Science Class 10 Flowcharts

UNIT -I : Chemical Substances : Nature and Behaviour Chapter - 1 : Chemical Reactions and Equations Flowcharts i qq silver Chapter - 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts Flowcharts

2] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X Physical Properties Physical Properties Of Acids Of Bases (i) Sour in taste (ii) Turns blue litmus red (i) Bitter in taste (iii) Give H+ ions in (ii) Turns rOedHli–tmuiosnbsluein aqueous solution (iii) Give (iv) Aqueous solution aqueous solution conducts electricity (iv) Does not conduct Chemical Properties Of Acids ACIDS electricity and (i) React with metals to BASES liberate hydrogen Chemical Properties (ii) React with metal Of Bases carbonate to liberate CO2 (i) Alkali (Soluble bases) react with metals to liberate H2. (ii) Bases react with acidic oxides to form salts. SALTS Formed when an acid and a base react with each other TYPES OF SALTS Common salt PREPARATIONS Plaster of Paris NaCl CaSO4.½H2O NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O CaSO4.2H2O 373 K CaSO4.½H2O + 1½H2O Bleaching powder Washing soda CaOCl2 Na2CO3 .10H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O Na2CO3+10H2O Na2CO310H2O Baking Soda 2NaHCO3(s) NaHCO3 Na2CO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) qq

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [3 Chapter - 3 : Metals and non-metals Flowcharts ELEMENTS METALS NON-METALS Physical Properties Physical Properties (i) They are solids. (i) They are found in solid, liquid and (ii) They have high M.P. and B.P. (iii) They have high density. gaseous form. (iv) They are malleable and ductile. (ii) They have low M.P. and B.P. (v) They are good conductor of heat (iii) They are not malleable and ductile. & electricity. (iv) They are poor conductor of heat & Chemical Properties electricity. (i) Metal + O2 → Metal oxide (ii) Metal + H2O → Metal hydroxide Chemical Properties (iii) Metal + dil acid → Salt + H2 (iv) Metal + Cl2 → Metal chloride (i) Non-metal + O2 → Non-metal (v) Metal + H2 → Metal hydride oxide (ii) Non-metal + steam → H2 (iii) Non-metal + acid → No reaction (iv) Non-metal + Cl2 → Non-metal chloride qq

4 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X Chapter - 4 : Carbon and its compounds Flowchart Classification of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic or open chain Cyclic or closed chain hydrocarbons hydrocarbons Saturated Unsaturated Alicyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons (Hydrocarbons having (Hydrocarbons having Single bonds) Multiple bonds) Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes qq Chapter - 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements Flowcharts Arranged with Classification of elements Arranged with increasing atomic increasing mass number Group of three upto Ca out of 56 63 Arranged with 113 elements having elements elements increasing atomic mass elements similar properties. Dobereiner's Limitations led Newland's Modified Mendeleev's Research Modern to Octave further Periodic led to Periodic Triad Table Table Main Main Main Main Features Features Features Features Atomic mass of Every eighth Elements arranged Elements arranged middle element is element has in vertical groups on the basis of arithmetic mean properties similar electronic to that of the first and horizontal of atomic periods configuration into mass of other two 4 gro. ups qq

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [5 UNIT -II : World of Living Chapter - 6 : Life Processes Flowcharts Nostril PATHWAY OF AIR ENTERING THROUGH Pharynx RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal Passage Lungs Trachea Larynx Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli BODY PARTS IN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND THEIR SECRETIONS FOR DIGESTION Mouth (Saliva) Salivary amylase or ptyalin Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Hydrochloric acid, Gastric juice, Mucus, Pepsin Pancreas Pancreatic juice (Pancreatic amylase), Bile juice (Liver) Small Intestine Intestinal Juice Large Intestine Anus

6] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF NUTRITION Ingestion Taking in of food Digestion Complex food molecules are converted into simpler food molecules Absorption The simple soluble food is absorbed by blood through diffusion Assimilation Cells absorbed food through blood for its growth and repair of the body Egestion Undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out Glucose DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH GLUCOSE IS OXIDISED TO PROVIDE ENERGY In cytoplasm Absence of oxygen Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (2 carbon molecules) (In yeast) Pyruvate Lack of Oxygen Lactic acid + Energy (Muscle cells) (3 carbon molecules) Presence of oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (In mitochondria) ORGANS INVOLVED IN EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS AND FUNCTION Bowman's capsule and glomerulus Filter the blood passing through them Tubular part of nephron Reabsorb some substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water Collecting duct Collect urine from nephrons and joins the ureter Ureter Collect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladder Urinary bladder

Collecting duct [7 Collect urine from nephrons and joins the ureter qq Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, ClassU-Xre ter Collect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladder Urinary bladder Store urine until the pressure of expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out Urethra Excrete out urine from the body Chapter - 7 : Control and Co-Ordination Flowcharts HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (CNS) (PNS) (ANS) Brain Spinal Cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Sympathetic Parasympathetic (12 pairs) (31 pairs) Forebrain Mid brain Hind brain Cerebrum Olfactory lobes Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata 1. Occipital lobe 2. Temporal lobe 3. Frontal lobe 4. Parietal lobe

8 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X PLANT MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULUS Directional or Tropic Movement Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Chemotropism (In response to light) (In response to gravity) (In response to water) (In response to chemicals) Shoots show positive phototropism Roots show positive Water plants Growth of pollen tube towards geotropism a chemical produced by ovule GLANDS Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands (with ducts) (ductless) Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Gonads 1. Growth hormone Thyroxine Parathyroid Thymosin 1. Adrenalin 2. Trophic hormone hormone hormone 2. Cortisol Testes Ovaries Prolactin hormone (PTH) Vasopressin Oxytocin Testosterone 1. Oestrogen 2. Progesterone 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon qq Chapter - 8 : How Do Organisms Reproduce ? Flowchart Types of Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Examples of Binary Multiple Spore Rejuvenation Fragmentation organisms fission fission formation Examples of Cat Examples of Examples Budding Vegetative organisms Mouse organisms Plasmodium Propagation Bird Bacteria Spirogyra Fish Amoeba Examples of Examples of Regeneration Lizard Paramecium organisms organisms Cockroach Algae Examples of Frog Mould Starfish organisms Fern Flatworm Planaria Moss Hydra Mushroom Examples of Examples of organisms organisms Yeast Bryophyllum Hydra Rose plant

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [9 Budding yeast Bisexual Flower Fragmentation Spirogyra Unisexual Structure of a Flower Asexual Reproduction Flower Spores moulds Natural Potato, Insect Pollination Reproduction Vegetative ginger Propagation Wind Pollination in Plants Cutting Pollination Sexual Artificial Sugar cane Reproduction Seed Formation Stigma Mature Flower Grafting Fruit Style plants Fruit Seeds Filament Formation Layering Ovule Connective jasmine Dispersal of Perianth Tissue Culture Seeds Petal:Corolla Septal:Calyx orchids Seeds Floral axis Anther Germination Articulation Microsporangium Pedicel Stamen Ovary Nectary Examples of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants Types of Pollination Self Pollination : 1. Self pollination : pollen 2. Self pollination : pollen 3. Cross pollination : Cross Pollination : Pollen is from the same flower from same plant but pollen from flower Pollen is transferred to the 1 different flower of a different plant transferred to stigma of same flowers of other flower or flowers 23 plants of the same borne to same species. plant. Organ urine Function Testis with seminiferous Sperm production Transport and storage tubules Transport, maturation and Collecting ducts ejaculation Epididymis Transport and ejaculation Vas deferens(sperm Secrete thick liquid to duct) transport sperm Seminal vesicles Secretes thin alkaline Prostate gland solution to neutralise urine and female system Cowper's gland Secretions may lubricate, flush out urine or form a Urethra gelatinous plug Passage for urine and sperm Penis Copulation Male Reproductive organs and their functions

