. B They spread at similar rates. B They live in extremely unpleasant surroundings. C They contain similar information. C They show how one culture spreads to another. D They create the possibility for change. D They share their knowledge with Europeans. 6 What is the point of the final paragraph? A It is impossible to go against nature. B The ability to learn from others ensures human survival. C All species are equal in the struggle to survive. D Life on earth is changing constantly.  4 Complete the sentences with these words. abbreviate accumulate achieve acquire adopt convey 1 The explorer managed to important survival skills from the Inuit. 2 People often send flowers to loved ones as a way to their feelings. D 3 The anthropologist hopes to a breakthrough in her research.them from older generations and in fact, this accumulatedknowledge could not have been invented by one individual. 4 It’s common for lots of people with long names toA tragic illustration of how crucial cultural adaptation is them to something shorter.can be seen in Sir John Franklin’s well-equipped expeditionto find the Northwest Passage back in 1845. It ended in 5 When their experiment failed, the team decided todisaster. He and his crew died when their ship was ice- a new strategy.bound for two winters.The region, however, had beeninhabited by the Inuit for over 700 years.They had access 6 It took time to the evidenceto rich sources of food and their culture flourished.Thereason the British explorers died was because they lacked linking vitamin deficiency and disease.the local knowledge necessary to survive in such a harshenvironment and could not have acquired it in such a 5 Work in pairs or small groups and think ofshort period of time. As the writer HG Wells famouslysaid,‘Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature’s inexorable examples of how humans and other species haveimperative.’ Culture appears to be the key to man’s abilityto heed this advice. adapted to these environments. • a desert • a tropical rainforest • a polar region • a mountainous region UNIT 1 7

a-z Vocabulary 1 1 Complete the sentences with these words. adapt adjusted affect altered diversified replace shrink transform 1 Simply painting the room a different colour will totally it. 2 The company’s original product wasn’t selling so they and started making a range of items. 3 A business needs to be flexible so it can to the changing demands of the market. 4 It took Damien a while, but he eventually to living alone. 5 You have to be careful when you wash woollen clothes so that they don’t . 6 The power supply on the laptop was badly damaged, so I had to it with a new one. 7 Discovering how to work with metal the course of history. 8 I don’t know why you are telling me this – it doesn’t me. 2 Look at the verbs in 1 again and write the nouns. Write sentences using each one in your notebook. 3 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your notebook using the words you didn’t circle. 1 Everyone was amazed by the diversity / transformation they saw in John after the operation. 2 Office chairs are often replaceable / adjustable so that you can find the most comfortable working position. 3 Scientists now agree that evolution is the reason we have such diverse / alterable species of life forms. 4 Do you know of a shop where I can take this jacket to have some adaptations / alterations made to it? 5 When cheaper imports started arriving from abroad, the demand for locally-made products shrank / affected. 6 The punishment he received had very little effect / affect on him. 4 Complete each group of sentences with the correct form of these verbs. Each group must use the same verb. How does the meaning of the verb in each sentence change? Find other uses for these verbs in a dictionary. drive manage pass see 1 a Can you the point I’m trying to make? b I’m the doctor tomorrow. c I’ve always him as a reliable person. 2 a Just stop the car for a minute to let that ambulance . b A lot of years have since I last saw him. c It’ll be disastrous if the government this law. 3 a He never to finish in time. b I used to have trouble my stress levels. c How do you without a mobile phone? 4 a The new supermarket many smaller shops out of business. b Danielle was by the desire to impress her parents. c The increasing number of vehicles on the roads up the demand for oil.8

Grammar 1 Present TensesPresent simple & present continuous, present perfect simple & present perfect continuous1 Read these sentences and write the names of the tenses that are in bold. 1 Their survival has depended on their ability to fashion tools for hunting and to build shelters to keep out winter storms. 2 Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their surroundings than any other living creature. 3 Consider, for example, the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, who are living in some of the harshest conditions on earth. 4 Humans have been adapting to their environments since the beginning of time. Read 1.1-1.6 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks.2 Circle the correct words. 1 Where’s Jake? I’ve waited / I’ve been waiting for him since three o’clock! 2 The Inuit need / are needing all of their skills to survive in their harsh environment. 3 Has Tina found / Has Tina been finding that HG Wells novel that you told her about yet? 4 I do / I’m doing my best, but I simply cannot adjust to living in a big city. 5 They still haven’t completed / haven’t been completing the alterations to Julia’s wedding dress. 6 Those men have fished / have been fishing for hours and they’re ready to go home. 7 Stella stays / is staying with friends for now, but she really wants a flat of her own. 8 Hans checked online and he says that the train to Bonn leaves / is leaving at three o’clock every afternoon.3 Ccoormrepcltetperethseenstetnetnesnec.es with the verbs in brackets. Use the 1 In countries like Canada and the US, the leaves on the trees (change) colour dramatically in autumn. 2 Jennifer (not be) to visit melately. I think she’s had too much revising to do. 3 They (not work) on theiranthropology project for long, have they? 4 Please don’t talk to me while I (read). It makes it too difficult for me to concentrate. 5 My friends and I (not travel)to other countries very often, but when we do, we always learnabout the culture. 6 You (manage) to finish all ofyour homework already! Well done, Fran! 7 I (search) for my car keys allmorning. Do you have any idea where they might be? 8 My brother (always take) myiPod without asking me first – it drives me mad! UNIT 1 9

