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DEFINITION FOR THE DRUGS Good morning children. Today lesson about Drugs. Previous day I told you to find the definitions for drugs. Did you? Peter tell me what you found? Yes madam. Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use. The law says a person cannot own an controlled drug without permission. A drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when it is consumed in any way. A psychoactive drug affects the brain. Very good Peter. Nick have you found any definition for drugs? Of course madam. I did. A drug is a substance that affects the way the body functions. If a drug is classified as ‘illegal’, this means that it is forbidden by law. Different illegal drugs have different effects on people and these effects are influenced by many factors. This makes them unpredictable and dangerous, especially for young people. You done it very well. Thomas what you found son? A drug is a chemical or substance that affects how our body functions if we swallow, inject, snort, or breathe it in. Illegal drugs are those that the law does not allow. Very good students. You done it very well. BANDARA D.M.D.N – TG/2018/287 3
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2 Good effects of medical drugs poem. “In a world where accident are Increasing day by day.. In a world where people get Sick day by day.. Finding solution in this New world.. In today’s world it is Known as medicine..” “The world considered it as one.. Protects trees,people and animals.. Made them healthy.. Medicine is the world’s most famous deity..” “Many who give are Healed today.. Health is the Ultimate benefit.. It also gives a cure For diseases.. Gives proper healing After a while.” “An environment is a medicine bag. Its medicines are priceless.. If we save the environment in the future.. Life expectancy is increased by the power of drugs..” 5
DO you KNOW THE MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS? Scientists are finding that some illegal drugs have significant medicinal uses, but when we using those in bad way, we can’t stop or control used those you could become addicted to them. They can really hurt you and could even kill you. Let’s go through that kind of drugs...……… … ❖ COCAINE Can be used as a, ✓ topical anaesthetic ✓ treatment for irritable bowel disease, ✓ other intestinal dysfunctions and the other thing is cocaine’s ability to alleviate headaches, t was originally an active ingredient in the beverage Coca_cola, before the substance was made illegal. ❖ HEROIN Usually people addicted to painkillers like Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycontin, or Demerol - were able to better kick their opiate addiction after taking small dosages of heroin. Heroin is also commonly used in hospitalised pain management, particularly in palliative care. 6
❖ MAGIC MUSHROOM magic mushrooms can be an effective remedy against long-term cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even depression and anxiety. ❖ KETAMINE In 2012 study found ketamine could in fact fight the symptoms of chronic depression. The study claims the drug aids the growth of brain synapses, a neurological structure which allows chemical signals to pass more easily and effectively throughout your nervous system, making a person more reactive to the world around them. ❖ CANNABIS Cannabis or marijuana has long been known to provide pain relief for chronic illnesses. Marijuana also offers relief from PTSD symptoms, controls nausea, and can minimise some symptoms of glaucoma and Crohn's disease. In US states where the drug is legalised, products for such things as period pain management are being made available to the public. TG/2018/288 7
Good effect of Cannabis Cannabis can be found in various forms, and the health benefits of cannabis is ever growing, here Tara Leo of Cali Extractions gives us an insight regarding the diverse benefits of the plant. Cannabis contains CBD which is a chemical that impacts the brain, making it function better without giving it a high along with THC which has pain relieving properties. Relief of chronic pain There are hundreds of chemical compounds in cannabis, many of which are cannabinoids. Cannabinoids have been linked to providing relief of chronic pain due to their chemical makeup. Which is why cannabis’ by-product such as medical cannabis is commonly used for chronic pain relief. Improves lung capacity Unlike smoking cigarettes, when smoking cannabis in the form of cannabis your lungs aren’t harmed. In fact, a study found that cannabis actually helps increase the capacity of the lungs rather than cause any harm to it. Fight cancer One of the biggest medical benefits of cannabis is its link to fighting cancer. There is a good amount of evidence that shows cannabinoids can help fight cancer or at least certain types of it. Slow development of Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is one of many that is caused by cognitive degeneration. As we age, cognitive degeneration is almost unavoidable. Cannabis’s endocannabinoid contains anti-inflammatories that fight the brain inflammation that leads to Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment for glaucoma Glaucoma leads to additional pressure on the eyeball which is painful for individuals with the disorder. Cannabis can help reduce the pressure applied on the eyeball providing some temporary relief to individuals with glaucoma. TG/2018/290 8
