3D Anatomic Models

Conversion and comparison of cadaver specimen to human anatomy reproduction Cadaver / SpecimenHuman Anatomy ReproductionCadaver / Specimen Human Anatomy Reproduction Cadaver / Specimen Human Anatomy Reproduction 1

Advantages of our Human Anatomy Reproductions Anatomically accurate and identical to real specimen No ethical issues - not real human body parts Reasonably priced Available within a short lead time Reproducible, several identical prints can be used as a classroom set Can be produced in different sizes to cater for the needs of the teacher e.g. a larger teacher version can be created2

Current educational tools have a number of shortcomingsHuman Cadavers Plastinates Access to cadavers can be problematic. Many countries cannot access Costs –VERY HIGH cadavers for cultural and religious reasons Ethical issues Cadavers cost a lot of money Timeframe for plastination process High cost of establishing your own plastination suite (OHS issues) Many countries do not allow their importation Wet specimens cannot be used in uncertified labs –special labs are needed Dissection of cadavers is a lot of staff time and that is a cost Storage of cadaver material needs special refrigeration etc. which has a cost If you want another specimen you have to start all over again 3

MP1250 Head Neck Shoulder with angiosomes This large, multipart 3D printed specimen muscles they emerge from the interscalene plane. displays a great deal of anatomy spanning the While the subclavian vein has been removed, the head, neck, thorax, axillae and upper limbs. subclavian artery is also seen passing behind the scalenus anterior. The transition of the subclavian Head and neck: artery to the axillary artery is exposed, as is its position relative to the cords of the brachial The head and neck of the specimen provides plexus (medial, lateral and posterior)...* views of both superficial and deep structures in the region. The calotte has been removed ~2cm Thorax: superior to the orbits to expose the brain in relation to the endocranial cavity. The transverse The thorax has been opened via a ‘window’ on section through the cerebrum demonstrates the the left to display the internal thoracic wall and relation of the grey matter cortex to the white mediastinum. The left lung has been removed matter medulla, as well as the lateral ventricles and the intercostal spaces are discernable deep with a small amount of choroid plexus visible in to the parietal pleura although intercostal the base of both spaces. The skin and superficial neurovascular bundles are only discernable fascia on the right side has been retained and posteriorly. The pericardium has been removed false-coloured to display the angiosomes of to expose the heart with its apex pointing the face and posterior neck. On the left side, inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left. The left side the superficial tissues have been dissected to of the heart is exposed as are the left pulmonary expose the muscles of facial expression, muscles veins and arteries (above left main bronchus), of mastication, and deeper structures of the ascending aorta, aortic arch and commencement infratemporal fossa including the lingual nerve, of the descending thoracic aorta. The left vagus terminal branches of the external carotid artery nerve and left recurrent laryngeal nerve are easily into the superficial temporal and maxillary identified. The right half of the anterior and arteries...* lateral thoracic wall are intact and display the muscles of the intercostal spaces and inserting The root of the neck – axillary junction: hypaxial muscles from the right upper limb. If the specimen is viewed from below, the right lung The clavicle has been partially removed on the and pleural spaces along with the diaphragmatic left side of the specimen (medial to the surface of the heart are all evident. While the origin of the deltoid) to expose the first skin and superficial fascia posterior thorax has rib and the insertion of anterior scalene been left intact, the distribution of cutaneous muscle. The roots of the brachial plexus branches of dorsal rami have been illustrated (C5-T1) can be seen forming the trunks along the left side of the specimen. posterior to this muscle but anterior to middle and posterior scalene * Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com4

This large, multipart 3D printed specimen and the genitofemoral nerve lying superficially MP1300 Posterior Abdominal walldisplays the entire male posterior abdominal upon psoas. The sympathetic trunks can bewall from the diaphragm to the pelvic brim, seen descending lateral to the lumbar vertebral 5as well as pelvic anatomy and to the proximal bodies.thigh. This same individual specimen isalso available as a pelvic and proximal thigh The aorta and inferior cava arespecimen (MP1770). transected around the level of L3 vertebral body. The aorticThe parietal peritoneum has been removed from bifurcation into the right andthe posterior abdominal wall to expose the left common iliac arteries ismuscular wall including the psoas, the quadratus slightly higher than normal.lumborum, transversus abdominus, and theiliacus below the iliac crest. The muscular portions Finally, the kidneys haveof the dome shaped diaphragm are clearly distinct dissected from the peri- andfrom the central tendon. The fibres originate pararenal fat of the posteriorfrom the circumference of the internal walls of abdominal wall. The renalthe bony thorax at its margin (sternal fibres, vessels (arteries anteriorly, veinscostal portion, lumbar portion). The origins of posteriorly) have been preserved butthe diaphragm and the left and right crura are as the aorta and inferior cava have beenclearly identifiable originating from the vertebral removed this does display the origin andbodies (L1-L3 on the right and L1-L2 on the left. arrangements of these vessels fully.The crura are connected by a tendinous band, the The more inferior position of themedian arcuate ligament, which arches in front of right kidney is clearly visible and thethe aorta; however in this specimen the aorta has ureters can be seen emerging frombeen removed. The fibres of the diaphragm arising the hilum and descending initiallyfrom the tendinous arches over psoas and the lateral to psoas, then anterior tolateral arcuate ligaments are partly hidden by the this muscle before crossing pelvickidneys. The oesophageal opening through the brim anterior to the bifurcation ofarching fibres of the right crus is present above the common iliac arteries to reach the(level of T10) and to the left of the aortic opening true pelvis.(level of T12). The opening in the central tendonthat transmits the inferior vena cava (level ofT8/9 intervertebral disc).The somatic nerves of the posterior abdominalwall are clearly identifiable and consist offrom above downwards – the subcostal, theiliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves lie onthe quadratus lumborum (in this individual theyarise together and– this can often occur andthey split later in abdominal muscle layers), thelateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, the femorallying in the groove between psoas and iliacus),

MP1400 Nervous System Dissection (posterior view)This 3D printed specimen presents a unique this level of dissection, the vertebral arteries more full removal of the scapula affords a viewview of axial anatomy, presenting a dorsal deep can be observed ascending through the vertebral of the brachial plexus structures and the passagedissection of the head, neck, axillae, thorax, foramina and curving anteriorly on the superior of the axillary nerve and posterior circumflexabdomen, and gluteal regions. The removal surface of the atlas towards the foramen magnum. humeral artery laterally towards the surgicalof the posterior portions of the cranium and The roots of the cervical and brachial plexus are neck of the humerus.laminectomy from the cervical region to the exposed, resting on the scalene musculature,opening of the sacral canal affords a continuous cervical vasculature (common carotid artery on In the midline of the thorax the spinal cordview of the central nervous system structures the right, internal jugular and common carotid is exposed through both laminectomy andand origin of the segmental nerves relative to on the left) and sternocleidomastoid muscles dissection of the dura mater. The dorsal rootsother axillary and appendicular structures. and can be traced anteriorly towards the margins and rootlets of the mixed spinal nerves are of the dissection. Removal of the scapulae (fully exposed and pass laterally to the dorsal rootIn the cranium the two cerebral hemispheres on the right, partially on the left) the more distal ganglia (enclosed within dura). On the rightare exposed in coronal section, separated by a portions of the brachial plexus can be followed side the thoracic mixed spinal nerves and thefalx cerebri that preserves the superior sagittal passing superior to the first ribs and into the posterior thoracic musculoskeletal wall hassinus, and supported by a partial tentorium axilla, with the cords, divisions and terminal been removed (from the 2nd rib to the level ofcerebelli. The cerebellum has been removed and branches surrounding the axillary arteries. On the 11th and 12th ribs ) to expose the posterioralong the lateral margins, the sigmoid sinus has the left side, the musculature is largely removed surface of the lung and the posterior diaphragm.been opened. This exposes the fourth ventricle, (with parts of the deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres On the left side, most of the posterior thoracicpons and medulla oblongata, posterior inferior minor muscles preserved) and the long thoracic wall has been removed, but the 3rd-5th ribs arecerebellar arteries, and cranial nerves (CN VII – nerve and lateral thoracic artery descend near retained to demonstrate the external intercostalXII) arising from these brainstem structures. the serratus anterior. The subscapular artery is musculature and the position of the 5th shown dividing into the circumflex scapular artery intercostal nerve within the space. In addition,Inferior to the cranium, the posterior cervical (passing to the triangular space) and the root of the full sequence of intercostal nerves has beenportion of the spinal cord is exposed through the thoracodorsal artery. On the right side, the retained...*deep dissection and laminectomies (with theexception of the posterior arch of the atlas). At * Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com6

MP1500 Upper Limb This 3D print demonstrates the superficial proximal to distal, as well as the muscles of the anatomy of a left upper limb from the blade of anterior and posterior compartments. In the the scapula to the hand. The skin and superficial cubital region, part of the bicipital aponeurosis and deep fascia has been removed from most of is preserved. The superficial layer of anterior the limb except over the dorsum of the scapula, and posterior forearm muscles are exposed from proximal arm, and over the hand. The superficial their origin to their tendons distally, with a veins, including the median cubital vein, have small portion of deep forearm fascia over been maintained; with the cephalic and basilic the extensor compartment maintained preserved from the wrist to the deltopectoral for reference. At the most distal extent groove and termination in the brachial vein, of the dissected forearm, the ulnar and respectively. radial arteries and median nerve are visible. In the axilla, cross-sections of the deltoid,Ms. Michelle Quayle supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis muscles are visible relative to the bony blade and spine of the scapula. The coracobrachialis and tendon of the latissimus dorsi are also preserved, as well as the tendon of the pectoralis major. The lateral portions of the axillary artery and vein are preserved, as well as the most lateral extend of the cords of the brachial plexus (medial, lateral, posterior). Terminal nerves of the brachial plexus visible in the axilla include: the upper subscapular, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous, axillary and radial. The course of the deep vessels and nerves of the upper limb is exposed through the arm from 7