a-z Vocabulary 2 Prepositions 1 Complete the text with these prepositions. You will need to use some of them more than once. as from in of on out over to The Inuit The Inuit, formerly called Eskimos, were long believed to have been a group of people who settled 1 the Arctic following their migration from Mongolia. Travelling people at that time relied 2 a long-gone geological phenomenon known 3 the Bering Land Bridge. This enabled people to walk from Asia to North America, but it disappeared when the sea levels in the area rose. A more recent theory, based 4 analysis of bone, tooth and hair samples from archaeological remains, suggests that the Inuit are related to people who migrated from what is now modern-day Siberia 5 Alaska around 6,000 years ago. Whatever their origins, the Inuit have proved to be a tough and resilient people. They managed to adapt 6 some of the worst living conditions in the world, building homes that keep 7 the cold and finding extremely inventive solutions 8 the problem of the limited food supply in the frozen north. 9 time, the Inuit have adopted many customs and traditions from the lands where they live. Despite that, many of them still hunt and fish, and they still possess skills that make them capable 10 surviving long and dangerous expeditions. Although they depend 11 food sources high in protein and fat, those who keep to a more traditional diet suffer 12 fewer health problems than people eating imported foodstuffs. Collocations & Expressions 2 Complete the sentences with these words. Can you work out what the expressions in bold mean? change hands heart mind pace places scenery subject ways 1 Kyle didn’t want the conversation to turn to money so he quickly changed the . 2 Early computers are collectable and they can change for a lot of money. 3 We went for a drive in the country for a change of . 4 If he doesn’t want to get thrown out of college, he’s going to have to change his . 5 I’ve changed my – I’m not going to buy a new phone. I’ll keep this one for a while longer. 6 I know he’s rich, but he has to cope with a huge amount of stress. I wouldn’t change with him for anything. 7 The old woman was planning to leave all her money to her family, but at the last minute she had a change of and left it to charity instead. 8 Things are moving too slowly. We need to have a change of if we’re going to get this project finished on time. 9 I know you love the cinema, but couldn’t we do something else for a ? Commonly Confused Words 3 Complete the groups of sentences with the words in bold in the correct form. 1 fashion build manufacture 3 inhabit reside stay a The company small electrical items. a I once lived in London, but I only for a few months. b Stone-age people a variety of different tools out of rocks. b Scientists know a lot about the climate during the time when dinosaurs the Earth. c  a house yourself saves you money, c Many people from the tribe no longer but you might have problems. in their place of origin. 2 adopt adapt adept a They turned their backs on their traditions and 4 accumulate gather collect the customs of the people in the a Would you mind Danny from area. school today? b Victor became at horse riding and b The bills seem to just so that I don’t know which one to pay first. he did it whenever he could. c Change will always happen, so sensible people c In the evenings, we would all in to it. our favourite café.10 learn to

Grammar 2 Past Tenses, used to & wouldPast simple & past continuous, past perfect simple & past perfect continuous1 Read these sentences, focusing on the tenses in bold, and match them to their uses. 1 One Inuit was hunting for seals while the others were building a kayak. 2 The women had been working in the fields all day and looked very tired. 3 Eli looked up, saw the deer in the distance and fired his rifle. 4 Valerie had collected the children from school by the time I arrived home. a actions that happened one after the other in the past, for example when telling a story b an action or situation that finished before a particular time in the past c two or more actions that were in progress at the same time in the past d an action that happened repeatedly or over a period of time in the past and had a result that was visible in the pastUsed to & would2 Read about used to and would and complete the sentences. In which sentence are both used to and would correct? Why? We can use used to for actions that we did regularly in the past and for states that existed in the past. We can use would only for actions that we did regularly in the past. We don’t use it for past states. 1 My sister think that every tribe was from Africa. 2 Their habitat be bigger in the past. 3 They gather in one of the local cafés.Read 1.7-1.14 of the Grammar Reference before you do the task.3 Complete the second sentence so it has the same meaning as the first sentence, using the word in bold. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1 The Smiths started renting a flat in 2010. Then in 2015, they bought this house. been The Smiths five years before they bought this house. 2 We haven’t stayed at that hotel for years. was The last time we years ago. 3 Peter made dinner. Then his wife came home. by Peter his wife came home. 4 I had a job in Leeds in 2012 and Steve had a job in Glasgow. while I was working in Leeds in 2012 in Glasgow. 5 Maria called during breakfast. having We Maria called. 6 Kaylee was still at college when I met her. finished Kaylee college when I met her. 7 I’d never heard about Charles Darwin and natural selection before. ever It was the first time I about Charles Darwin and natural selection. 8 The Inuit would fashion clothes from sealskin. to The Inuit clothes from sealskin. 9 The nurse didn’t take my temperature until I had taken off my jumper. before The nurse waited until I had taken off my jumper my temperature. 10 Dad wouldn’t go to bed until he had showered. use Dad go to bed until he had showered. UNIT 1 1111

Listening1 U nderstanding paraphrasing is a useful skill when reading in or listening to English. Read these sentences and choose the option that has the same meaning as the words in bold. 1 They acknowledge that it is a difficult change to make, so they will do everything they can to help. a disagree b don’t know c recognise 2 Do you think he’ll accept the proposal? a agree to b understand c consider 3 If he doesn’t want to relocate, we’ll have to let him go and hire someone else. a change jobs b stay here c move to a different place 4 Don’t allocate blame unless you know all the facts. a say whose fault it is b say you didn’t do it c say it’s nobody’s fault 5 Making new friends relieved her feelings of loneliness. a increased b experienced again c reduced 6 This is the new reality and there’s no escaping from it. a the way things are now b what things might be c how things may turn out 7 We can’t make progress when he keeps blocking all the decisions we make. a cover the distance b succeed c move forward 8 Did you make alterations to the document to reflect the new rules? a innovations b changes c differences2 Now paraphrase these sentences so the meaning stays the same, using In some listening tasks, you have to complete a what you learnt in 1 to help you. number of statements with information that you hear. 1 You are under no obligation to accept the changes. Although the statements will paraphrase what the speaker says, the meaning 2 Relocating abroad is a highly stressful experience. will be the same. The words you need to write will usually be words that 3 Acknowledge the signs of oncoming change. you hear. 4 Allocating blame is not a positive action. 5 Making alterations to your expectations can relieve some of your stress. 6 You can’t make any progress unless you adapt to the new reality. 3  Listen to Ryan Crosby, a family counsellor, giving advice on how to cope with the stress of change. Complete sentences 1-8 with a word or a short phrase. 1 Ryan mentions as an example of a more serious change in someone’s life. 2 Ryan says that even positive change can be for us. 3 According to Ryan, refusing to acknowledge change is an involuntary we use. 4 Ryan does not advise thinking about when you want to make progress. 5 Ryan points out that ignoring the that accompanies change will lead to bigger problems in the future. 6 Ryan explains that getting on with everyday tasks will be good for your . 7 Ryan describes the past as a to emphasise that we should stop thinking about it. 8 Ryan believes that we should think of our mistakes as a to help us avoid repeating them.12