Medical drugs help to reduce diseases form the human body & maintain the human body healthily. Medical drugs form an indispensable component of health systems in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and in alleviating disability and functional deficiency. Medical drugs maintain human’s life healthy in many ways. Some medical drugs can cure an illness by killing or halting the spread of invading germs, such as bacteria and viruses. Other drugs are used to treat cancer by killing cells as they divide or preventing them from multiplying. Some drugs replace missing substances or correct low levels of natural body chemicals such as some hormones or vitamins. Medical drugs of antibiotic fights bacterial infections. Antibiotics work either by killing bacteria or halting their multiplication so that the body's immune system can fight off the infection. Sometimes a part of the body cannot make enough of a chemical. Someone with insulin-dependent diabetes, for instance, has a pancreas that can't produce enough insulin. Some people have a low production of thyroid hormone, which helps control how the body uses energy. In each case, doctors can prescribe medical drugs to replace the missing hormone. Some medical drugs relieve pain. What they do is block the pathways that transmit pain signals from the injured or irritated body part to the brain. so that does not hurt as much while the body recovers. As people get older, they sometimes develop chronic or long-term conditions. Medicines can help control things like high blood pressure (hypertension) or high cholesterol. Vaccines are another medical drug. Vaccines keep people from getting sick in the first place by immunizing or protecting, the body against some infectious diseases. .So, it will be able to fight off infection by that germ in the future. There are also have side effects. Although some medicines require a prescription, some are available in stores. Taking all medical drugs as prescribed by your doctor and Don’t take anyone else’s medicines, those things are helping to minimize the WHO is supporting countries in ensuring equitable access to essential medicines and other health products that are safe, effective, and of assured quality. 9
Good effects of MEDICINAL DRUGS on the industrial side there is an industrial development related to the manufacture of drugs, o pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered (or self-administered) to patients, with the aim to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate the symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs. 10
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3 Bad effects of Medicinal Drugs are chemicals that affect the body and brain. Different drugs can have different effects. Some effects of drugs include health consequences that are long-lasting and permanent. They can even continue after a person has stopped taking the substance. How to effect to the person who take drugs? There are a few ways a person can take drugs, including injection, inhalation and ingestion. The effects of the drug on the body can depend on how the drug is delivered. For example, the injection of drugs directly into the bloodstream has an immediate impact, while ingestion has a delayed effect. But all misused drugs affect the brain. They cause large amounts of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate our emotions, motivation and feelings of pleasure, to flood the brain and produce a “high.” Eventually, drugs can change how the brain works and interfere with a person’s ability to make choices, leading to intense cravings and compulsive drug use. Over time, this behavior can turn into a substance dependency, or drug addiction. Substance use disorders are associated with a wide range of short- and long-term health effects. They can vary depending on the type of drug, how much and how often it’s taken and the person’s general health. Overall, the effects of drug abuse and dependence can be far- reaching. They can impact almost every organ in the human body. The effects of drug abuse on human health: ❖ A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection ❖ Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks and collapsed veins and blood vessel infections from injected drugs 12
❖ Lung disease ❖ Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure ❖ Problems with memory, attention and decision-making TG/2018/289 13
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Synthetic cathinones (\"bath salts\") Introduction “Bath salts” is the name given to synthetic cathinones, a class of drugs that have one or more laboratory-made chemicals similar to cathinone. Cathinone is a stimulant found naturally in the khat plant, grown in East Africa and southern Arabia. Usage Bath salts can be ingested orally, snorted, smoked, or injected. Bath salts can be detrimental to human health and can potentially cause erratic behavior, hallucinations, and delusions. This is often due to their wakefulness-promoting effect, leading to insomnia. Reason to become addicted Bath salts are noted for producing a \"high\" similar to methamphetamine: the sought after effects may include: • Mental Illness • Social Influence • Stress Relief • Trauma Elusion Acute side effects may include: • rapid heart rate • chest pain • high blood pressure • hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) • excess sweating (diaphoresis) • pupil dilation (mydriasis) • vessel constriction 19
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vFormula: C17H21NO4 Molar mass: 303.353 g/mol Melting point: 98 °C Boiling point: 187 °C CAS ID: 50-36-2 The coca plant is one of the oldest cultivated plants in South America. Botanists think its cultivation may have started in the Amazon Rainforest and spread to the Andes Mountains. Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. Mental effects may include an intense feeling of happiness, sexual arousal, loss of contact with reality, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses, such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Possible Health Effects The drug sends high levels of dopamine, a natural chemical messenger in your body, into the parts of your brain that control pleasure. This buildup causes intense feelings of energy and alertness called a high. People who use cocaine often may also have more serious side effects and health problems, like: • Headaches • Convulsions and seizures • Heart disease, heart attack, and stroke • Mood problems • Sexual trouble • Lung damage • HIV or hepatitis if you inject it • Bowel decay if you swallow it • Loss of smell, nosebleeds, runny nose, and trouble swallowing, if you snort it You may have strong cravings for the drug and the high it brings. But the more you use cocaine, the more your brain will adapt to it. You’ll need a stronger dose to feel the same high. This can lead to a dangerous addiction or overdose. TG/2018/328 21