MP1510 Upper Limb elbow, forearm and hand This is a large print which displays a great deal On the posterior aspect of the forearm the In the hand, the superficial dissection reveals of upper limb anatomy. extensor muscles arising from the common muscles of the thenar and hypothenar eminences, extensor origin are clearly identifiable. These the flexor retinaculum (roof of the carpal tunnel), In the distal arm and elbow/cubital fossa region include from medial to lateral the extensor the long tendons of the hand, the lumbricals, and we can see the arrangement of the biceps tendon, carpi ulnaris (ECU), extensor digiti minimi, the superficial palmar arch arising from the ulnar brachial artery and median nerve arranged from extensor digitorum and extensor carpi radialis artery, which passes into the hand lateral to the lateral to medial. The bicipital aponeurosis has brevis (ECRB). The extensor carpi radialis pisiform bone above the retinaculum, along with been divided to reveal the structures deep to it. longus (ECRL) can be seen arising from the the superfical branch of the ulnar nerve. The large The ulnar nerve can be seen passing behind the inferior aspect of the lateral supracondylar median nerve can be seen passing beneath the medial epicondyle with an ulnar collateral artery ridge. Further distally the abductor pollicis carpal ligament or flexor retinaculum between close by. The superficial branch of the radial longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) the FCR and the FDS tendons. Digital arteries nerve can just be seen in the space between can be seen emerging from deep to superficial and nerves can be clearly seen further distally in brachioradialis and brachialis muscles since the and ‘wrapping’ around the radius. They along the palm entering the digits. Note in particular belly of the latter muscle has been displaced with extensor pollicis longus (EPL) (partly the small recurrent branch of the median nerve slightly laterally. hidden) travel distally to insert into the crossing over the flexor pollicis brevis close to extensor or dorsal surface of the base of the its origin from the retinaculum. The extensor In the forearm, the superficial flexor muscles 1st metacarpal, proximal phalynx and distal expansion is dissected on the middle finger. arising from the common flexor origin can be phalynx of the the thumb respectively. The clearly seen (from lateral to medial– pronator anatomical snuffbox is clearly evident with the teres, flexor carpi radialis (FCR), flexor digitorum radial artery in its floor (suurrounded by fat) superficialis (FDS) and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). and the cutaneous branch of the radial nerve There is not a palmaris longus muscle in this in its roof. The extensor retinaculum is clearly cadaver. The radial artery and superficial branch visible on the dorsum of the wrist and distal to of the radial nerve (emerging half way down the it the tendons of extensor indicis and ECRB and forearm from behind the brachioradialis muscle ECRL can be seen inserting into the 2nd and 3rd and tendon) are clearly identifiable. The ulnar metacarpals. artery can be seen in the distal forearm emerging from beneath FCU muscle.8

This 3D print shows the origin and insertion MP1515 Upper Limbof biceps (most other arm and shoulder biceps, bones and ligamentsmuscle bellies have been removed). The long 9head of biceps arises from the supraglenoidtubercle (hidden from view) and travelsinferiorly in the bicipital groove, whereas theshort head of biceps arises from the coracoidprocess. The bifid insertion of the muscle asthe bicipital aponeurosis and the roundedtendon which can be seen winding around theradius to insert into the radial tuberosity areclearly discernable.At the shoulder region short stumps of somemuscles (subclavius, subscapularis, pectoralismajor, teres minor, infraspinatus, long headof triceps) and the tendinous insertion oflatissimus dorsi can be identified close tothe ‘floor’ of the medial lip of the bicipitalgroove. The tendon of teres major lies on themedial lip of the groove and the pectoralismajor tendon inserts into the lateral lip of thegroove. The tendon of pectoralis minor arisesfrom the coracoid process medial to the originof the short head of biceps. Ligaments of theshoulder region such as the coracoclavicular,coracoacromial, coracohumeral can be seen ascan the capsule of the shoulder joint and that ofthe acromioclavicular joint. The supraspinatusmuscle is the only rotator cuff muscle that hasbeen completely preserved. The suprascapularligament which bridges across the suprascapularnotch is also evident on the superior border ofthe scapula.At the elbow the capsule of the joint can beseen as can the annular ligament of the radius.The radial collateral ligaments are also justdiscernable. The ulnar collateral ligamentis not visible as the two heads of flexor carpiulnaris have been retained.

MP1520 Upper Limb Ligaments This is a large print which displays a great deal to lateral the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), extensor the superfical branch of the ulnar nerve. The large of upper limb anatomy. digiti minimi, extensor digitorum and extensor carpi median nerve can be seen passing beneath the radialis brevis (ECRB). The extensor carpi radialis carpal ligament or flexor retinaculum between In the distal arm and elbow/cubital fossa region longus (ECRL) can be seen arising from the inferior the FCR and the FDS tendons. Digital arteries and we can see the arrangement of the biceps tendon, aspect of the lateral supracondylar ridge. Further nerves can be clearly seen further distally in the brachial artery and median nerve arranged from distally the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and palm entering the digits. Note in particular the lateral to medial. The bicipital aponeurosis has extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) can be seen emerging small recurrent branch of the median nerve crossing been divided to reveal the structures deep to it. The from deep to superficial and ‘wrapping’ around the over the flexor pollicis brevis close to its origin ulnar nerve can be seen passing behind the medial radius. They along with extensor pollicis longus from the retinaculum. The extensor expansion is epicondyle with an ulnar collateral artery close (EPL) (partly hidden) travel distally to insert into dissected on the middle finger. by. The superficial branch of the radial nerve can the extensor or dorsal surface of the base of the 1st just be seen in the space between brachioradialis metacarpal, proximal phalynx and distal phalynx Ms. Michelle Quayle and brachialis muscles since the belly of the latter of the the thumb respectively. The anatomical muscle has been displaced slightly laterally. snuffbox is clearly evident with the radial artery in its floor (suurrounded by fat) and the cutaneous In the forearm, the superficial flexor muscles branch of the radial nerve in its roof. The extensor arising from the common flexor origin can be clearly retinaculum is clearly visible on the dorsum of the seen (from lateral to medial– pronator teres, flexor wrist and distal to it the tendons of extensor indicis carpi radialis (FCR), flexor digitorum superficialis and ECRB and ECRL can be seen inserting into the (FDS) and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). There is not 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. a palmaris longus muscle in this cadaver. The radial artery and superficial branch of the radial nerve In the hand, the superficial dissection reveals (emerging half way down the forearm from behind muscles of the thenar and hypothenar eminences, the brachioradialis muscle and tendon) are clearly the flexor retinaculum (roof of the carpal tunnel), identifiable. The ulnar artery can be seen in the the long tendons of the hand, the lumbricals, and distal forearm emerging from beneath FCU muscle. the superficial palmar arch arising from the ulnar artery, which passes into the hand lateral to the On the posterior aspect of the forearm the extensor pisiform bone above the retinaculum, along with muscles arising from the common extensor origin are clearly identifiable. These include from medial10

MP1521 Right thoracic wall axilla, and the root of the neckThis 3D printed specimen preserves a dissection to its medial border and a thin accessory phrenicof the right thoracic wall, axilla, and the root of nerve is identifiable.the neck. The specimen is cut just parasagittallyand the visceral contents of the chest have been Vessels: Some of the branches of the subclavianremoved. Structures within the right chest wall artery (e.g., the transverse cervical andare visible deep to the parietal pleura, including suprascapular arteries passing transversely acrossthe ribs, muscles of the intercostal spaces and the root of the neck) can be clearly seen, howeverthe origins of the neurovascular bundle in each the subclavian artery itself is partly hidden fromintercostal space. The pectoralis major has been view as it crosses the first rib behind the insertion ofreflected medially towards the sectioned edge of scalenus anterior muscle. Most of the deep veins havethe specimen to expose pectoralis minor which been removed to expose branches of the three partsacts as a useful landmark as it divides the axillary of the axillary artery, including the thoracoacromialartery into its three parts. The clavicle has had its artery and its branches, the lateral thoracic artery,middle 1/3 removed, but the subclavius muscle thoracodorsal artery and the anterior and posteriorhas been retained. The brachial plexus and many circumflex humeral arteries. While the deep veinsof its branches are seen almost in its entirety have been removed the cephalic vein can be seenfrom the roots of C5-T1 to its termination as ascending superficially in the deltopectoral grooveit exits the axilla to enter the arm. Of the into the dectopectoral triangle where it passesstructures preserved on the specimen: through the clavipectoral fascia.Nerves: The medial pectoral nerves can be seen Muscles: The digitations of the serratus anteriorpenetrating pectoralis minor, while the lateral muscle are clearly visible on the lateral chestpectoral nerve can be identified on the medial wall. As mentioned above, the pectoralis majorupper border of the pectoralis minor (one branch muscle is reflected to reveal the pectoralis minorof which is reflected with the transected humeral which together form the anterior wall of the axilla.portion of the pectoralis major). The cords of the Posteriorly the large fan shaped latissimus dorsibrachial plexus can be identified around the 2nd is the most obvious muscle along with the terespart of the axillary artery. The major terminal major. When viewed posteriorly a few vertical fibersnerves of the plexus (musculocutaneous, of trapezius can be seen, as can some descendingmedian, ulnar, radial and axillary nerves ) are fibers of the lower part of rhomboid majorall identifiable. The long thoracic nerve is visible attaching to the medial border of the scapula.lying on the surface of serratus anterior, as is the Below this the triangle of auscultation is clearlythoracodorsal nerve alongside the thoracodorsal visible. The infraspinatus and teres minor musclesartery as they descend to enter the latissimus are also visible arising from the infraspinous fossadorsi muscle. The dorsal scapular nerve and and lateral border of the scapula respectively. Theartery are visible above and below omohyoid. triceps brachii muscle can be seen in the extensorThe axillary nerve accompanied by the posterior compartment of the arm.circumflex humeral artery can be seen passingposteriorly just below the neck of the humerus. In the root of the neck the insertion of sternocleidomastoid is visible medially and theIn the root of the neck the phrenic nerve is just trapezius is visible posteriorly. In the floor ofvisible as it passes on the anterior surface of the posterior triangle the scalene muscles arescalenus anterior muscle from its lateral border visible as is the omohyoid as it lies obliquely in the triangle. 11