Speaking1 Ask and answer these questions with a partner. • What is the biggest change you’ve had to go through in your life up to now? Did you find it hard to adjust to the new reality? • H ow do you feel about meeting people from different countries and cultures? • How important is speaking the language when you live in another country?2 Work with a partner. Read the Download tip and the phrases in the When you are involved in a collaborative task with a Language Bank. Then read the instructions below and develop your partner, you will need to give your opinion and ask for theirs. conversation. Practise asking for your partner’s opinion, commenting You may sometimes agree or disagree with what they say, on it and expressing your reservations. Then swap roles and develop and other times you may agree in part and want to express another conversation. your reservations. Even when you have a lot to say on a Student A: A good friend of yours moved to another town recently. You feel subject, it is important to share that his or her behaviour towards you has changed a lot since the time equally. Ask for their then. Describe one of the changes you have noticed and how it opinion, listen carefully to what has affected you. Ask for Student B’s opinion. When you have they say and comment on it. heard their opinion, accept part of what they are saying, but express some reservations. Student B: A good friend of Student A’s moved to another town recently. Student A feels that his or her behaviour towards them has changed a lot since then. You do not fully agree with how Student A has interpreted his or her friend’s change in behaviour. Give your opinion and comment on what Student A says.3 Work with a partner. When a person decides to relocate for a few years for business purposes, different aspects of their life are affected in different ways. First discuss the positive and negative changes that relocation may bring to each aspect of their life. Then decide which two aspects play the most important role in the relocation being successful or not.moving house What are the positive and adjusting to a new negative changes associated environment at work with relocating for business purposes for a few years?leaving friends adjusting to a different moving yourand extended culture and/or climate immediate familyfamily behind4 Work in pairs to discuss these questions. Asking for someone’s opinion What’s your opinion on ...? • Some people relocate for a shorter period of time What would you say about ...? (eg six months to a year) and decide not to take their Would you agree that ...? spouse and children with them. How does this affect I’m interested to hear what you think about ... everyone in the family? Commenting on what someone says • Would you be willing to relocate? Why/Why not? If so, That’s an interesting point. which aspects of relocating would you find the most What you say is interesting because ... difficult to deal with? I’d never thought about ... in that way. • If you could choose a country to relocate to Expressing reservations permanently, where would you go? What are the You have a point, but ... reasons for your choice? I see what you mean, but ... That’s how I feel, but I think we’re forgetting ... I agree, but I want to point out that ... UNIT 1 13

WritingEssay: Understanding content and styleUnderlining important information in essay tasks not only helpsyou to fully understand the essay topic and ensure that your writingis relevant, but it also gives you a quick way to refer back to thequestion while you are writing. In this way, you can be more certainthat you have covered every point and followed every instruction.1 Read this essay task and answer the questions by underlining the parts of the task that give you the information. Then complete the task summary below. Your class has listened to a radio programme about how the 1 What was the radio programme about?government could change people’s eating habits in order to improve 2 Match the opinions expressed with thethe nation’s health. You have made the notes below. methods. 3 How many methods do you have toMethods to change eating habits discuss? • tax on fattening food • education Some opinions expressed in the 4 You must recommend one of the • stricter laws discussion: methods. What criteria will you use to ‘Paying more for junk food might choose which one? make people think twice.’ 5 What must you use in your essay to support your opinions? ‘I still don’t know which 6 What should you do when including vegetables contain the most iron!’ any of the opinions expressed? ‘Food producers put in too many Task summary: The essay should discuss unhealthy ingredients.’ 1 methods which could be Write an essay discussing two of the methods in your notes. You used by 2 to should explain which method would be more effective, giving reasons to support your opinion. 3 You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the , discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible. explaining which method would be more 4.2 The opening paragraph of your essay must introduce the issue raised in the task and the options you have chosen. You should write in an objective way, without referring to yourself. Read this introduction written in answer to the writing task in 1 and circle the most suitable alternatives. 1 It is generally agreed / I agree with the recent radio discussion that the government needs to find methods to change the way people eat in order to reduce health problems. 2 The question is / I would like to discuss whether it would be better to discourage the general public from consuming unhealthy food and drinks by making them more expensive or by introducing stricter laws for the food industry. 3 Now read the rest of the essay written in answer to the task in 1 and answer the questions on page 15. At first sight, it seems a good idea to increase the price of food that contains high levels of sugar and fat. People would be forced to reduce the number of snacks and drinks they buy because they would not be able to afford them. This would certainly result in reducing the number of visits to the doctor and in less weight gain. However, what happens if people continue buying their normal amounts of unhealthy treats and end up with less money to spend on fresh fruit and vegetables? On the other hand, if the food industry and the ingredients they use were more strictly controlled, people would not be able to buy things that are not good for them. It could be argued that people should be allowed to make their own choices, but governments need to take the lead in protecting public health, as some did by banning smoking. Not only could the government introduce new laws about fat and salt levels, but it could also control the use of chemicals in food production. On balance, it would appear that regulating the supply of food options would be more effective than attempting to influence consumer choice.14

1 Think about the content of the essay. Has the writer Introducing points a discussed the pros and cons of both methods? In the first place, ... / At first sight ... b mentioned a third method from the task? With regard to ..., / Regarding ..., c given reasons for their final choice of method? However, ... / On the other hand, ... 2 Think about the style of the essay. Has the writer In contrast, ... a used a question to make a point? On balance, ... b used the word ‘I’ when expressing opinions? Taking all these points into consideration, ...4 E ssays require you to express your opinions in formal, Making points in general terms It is generally agreed/accepted that ... impersonal language as in 2. Rewrite these opinions Many/Most people would agree/accept that ... in your notebook in a more suitable style using the It is obvious that ... Language Bank to help you. There is no doubt that, ... It is a fact that ... 1 For a start, I think most of us think it’s up to the It is difficult to say ... government to help people who come to live and work in The question is ... our country get used to our way of life. It is questionable whether ... It could be argued that ... 2 My friends and I know that lots of immigrants have great It seems/would appear that ... skills they can use. They just need a bit of help to get started. Verbs – Nouns support – support5 R ead this essay task and underline the important guide – guidance assist – assistance information as you did in 1. Decide which options you provide – provision would choose to discuss and then copy the plan into progress – progression your notebook and complete it with notes for your essay. enable – enablement benefit – benefit Your class has listened to a panel discussion about how integrate – integration governments can help immigrants adjust to their new cultural environment. You have made the notes below: In context to adapt to new ways of livingWays to help newly-arrived immigrants to adopt a new lifestyle to adjust your way of thinking • education Take time to read the essay task carefully, • community events Some opinions expressed in the underlining or highlighting important • advice centres discussion: information. ‘Language is just the first thing Introduce the issue and your two choices in you need to learn.’ the first paragraph. Use an objective, impersonal writing style, ‘Smiling people can make you avoiding emotional language. feel so welcome.’ ‘There are so many questions that need answering.’ Write an essay discussing two of the ways in your notes. You should explain which way would be more helpful, giving reasons to support your opinion. You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible.6 W rite an essay in 220-260 words in answer to the task in 5. Use your plan and the Language Bank to help you. When you have finished your essay, check your work carefully.Plan The issue My two chosen waysParagraph 1: Choice 2, pros & cons Choice 1, pros & consParagraph 2: The most helpful choiceParagraph 3: Final paragraph: UNIT 1 15