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5 Becoming a human being is the result of a great mountain of merit done in a previous soul. Man is the highest animal in the mind among the animals of the world. Anything that alters the normal functioning of such a human brain can be called a drug. Alcohol, tobacco, weed, heroin and drug injections are all life- threatening drugs. Sri Lanka became a colony of Great Britain in 1815 by the Kandyan Pact. Drug use, which began in the colonial era in Sri Lanka, is now expanding in various ways. There is no difference in the prevalence of the drug in both urban and rural areas. Also, there is no difference between young and old or female or male. The worst-case scenario is drug addiction among young people. They have been deceived into believing that the essence of heaven is life destroying drugs. Drugs are the leading cause of the increase in heart disease and diabetes, many non-communicable diseases among the younger generation. Hospital statistics show that 30% of men treated in hospitals suffer from alcohol and tobacco-related illnesses. Young energy and time should be devoted to the development of the country. However, the wastage of youthful energy has become unbearable for a developing country like Sri Lanka. It's time to find out why young people are addicted to drugs. School education is very important for this. School education can inculcate anti-drug attitudes from an early age through quality education. Also, the rules and regulations of the country should be strict. A sincere effort must be made to crack down on and control illicit drugs. To create a drug free tomorrow, a developed country and a secure society, everyone must join hands and destroy the drug monster. 23
1) Ice drug Crystal methamphetamine („ice‟, ice drug) is a stimulant drug, which means it speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. It‟s stronger, more addictive and therefore has more harmful side effects than the powder form of methamphetamine known as speed.1 Ice usually comes as small chunky clear crystals that look like ice. It can also come as white or brownish crystal-like powder with a strong smell and bitter taste. Methamphetamine is not a new drug, although it has become more powerful in recent years as techniques for its manufacture have evolved. Amphetamine was first made in 1887 in Germany and methamphetamine, more potent and easier to make, was developed in Japan in 1919. The crystalline powder was soluble in water, making it a perfect candidate for injection. Methamphetamine went into wide use during World War II, when both sides used it to keep troops awake. High doses were given to Japanese Kamikaze pilots before their suicide missions. And after the war, methamphetamine abuse by injection reached epidemic proportions when supplies stored for military use became available to the Japanese public. In the 1950s, methamphetamine was prescribed as a diet aid and to fight depression. Easily available, it was used as a nonmedical stimulant by college students, truck drivers and athletes and abuse of the drug spread. This pattern changed markedly in the 1960s with the increased availability of injectable methamphetamine, worsening the abuse. Then, in 1970, the US government made it illegal for most uses. After that, American motorcycle gangs controlled most of the production and distribution of the drug. Most users at the time lived in rural communities and could not afford the more expensive cocaine. In the 1990s, Mexican drug trafficking organizations set up large laboratories in California. While these massive labs are able to generate fifty pounds of the substance in a single weekend, smaller private labs have sprung up in kitchens and apartments, earning the drug one of its names, “stove top.” From there it spread across the United States and into Europe, through the Czech Republic. Today, most of the drug available in Asia is produced in Thailand, Myanmar and China. Methamphetamine is not a new drug, although it has become more powerful in recent years as techniques for its manufacture have evolved. Methamphetamine went into wide use during World War II, when both sides used it to keep troops awake. High doses were given to Japanese Kamikaze pilots before their suicide missions. And after the war, methamphetamine abuse by injection reached epidemic proportions when supplies stored for military use became available to the Japanese public. 24
In the 1950s, methamphetamine was prescribed as a diet aid and to fight depression. Easily available, it was used as a nonmedical stimulant by college students, truck drivers and athletes and abuse of the drug spread. This pattern changed markedly in the 1960s with the increased availability of injectable methamphetamine, worsening the abuse. Then, in 1970, the US government made it illegal for most uses. After that, American motorcycle gangs controlled most of the production and distribution of the drug. Most users at the time lived in rural communities and could not afford the more expensive cocaine. In the 1990s, Mexican drug trafficking organizations set up large laboratories in California. While these massive labs are able to generate fifty pounds of the substance in a single weekend, smaller private labs have sprung up in kitchens and apartments, earning the drug one of its names, “stove top.” From there it spread across the United States and into Europe, through the Czech Republic. Today, most of the drug available in Asia is produced in Thailand, Myanmar and China. 