MP1523 Shoulder (left) This printed 3D model of the left shoulder The muscles of the proximal upper limb have all displays the superficial muscles around the been preserved, and those of the superficial layer, Superficial muscles and axillary/brachial artery shoulder joint, the rotator cuff muscles and i.e. long head of biceps brachii, and long and the axillary artery as it progresses distally to lateral heads of triceps brachii, can be observed12 become the brachial artery. to form a complete layer of musculature around the humerus. The specimen consists of the scapula, humerus and and the clavicle which has been sectioned The axillary artery below the inferior border of the approximately at midpoint. Inferiorly the humerus clavicle can be seen to give off the thoracoacromial has been cut transversely at approximately at the branch anteriorly and just slightly more distally level of the mid shaft. the suprascapular artery can be seen passing posteriorly. Coursing distally, it gives off The muscles attached to the clavicle have posterior branches of the circumflex scapular and been preserved; with the subclavius muscle subscapular arteries. The anterior and posterior attachment to the inferior border of the circumflex humeral arteries are hidden from clavicle, and the deltoid covering the lateral view when viewed from in front, however the aspect of the proximal upper limb, concealing latter artery can just be made out deep to the the origins of the long head of biceps brachii posteior fibres of deltoid as it emerges though and the lateral head of triceps brachii. The quadrangular space. Below the inferior border clavicular head of the pectoralis major has been of teres major the axillary artery becomes the preserved. On the posterior aspect the superior brachial artery. A radial collateral artery is visible fibers of trapezius can also be observed where arising from the brachial artery. The axillary they attach attached to the posterior border artery becomes the brachial artery beyond the of the lateral third of the clavicle, and to the lower margin of the teres major muscle. acromion process and the spine of the scapula. Other muscles attached to the scapula which A small remnant of the suprascapular nerve have been preserved include the subscapularis passing under the suprascapular ligament is and serratus anterior on the anterior or costal visible. aspect. Inspection of the anterior aspect reveals that the pectoralis minor insertion The cross section of the mid shaft of the humerus onto the coracoid process of the scapula has nicely displays the relations of the major been preserved. Posteriorly the teres major neurovascular bundles and the muscles in the and teres minor muscles are clearly visible anterior and posterior compartments. arising from the lateral border of the scapula. Supraspinatus is preserved but infraspinatus has partly been removed to show branches of the suprascapular artery passing from the supraspinous fossa around the base of the spine to enter the infraspinous fossa housing the infraspinatus muscle. A small stump of the attachment of omohyoid is also visible above the suprascapular ligament.

MP1525 Shoulderdeep dissection of the left shoulder joint, musculature, and associated nerves and vesselsThis 3D printed specimen displays a deep the brachial plexus (radial, ulnar, median,dissection of the left shoulder joint, musculature, and the medial antebrachial cutaneous). Theand associated nerves and vessels of the scapula tendon of the latissimus dorsi, teres major,and proximal humerus (to near midshaft). teres major and long head of the tricepsAnteriorly, the deltoid muscle has been detached brachii muscles have been cut enhance thefrom its origin to expose the underlying deeper visibility of the medial aspect of the humerus,structures of the shoulder joint and rotator cuff including the passage of the axillary nervemusculature. The suprascapular nerve and artery into the quadrangular space, the origin ofare visible passing deep to, and superficial the profunda brachii artery accompanyingto, the superior transverse scapular ligament the radial nerve, and the insertion of therespectively. The multipennate subscapularis short head of the triceps brachii muscle. Onmuscle is fully exposed with its tendinous the posterior aspect, the infraspinatus andinsertion visible deep to the short head of the supraspinatus muscles are fully exposed frombiceps brachii muscle. The insertion of the their origins to insertions on the proximaldeltoid is preserved just overlying the long head humerus. The glenohumeral joint capsuleof the biceps brachii, which can ascends through is intact, with the extracapsular ligamentsthe bicipital groove towards the glenohumeral (e.g., acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, andjoint capsule. coracoclavicular [both conoid and trapezoid portions]) preserved.Adjacent to the short head of the biceps brachiiis the neurovascular bundle of the brachialartery, brachial vein, and terminal nerves of 13

MP1527 Shoulder deep dissection of a right shoulder girdle, preserving a complete scapula, lateral clavicle, and proximal humerus This 3D printed specimen preserves a with the infraspinatus and teres muscle removed deep dissection of a right shoulder girdle, to expose the posterior glenohumeral joint preserving a complete scapula, lateral clavicle, capsule. The insertions of the long head of the and proximal humerus. In the anterior view, triceps brachii, infraspinatus, and teres minor the subscapularis muscle is preserved but are all preserved. sectioned to highlight the cross-sectional thickness of the belly within the subscapular fossa. The coracoclavicular ligament and coracoacromial ligaments are preserved just medial to the insertions of the coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor muscles on the coracoid process of the scapula. The insertion of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi is covered by the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle passing in the bicipital groove towards the glenohumeral joint capsule. The capsule has been opened anteriorly to expose the passage of this tendon, as well as the suprapinatus muscle (covered by the collapsed subdeltoid bursa). In the posterior view the supraspinatus muscle is preserved,14

MP1530 Hand AnatomyThis 3D print demonstrates a superficial The superficial fascia and extensor retinaculumdissection of the hand and wrist region. has been removed to display the course andAnteriorly, the transverse carpal and palmar insertions of the extensor muscle tendons, as wellcarpal ligaments have been removed to expose as the tendons of the extensor pollicis longus,the tendons and nerves traversing the carpal brevis, and abductor pollicis longus muscles. Bothtunnel and Canal of Guyon. intertendinous connections and the extensor expansions (with insertions from the first dorsalThe palmar aponeurosis has been removed to interosseous and lumbrical) visible.demonstrate the course of the tendons throughthe palm, the superficial muscles of the thenarand hypothenar eminences (abductors andflexors), and the lumbrical muscles arising fromthe flexor digitorum tendon. In the digits, thefibrous sheaths have been removed to exposethe flexor pollicis longus tendon and the spatialrelationships between the flexor digitorumsuperficialis and profundus tendons as they insertinto the intermediate and terminal phalanges.Also visible in the midpalm is the superficial palmararch with contributions from superficial branchesof the ulnar and radial arteries. The superficialpalmar arch branches (common palmar) andterminal arteries (proper palmar digital) arevisible to the terminal phalanges. Accompanyingthese vessels are the corresponding common andproper palmar digital nerves from the medianand ulnar nerves. Also visible in the wrist are thetendons of the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpiulnaris tendons, and the radial and ulnar arteries.Posteriorly, the radial artery can be seen traversingthe floor of the anatomical snuffbox and giving riseto both the deep branch (piercing the first dorsalinterosseous muscle) and the dorsal carpal branch. 15

MP1600 Circle of Willis This model demonstrates the intracranial the petrous part of the temporal bone to emerge arteries that supply the brain. The model through the upper opening of the foramen was created by careful segmentation of lacerum. It is here that each ICA lies within the angiographic data. There would be no physical cavernous sinus (not shown). The S-shaped manner in which to dissect these arteries in carotid siphon on both left and right sides are situ as displayed. The model shows the paired most beautifully demonstrated lateral to the sella vertebral arteries entering the cranial cavity turcica . They then pass medial to the anterior through the foramen magnum and uniting to clinoid processes. They then divide into anterior form the basilar artery. The basilar can be seen and middle cerebral arteries. The paired posterior dividing into their terminal posterior cerebral communicating arteries are clearly visible arteries. The superior cerebellar arteries arise connecting the posterior cerebral and middle just proximal to this termination. cerebral arteries. The completion of the circle of Willis, made by the single anterior communicating The internal carotid arteries (ICAs) can be traced artery between the anterior cerebrals arteries from the point where they enter the skull base is difficult to discern as the anterior cerebral at the carotid canal on the temporal bone and arteries lie so close together. travel medially and anteriorly within the canal in16

MP1610 Dural SkullIn this 3D print of the skull and cranial cavity through the roof of the cavernous sinuses ispart and dural folds have been preserved. A thin coloured red. The main purpose of this modelstrip of the calvaria have been retained in the mid is to show the disposition of the dural folds andsagittal plane in order to preserve the attachment the position of the dural venous sinuses (inof the falx cerebri. The tentorium cerebelli is also pale blue). The following sinuses are indicated:preserved and demonstrates the tentorial notch superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus,which normally houses the mid-brain. straight sinus, transverse sinuses, superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, sphenoparietalIn the region of the sella turcica the point where sinuses and the cavernous sinuses.internal carotid arteries enter the cranial cavity 17

MP1620 Temporal Bone Model, Set of 3This 3 part 3D printed model derived from The passage of the facial nerve (CN VII) through cavity, and the bony prominence of the lateralCT data highlights the complex anatomy of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and its semicircular canal of the vestibular apparatusthe temporal bone including bone ossicles, intimate spatial relationship with the auditory and can be seen protuting into the the middle ear.canals, chambers, foramina and air spaces. In vestibular apparatus is shown in yellow. Proximad, The connection from the tympanum or middle earaddition, the inter-relations between temporal the nerve courses in an anterolateral direction to the mastoid aid cells (Blue) via the aditus andbone and other structures of otological before descending distally to emerge from the antrum is visible...*importance, i.e. carotid artery, dural venoussinuses, related nerves and the dura mater are bone via the stylomastoid foramen located Part 3 The auditory and vestibular apparatus.indicated. Internal casts (endocasts) of the between the mastoid and styloid processes...*bony chambers and canals have been created to This model has been enlarged (x3) to highlightaid visualisation of the internal anatomy of the The model also shows the foramen magnum and first the detailed internal architecture of the auditorytemporal bone three cervical vertebrae cut in parasagittal section. and vestibular apparatus and its relationship toPart 1 Skull Preparation Note the sphenoid sinus located axially within the anatomical features of otological importance. base of the sphenoid bone (coloured blue) The petrous part of the temporal bone and tegmen tympani have been removed to expose Part 2 The petrous part of the temporal bone Specimen has been trimmed to reveal the posterior This model has been enlarged (x3) to further the tympanum, aditus and antrum of the tympanic quadrant of the left side of the skull including illustrate the detailed internal architecture of the cavity of the middle ear, The model shows the direct the posterior (cerebellar part only) and middle petrous part of the temporal bone, and structure connection between nasopharanx and mastoid air cranial fossa. The model shows the location of the associated with the auditory and vestibular cells, via the bony canal of the pharangotympanic temporal bone and its inter-relationship with the apparatus. As in Part 1 internal casts of the bony tube. The ossicles of the middle ear are seen1 adjoining sphenoid, parietal and occipital bones. labyrinth of the inner ear, mastoid air cells, and within the tympanum or middle ear.The superior aspect of the petrous part of the the bony canal of the internal carotid artery are The model also shows the bone labyrinth of thetemporal bone including the tegmen tympani used to aid comprehension of this complex and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and thehas been removed to reveal its detailed internal important bone. tympanic prominence of the lateral semicirculararchitecture, and structure associated with the The bony ossicles of the middle ear (incus, malleus canal can be seen within the tympanum of theauditory and vestibular apparatus. and stapes) are shown within the middle ear middle ear...*The middle ear (coloured orange) is revealedto show the tympanum, along with the aditus,antrum (laterally), and the ‘bone’ part of thepharangotympanic tube and the bony canal of thetensor tympani muscle (medially). Collectively,these form a direct anterior-posterior passagebetween the nasopharynx and the mastoid aircells (coloured blue). The anatomical position ofthe incus relative to the tympanic membrane canbe seen via the external auditory meatus. The bony labyrinth of the vestibular apparatus 3 of the inner ear (green) is seen juxtapositioned against the middle ear. The orthogonal arrangement of the anterior, lateral, and posterior2 semicircular canals and the spiral organisation of the cochlea can be clearly identified. * Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com18