1 Reload Vocabulary Grammar Choose the correct answers. Choose the correct answers. 1 He’s always changing his ; he can’t make 1 Janice will never sell this house. She here for decisions at all. about forty years! a heart b subject a lives c mind b has been living d ways c is living d had lived 2 The room was very hot because the heating was set 2 The charity is hoping to buy a small minibus, but to maximum and they couldn’t it. they enough money yet. a adopt a haven’t raised b affect b didn’t raise c shrink c aren’t raising d adjust d wouldn’t raise 3 The huge demand for houses in the city has the 3 We to move to Wales, but now we’re moving to prices up. Scotland instead. a driven a are planning b conveyed b were planning c accumulated c would plan d transformed d have planned 4 Martha no longer suffers loneliness, because 4 Jim in the factory for ten years before they she’s made some new friends. announced it was closing. a of a works b over b has worked c from c had been working d in d has been working 5 Members of the society in London every 5 ‘Have you ever won a lot of money in the lottery?’ September to discuss ideas. ‘Unfortunately not. But I £20 once, in 2012!’ a gather a have won b reside b had won c collect c won d inhabit d used to win 6 Nowadays the school has a huge of pupils, and 6 Pete his car online at the moment because he many languages are spoken. can’t afford to keep it anymore. a transformation a is advertising b adaptation b has advertised c diversity c advertises d replacement d advertised 7 His decision to close the business was based the 7 Two hundred years ago, people several miles disappointing sales record. a day. a of a had walked b in b have been walking c from c had been walking d on d would walk 8 This type of jewellery is handmade and has been 8 ‘Did you go to the village school?’ out of copper and silver. ‘No, the village school by the time we moved here.’ a built a had closed b fashioned b used to close c manufactured c would close d acquired d has closed 9 She has worked very hard and has all of her 9 ‘Do you play tennis, George?’ goals. ‘Not anymore, but I a member of the local tennis a abbreviated club when I was younger.’ b managed a would be c achieved b have been d passed c used to be d had been16

12 The In Thing1 Look at the main picture. What do you think it shows? Where do you think the picture was taken? What helped you to guess?2 L ogos are an important part of branding a product or a service. Successful ones are often recognisable out of context. Look at these logos. How many do you recognise? Can you name the companies they represent? 1 23456 73 How popular are products from these brands in your country? Are they seen as luxury items? DVD 12 Watch this short video about what a brand is. What is the secret of a great brand?According to the video, who owns a company’s brand? 147

Reading 1 W ork with a partner. Discuss who you think would wear these kinds of shoes and when they would wear them. Are they currently in fashion? 2 What do you think a person’s shoes and clothes can tell us about them? 3 Q uickly read the texts about fashion. Are the writers for or against it? 4 Who do you think the writers are? Match 1-4 with texts A-D. 1 a concerned parent 2 a psychologist 3 an anthropologist 4 an activistfashionIs harmful to society? A A visit to a costume museum will confirm that fashion has long been part of human culture. Styles have changed through history, but the adornment of the body, in the form of garments and jewellery, is an age-old tradition. In some primitive societies, different styles of dress would denote different social classes, and this is still true today. Most people recognise an expensive designer suit as a sign of the wearer’s social status. An interest in our appearance is quite natural and the desire for something new and beautiful is a reflection of our aesthetic senses. Nobody wants to look unattractive, and dressing well and taking care of ourselves is a signal to others that we feel confident about ourselves. Fashion can help us develop a personal style to create our self-image. B Fashion is an intrinsic part of life and hard to avoid. Have you ever tried shopping for a style that is not in fashion? The high street caters only for current trends, in a limited number of colours and sizes. Each season, a new colour or style is ‘in’ – a ‘must’ – consigning whatever is six weeks old to the dump. This way of dressing feels like a uniform; a limit to freedom. It’s time to break away from the dictates of the fashion industry and enjoy wearing what you love. Fashion is big business – an engine for change, driven by the media and advertising – but it leads to enormous waste. Although the rag trade is important economically, the appetite for fast fashion, which is fed by cheap labour in Asia, is getting out of control. People think of clothes as disposable because they are so cheap, but have no idea of the costs to the environment involved in their manufacture. Consumers in the West need to wake up to the idea that the price of an item of clothing remains low because the workers who produce it are exploited.148

C In this kind of task, it is not necessary to choose all extracts. It is possible that one extract answers more than one question.The way people dress is linked to theiridentity. When people have to wear a 5 R ead the four writers’ views about fashion. Foruniform, it represses their creativity.Clothes are not just for modesty and questions 1-4, choose from the writers A-D. Thewarmth, but give us confidence and writers may be chosen more than once.send messages to others. Colours canaffect our mood, different styles can Which writermake us look older, younger, more 1 shares the same opinion as C about fashion asflamboyant or serious. We can chooseto blend into the background or a form of self-expression? stand out. Dressing up in fashionable 2 disagrees with D about the relationship betweenclothes is fun, experimenting withdifferent styles can boost morale and price and quality? enhance our lives. Consumers should 3 agrees with A about the way fashion can identifynot fall into the trap of becomingfashion victims, though, and they someone as part of a group? need to rethink their attitude towards 4 agrees with B about the necessity for consumersshopping. Clothes should be aninvestment, not something to wear to be more aware of the origin of their clothes? once and throw away. Cheap fashion isa false economy because it isn’t made 6 T he words in bold are in the wrong places. Writeto last. Always buy the best you canafford and look for socially-responsible them in the correct places.brands that are eco-friendly. 1 The celebrity started her own fashion garment. D 2 An expensive winter coat is a real trade; it will last for years. Fashion today has become a battle ofthe brands. Consumers want big-name 3 The labour of clothing has moved from Europe to Asia. clothing at any price and do not payattention to workmanship or, rather, 4 Shopping is not always good for the identity. the lack of it, as long as the brandname is on prominent display. This is 5 This investment should be dry-cleaned only. particularly true of sportswear, wherelogos matter above all else. Despite the 6 Many consumer goods are manufactured in countrieshefty price tag, a pair of hundred-dollar where label is cheap. trainers will only last a few weeksbefore falling apart, but who cares? 7 The morale in fake designer bags is fuelled by a desireThe manufacturer will have brought for famous brands. out a new style by then, and theconsumer’s desire to be on trend will 8 In an effort to hide her manufacture, the star wore abe fulfilled. We fuel the fast fashion hoodie and sunglasses. business in this way, and youngpeople especially are under pressure 7 W ork with a partner. Read the quotations and discussto wear names of the ‘right’ brandsemblazoned across their clothes, or what connection the people who made them haverisk being ostracised by their peers. with the fashion business. What issues do they raise?We need to resist the branding of our • ‘Fashion is instant language.’ Miuccia Pradachildren, because when labels become • ‘Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we havemeasures of a person’s worth, societyis in deep trouble. to alter it every six months.’ Oscar Wilde • ‘Fashion should be a form of escapism, and not a form of imprisonment.’ Alexander McQueen • ‘A lot of people don’t belong [in our clothes], and they can’t belong. Are we exclusionary? Absolutely.’ former Abercrombie & Fitch CEO  • ‘Fashion is over quickly. Style is forever.’ Ralph Lauren UNIT 12 149