2) Magic Mushroom Some historians believe that magic mushrooms may have been used as far back as 9000 B.C. in North African indigenous cultures, based on representations in rock paintings. Statues and other representatives of what appear to be mushrooms that have been found in Mayan and Aztec ruins in Central America. The Aztecs used a substance called teonanacatl, which means \"flesh of the gods,\" that many believe was magic mushrooms. Along with peyote, morning glory seeds and other naturally occurring psychotropics, the mushrooms were used to induce a trance, produce visions and communicate with the gods. When Spanish Catholic missionary priests came to the New World in the 16th century, some of them wrote about the use of these psychotropic substances. However, the idea that magic mushrooms have a long, holy history is highly controversial. Some believe that none of this evidence is definitive, and that people are seeing what they want to see in the ancient paintings, sculptures and manuscripts. There is confirmed use among several contemporary tribes of indigenous peoples in Central America, including the Mazatec, Mixtec, Nashua and Zapotec. Magic mushrooms began to be eaten by Westerners in the late 1950s. A mycologist (one who studies mushrooms) named R. Gordon Wasson was traveling through Mexico to study mushrooms in 1955. He witnessed and participated in a ritual ceremony using magic mushrooms. It was conducted by a shaman of the Mazatec, an indigenous people who live in the Oaxaca region of southern Mexico. Wasson wrote an article about his findings, which was published in Life magazine in 1957. An editor came up with the title \"Seeking the Magic Mushroom\" and the article is the source of the phrase, although Wasson didn't use it. One of Wasson's colleagues, Roger Heim, had enlisted the help of Albert Hofmann (the \"father\" of LSD), who isolated and extracted psilocybin and psilocin from the mushrooms Heim and Wasson brought back from Mexico [source: Harvard University]. Timothy Leary, perhaps the most famous proponent of psychotropic drugs such as LSD, read the Life article and was intrigued, and he began experimenting with them at Harvard University. From there, magic mushrooms became inextricably tied to the hippie movement and its search for a new form of 25
spirituality for the rest of the decade. For years, mushrooms were mostly associated with the counterculture [source: Harvard University]. But these days, magical fungi are finding broader acceptance in popular culture. Some people have taken up what's called \"microdosing\" with psilocybin, essentially consuming tiny amounts of the chemical. They don't experience full-blown trips. Instead, they feel a boost in mood and creativity that they believe lowers their anxiety and makes them more productive. Some studies seem to support their claims [source: Garlick]. Scientists are now pursuing a number of avenues of research on these mysterious chemicals. The 1970s brought a ban on psilocybin except for medical research, which only recently began again after more than 30 years. In October 2018, the Food & Drug Administration granted Compass Pathways permission to research mushrooms as a treatment for depression. Researchers plan to combine intense therapy with psilocybin in hopes of finding better ways to combat treatment-resistant depression, which they say affects about 100 million people worldwide [source: Compass]. In September 2019, Johns Hopkins University unveiled its Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research. There, scientists plan to evaluate psilocybin as a possible treatment for everything from opioid addiction, Lyme disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine and alcohol dependency, and many other ailments. There are many other researchers around the world digging into the possible medicinal uses of these magical chemicals. All of them seek to unlock the way magic mushrooms and their compounds interact with our brains and bodies. Perhaps their work will unlock the doors of perception in our minds in ways we can't yet even begin to imagine. 3) Thrilokawijepathra Island of Sri Lanka was occupied by Homo sapiens since 40,000 years ago. They separated into Yaksha, Naga and Deva tribes. A Yaksha king called Ravana ruled Sri Lanka around 10,000 BC and established methods of medical practices. In 509 BC a team led by Indian prince Vijaya arrived and started agriculture civilization. In 341 AD King Buddadasa wrote a medical pharmacopeia; Sarartha Sangrahaya in which he medicinal values of Cannabis were described. Since then medical books described Cannabis as an important herbal ingredient. These books include Yogarnavaya and Prayagorathnavaliya (1232), Vaidyacintamani ??? wish-fulfilling gem of Medicine (1707), Glossary of Synonyms of Medicinal Plants (1798), Yogasekaraya (1894), Kolavidiya (1900), Es Veda Potha (Opthalmic treatments) (1908). Saraswathi Nigantuwa (1918), Sri Sarangadara Samhitha (1929), Chemistry and Pharmacology of Indian and Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants (1935), Sri Lankan Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1937), Senehe shathakam (1940), Thel beheth potha (book of Medicinal Oils) in 1954, Atheesara Chikithsawa (Diareal treatments) in 1962, Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants (1963), Purana Rahas thel beheth Potha (Ancient secretes of Medicinal Oils) in 1969, Desheeya Vaidya Sabdakoshaya (Dictionary of Indigenous Medicine) in 1970, Go Rathnaya (Treating Cows) in 1980, Desheeya Guli Kalka Sagaraya (Edible Medicines) in 1999. In 2015 Minister of Health, Nutrition & Indigenous Medicine Dr. Rajitha Dissanayake initiated promotion of Cannabis for Indigenous Medicine. In 2017 a comprehensive book about Cannabis was written by W.S. Weliange. Government interference is necessary to educate people about the overall importance of Cannabis for health, society and the Nature. 26