MP1630 Paranasal Sinus modelThis unique model has been created from data or air cells, coloured purple, are only shown onin the dural skull (MP1610). The data has been the left. The medial wall of the orbit composed ofobtained by CT imaging and segmentation of the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone is retained.the internal spaces. Part of the skull has been The maxillary sinus (green) on the left has beenretained but sections or windows have been partly exposed and partly left within the maxilla.removed to expose the paranasal sinuses. It is clear to see why this sinus is an important inferior relation of the orbit. The opening of theThe paired frontal sinuses, with the right being maxillary sinus into the lateral wall of the nose ispartially subdivided, are coloured blue. The left barely discernable as a small patch green in theone has been partly left surrounded by frontal middle meatus. The left sphenoid sinus (pink) liesbone. The right is completely exposed and shows within the sphenoid bone which has been partlythe frontonasal ostium which drain as a funnel digitally removed. However the impression forshaped tube into the infundibuklum of the middle the carorotid is identifiable.meatus of the nasal cavity. The ethmoid sinuses 19

MP1640 Arterial and Venous Circulation This 3D print integrates segmented angiographic data of both the cranial arterial and venous circulation into a single model. Further description of the visible structures can be found under the ‘Circle of Willis’, ‘Cranial Arterial Circulation’ and ‘Cranial Venous Circulation’ prints. Article will be fixed in a transparent cube20

MP1645 Venous CirculationThis 3D print presents the same dataset The extensive network of dural veins and venousthat underlies our circle of Willis and cranial lacunae are visible, joined in the midline to thearterial circulation 3D prints and is derived superior sagittal sinus. Deep to this network of sinusfrom careful segmentation of angiographic veins are the great cerebral vein, the inferior sagittaldata. sinus and the straight sinus to its convergence with the superior sagittal at the confluence of sinuses.Here, the dural venous sinus network has been Several dural veins drain into the left and rightsegmented based on structures visible from transverse sinuses as they pass anterior towards thethe circulation of contrast medium. As a result, petrous portion of the temporal bone. The sigmoidwhile most of the sinuses are present, the lack of sinuses can be seen in the posterior cranial fossacontrast in the anterior portions of the venous prior to exiting the skull at the jugular foramen andsystem means that some structures (cavernous forming the internal jugular vein (visible on thesinus, petrosal sinuses) are not included in the inferior surface of the skull).model. 21

MP1650 Arterial Circulation Article will be fixed in a transparent cube This 3D print presents an expanded version of the same dataset that underlies our circle of Willis 3D print derived from careful segmentation of angiographic data. Like our circle of Willis print, this model demonstrates the internal carotid and vertebral arteries entering the skull, branching into the intracranial arteries that supply the brain. This more expanded 3D print of the internal carotid and vertebral artery anastomoses and branches, inclusive of the circle of Willis, displays the full branching pattern of the cerebral and cerebellar arteries. This includes the pericallosal arteries (from the anterior cerebrals) with its named branches, the superior and inferior divisions of the middle cerebral (including sulcal, temporal, and parietal arteries), and the posterior cerebral artery branches.22

MP1660 Head and NeckThis 3D print demonstrates a number of The branches of the trigeminal that supplyaspects of head and neck anatomy depending the dermatomes of the face are illustratedon how it is viewed. diagramatically by painted nerves on the skin of the face.Lateral aspect of the face. A window has beencreated to expose the parotid region. The pinna Brain and Cranial Cavity: The medial surface ofof the ear has been left intact, however the the cerebrum with the corpus collosum, thalamusmastoid process has been exposed by reflection and sulci and gyri are demonstrated. The septumof the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. The pelucidum has been removed. The left hemisphereparotid gland has been carefully removed to of the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheresdisplay structures which are normally embedded have been removed to expose the floor of theor hidden by the gland. The attachment of the left anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossaposterior belly of digastric arising from the and the 4th ventricle. The anatomy around thedigastric groove medial to the mastoid process cavernous sinus and sella turcica is well displayed.can be clearly seen. The masseter muscle is The intracranial course of cranial nerves II, III, V,identifiable as it inserts into the lateral surface VII, VIII, IX, X and spinal part of XI are displayed.of the ramus and angle of the mandible. The The facial canal has been opened by removal ofcondylar of the mandible can be seen in the part of the temporal bone to expose the facialtemporamandibular joint (TMJ) which has had nerve, the geniculate ganglion and its course inthe capsule removed. The articular disc of the the middle ear (due to removal of the tegmenTMJ is indicated by a blue/grey colouration. The tympani). In addition the origins of these nervesexternal carotid artery (ECA) can be seen passing from the brain stem is shown.deep to the digastic muscle and tendon. Thebranches of the ECA including facial artery, the Medial surface: The parasagittal cut surfacemaxillary artery, occipital artery and posterior shows the lateral ventricle, the right cerebralauricular artery are preserved. At the inferior peduncle, posterior cerebral artery, and the cutaspect of the dissected window one can see the edge of the tentorium cerebelli. In the regioncut remains of the internal jugular vein (IJV) of the sphenoid the internal carotid artery andand the cut upper surface of the submandibular the carotid siphon are visible in the cavernousgland and the hypoglossal nerve winding around sinus and as it pierces the dural roof (pale green)the ECA on its lateral surface. The vagus nerve to commence its intracranial course. Here it liesis just visible between the ECA/common carotid lateral to the right optic chiasm. The mouth,and the IJV. Emerging posterior to digastric one tongue, associated muscles, lateral aspect of thecan see the spinal part of the accessory nerve nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and cut muscles andbeing stretched due to the manner in which the vertebrae are also visible on the medial surface ofSCM has been reflected. It lies superficial to the this parasagittal section.levator scapulae muscle.The facial nerve can be seen emerging from thestylomastoid foramen immediately posterior tothe styloid process and ramifying into temporal,zygomatic, buccal and marginal mandibularbranches on the face. 23

MP1665 Deep Face In this specimen the ramus, coronoid process and head of the mandible have been removed to expose the deep part of the infratemporal fossa. The pterygoid muscles have been removed to expose the lateral pteygoid plate and posterior surface of the maxilla. The buccinator has been retianed and can be seen originating from the outer aspect of the maxilla, the pterygomandibular raphe and the outer aspect of the mandible (which edentolous in this specimen).The superior constrictor arises from the posterior aspect of the pterygomandibular raphe. The internal laryngeal nerve has been preserved. Muscles in the neck that are identifiable include mylohyoid, the strap muscles and the inferior constrictor. The styloid muscles can be seen descending from the process to their insertions (not shown). The internal carotid artery can be seen deep to the styloid process which gives origin to stylohyoid, styloglossus and stylopharyngeus. On the medial aspect of the sagittal surface the features of the lateral wal of the nasal cavity (superior, middle and inferior conchae and sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus and inferior meatus), the nasopharynx, the opening of the auditory tube, the hard palate, soft palate, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, hyoid bone (white) and laryngeal carticlages (blue/ grey). The muscles of the tongue are discernible. The parts of the larynx and the pharynx are clerly seen. The verterbral bodies of C2-C5 as well as the arch of C1(atlas) and the dens of C2 or axis are clearly seen in the mid sagittal cut.24

MP1670 Head and visceral column of the neckThis 3D print focuses on the head and visceral Posterior view of the pharynx:The superior,column of the neck. middle and inferior constrictors are indicated on the pharynx wall. The oesophagus can beThe face: On the head the right side is dissected identified emerging from the lower end of theto reveal the facial nerve and all its branches pharynx. The posterior horn of the hyoid bone(temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal acts as a useful landmark. The carotid sheathmandibular and cervical) which have been seen from behind clearly shows the vagus nerveexposed due to removal of the parotid gland. The and ist pharyngeal branches on the left. Therelations of structures embedded in the gland from recurrent laryngeal nerve is briefly visible onsuperficial to deep (facial nerve, retromandibular the left lying medial to the inferior thyroidvein, external carotid artery) are evident. artery. The occipital arteries are visible as theyMuscles of the head shown include temporalis, curve around the mastoid process. The vertebralmasseter and posterior belly of digastric. Arteries arteries are seen either side of the brainstem asinclude facial artery, transverse facial artery and they enter the foramen magnum. The cerebellumsuperficial temporal artery. The facial vein and has been removed to allow the fourth ventricletransverse facial vein are clearly visible uniting to be exposed. The cut surfaces of the cerebellarto form the common facial vein which is joined peduncles are clearly visible. A large portion ofby the retromandibular vein to form the external the posterior inferior cerebellar artery on thejugular vein...* right is still visible as it winds around around the brainstem.The neck: The musculoskeletal portion of theneck have been removed to display the pharynx Cranial Cavity: The left and right orbits havefrom behind, the larynx anteriorly and the been opened to reveal the orbital nerves andneurovascular bundles laterally. The suprahyoid vessels along with the eyes and optic nerves.and infrahyoid muscles can bee seen on the The optic chiasm, optic tracts and the lateralneck. Indeed the vocal folds can be seen by geniculate bodies are retained thus showing alooking up the length of the trachea from below. large part of the visual pathways. The brainstemThe cricothyroid muscle is also visible. The is cut at the level of the superior colliculi on thehypoglossal nerve can be seen winding around the left and slightly lower on the right. The olfactorylateral surface of the ECA and the external branch tracts and bulbs are also demonstrated. Theof superior laryngeal nerve is seen descending in origins of many of the cranial nerves from thethe neck. The internal jugular vein, the common brainstem are clearly visible.carotid artery and its bifurcation into ECA and ICAare clearly seen on both left and right. The vagusnerve in the carotid sheath is also visible. Thesuperior thyroid artery branching from the ECA isseen descending in the anterior neck...** Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com 25