a-z Vocabulary 11 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your notebook with the verbs you did not use. Judging by appearances ... W e are constantly advised to dress well in order to 1 design / create a good first impression because, like it or not, we are judged by the way we look. Our appearance can 2 dictate / denote our social class – and much more besides. Others can see at a glance whether or not we 3 conform / comply to the rules of society. A conservative appearance can help to 4 impress / project an image that is serious or professional, and dressing smartly 5 conveys / divulges the message that you care what people think of you. Time after time we read that well- dressed people 6 command / demand more respect from those around them. T he other side of the coin, though, is that we should be dressing to please ourselves rather than others. Fashion can 7 enhance / detract our lives simply because we enjoy it. A new outfit, for example, can 8 compliment / boost our morale. Making an effort with our looks should be more about 9 uttering / expressing our individuality than about slavishly following fashion. It takes time, effort and, to a certain extent, money to look good. We need to find clothes that 10 flatter / praise us. Then, we need to learn how to 11 adjust / coordinate items to get the best look, while at the same time 12 accentuating / heightening our positive physical attributes. Of course, nobody is forcing us to do any of the above. But rest assured, we will be judged.2 R ead the sentences and underline two words in each which have similar meanings. Do the words mean neat and stylish, untidy, modern or overdressed? 1 I only have one posh dress and I don’t wear it often, but my friends tell me it looks very chic. 2 From the outside, the restaurant appears quite shabby, but don’t let that fool you – you won’t get in wearing scruffy clothes as it’s one of the most exclusive eateries in town. 3 I’m not worried about being trendy and I don’t care if the music I listen to is in or not. 4 For the singer David Bowie’s stage appearances, it seemed that nothing was too flamboyant or extravagant. 5 Charles was wearing an elegant designer jacket which made him look quite dashing. 6 With his threadbare shirt and ragged trousers, Jake looked like a tramp. 7 Alicia usually goes for a contemporary look, although she finds the current fashions a little dull. 8 The rapper’s flashy gold jewellery was an important factor in the ostentatious appearance that he wanted to cultivate.3 Discuss what fashion means to you using ideas from 1 and 2.4 Complete each group of sentences with the correct form of these words. Each group must use the same word. How does the meaning of the word in each sentence change? Find other uses for these words in a dictionary. bear set take wear 1 a At my school, it was perfectly acceptable for boys to their hair long. b My old boots are very comfortable, but the soles are badly , so I’ll have to throw them away. c The cat used to scratch the furniture and it eventually a hole in the sofa. 2 a It remains to be seen whether this new idea of yours will fruit. b Everyone says that James a strong resemblance to his grandfather. c This electronic music is driving me mad. I can’t it! 3 a What size shoes do you ? b Don’t this the wrong way, but I really don’t think that colour suits you. c Thanks to sales of the new iPhone, the shop more in one weekend than it had in the previous month. 4 a The permissive attitude that prevailed in the 1960s led to many new trends being . b The film was in the USA in the 1950s. c They plan to get married next year, but they haven’t a date yet.150

Grammar 1 Clauses1 A clause is a group of words that forms a sentence or part of a sentence. Circle the correct words to complete the sentences about clauses. 1 Clauses of reason link two opposite or contrasting ideas / explain why something happened. 2 Clauses of purpose explain why someone does something / tell us the consequence of an action. 3 Clauses of result explain why something happened / tell us the consequence of an action. 4 Clauses of contrast and concession link two opposite or contrasting ideas / explain why someone does something. 2 Read these groups of sentences paying attention to the words in bold and label the groups with the words in the box. contrast & concession purpose reason result 1 Clauses of We wore designer jeans to look trendy. I read magazines in order to know what’s in fashion. He shops there so as to get discounts. I left home very early for fear of being late. 2 Clauses of I couldn’t wear high heels due to the fact that it was snowing. I didn’t get the job because of my scruffy clothes. I was in debt owing to my expensive shopping habits. She cut up her credit card as she couldn’t control her spending. 3 Clauses of Her hair was tangled, even so she didn’t brush it. Even though she pressed her skirt, it was still wrinkled. Despite being exhausted, she continued to shop. I like short hair whereas my mother likes long hair. 4 Clauses of My suit was smart, so I looked dashing. It was an important meeting. Therefore, she wore her best clothes. I have so little money that I can’t buy any clothes. She has such a lot of talent that she can make her own outfits. Read 12.1-12.4 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks.3 Match. a the stain on it. b snap up the best bargains. 1 I had my wedding dress made so as to c ensure a perfect fit. 2 His shirt looked messy because of d he felt out of place. 3 He hadn’t dressed appropriately, therefore e Tina was wearing a skirt. 4 We got to the shops early in order to 5 Gino was wearing jeans whereas4 R ewrite the sentences in your notebook using each of the words and phrases in bold. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 such therefore so much It was a busy day and I was unable to look at your dress designs. 2 due to on account of owing to the fact that We couldn’t find the trainers we wanted. We were upset. 3 although in spite of even so Julia got a large tattoo. Her parents told her not to. 4 for fear that so as not in order not to She had her make up done professionally. She didn’t want to look unattractive at the party. UNIT 12 151