4) Heroin The discovery of heroin and the development of heroin abuse are introduced. Heroin, the hydrochloride of diacetylmorphine, was discovered by acetylation of morphine. Heroin, in pharmacological studies, proved to be more effective than morphine or codeine. The Bayer Company started the production of heroin in 1898 on a commercial scale. The first clinical results were so promising that heroin was considered a wonder drug. Indeed, heroin was more effective than codeine in respiratory diseases. It has turned out, however, that repeated administration of heroin results in the development of tolerance and the patients become heroin-addicts soon. In the early 1910s morphine addicts \"discovered\" the euphorising properties of heroin and this effect was enhanced by intravenous administration. Heroin became a narcotic drug and its abuse began to spread quickly. Restrictions on its production, use and distribution were regulated by international treties. The total ban on heroin production was also proposed. As a result of the strict regulations the production and cosumption of heroin showed a significant decrease after 1931. At the same time the underworld recognized the shortage of heroin and started the illicit production and trafficking. The quantity of heroin seized by law enforcement agencies in the past decades rose gradually. As an indicator of the worldwide heroin market, the quantity of confiscated heroin underwent a tenfold increase since 1970. The paper surveys the most important heroin-producing and trafficking countries. Heroin, prepared in clandestine (\"kitchen\" or \"jungle\") laboratories, is diluted (\"cut\") by every member of the illegal heroin distributing chain, i.e. smugglers, traffickers, dealers and vendors. 6 5) LSD Drug Albert Hofmann, a researcher with the Swiss chemical company Sandoz, first developed lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD in 1938. He was working with a chemical found in ergot, a fungus that grows naturally on rye and other grains. Hofmann didn‟t discover the drug‟s hallucinogenic effects until 1943 when he accidentally ingested a small amount and perceived “extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors.” Three days later, on April 19, 1943, he took a larger dose of the drug. 27
History of Sri Lankan Alcohol Industry In Sri Lanka, \"arrack\" is distillingfrom the sap of the coconut tree. In addition, Sri Lanka has a rich history of tapping for toddy and today Sri Lanka is the main palm sap -based arrack exporter in the world. Arrackand toddytraced back to the 5th century A.D. In ancientSri Lanka, the kingshad coconut plantations to their own toddy production and consumption. Sri Lankans were a long time ago fermented their toddy. Therefore, the fermentation of arrack already existed before colonization. In 1658- Resulted in the development of the arrack industry under Dutch rule. In 1802 – The entire coastal plain dedicated to coconut plantations for the production of toddy and arrack and it already exported to Singapore, Madras, Bombay, Malabar, and the Coromandel Coasts. In 1813 - The arrack industry saw a steady decline due to restrictions, tariffs, and exercise duties levied by importing countries. In 1834 – The Excise Ordinance of Ceylon gradually created an excise system for the entire country, tightening laws and preventing the manufacture of arrack without a permit. In 1910 – The export of arrack came to a complete stop. In 1913- Early distillers were small investors who used primitive technology and had limited financial capacity. In 1924 – The Excise Department of Ceylon established new policies, which controlled the manufacturing process of arrack to improve its quality. The government policies slowly released out the small manufacturers of arrack and the industry controlled by eight large distilleries 28
In 1974 – After the changes in regulations and the departure of the British, the State Distilleries Corporationincorporated. It took over the production of alcohol. This resulted in a government monopoly in the sale of arrack. In 1989 – The central government during this time decided to convert the State Distillery Corporation to a limited company. In 1992- The ownershiptaken over by the Colombo Stock Exchange, Privatization of the State Distilleries Corporation improved the production and supply of arrack around the island, resulted in the government introducing policies to control, reduce, and perhaps eliminate the consumption of alcohol in Sri Lanka. In 1998 – The government introduced a National Alcohol Policy that included a ban on alcohol-related advertising on television, print, and radio. In addition, the government introduced a permit for the sale of alcohol at bars, restaurants, and hotels. The government introduced taxes on the consumer for both alcohol and tobac-creolated products. 29
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1949 – 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel. Dubbed \"The King of Cocaine,\" Escobar is the wealthiest criminal in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30 billion by the time of his death—equivalent to $59 billion as of 2019—while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. Born in Rionegro and raised in Medellín, Escobar studied briefly at Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín, but left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as well as participating in motor vehicle theft. In the early 1970s, he began to work for various drug smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for ransom. In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellín Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling routes into the U.S. Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine, and by the 1980s, it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of 70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the country from Colombia. As a result, he quickly became one of the richest people in the world,but consistently battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians, making Colombia the murder capital of the world. In the 1982 parliamentary election, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives as part of the Liberal Alternative movement. Through this, he was responsible for community projects, such as the construction of houses and football fields, which gained him popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented. However, Escobar was vilified by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely stifled his political ambitions and pushed for his arrest, with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the DAS Building and Avianca Flight 203 bombings in retaliation. 30