MP1675 Superior Orbit This 3D printed model captures a dissection medial to the anterior clinoid processes and beneath visible entering the superior aspect of the superior in which the calvaria and cerebrum have been and lateral to the optic nerves and chiasm. The oblique muscle belly on the medial aspect of the removed to expose the floors of the anterior oculomotor nerves are clearly visible penetrating orbit. Ethmoidal air cells have been exposed in and middle cranial fossae. The mid brain has the roof of the cavernous sinuses on the left and the medial orbital wall by removal of the part of the been sectioned at the level of the tentorium right posterior to the point where the internal lamina papyracea. On the left the levator palpebrae cerebelli and on the cross sectional surface carotid arteries emerge. and superior rectus muscles have been divided along one can identify the superior colliculi, cerebral with the frontal nerve to expose the optic nerve, peduncles and the substantia nigra. Anteriorly in the midline of the anterior cranial nasociliary nerve, ophthalmic artery and superior fossa lies the crista galli with the olfactory bulbs still ophthalmic vein in the intraconal space. Anterior to the mid-brain the vertebral artery present above the cribriform plates on either side. can be clearly identified rising from the posterior On the right the orbital plate of the frontal bone The face has been dissected to show facial muscles cranial fossa and dividing into the posterior cerebral (the roof of the orbit) has been removed to expose around the orbit on the right and the infraorbital arteries. Anterior to this in the region of the sella the frontal nerve splitting into the supraorbital and nerve on the left. The infratrochlear nerve is also turcica one can identify the internal carotid arteries supratrochlear nerves lying superior to the levator shown on the right and facial veins and arteries are emerging from the roof of the cavernous sinus palpebrae superioris. The trochlear nerve is clearly also visible.26

MP1680 Lateral OrbitThis 3D print shows the orbit from the lateral its origin from the annulus is reflected to revealperspective when the bony lateral wall and part the abducens nerve (VI Nv) entering the bulbarof the calvaria of the skull have been removed. aspect of the muscle belly. Other features shown include the tarsal plate (TP), lacrimal gland (LG),The frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are the lacrimal artery (LA) and lacrimal nerve (LNv)exposed. In the orbit the lateral rectus (LR) and numerous other nerves and vessels aroundhas been divided to demonstrate the intraconal the optic nerve.space. The muscle near its insertion has beenreflected anteriorly to reveal the insertion ofinferior oblique muscle (IO). The portion near 27

MP1685 Medial Orbit This 3D print gives a unique perspective on piece of the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone the orbital contents and its close relations as (EB) has been retained to illustrate its path viewed from the medial perspective when the as it enters the posterior ethmoidal foramen. majority of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity Other structures visible include the frontal nerve and the intervening ethmoidal sinuses are (FN), the sphenoid sinus (SS), the pituitary carefully removed. gland (PG) and the frontal sinus mucosal lining exposed after removal of the orbital plate of the The posterior ethmoidal nerve (PEN) (a branch frontal bone on the anterior roof of the orbit. of the nasociliary nerve, V1) can be seen passing The internal carotid and optic nerve are clearly between the medial rectus (MR) inferiorly and visible also. the superior oblique muscle superiorly. A small28

MP1690 Bronchial TreeThis 3D printed specimen preserves a human From the left primary bronchus, the secondarytrachea, carina, and complete right and left bronchus to the upper lobe gives rise to thebronchial trees to the level of the tertiary tertiary bronchi to the apical-posterior (sienna),lobar bronchi. Each set of lobar bronchi anterior (brown), superior lingual (tan), andhave been colour-coded to demonstrate the inferior lingual (lilac) segments. The lower lobebronchopulmonary segments of the right and bronchus gives rise to the tertiary bronchi toleft lobes. the superior (yellow) and basal (anteromedial [brown], lateral [tan], posterior [sienna])From the right primary bronchus, the secondary segments.bronchus to the upper lobe gives rise to tertiarybronchi to the apical (yellow), anterior (brown)and posterior (sienna) segments. The bronchusintermedius divides to supply the middle lobe(lateral [lilac] and medial [tan]) segments.The lower lobe bronchus then gives rise to thetertiary bronchi of the superior (yellow) and basal(anterior [purple], posterior [sienna], lateral[brown], medial [tan]) segments. 29

MP1700 Heart This 3D print preserves the superficial within its sulcus. The anterior interventricular (left anatomy of an isolated heart and bases of the anterior descending) and diagonal branches from great vessels. All four chambers (atria and the left coronary artery are also visible anteriorly, ventricles) are preserved, with the pericardial as well as the terminal portion of the circumflex reflections on the left atrium demarcating branch deep to the left auricle and great cardiac the position of the transverse and oblique vein. On the posterior aspect, the coronary sinus pericardial sinuses. receives all the cardiac veins (great, middle, small) and a prominent posterior vein of the left The right marginal branch of the right coronary ventricle. The aortic and pulmonary semilunar artery is visible exiting from the fat-filled valves are visible at the bases of the ascending coronary sulcus, as well as the posterior aorta and pulmonary trunk, respectively. interventricular (posterior descending) artery30

MP1710 Heart and the distal trachea carina and primary bronchiThis 3D printed specimen demonstrates the auricle has been sectioned to demonstrate theexternal anatomy of the heart and the distal course of the circumflex artery in the coronarytrachea , carina, and primary bronchi in the groove. The cardiac veins have been removed,posterior mediastinum relative to the great but the coronary sinus has been retainedvessels and left atrium (which demonstrates inferior to the left atrium. The pulmonarythe pericardial reflections of the transverse and trunk has been removed to expose the (open)oblique pericardial sinuses. pulmonary semilunar valves, while the arch of the aorta is intact to display the origins of theAn anterior window has been dissected into the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid,right atrium and base of the auricle, exposing and left subclavian. Adjacent to the aorta, thethe right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve and termination of the left and right brachiocephalicpassage into the right ventricle. Both the right veins and azygos vein into the superior venaand left coronary arteries and named branches cava is preserved.are visible, with the posterior interventricularartery arising from the right coronary. The left 31

MP1715 Heart internal structures This 3D printed heart has been dissected to semilunar valve (left, right, and anterior cusps) in this specimen is very short, giving rise almost display the internal structures of the chambers. at the base of the pulmonary trunk. Preserved and immediately from its origin to the left anterior At the base of the heart the termination of the encircling the right atrioventricular valve is the descending artery, the diagonal artery, the superior vena cava is preserved entering the right coronary artery, ultimately passing to the ramus intermedius, and the circumflex branch. right atrium. Part of the inferior vena cava is posterior aspect and the origin of the posterior The latter branch passes between the left atrium also preserved on the inferior aspect of the right interventricular artery and atrioventricular nodal and ventricle adjacent to the opened coronary atrium; however, most of the vessel lumen and artery. sinus leading to the right atrium. The left anterior much of the anterior wall has been removed to descending branch penetrates the myocardium expose the pectinate muscles of the right auricle On the posterior side of heart the terminations in this individual and travels through the tissue, and the fossa ovalis (which is nearly translucent of the pulmonary veins are visible entering only emerging superficially to become visible in the 3D print). the opened left atrium. Just anterior to the again near the apex. depression of the fossa ovalis in the interatrial The anterior wall of the right ventricle has also septum the left atrioventricular valve with its been removed to exposed the right atrioventricular two cusps (anterior and posterior) is preserved, valve and its three cusps (anterior, posterior, along with the associated chordae tendineae and and septal), including the chordae tendineae papillary muscles in the ventricle. The walls of the connecting them to respective papillary muscles opened left ventricle preserve well-developed projecting from trabeculae carneae (including a trabeculae carneae. At the apex of the ventricle septomarginal trabecula entering the anterior the aortic semilunar valve (with left, right, and papillary muscle from the interventricular posterior cusps preserved) can be seen at the septum). The smooth wall of the conus arteriosus base of the sectioned aorta alongside the origin is also exposed leading to the pulmonary of both coronary arteries. The left coronary artery32

MP1725 Bowel - Portion of IleumThis small loop of ileum illustrates the nature surrounding larger vessels near the root ofof the the arterial arcades in the mesentery the mesentery. The distinct feature of the fat(many short vasa rectae and more numerous in the mesentery extending upto and indeedarcades than in jejenum). beyond the mesenteric border of the bowel is clearly evident. A small segment of ileum hasThis is shown in one small patch of the been opened to reveal the nature of the mucosalmesentery in which the fat and visceral folding (fewer but larger folds than jejenum)peritoneum has been dissected to show the lining the lumen.vessels and one ot two large lymph nodes 33

MP1730 Bowel - Portion of Jejunum This small loop of jejenum illustrates the nature extend to the mesenteric border of the jejenum of the the arterial arcades in the mesentery and would normally allow the observer to view the (many long straight vasa rectae and fewer long straight vessels (vasa recti). However in this vascular arcades than in ileum). example, which is from a patient with a reasonably large amount of abdominal fat, this ‘window’ This is shown in one small patch of the mesentery is not apparent as fat extends further towards in which the fat and visceral peritoneum has been the mesenteric border of the jejenoum A small dissected or removed. Also note the presence segment has been opened to reveal the nature of of lymph nodes (grey-light green) which are a the mucosal folding (more folds and smaller folds prominent feature of the mesentery, especially than the ileum) lining the lumen. near its root close to larger vessels. Classically the fat in the mesentery in the jejenum does not34

MP1750 Cubital FossaThis 3D printed cubital fossa displays a nerve rests on the common origin of the forearmsuperficial dissection of the right distal arm extensor muscles (and just anterior to theand proximal forearm. The skin and superficial exposed origin of the triceps brachii muscle).fascia has been removed anteriorly, mediallyand laterally to expose the superficial veins The proximal cross-section displays the anterior(basilic, cephalic, and median cubital) and and posterior arm compartment muscles (bicepscutaneous (medial, lateral and posterior brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii), neurovascularantebrachial) nerves. The deep fascia underlying bundles (median, ulnar, radial nerves; brachialthese superficial structures has been largely artery and veins) and superficial veins (basilic,removed, although the antebrachial fascia has cephalic) visible at the midshaft of the humerus.been retained medially to demonstrate the The distal cross-section displays the anteriormerging of connective tissue fibers with the and posterior forearm compartment musclestendon of the biceps brachii through the bicipital separated by the interosseous membrane, asaponeurosis. Medially, the ulnar artery is visible well as the superficial and deep neurovascularentering the cubital tunnel proximal to the medial bundles (radial artery, vein and superficialepicondyle of the humerus. Anteriorly, the median branch of the radial nerve; ulnar artery, veinnerve, brachial artery and accompanying veins in and nerve; median nerve; anterior and posteriorparallel to the biceps brachii. On the lateral aspect, interosseous arteries, veins and nerves) and thethe cephalic vein rests on the brachioradialis distal continuations of the superficial veins andmuscle, and the posterior antebrachial cutaneous cutaneous nerves. 35