a-z Vocabulary 2Word Formation1 Complete the table. Verb Noun Adjective emergence emergent / emerging 1 tendency - 3 / trendsetter trendy 2 escalating trend 4 original escalate origin 5 2 Now complete the sentences with some of the words from 1. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 Years ago, fashion was only for the rich; now most people make an effort to be reasonably . 2 Things get copied and shared so much online that it’s often difficult to find out where they . 3 As technology and recording techniques have advanced, new musical styles have . 4 The popularity of new social networks can rapidly if they are seen as cool by young people. 5 There is a(n) among younger children to like what their friends like, but their own tastes soon develop as they get older.Phrasal Verbs 4 Now match the phrasal verbs you didn’t use3 Circle the correct words. in 3 with the meanings below and then write a 1 A new group is unlikely to be a success if they just blend into / latch onto the background and offer sentence using each one in your notebook. nothing original. 1  : break down; stop working, eg of a 2 The makers of popular TV or film franchises will just 2  machine keep carving them out / churning them out until their appeal fades. : create (a route into) something, eg a market or a career 3 Publishers often re-launch a book to cash in on / pick up on the success of the film version. 3 : attract; lure, eg customers into a 4 shop 4 Eager customers packed up / snapped up every 5 single copy of the CD on its first day of release. : attach to or become interested in something or someone 5 The internet start-up became an overnight sensation and was soon raking in / reeling in money. : n otice; give particular attention to somethingCommonly Confused Words5 Complete the groups of sentences with the words in bold in the correct form. 1 craze novelty innovation 3 component garment item a The children quickly abandoned the new game a The price of electronic devices fell when the inside them could be mass- when the wore off. produced cheaply. b Many consider computers and the Internet to be the greatest of the 20th b Supermarkets often have a dedicated checkout for century. customers with ten or fewer. c Shops struggled to meet the demand for the c The tank top is a sleeveless latest diet sweeping the nation. often worn over a shirt or blouse. 2 brand logo make 4 costume suit suite a What of coffee do you prefer? a Men can choose to wear a two- or three-piece b If you could buy any of car, ; the waistcoat is optional. what would it be? b The celebrity suggested that the interview be c The design team were told to come up with a conducted in her hotel . simple eye-catching . c It’s a fancy-dress party, so we’d better start152 thinking about .

Grammar 2 Questions tags, echo questions, short responses, -ever wordsQuestion tags Short responses1 A n affirmative question tag is usually 3 R ead these sentences and decide if the rules used after a negative sentence, and below about short responses are true (T) or vice versa. However, a positive-positive false (F). or negative-negative structure is also possible to express emotion. Some ‘I love Instagram.’ ‘So do I.’/‘I do too.’ question tags are irregular. Read these sentences paying attention to the ‘I don’t follow crazes.’ ‘Neither do I.’/‘I don’t either.’ question tags and write: regular, same- way or irregular. ‘I can’t afford a tablet.’ ‘Neither can I.’/‘I can’t either.’ 1 I am obsessed with fashion, aren’t I? 1 As in question tags, the verb in a ____ 2 Todd is into selfies, isn’t he? short response changes depending on the verb in the first sentence. 3 So you’re buying that new app, are you? 2 We use so and too to agree with ____ 4 Bob didn’t grow a moustache, did he? negative statements. 5 No one is designing the new logo yet, 3 We use neither and either to agree ____ are they? with positive statements. 6 You think this dress sets off my colouring, 4 So and neither come at the start of ____ do you? a response and too and either at the end of a response. -ever words 4 R ead these sentences paying attention to the words in bold. What do the words refer to? Write thing, time, place, person, option or in which way. 1 You can invite whoever you like to the party. Echo questions 2 You can buy me whatever you want as long as it’s cool! 2 E cho questions show that we are 3 Whenever I go out to eat, I dress up. interested in or surprised by what somebody is saying. Read these 4 You can’t have your hair cut however you want; it exchanges paying attention to the echo has to be ‘in’. questions in bold. Tick the response that is correct. Why is the other incorrect? 5 I can wear these clothes wherever I go. 1 ‘Jack’s decided to wear a suit.’ 6 Whichever shirt you get, make sure it fits you. ‘Has he? That’s surprising.’ 2 ‘I bought this make of car.’ ‘Have you? That’s a great car!’ Read 12.5-12.8 of the Grammar Reference before you do the task.5 Circle the correct words. 1 So, Brenda is hankering for a new pair of trainers, is / does she? 2 She’s wearing black however / whenever I see her. 3 ‘I love lip-sync competitions.’ ‘So / Neither do I.’ 4 ‘That model’s decided to move to Paris.’ ‘Is / Has she? Good decision.’ 5 Helen’s shoes have got very high heels. Whatever / However was she thinking? 6 Your dad didn’t pierce his ear, did / can’t he? 7 Everyone is coming to my jewellery party, aren’t / isn’t they? 8 ‘I can’t stand wearing make-up.’ ‘Neither can / am I’. 9 Let’s try these on, shall / won’t we? 10 ‘I can’t use Twitter.’ ‘Can’t / Can you? It’s very easy!’ UNIT 12 153

Listening1 Read these questions and statements. What is the purpose of the speaker each time? Choose from a-f. 1 What did 1970s fashion look like? 2 Who would wear such a silly hat? In order to choose the appropriate response to the question or 3 He has a vast collection of sunglasses, I hear. statement, you must understand what the speaker’s purpose is. Although, 4 Surely you can see that her designs are uninspired! at a glance, all three answers might seem possible, on closer inspection, 5 Do you think she’ll like these boots? you will find that only one of them is directly relevant to the question or 6 I was wondering if you could help me choose an outfit. statement you hear. a give information b ask for opinion c express opinion d make a request e ask for confirmation f ask for information2 Read the responses to the questions in 1. Tick the responses that are relevant and cross those that are irrelevant. Explain why they are irrelevant. 1 a Flared trousers, tight T-shirts and long coats. b Tom used to wear a long coat with fake fur trimmings. 2 a I don’t like wearing hats. b I know. It looks like a magician’s hat. 3 a He always wears sunglasses. b He even has a special room for them. 4 a That’s not the impression I get. b She is trying to enter the Asian market. 5 a I don’t think they’re her style. b I don’t think she has style. 6 a I like being fashionable. b I’d be glad to. 3  Listen to a question or statement. Choose the best response a, b or c. 1 a You shouldn’t have done that. They’re very 6 a It’s common for young people to make this face.expensive. b No, I’m not making a ‘duck face’ in the photo, b That’s not too extravagant for a pair of designer Gran.shoes. c I think you mean the ‘duck face’, Gran. c I think they’re too ostentatious. 7 a I’ll never understand some of the choices they 2 a Yes, he was. He was a very shy and retiring person. make. b He followed all the modern fashions blindly. b Because they love wearing costumes. c That’s true. He was a dashing young man. c It’s mostly down to peer pressure, I’d say. 3 a It all starts when a post goes viral. 8 a No, we’re advancing in years; that’s what it is. b It is the latest craze from what I hear. b I think you need to start dressing your age. c I wouldn’t try that if I were you. c That’s not what the designers want to convey. 9 a I haven’t changed my style since then. b It’s what young people do nowadays. 4 a He’s already got a smartphone, I think. c It didn’t flatter me at all, did it? b I don’t think he’s into novelty gadgets. c I’m not sure he wants to have a party. 5 a That’s music to my ears! I never liked it. 10 a ‘Gennaro’s’ is the best for catering dinner parties. b Why would you want to do such a thing? b I’m not sure. I don’t feel like eating yet. c So they’re back in fashion, are they? c I’ve no idea; I don’t follow the trends.154