In 1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal of no extradition with Colombian President Cesar Gaviria, with the ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, La Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding facility, leading to a nation-wide manhunt. As a result, the Medellín Cartel crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police, a day after his 44th birthday. Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen as a \"Robin Hood-like\" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities to the poor, while his killing was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people. Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda Nápoles, has been transformed into a theme park, and he has been praised and criticized for importing hippopotamuses to Colombia. His life has also served as inspiration for or has been dramatized in film, television, and in music. TG/2016/020 Dias G.G.A.M 31
6 World drug report 2018: 35 million people worldwide suffer from drug use disorders while only 1 in 7 people receive treatment. Injecting drugs, also referred to as “intravenous drug use” or “IV drug use,” may be a common thanks to abuse illicit drugs or maybe legal prescribed drugs. Nearly all drugs are often injected by dissolving pills, powders, or salts into a liquid solution and employing a needle to urge the liquid into a vein. This method is often preferred to ingesting a drug orally due to the fact that injecting a substance get into the brain much faster. An injected drug, however, needs only to pass through the heart and respiratory system before the oxygenated blood is sent to the brain. Drugs that can be injected include heroin, cocaine, Ecstasy and ketamine. Again and again injection of drugs can also lead to other health issues with the time. Especially since most drug users are not practiced medical specialists, it’s easy for them to cause collapsed veins around the relevant area of injection. Injecting drugs via needles can damage quite just internal organs suffering from the drug. People who inject drugs, with syringes can cause many different types of damage to the skin. This can be a results of injecting regularly, using potentially tainted needles, or injecting into fat or muscle accidentally thanks to missing the vein, a mistake called “skin popping.” this will end in a painful lump that would potentially stop blood flow to the world . [TG/2018/312, H.P.N.Maduhansi] 32
EFFECT OF USING DRUGS INJECTION FOR HUMAN Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle and a syringe, which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenously, but also at an intramuscular or subcutaneously location). As of 2004, there were 13.2 million people worldwide who used injection drugs, of which 22% are from developed countries. A wide variety of drugs are injected, often opioids: these may include legally prescribed medicines and medication such as morphine, as well as stronger compounds often favored in recreational drug use, which are often illegal. Although there are various methods of taking drugs, injection is favored by some people as the full effects of the drug are experienced very quickly, typically in five to ten seconds. It also bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver, resulting in higher bioavailability and efficiency for many drugs (such as morphine or diacetylmorphine/heroin roughly two-thirds of which is destroyed in the liver when consumed orally) than oral ingestion would. The effect is that the person gets a stronger (yet shote-acting) effect from the same amount of the drug. Drug injection is therefore often related to substance dependence. In recreational-use drug culture, preparation may include mixing the powdered drug with water to create an aqueous solution, and then the solution is injected. This act is often colloquially referred to as \"slamming\", \"shooting up\", “smashing”, \"banging\", \"pinning\", or \"jacking-up\", often depending on the specific drug subculture in which the term is used (i.e. heroin, cocaine or methamphetamine). (TG/ 2018/317,L.A.M.S. LAKRUWAN) 33
S. A. D. L. WIMALADHARMA – TG/2018/311 34
Bro, this will make you feel INSPIRATION I’m not taking any If you were chances. I would not my friend, be grounded for life you would get high with me if I got caught. 35 TG/2018/313 – SURAWEERA B.D.P.D
LEADING THE SEARCH FOR SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS To address all aspects of drug abuse and its harmful consequences, NIDA’s research program ranges from basic studies of the addicted brain and behavior to health services research. NIDA’s research program develops prevention and treatment approaches and ensures they work in real- world settings. In this context, NIDA is strongly committed to developing a research portfolio that addresses the special vulnerabilities and health disparities that exist among ethnic minorities or that derive from gender differences. BRINGING SCIENCE TO REAL-WORLD SETTINGS • Clinical Trials Network (CTN) CTN “road tests” research-based drug abuse treatments in community treatment programs around the country. • Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) Led by NIDA, CJ-DATS is a network of research centers, in partnership with criminal justice professionals, drug abuse treatment providers, and Federal agencies responsible for developing integrated treatment approaches for criminal justice offenders and testing them at multiple sites throughout the Nation. • Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions in the Legal System (JJ- TRIALS) JJ-TRIALS is a seven-site cooperative research program designed to identify and test strategies for improving the delivery of evidence-based substance abuse and HIV prevention and treatment services for justice-involved youth. 36