MP1755 Cubital Fossa muscles, large nerves and the brachial artery This 3D print shows the distal arm, a patially artery and median nerve (TAN) from lateral to as it has the ulnar nerve passing posteriorly before flexed elbow region and the proximal forearm. medial. They are partially covered by the bicipital penetrating the deep fascia covering the gap Its main purpose is to display the arrangement aponeurosis as they course distally. The ulnar between the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. of muscles, large nerves and the brachial artery nerve can be seen changing position from the at the cubital fossa. anterior compartment of the arm to the posterior The cut surface of the arm reveals in transverse compartment (the intermuscular septum has section the biceps muscle lying anteriorly with All fat and superficial cutaneous nerves and veins not been preserved but triceps muscle is clearly the neurovascular bundle on its medial side have been removed. evident) to pass behind the medial epicondyle which contains the brachial artery together and enter the cubital tunnel. It travels distally with median nerve and ulnar nerve (veins Viewed from the the anterior aspect the most between the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. have been removed). The three heads obvious feaure is the biceps muscle with its Close inspection of the groove between brachilais of triceps (lateral, long and the insertion in the form of the flattened bicipital and brachioradialis reveals the radial nerve which deeper placed medial head) are aponeurosis passing medially over the muscles of would not be visible if the brachioradialis muscle clearly visible in the posterior the common flexor origin and the more rounded had not been partly reflected. It lies amongst compartment. tendon passing deep to insert into the radial some fat (yellow) but its superficial branch passes tuberosity. The brachialis muscle lies deep to distally below brachioradialis. On the cut surface of the forearm it is biceps and is particularly obvious when looked at more difficult to discern each muscle from the lateral aspect. In the proximal part of Viewed from behind the most obvious structure is but the cut surfaces of the radius and the forearm the brachioradialis muscle (slightly the triceps tendon inserting into the olecrenon ulna are clearly visible as is the brachial elevated and reflected laterally to reveal deeper process of the ulna. The medial and lateral artery lying medial to pronator teres structures) and extensor carpi radialis longus are epicondyles are also clearly visible (grey/white in muscle and the median nerve lying just deep identifiable. On the medial side one can see the colouration). The medial one is clearly identifiable to this muscle which is the most lateral of the classic arrangement of the biceps tendon, brachial muscles arising from the common flexor origin.36

MP1765 Male left pelvis and proximal thighThis 3D printed male left pelvis and proximal common iliac artery; the obturator branch andthigh (sectioned through the midsagittal plane the external iliac vein have been preserved.in the midline and transversely through theL3/4 intervertebral disc) shows superficial and In the midline the pubic symphysis and sagittaldeep structures of the true and false pelves, sections of the pelvic viscera are visible: frominguinal and femoral region. In the transverse anterior to posterior, the bladder (receiving thesection, the epaxial musculature, abdominal left ureter, which passes over the iliac vesselswall musculature (rectus abdominis, external at the level of the pelvic brim), the left seminaland internal abdominal obliques, transversus vesicles and vas deferens, and rectum (withabdominis), psoas major and quadratus surrounding external anal sphincter muscle). Thelumborum are visible and separated from each pathway of the urethra is visible from the inferiorother and the superficial fat by fascial layers pole of the bladder through the prostate gland,such as the rectus sheath and the thoracolumbar pelvic diaphragm and the corpus spongiosum offascia. The psoas major muscle lies lateral to the penis. Inferior to the sectioned erectile bodiesthe external iliac artery, with the left testicular (corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) liesartery and vein lying on its superficial surface. the scrotum, where the skin has been removed toMore laterally (and moving inferiorly), the reveal the parietal tunica vaginalis.ilioinguinal nerve, the lateral cutaneousnerve of the thigh and the femoral nerve are On the preserved proximal thigh the fascia latapositioned over the superficial surface of the has been removed to highlight the transition ofiliacus muscle. the neurovasculature and musculature from the pelvic region. Superior to the inguinal ligamentThe left common iliac artery bifurcates at the a window has been cut to reveal the underlyinglevel of the sacral promontory into the external aponeurosis of the transversus abdominisand internal iliac arteries. This specimen does not muscle. From medial to lateral, the femoral veinpossess a clearly defined anterior and posterior and artery have been removed from the femoraldivision of the internal iliac artery; instead, the sheath, and the termination of the femoral nerveterminal arteries sequentially radiate from the lies superficial to the iliopsoas muscle.. The greatinternal iliac. The lateral sacral, inferior rectal, saphenous vein can be seen coursing mediallyinferior gluteal, internal pudendal, superior over the pectineus, adductor longus andvesical, obturator and umbilical arteries (which gracilis muscles, while branches of the femoralterminates in the medial umbilical ligament) are nerve pass over the profunda femoris artery.visible adjacent to the sacral ventral rami. The The thigh musculature is visible, with the cutinferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries sartorius muscle overlying the iliacus muscleshave not bifurcated in this view and track and the origins of anterior thigh muscles (rectusinferiorly over piriformis. femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis). The tensor fasciae latae canThe deep circumflex iliac artery and vein can be seen inserting on the anterior border of thebe seen passing deep posterior to the inguinal iliotibial tract, which extends over the lateralligament, while the branches from the inferior surface of the thigh. A window has been cut toepigastric artery and veins can be seen perforating expose the underlying gluteus medius muscle,rectus abdominis and the overlying rectus sheath. which terminates at the lateral aspect of theThe left common iliac vein lies deep to the left greater trochanter. 37

MP1770 Male Pelvis This multipart 3D printed specimen represents seen, with the obturator exiting the pelvis through the inferior portions of our larger posterior the obturator foramen with its accompanying38 abdominal wall print (MP1300) that displays artery and vein. There is an accessory obturator the inferior posterior abdominal wall, the pelvic vein crossing the brim in addition to the usual cavity and the proximal thigh (including the branch which drains to the internal iliac vein. The gluteal regions and femoral triangles). obliterated umbilical arteries are seen exiting the pelvis anteriorly and ascending on the anterior Lower posterior abdominal wall and false pelvis: abdominal wall (reflected anteriorly). The specimen is transected at approximately the level of the L2/L3 intervertebral disc. The common The femoral triangle: On the right the muscles on iliac veins unite to form the inferior vena cava. the floor of the triangle are dissected. On the left The common iliac arteries are close to uniting at the vein, artery and nerve have been retained as the top of the print. The iliacus and psoas muscles they pass deep to the inguinal ligament. are easy to identify, the latter has a prominent psoas minor tendon. They can be seen to unite Gluteal region: The right gluteal region is as they pass under the inguinal ligament. The dissected down to the gluteus maximus and nerves of the iliac fossa (from superior to inferior: no further. The perforating cutaneous nerves ilioinguinal nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of (S2-S3)/cutaneous branches of the inferior thigh, femoral nerve ) and their course is clearly gluteal nerve can be seen winding around the visible, as is the genitofemoral nerves on the lower edge of the gluteus maximus muscle. The surface of psoas muscle. The ureters also descend extensive origin of the gluteus maximus is readily on the superficial surface of the psoas and cross seen and its course inferiorly to its insertion from its lateral to its medial border. They enter on the femur is visible (though not the actual the pelvis at the bifurcation of the common iliac insertion). The tensor fascia lata and iliotibial arteries into external and internal arteries. The tract are evident on the lateral aspect. On the external iliac arteries and veins running along left a ‘window’ has been made in the gluteus the pelvic brim are clearly visible, as is the vas maximus to reveal the deeper lying gluteus deferens crossing the brim from the deep inguinal medius and piriformis. The sciatic nerve arises ring to enter the pelvis. deep to piriformis, and passes superficially to the superior and inferior gemelli, obturator internus True pelvis: The pelvis is dominated by a dilated and the quadratus femoris muscles. Descending rectum, dissected to demonstrate a transverse adjacent to the sciatic nerve is the inferior gluteal fold. The bladder is seen anteriorly in the pelvis nerve with its accompanying artery. The inferior (with the obliterated urachus passing towards the cluneal nerve and perineal branch of the posterior anterior abdominal wall) and the ureters can be cutaneous nerve of thigh can be seen just briefly seen entering the bladder wall posteriorly. The lying above semitendinosus. The superior gluteal branches of the internal iliac artery can be clearly artery can be seen just superior to the piriformis.