Speaking1 Ask and answer the questions with a partner. • How important is it for you to be fashionable? • Do you usually follow lifestyle trends ie food, fitness, technology, etc? Why?/Why not? • Do you read lifestyle magazines or watch lifestyle shows on TV? Why?/Why not?2 D uring a conversation we discuss our opinions with our partner(s). Sometimes we partly agree with what they are saying and we want to express our reservations. At other times we partly disagree and want to make a concession. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to respond to the statements, using expressions from the Language Bank. 1 I hate going to the ‘in’ places – they are always crowded and usually overrated. 2 If you follow fashion blindly, you’ll never find your own style. 3 I love reading all the gossip about the rich and famous. 4 If we all wore the same clothes, it would save us valuable time and money. 5 I don’t feel happy unless I have all the latest gadgets. 6 I’d never go out with someone who doesn’t care about their appearance.3 Follow the instructions and complete the task with a partner. One of you will be Student A and the other will be Student B. Situation: You work for a lifestyle magazine. The creative teams have been asked to come up with suggestions for the main article in the July issue. You need to decide which of the ideas should be the basis for the main article in the July issue. Student A: Your creative team has come up with two ideas, Suggestion A and Suggestion B. Read your notes on page 197 and explain what the suggestions are to your partner. Student B: Your creative team has come up with two ideas, Suggestion C and Suggestion D. Read your notes on page 199 and explain what the suggestions are to your partner. Students A and B: When you both know more details about the four suggestions, you should explain to your partner which of your two suggestions you recommend for the main article.4 N ow with your partner, look at the information After you and your partner have made your individual recommendations, you will have to arrive at a joint about the suggestions you both individually decision in order to make your final choice. You may find chose and compare and contrast them. Discuss that you are not in complete agreement about everything. the advantages and disadvantages of selecting Be prepared to express your reservations in a polite way one suggestion over the other and explain your and always explain your reasons why. opinions. Finally, decide together which of the suggestions should be the basis for the main Partly agreeing and expressing reservations article in the July issue. I agree with ..., but I’m not sure about ... I can see your point, but I think we/you are forgetting ...5 Work with a partner to discuss these questions. That’s a good suggestion, but it might work better if ... What you’re suggesting depends on ... • Should famous people like pop stars and film stars The only way it might work would be if ... be more conscious of the examples they set? Partly disagreeing and making concessions Although this seems like a good idea, I’m afraid that ... • In what ways does advertising influence our Although I disagree in principle, I have to admit that ... lifestyle? I’m not that sure about this because ... • D o you believe that the more material possessions people have the happier they are? UNIT 12 155

Writing Email: Persuading and encouraging Writing an informal email or a letter to a friend is an opportunity to show that you know the kind of language and tone of voice that friends really use to communicate in English. For example, when giving advice, there are some simple techniques you can use with someone you know well in order to persuade and encourage them to listen to your ideas. • flattery: You look good in jeans, so why not wear your new ones? • the imperative: Try a new image! • a warning: You’ll kick yourself if you don’t! 1 U se flattery, the imperative and a warning to persuade and encourage a friend in the following situations. Write your sentences in your notebook. 1 Your friend is finally thinking of having his long hair cut in a short, modern style. You think he should do it. 2 Your friend has seen a job advertised as an assistant in a fashion design studio and is thinking about applying. You think she should do it. 2 R ead this writing task and underline any important information you will need to consider before deciding what to write. Read this extract from an email you recently received from an English friend you’ve known since school. 3 R ead the email that was written in answer to the task in 2 and underline an example of flattery, a warning and the imperative. 156

4 Read the email in 3 again and answer these questions. 1 What is the writer’s main advice about buying clothes for work? 2 Why? What reason(s) does the writer give? 3 What advice does the writer give about buying casual clothes? 4 Why? What reason(s) does the writer give?5 People who know each other well use informal words and phrases Make sure you establish the relationship between you and when they communicate. Decide whether the following remarks your reader by showing that you express sympathy (S), good luck wishes (GL) or encouragement (E). know something about them. Think about how you talk to a I’m sure things aren’t as bad as they seem. your friends in real life and learn b I’ll keep my fingers crossed for you! some similar phrases in English. c If anyone can do it, you can! d Look on the bright side. a makeover/new look/image e You poor thing! charity shops f Go for it! second-hand clothes g Break a leg! street markets h Keep your chin up. clothes swap mix and match6 C hoose suitable remarks from 5 that you could use in an email in a casual/smart look grungy/sporty/trendy clothes/ these situations. accessories quality vs quantity 1 Your friend is thinking of asking for a promotion at work. 2 Your friend thinks they answered wrongly in an exam. In context 3 Your friend is about to perform on stage or in public. Dare to be different! 4 Your friend is feeling generally fed up. Just be yourself! Don’t be so hard on yourself.7 Read this writing task and underline the important information as Personality is more important than looks. you did in the task in 2. Then copy the plan into your notebook and It’s not what you wear, it’s how you complete it with notes for your email. wear it that matters. Whatever you do, don’t change too Read this extract from an email you have received from an English friend. much, will you! Clothes reflect your identity / mood. You just need something to boost your morale. Find clothes that flatter you.8 Write your email in 220-260 words in answer to the task in 7. Use your plan and the Language Bank to help you. When you have finished writing your email, check your work carefully. Plan Start with an informal greeting Paragraph 1: Comment on your friend’s problem. Main paragraphs: Give advice with reasons. Final paragraph: S ay that you hope you have helped. Tell your friend to let you know what happens. You can also offer to help in some way or offer to meet up. End with a suitable informal phrase UNIT 12 157