7 The science of addiction Social motivated temptation Addiction Is A Promising Phenomenon For Gaining Insight Into How Motivation (Wanting And Liking) Interacts With Control Of Behavior. Some Have Proposed That Addiction Primarily Undermines Action Control, Such As By Weakening Free Will Or Overwhelming Its Capabilities With Strong Desires. As That View Is At Odds With Empirical Evidence, We Develop An Alternative Account. Addiction Begins With Discovery Of New Pleasure (Liking), Which Leads To And Reinforces Patterns Of Wanting To Indulge Again So As To Recreate That Pleasure. Regular Use Also Establishes Habits Of Using, Which Are Sustained By Automatization As Well As Pleasure. Volitional Control (A.K.A. Free Will) Remains Intact But Its Limited Resources Are Taxed When The Addict Tries To Quit, So That It Is Necessary To Override Many Desires To Indulge And To Counteract The Behavioral Habits Of Indulging. Occasional Lapses Rekindle The Habits And Desires, Thereby Increasing The Odds Of Full Relapse. These Changes To Liking, Wanting, And Doing Create Many Pitfalls For Someone Trying To Quit. It Is The Combination Of Frequent Weak Desires And Habitual Impulses, Rather Than Irresistible Cravings, That Most Often Produce Failure To Quit 37
The science of addiction Social motivated temptation DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION What Is Drug Addiction? Addiction Is Defined As A Chronic, Relapsing Brain Disease That Is Characterized By Compulsive Drug Seeking And Use, Despite Harmful Consequences.† It Is Considered A Brain Disease Because Drugs Change The Brain—They Change Its Structure And How It Works. These Brain Changes Can Be Long-Lasting, And Can Lead To The Harmful Behaviors Seen In People Who Abuse Drugs. Addiction Is A Lot Like Other Diseases, Such As Heart Disease. Both Disrupt The Normal, Healthy Functioning Of The Underlying Organ, Have Serious Harmful Consequences, And Are Preventable And Treatable, But If Left Untreated, Can Last A Lifetime. 38
The science of addiction Social motivated temptation What other factors increase the risk of addiction? EARLY USE. Although Taking Drugs At Any Age Can Lead To Addiction, Research Shows That The Earlier A Person Begins To Use Drugs, The More Likely He Or She Is To Develop Serious Problems.8 This May Reflect The Harmful Effect That Drugs Can Have On The Developing Brain; It Also May Result From A Mix Of Early Social And Biological Vulnerability Factors, Including Unstable Family Relationships, Exposure To Physical Or Sexual Abuse, Genetic Susceptibility, Or Mental Illness. Still, The Fact Remains That Early Use Is A Strong Indicator Of Problems Ahead, Including Addiction. Method Of Administration. Smoking A Drug Or Injecting It Into A Vein Increases Its Addictive Potential.9,10 Both Smoked And Injected Drugs Enter The Brain Within Seconds, Producing A Powerful Rush Of Pleasure. However, This Intense “High” Can Fade Within A Few Minutes, Taking The Abuser Down To Lower, More Normal Levels. Scientists Believe This Starkly Felt Contrast Drives Some People To Repeated Drug Taking In An Attempt To Recapture The Fleeting Pleasurable State. 39
among ethnic minorities or that derive from gender differences. LEADING THE SEARCH FOR BRINGING SCIENCE TO REAL- SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS WORLD SETTINGS To address all aspects of drug abuse • Clinical Trials Network (CTN) and its harmful consequences, CTN “road tests” research-based NIDA’s research program ranges drug abuse treatments in from basic studies of the addicted community treatment programs brain and behavior to health services around the country. research. NIDA’s research program develops prevention and treatment • Criminal Justice Drug Abuse approaches and ensures they work Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) in real-world settings. In this context, NIDA is strongly committed to Led by NIDA, CJ-DATS is a developing a research portfolio that network of research centers, in addresses the special vulnerabilities partnership with criminal justice and health disparities that exist professionals, drug abuse treatment providers, and Federal agencies responsible for developing integrated treatment approaches for criminal justice offenders and testing them at multiple sites throughout the Nation. • Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) JJ-TRIALS is a seven-site cooperative research program designed to identify and test strategies for improving the delivery of evidence-based substance abuse and HIV prevention and treatment services for justice-involved youth. 40
Different types of medications may help patients focus on counseling be useful at different stages of and other psychotherapies related treatment to help a patient stop to their drug treatment. abusing drugs, stay in treatment, and avoid relapse. Preventing Relapse. Science has Treating Withdrawal. When taught us that stress, cues linked to the drug experience (such as people, patients first stop using drugs, they places, things, and moods), and can experience a variety of physical exposure to drugs are the most and emotional symptoms, including common triggers for relapse. depression, anxiety, and other mood Medications are being developed to disorders, as well as restlessness or interfere with these triggers to help sleeplessness. Certain treatment patients sustain recovery. medications are designed to reduce these symptoms, which makes it easier to stop the drug use. Staying in Treatment. Some treatment medications are used to help the brain adapt gradually to the absence of the abused drug. These medications act slowly to stave off drug cravings and have a calming effect on body systems. They can 41
Can addiction be treated successfully? YES .Addiction Is A Treatable Disease. Research In The Science Of Addiction And The Treatment Of Substance Use Disorders Has Led To The Development Of Evidence-Based Interventions That Help People Stop Abusing Drugs And Resume Productive Lives. Can addiction be cured? Not always— But Like Other Chronic Diseases, Addiction Can Be Managed Successfully. Treatment Enables People To Counteract Addiction’s Powerful Disruptive Effects On Their Brain And Behavior And Regain Control Of Their Lives. These images showing the density of dopamine transporters in a brain area called the striatum illustrate the brain’s remarkable potential to recover, at least partially, after a long abstinence from drugs—in this case, methamphetamine. 42