MP1780 Female left pelvis and proximal thighThis 3D printed female left pelvis and proximal The fascia lata inferior to the inguinal ligamentthigh preserves both superficial and deep has been removed to expose the muscularstructures of the true and false pelves, inguinal borders and contents of the femoral triangleregion, femoral triangle, and gluteal region. (and surrounding anterior and medial thighThe specimen has been sectioned transversely musculature). The great saphenous vein is visiblethrough the fourth lumbar vertebra, displaying joining the femoral vein adjacent to the femoralthe cross-section of the musculature (epaxial artery, with the branches of the femoral nervemusculature, psoas and quadratus lumborum just overlying the deep artery of the thigh. Themuscles) and cauda equina within the vertebral distal cross-section through the proximal femurcanal. The ventral and dorsal roots of the cauda displays the anterior, medial and posteriorequina are also visible exiting the intervertebral compartment musculature, neurovascularand sacral foramina in the sagittal section. bundles (femoral artery and vein, deep artery of the thigh, and the sciatic nerve), and tributariesThe abdominal aorta is preserved from the fourth of the great saphenous vein.lumbar vertebra to the bifurcation into thecommon iliac arteries; the root of the inferior Posteriorly the gluteal region has been dissectedmesenteric artery, lumbar arteries, and median to demonstrate deep structures. The gluteussacral artery are also preserved. At the level of maximus and gluteus medius muscles havethe sacral promontory, the common iliac artery been removed exposing the piriformis muscle.bifurcates into the external and internal iliac Superior to piriformis the superior glutealarteries. Superficial to the sacral ventral rami artery and nerve pass laterally towards thethe major branches of the internal iliac artery are gluteus minimus. Inferior to piriformis thevisible (iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal artery and nerve are visibleinferior gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator, (and pinned towards the sectioned edge ofsuperior vesicle, obturator, uterine). These latter the gluteus maximus. The sciatic nerve andarterial branches pass to the sectioned bladder posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh are(collapsed against the pubis and receiving the also visible exiting the greater sciatic foramenureters), uterus and vagina. The pelvic viscera inferior to the piriformis, running superficial(bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum) are visible to the lateral rotators (superior and inferiorin the midsagittal section extending to the gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris)anterior and posterior triangles of the perineum; and common origin of posterior thigh musclesin the anterior triangle the sagittal section of the (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long headclitoral body and part of the corpus spongiosum of biceps femoris) from the ischial tuberosity. Theare visible inferior to the pubic symphysis. sacrotuberous ligament has been sectioned to show the internal pudendal artery and pudendalThe external iliac artery passes anteriorly nerve exiting the greater sciatic foramen to wrapalong the pelvic brim, giving rise to the inferior around the sacrospinous ligament and coccygeusepigrastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries muscle to enter the lesser sciatic foramen. Thebefore passing deep to the inguinal ligament. The fat of the ischioanal fossa has been removed topsoas major and minor muscles pass lateral to the demonstrate the course of these vessels in theexternal iliac artery, with the femoral nerve and perineum just lateral to the levator ani andlateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh resting on external anal sphincter muscles.the superficial surface of the iliacus muscle. 39

MP1783 Female right pelvissuperficial and deep structures arteries and veins before passing deep to the The right ureter can be clearly seen as it passes inguinal ligament. The psoas major muscle lies inferiorly on the posterior abdominal wall lateral to the external iliac artery, with the superficial to psoas muscle. It passes over the femoral nerve evident on its lateral margin close pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac to the inguinal ligament. The lateral cutaneous artery to descend on the lateral wall of the pelvis nerve of the thigh travels laterally on the before passing medially in the base of the broad superficial surface of the iliacus muscle to exit the ligament (hidden from view as the peritoneal ‘false’ pelvis close to the anterior superior iliac folds that ‘drape’ over the uterine [Fallopian] spine. tubes are still intact) to reach the lateral angles of the bladder...* Following the course of the internal iliac arteryThis 3D printed female right pelvis preserves deep to the undissected peritoneum, many ofboth superficial and deep structures of the the major branches of its anterior and posteriortrue and false pelves, as well as the inguinal divisions can be identified. The anterior divisionligament, the obturator membrane and divides (deep to the peritoneum) into the superiorcanal, and both the greater and lesser sciatic vesical, obturator and obliterated umbilicalforamina. Somewhat unique is the removal of artery. With a course parallel to the obturatorportions of the peritoneum (a grayish colour) artery, the obturator nerve can be seen runningto create ‘windows’ displaying extraperitoneal over obturator internus before entering thestructures. obturator canal together with the obturator vein (nerve, artery, vein in that order from superior toThe specimen has been sectioned transversely inferior).through the L4 vertebra, displaying a crosssection of the colon, the epaxial musculature Branches of the posterior division of the internal(psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles), and iliac artery, iliolumbar, and several lateral sacralthe abdominal wall musculature. The common iliac arteries, can be seen arising from the posteriorartery has been preserved from the level of the L4 aspect of the internal iliac just below the sacralvertebra, and its bifurcation into the external and promontory. Its terminal branch, the superiorinternal iliac arteries can be observed at the level gluteal, usually passes posteriorly betweenof the sacral promontory. Deep to the arteries the the lumbosacral trunk and S1 nerve, but this iscommon iliac vein and the origin of the inferior hidden from view. The internal iliac vein and itsvena cava are visible. tributaries - the obturator veins, uterine vein, vesical veins, etc. can be seen lying internal to theThe external iliac artery and vein passes nerves and muscles. The large S1 and S2 roots andanteroinferiorly along the pelvic brim, giving the smaller S3 nerve root can be seen emergingrise to the inferior epigastric and deep circumflex from the sacral foramina to pass laterally where it is joined by the lumbosacral trunk (L4 and l5 roots) which is not visible, to form the sciatic nerve which exits through the greater sciatic foramen to emerge on the posterior aspect in the gluteal region. In the pelvis as these roots pass laterally they are interdigitated between the fibres of piriformis muscle. * Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com40

MP1785 Female right pelvisThis 3D printed specimen represents a female Posteriorly, the inferior vesical artery arises fromright pelvis, sectioned along the midsagittal the obturator artery before exiting the pelvisplane and transversely across the level of the L4 through the obturator canal. The uterine arteryvertebrae and the proximal thigh. The specimen crosses over the ureter to enter the remnants of thehas been dissected to demonstrate the deep broad ligament. The major veins preserved are thestructures of the true and false pelves, the inferior inferior epigastric vein and deep circumflex iliacanterior abdominal wall and inguinal region, vein draining into the external iliac vein, and thefemoral triangle and gluteal region. iliolumbar vein and lateral sacral vein draining into the internal iliac vein. The external iliac vein andInternal anatomy: The muscular boundaries internal iliac vein unite to form the right commonof the inferior abdominal cavity are defined iliac vein which, at the level of L5, joins the (cutposterolaterally by the quadratus lumborum, iliacus edge) of the left common iliac vein to become theand psoas muscles; anteriorly by the (varyingly inferior vena cava. Two veins pass horizontallyexposed) external and internal abdominal oblique across iliacus and quadratus lumborum.muscles, the transversus abdominis and rectusabdominis. Inferiorly in the pelvic cavity, the External anatomy: In the posterior view, most ofobturator internus is visible traversing through the the multifidus and origin of the gluteus maximuslesser sciatic foramen inferior to the sacrospinous have been removed over the lumbr and sacral region,ligament. Fibres of coccygeus merge with those and the laminae of L4 and L5 and the dorsal sacrumof the sacrospinous ligament. Piriformis has been have been sectioned to reveal the cauda equinasectioned, with both origin visible within the in the vertebral and sacral canal. The dura matercavity (and part visible in the gluteal region). The has been partially sectioned to expose the rootscommon iliac artery arises from its cut edge at the traversing the region, including the passage of thelevel of L5, bifurcating at the level of the sacral sacral ventral rami through the ventral foramina.promontory into the external and internal iliac Laterally, a large window into the gluteal maximusarteries. The external iliac artery crosses the pelvic has been opened to expose the deeper structures ofbrim to give off the deep circumflex iliac artery and the gluteal region. Part of the sectioned piriformis isinferior epigastric artery before exiting the pelvis visible in the greater sciatic foramen, with the sciaticdeep to the inguinal ligament. The internal iliac nerve (preserving an early division of the commonartery runs posterolaterally, giving the iliolumbar peroneal and tibial nerves within the gluteal region)artery posteriorly and lateral sacral arteries which surrounded by the superior and inferior glutealenter the anterior sacral foramina. A radicular arteries. The sectioned internal pudendal arteryartery entering the anterior foramina of the coccyx and pudendal nerve rest on the sacrotuberouscan also be seen. Inferiorly, the superior gluteal ligament as they descend towards the lesser sciaticartery, inferior gluteal artery and internal pudendal foramen. Inferior to the sacrotuberous ligament theartery exit the pelvic cavity through the greater obturator internus muscle (along with the superiorsciatic foramen. A branch from the inferior gluteal and inferior gemelli muscles) passes laterally deepartery, supplying psoas, travels anteriorly along to the common peroneal and tibial nerves. Inferiorthe pectineal line. Anteriorly, the umbilical artery to these lateral rotators, the quadratus femoris andgives off the superior vesical artery (supplying the common origin of the hamstring group are visiblebladder) before terminating against the anterior just proximal to the remaining portion of the gluteusabdominal wall as the medial umbilical ligament. maximus. 41

MP1800 Flexed knee joint This 3D printed specimen demonstrates the ligaments of the knee joint with the leg in flexion. In the anterior view, with the patella and part of the patellar ligament removed, the medial and lateral menisci and anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are visible. Both tibial and fibular collateral ligaments are intact. Medially, the insertions of the adductor magnus and semimembranosus muscles are retained, with the oblique popliteal ligament reflected onto the posterior aspect of the joint capsule. Laterally, the insertion of the biceps femoris and origins of the popliteus and soleus muscles have been preserved.42

This 3D printed specimen demonstrates the MP1805 Knee Joint extendedligaments of the knee joint with the leg inextension; it represents the same specimen as 43MP1800 knee joint imaged in a flexed position. In the anterior view, with the patella and partof the patellar ligament removed. Both tibialand fibular collateral ligaments are intact.Medially, the insertions of the adductor magnusand semimembranosus muscles are retained,with the oblique popliteal ligament reflectedonto the posterior aspect of the joint capsule.Laterally, the insertion of the biceps femoris andorigins of the popliteus (covered by the arcuatepopliteal ligament) and soleus muscles have beenpreserved.