12 ReloadVocabulary GrammarChoose the correct answers. Choose the correct answers.1 I just can’t seem to find any clothes to with this 1 My new mobile phone was damaged the poor green skirt. quality of the packaging. a accentuate a in spite of b enhance b due to the fact that c comply c because of d coordinate d because2 Lucy wears clothes that most people would 2 Ellen wears very plain and ordinary clothes never be brave enough to wear! stand out. a contemporary a in order not to b flamboyant b for fear of c elegant c so as to d scruffy d on account of3 The interior of this restaurant a very strong 3 She has space in her house that she can’t store resemblance to that new restaurant in London. all her clothes. a wears a such a b takes b so little c bears c such d sets d so much4 Lots of apps are popular at first, but then disappear 4 ‘I thought Matt could advise me on clothing styles.’ when the wears off and people move on to the ‘No, despite in a clothes shop, he’s not next one. interested in fashion.’ a trend a working b craze b he works c novelty c to work d origin d that he works5 People were so keen to the latest smartphone 5 Grandma buys all the latest gadgets for the kitchen that the shop had sold out within an hour. she never uses them. a cash in on a even though b rake in b so that c snap up c in spite of d carve out d therefore6 Mike will only ever buy electronic devices made by 6 ‘What an amazing dress! did you find it?’ his favourite . ‘At a little stall in the market.’ a logo a Whenever b label b However c item c Whichever d brand d Wherever7 If you want to the interviewers, I think you need 7 You’re not going to buy the latest tablet, ? You’ve to buy some smarter clothes. already got two! a divulge a will you b impress b do you c compliment c are you d express d aren’t you8 I couldn’t believe it when my laptop packed the 8 ‘Mark is selling his car to buy a new one.’ day after I bought it. ‘ ? I think I’ll make him an offer then.’ a up a Isn’t he b out b Shall I c off c Does he d over d Is he9 This type of hairstyle in Brazil in 2015. 9 ‘I can’t stand the trend of taking selfies every five a originated minutes.’ b escalated ‘ .’ c detracted a So can I. d dictated b Either can’t I. c Neither can I. d I can too.158

6 Progress ReviewVocabulary1 R eplace the words in italics with the correct form of these phrases. Write the sentences in your notebook, making any other necessary changes. above all bear fruit flatter have a word with make your debut take sth the wrong way 1 Why don’t you talk to Sarah’s dad about your idea for a new fashion label – he knows lots about the fashion industry. 2 What she wants more than anything is to become a famous actress. 3 Jason has been offered a position with the London Philharmonic Orchestra – it looks like all those years of hard work are finally having a result. 4 Don’t misunderstand me, but I don’t think you’ll ever become a successful singer because you haven’t got a very good voice. 5 That colour really looks good on you – you should wear it more often. 6 Crystal is appearing for the first time in a big West End musical – this could be the beginning of a brilliant career in show business.2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs. applaud create dedicate denote project strike 1 I think what you said about the importance of friendship really a chord with Andrew because he values his friends over everything. 2 Aprofessional musician needs to a lot of time every day to practising if they want to keep up their standard of excellence. 3 The audience wildly as the rock star and his band bounded onto the stage. 4 It’s important to a good first impression with a prospective employer, so dress smartly and smile! 5 In the UK, the way you dress and carry yourself and even the way you speak immediately your social class to others. 6 ‘Power dressing’ refers to the concept of dressing in elegant, smart clothes which an image of confidence and control.3 Circle the correct words. 1 I didn’t believe his story about starring in a film with George Clooney – it was just too far-fetched / iconic. 2 Alan felt rather overdressed / overrated in his suit and tie when everybody else in the room was wearing jeans and T-shirts. 3 Some people find Donald’s contemporary / ostentatious style of dressing impressive, but I think all that gold jewellery and the expensive suits just look silly. 4 I wish I could come up with funny stories and enigmatic / witty remarks like you do! 5 The final scene of the film where the mother and daughter were finally reunited was so contrived / moving that I was in tears. 6 Margot’s husband gets a bit annoyed by her extravagant / stylish shopping habits as he has to pay the bills! 7 The film was so hilarious / enigmatic that I couldn’t stop laughing the whole way through. 8 The old man wore dirty blue trousers and a dashing / ragged pullover.4 Complete each sentence with a preposition. 1 All the students at this college wear jeans and T-shirts or hoodies, so if you wear casual clothes too you’ll blend perfectly. 2 Don’t worry about learning the prices of all the garments on you first day, you’ll learn them you go along. 3 line with new safety regulations, smoking is strictly prohibited throughout the theatre. 4 She’s cashing in the success of her fashion blog by launching a range of cosmetics. 5 We got to the shop a little late and all the good bargains had already been snapped . 6 He churns dozens of books every year and to be honest, they’re all quite badly-written. Progress Review 6 159

6 Progress ReviewGrammar1 Complete the sentences with a, an, the or – (no article). 1 Idon’t understand why, but stardom is something that many young people seem to long for. 2 simple act of kindness, such as someone holding open the door for you, can really cheer you up. 3  play we went to see was a bit melodramatic, but I still enjoyed it because the actors were so good. 4 garments which they sell in that shop are of very poor quality. 5 It says here that exhibition of flower photographs is being held at our local gallery. 6 Entrance to National Gallery in London is free. 7 I believe that facial features can tell us a great deal about a person’s character. 8 Paris is home to some of the most famous galleries in the world.2 Circle the correct words. 1 These scissors doesn’t / don’t work. Have you got any others? 2 Can I give you an / some advice about your outfit choices? 3 The first two scenes / scene of the play weren’t very gripping. 4 Entertainment is / are the most important element in any film. 5 Will you pick up a can / tube of toothpaste while you’re at the chemist’s? 6 A herd / bunch of cows was blocking the road so we had to go round another way. 7 How many times / time do I have to tell you to turn off the lights when you leave a room? 8 Do you have a pair of / a piece of boots I could borrow for the walk? 9 The star enjoyed a huge popularity / huge popularity after she appeared on the TV reality show. 10 The information you gave me about the bus times were / was inaccurate.3 Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. 1 They used cheap materials as to keep costs down. 2 Even he was wearing a shabby suit, he still looked elegant. 3 Tom was turned away from the gallery opening account of not wearing a suit and tie. 4 Mary is always dressed stylishly, her sister usually looks untidy and scruffy! 5 There’s a lot of competition in show business that it’s very difficult to make a name for yourself. 6 My wardrobe is untidy that I can’t find any of my clothes!4 Complete the short dialogues with a word or short phrase. 1 A: Agatha dresses with impeccable taste, ? B: Yes, she always looks great. 2 A: That designer is surrounded by paparazzi she goes. B: Yes, but I don’t think she minds. 3 A: He has published a collection of short stories. B: ? I didn’t know that. 4 A: I never follow the latest fashion trends. B: No, I. 5 A: I’m dressed rather ostentatiously, ? B: Yes, perhaps a little. 6 A: I can’t sing or dance. . B: I can’t 7 A: You always look fantastic wear – even if it’s just jeans and a T-shirt. B: Thanks. 8 A: I went to see that new play last night? B: ? I thought you hated going to the theatre?160