WARNING SIGNS OF ADDICTION General signs of addiction are lack of control, or inability to stay away from a substance or behavior. decreased socialization, like abandoning commitments or ignoring relationships. ignoring risk factors, like sharing needles despite potential consequences. Addictions started out like magical pets, pocket monsters. They did extraordinary tricks, showed you things you hadn’t seen were fun but came, through some gradual dire alchemy, to make decisions for you. Eventually they were making your most crucial life decisions. And they were… less intelligent than goldfish Because of addiction people forgot their family & Lovers. Some addicted to drugs, some for social media, some for video games etc. Because of those addiction people miss the ones they really care about you. Addiction is a family disease. One person may use but the whole family suffers. Addiction may cause the family problems, education problems, love problems etc. Never addict to something too much. Everything can be changed in future. Sometimes things that you want may be not found. Because of that you will become mental ill. NEVER ADDICT TO ANYTHING !!! 43
Warning Signs of Addiction 1.Loss of control You may have a problem with addiction if your drug or alcohol use is out of control. Are you using more than you should? Do you keep needing more, craving more, when not using? Are your relationships suffering at home, work or school? Continuing to use drugs or alcohol despite bad consequences is a big warning. You may need immediate treatment to safely get off drugs or alcohol, and long-term management to stay off them. 2.Relationship Problem Addiction often causes problem with other people at home, work or school. You may experience these problem yourself. Or, you may see a friend or loved one having them. One warning sign is having frequent fights at home. Another is getting complaints from work or school. A person with addiction may lose interest in friends and family. You may feel that a friend or family member is isolating and becoming distant from you. 3.Changes Behavior You may notice you need drugs to sleep or to relax. You may feel anxious and irritable. If the person with an addiction is a friend or loved one, you may notice frequent mood swings. The person may be happy and energetic one day and depressed and moody another day. They may become secretive and angry if you question their behavior. They may lose interest in hobbies and activities they once enjoyed. 4.Physical Symptoms Addiction goes hand in hand with symptoms of anxiety or depression. Symptoms may get worse when you stop using drugs for a while. Your body will start to crave the substance. This is withdrawal. Withdrawal from alcohol can cause anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tremors and seizure. Withdrawal from drugs can cause flu-like symptoms that include chills, nausea and vomiting. 5.Pysical Appearance Changes in the way someone looks can be a warning sign of addiction. These changes may include weight loss, poor hygiene, pinpoint pupils, bloodshot eyes, trembling hands, bruises, sweating or flulike symptoms. Watch for coughs or frequent nose bleeds. Obvious red flags are the smell of alcohol or cigarette smoke. Many people with drug or alcohol addiction start to smoke or increase their smoking 44
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• When stop alcohol, communication between the neurons and neurotransmitters are normalizes.. • Improving process of memory…. • Looking younger….. • Saving money… • A focused perspective…. 47
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How to effect drugs to the family life? Alcoholism and drug addiction have obvious and well-documented effects on chronic substance abusers. Prolonged abuse of drugs and or alcohol will deteriorate a person’s physical health, impair his or her mental functioning, and damage their overall spirit. But how will these adverse effects impact the addict’s immediate family, and how will the damage manifest itself? therefore there are many different type of drugs. There drugs are obtained through this method in the form of tablets as well as liquids, like wise in this case , the whole family system is destroyed due to the weakness of one member of the family. This drug is used to create various mental or physical and also it destroys the family , the smallest unit in society , and through it destroys whole country. And also here is a look at how it happens in the family. Addiction is a Family Disease Families of addicts, including both immediate family members and often extended family members as well, are affected in some way by the individual’s substance abuse. Addiction impacts a family’s finances, physical health, and psychological wellbeing. Family Roles in Addiction In every family unit, each person plays a role to help the family function better and to maintain a level of homeostasis, stability, and balance. The effects of drug addiction on family members vary, but when substance abuse is added to this dynamic, the family roles naturally shift to adjust to the new behaviors associated with drug or alcohol use to continue maintaining order and balance. Children of Alcoholics and Drug Addicts Addiction and family are closely tied but among all of the family members who are impacted by an addict’s disease, perhaps no one suffers as much as children. The effects of drug abuse on family members, specifically for children living with an addicted parent can be felt long after childhood and well into adulthood. Parental alcoholism and drug addiction can create poor self-image, loneliness, guilt, anxiety, feelings of helplessness, fear of abandonment and chronic depression in children. Domestic and Sexual Abuse are Linked to Substance Abuse Another connection between addiction and family relationships involves various types of abuse. There is an unfortunate and tragic cycle that includes substance abuse, sexual abuse rape and domestic/child abuse. Several studies have found that a large percentage of child abuse and domestic abuse cases involve the use of drugs or alcohol. Other studies have found that individuals who were victims of abuse were more likely to abuse drugs or alcohol. 50
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