MP1807 Flexed knee joint deep dissection This3Dprintedspecimendisplaysadeepdissection proximal portion of the muscles of the anterior, positioned between the femoral condyles and of a left knee joint that displays the internal joint lateral and posterior compartments. Also visible tibial plateau. On the medial aspect, the tibial capsule structures relative to superficial tissues in the section are the associated neurovascular (medial) collateral ligament passes just anterior in a flexed position. The proximal cross-section structures: the anterior tibial artery, vein and to the insertion of the semitendinosus of the pes through the distal thigh captures a small portion deep peroneal nerve; the posterior tibial artery, anserinus (the sartorius and gracilis tendons are of the quadriceps femoris and sartorius anteriorly vein and tibial nerve; and the fibular artery and sectioned), which in turn is just anterior to the (with the thickened connective tissue of the vein. posterior compartment musculature (covered by iliotibial tract), the fat-filled popliteal fossa (with crural fascia). On the lateral aspect, the fibular the popliteal vessels, tibial and common peroneal Anteriorly, the skin, subcutaneous tissue and (lateral) collateral ligament is preserved, and the nerves), and the termination of the medial patella have been removed, with only remnant anterior crural musculature is exposed. Passing (adductor magnus tendon, gracilis) and posterior portions of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris from the thigh are the inserting tendon of the thigh muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and patellar ligament retained. With the joint biceps femoris onto the head of the fibula, as well semimembranosus) posteriorly. The distal capsule opened, the anterior and posterior as the common peroneal nerve. cross-section through the leg preserves the most cruciate ligaments and the menisci are visible44

MP1809 Lower limb – deep dissectionThis 3D printed specimen consists of a right The bulk of the posterior compartment musculaturepartial lower limb sectioned just proximal to (excepting the proximal deep posterior muscularthe knee joint and complete through a partially origins and insertions and the distal tendons ofdissected foot exposing the structures on the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus andthe dorsum. In the proximal cross section, flexor hallucis longus) and the lateral compartmentthe patella articulates with the distal femur musculature (excepting the proximal portion ofanteriorly, while the posterior portion of the fibularis longus muscle) have been removedthe specimen preserves structures within to the ankle joint, while the anterior compartmentthe superior portion of the popliteal fossa musculature has been maintained and exposed deep(including the popliteal artery, vein, and to the crural fascia. Deep to the exposed posteriorterminal portion of the sciatic nerve). surface of the interosseous membrane the anterior tibial artery and vein can be seen passing distallyOn the posterior aspect of the specimen distal through the anterior compartment. On the anteriorto the knee joint, most of the musculature has and distal aspect of the specimen the tendons ofbeen removed to demonstrate the passage of the the anterior musculature pass deep to the extensorneurovascular structures (common peroneal nerve, and peroneal retinaculae and are visible passing totibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial their respective insertions. The dorsalis pedis andartery) relative to the deep musculature (e.g., the terminal portion of the deep peroneal nervepopliteus muscle) and the interosseous membrane is visible lateral to the extensor hallucis longusbetween the exposed posterior surfaces of the tibia tendon and medial to the extensor hallucis brevisand fibula. Medially the pes anserinus is visible tendons, and a well-developed extensor digitoruminserting onto the medial aspect of the proximal brevis is visible deep to the extensor digitorumtibia, while laterally the biceps femoris is seen longus and peroneus tertius tendons.inserting into the head of the fibula adjacent to thecommon peroneal nerve. 45

MP1810 Lower limb musculature This 3D printed specimen preserves a superficial The proximal cross-section provides a view of dissection of the lower limb musculature from the distal thigh musculature of the anterior, the mid-thigh to mid-leg, as well as nerves and medial and posterior compartments. The femoral vessels of the popliteal fossa. The insertions of artery and vein and saphenous nerve are visible the muscles of the anterior, middle and posterior within the adductor canal. The sciatic nerve and compartments of the thigh are visible, including perforating branches of the profunda femoris the pes anserinus medially and the iliotibial tract artery (and accompanying veins) are visible in the laterally. The capsule of the knee joint has been posterior compartment. In the distal cross-section, opened anterior to demonstrate the menisci and muscles of the anterior, lateral and posterior the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments. The compartment are visible. The superficial and superficial muscles of the leg are visible, with deep fibular nerves are visible in the anterior and the anterior and lateral compartment muscles lateral compartments, respectively. In the anterior highlighted deep to the crural fascia. Within the compartment, the deep fibular nerve is adjacent to popliteal fossa, both the popliteal artery and the anterior tibial artery and veins. In the posterior vein are visible descending from the adductor compartment, deep to soleus, both the posterior hiatus. The sciatic nerve is seen bifurcating in tibial and fibular arteries and veins are highlighted the fossa, with the common fibular, tibial, and near the tibial nerve. sural nerves preserved.46

MP1813 Lower Limb deep dissection of a left pelvis and thighThis 3D printed specimen presents a deep to the preserved gluteus minimus, piriformis, medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteriesdissection of a left pelvis and thigh to show the obturator internus, superior and inferior arise and are distributed through the medialcourse of the femoral artery and sciatic nerve gemellus, and quadratus femoris muscles. and anterior compartment; including severalfrom their proximal origins to the midshaft The posterior compartment muscles of the branches entering the preserved vastus lateralisof the femur. Proximally, the pelvis has been thigh have been dissected to demonstrate the muscle. The profunda femoris (deep artery ofsectioned along the mid-sagittal plane and course of the sciatic (and constituent tibial and the thigh) also arises proximally and descendsthe pelvic viscera has been removed. In the common peroneal components) as it descends giving off perforating branches to the posteriorpelvis the coccygeus muscle spans between the towards the popliteal fossa. thigh muscles. The removal of the anterior andsacrum and iliac spine and the obturator artery posterior thigh muscles provides a view of theand nerve entering the obturator canal superior Just lateral to the lumbosacral trunk in the pelvis femoral artery passing across the superficialto the obturator membrane. The lumbosacral are the iliacus and (partial) psoas muscles, as surface of the adductor muscles and exitingtrunk is visible descending to join the S1-S3 well as the proximal portion of the rectus femoris. the femoral triangle. It also affords a view ofventral rami to form the sciatic nerve. The nerve The femoral artery is preserved as it crosses the the obturator externus muscle passing from theexits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen superior pubic ramus, giving rise to the superficial anterior surface of the obturator membrane(defined by the preserved sacrotuberous and circumflex iliac and superficial epigastric arteries towards the trochanteric fossa of the greatersacrospinous ligaments) and passes superficial as they enter the proximal thigh. As the femoral trochanter. artery crosses through the femoral triangle, the 47

MP1815 Lower Limb superficial veins This 3D printed specimen provides a superficial dissection of a left lower limb, from just48 proximal to the knee joint to a complete foot. The skin and superficial fascia have been removed to display the superficial venous structures of the leg including the dorsal venous plexus, great saphenous vein (including numerous tributaries), and the small saphenous vein (including numerous tributaries) on the crural fascia. Accompanying these venous structures are several cutaneous nerves, including the sural nerve posteriorly, the saphenous nerve medially, and the superficial peroneal nerve anteriorly. On the dorsum of the foot, and lateral to the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus muscle passing over the first metatarsal towards the hallux, the dorsal digital branch of the deep peroneal nerve is visible emerging to supply the skin between the first two pedal digits.

MP1816 Lower limb – superficial dissectionThis 3D printed specimen represents the from the medial aspect of the thigh to theremainder of the lower limb portions of our male medial malleolus and the medial aspect of theabdominopelvic and proximal thigh specimen dorsal venous plexus. The origin of the small(MP1765), sectioned proximally near midthigh saphenous vein from lateral branches of theand continuous to the partially dissected dorsal venous plexus is also visible to the marginfoot. The transverse section through the thigh of the dissected superficial fascia near the lateralexposes the neurovascular structures of the malleolus. The deeper femoral artery, vein andanterior, medial and posterior compartments. nerve branches are visible deep to the anteriorThis includes the great saphenous vein compartment musculature (and a sectionedsuperficial to the terminal branches of the sartorius muscle) entering the adductor canal.femoral nerve, femoral artery and vein in Near the medial aspect of the knee joint thethe anterior compartment, and perforating saphenous nerve is visible passing superficiallybranches of the deep femoral artery in the near the great saphenous vein on the surface ofmedial and posterior compartments. the posterior crural fascia and terminating as the medial cutaneous nerve of the leg branches.The remainder of the thigh, leg and dorsum of On the lateral aspect of the leg the medial andthe foot have been dissected to demonstrate intermediate dorsal cutaneous branches from thesuperficial structures and compartmental superficial fibular nerve are preserved passingmusculature, except the posterior aspect of the onto the dorsum of the foot adjacent to the dorsalspecimen which has been left undissected. The venous plexus tributaries.course of the great saphenous vein is displayed 49

MP1818 Lower limb superficial dissection with male left pelvis This 3D printed specimen combines the Lower Male left pelvis: limb – superficial dissection (MP1816) with the male left pelvis (MP1765) shows superficial and deep structures of the true and false pelves, inguinal and femoral region. In Lower Limb: the transverse section, the epaxial musculature, abdominal wall musculature (rectus abdominis, sectioned proximally near midthigh and external and internal abdominal obliques, continuous to the partially dissected foot. The transversus abdominis), psoas major and transverse section through the thigh exposes quadratus lumborum are visible and separated the neurovascular structures of the anterior, from each other and the superficial fat by medial and posterior compartments. This fascial layers such as the rectus sheath and the includes the great saphenous vein superficial thoracolumbar fascia. The psoas major muscle to the terminal branches of the femoral lies lateral to the external iliac artery, with nerve, femoral artery and vein in the anterior the left testicular artery and vein lying on its compartment, and perforating branches of the superficial surface. More laterally (and moving deep femoral artery in the medial and posterior inferiorly), the ilioinguinal nerve, the lateral compartments. cutaneous nerve of the thigh and the femoral nerve are positioned over the superficial surface The remainder of the thigh, leg and dorsum of of the iliacus muscle. the foot have been dissected to demonstrate superficial structures and compartmental The left common iliac artery bifurcates at the musculature, except the posterior aspect of the level of the sacral promontory into the external specimen which has been left undissected. The and internal iliac arteries. This specimen does not course of the great saphenous vein is displayed possess a clearly defined anterior and posterior from the medial aspect of the thigh to the division of the internal iliac artery; instead, the medial malleolus and the medial aspect of the terminal arteries sequentially radiate from the dorsal venous plexus. The origin of the small internal iliac. The lateral sacral, inferior rectal, saphenous vein from lateral branches of the inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, superior dorsal venous plexus is also visible to the margin vesical, obturator and umbilical arteries (which of the dissected superficial fascia near the lateral terminates in the medial umbilical ligament) are malleolus. The deeper femoral artery, vein and visible adjacent to the sacral ventral rami. The nerve branches are visible deep to the anterior inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries compartment musculature (and a sectioned have not bifurcated in this view and track sartorius muscle) entering the adductor canal. inferiorly over piriformis. Near the medial aspect of the knee joint the saphenous nerve is visible passing superficially The deep circumflex iliac artery and vein can near the great saphenous vein on the surface of be seen passing deep posterior to the inguinal the posterior crural fascia and terminating as ligament, while the branches from the inferior the medial cutaneous nerve of the leg branches. epigastric artery and veins can be seen perforating On the lateral aspect of the leg the medial and rectus abdominis and the overlying rectus sheath. intermediate dorsal cutaneous branches from The left common iliac vein lies deep to the left the superficial fibular nerve are preserved common iliac artery; the obturator branch and passing onto the dorsum of the foot adjacent to the external iliac vein have been preserved...* the dorsal venous plexus tributaries.50 * Complete description can be found at: www.3danatomyseries.com