10 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X Reproduction of Species To Avoid Extinction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 1. One Parent 1. Produce 1. Two Parents 2. Fast Offspring 2. Slow 3. No Genetic Variety 3. Genetic Variety 2. Use DNA -if one clone gets sick, all the clones get sick 3. Grow and Develop FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE Anterior pituitary Start of another cycle Estrogen and progesterone levels fall Releases Causes LH and FSH secretion FSH Stops To mature Causes into Reaches peak Primary follicle at the end of 28 day clock To mature into Causes Secondary follicle Graafian follicle Estrogen and Maintains Endometrium Produces progesterone Produces Estrogen Estrogen Produces Corpus luteum Causes Anterior pituitary To release LH Causes Ovulation Produces (day 14) Ovum qq Chapter - 9 : Heredity and Evolution Flowcharts /Round

/Round [ 11 Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X Experiment Question : When peas with two different traits –round and wrinkled seeds–are crossed, will their progeny exhibit one of those traits, both of those traits, or a '' blended'' intermediate trait? Stigma Anthers 1 To cross different varieties of peas, remove the anthers from flowers to prevent self-fertilization. Flower Flower X 2 ...and dust the stigma Cross with pollen from a different plant. 3 The pollen fertilizes ova within the flower, which develop into seeds. Methods 4 The seeds grow into plants P generation Homozygous Homozygous round seeds wrinkled seeds X 5 Mendel crossed Cross two homozygous varieties of peas. F1 generation 6 All the F1 seeds X were round. Self- Mendel allowed fertilization plants grown from these seeds to self-fertilize. F2 generation Fraction of progeny seeds Results 5474 round seeds 3/4 round 3/4 of F2 seeds were 1850 wrinkled seeds round and 1/4 were 1/4 wrinkled wrinkled. a 3:1 ratio. Conclusion : The traits of the parent plants do not blend. Although F1 plants display the phenotype of one parent, both traits are passed to F2 progeny in a 3:1 ratio. Pictorial Representation of Mendel's Monohybrid Cross

12 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X HEREDITY governed by Mendel's Law Mendel studied Studied Dihybrid Cross Monohybrid Cross Pea with Red and White flower Phenotype risegivtoes produced produced rise to Round Yellow (All red) F1 Generation Generation gives RRYY produced by Parental P1 and Wrinkled Green self polinatoin rr yy Genotype and F2 Generation (Hybrid) Parental combination RYry rigseives produces Recombinations Phenotype formed by rY,Ry 3 red : 1 white and Genotype and F1 Generation 1RR : 2Rr : 1rr (Dihybrids) lead to Variation in produces Phenotype species gives rise to 9:3:3:1 Morphological F2 Generation and evidence Anatomical Darwin's theory of Genotype evidence evolution Vestigial Supported 1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1:1:1 structures by Palaeontological qq evidence UNIT -III : Natural Phenomena Chapter - 10 : Light-Reflection and Refraction Flowchart Torches and LIGHT Simple Headlights related phenomenon can be microscope Flood lights studied with Reflector for Compound projector lamps uses Mirrors Lenses uses microscope types types Solar devices Telescope and furnaces Converging or Diverging or Concave/ Convex / concave convex Diverging converging Camera Shaving spectrometer mirrors and Dentists' Spectacles mirror position of object At infinity Between infinity At C Between At F Between pole and C F and C and F

and furnaces Camera spectrometer Shaving Converging or Diverging or Concave/ Convex / Spectacles mirrors concave convex Diverging converging [ 13 and Dentists' Oswaal CBSE Cmhiraroprterwise Quick Review,pSoCsiItEioNn CofEo, bCjelacst s-X At infinity Between infinity At C Between At F Between pole image and C image F and C image and F image image At C image At infinity At focus Between Beyond C Behind the F and C mirror Position of object At infinity Beyond 2F1 At 2F1 Between F1 At F1 Between F1 and 2F1 and O image image image image At F2 Between At 2F2 Beyond 2F2 At infinity On the same side of F2 and 2F2 lens as the object Concave corrected by Myopia Lens functioning in lens corrected by Hypermetropia human beings corrected by Convex Presbyopia Problems Human eye lens Bifocal lens qq Chapter - 11 : Human Eye and Colourful World Flowchart STRUCTURE OF EYE ORGANS FUNCTIONS 1. Cornea It provides the refraction for light rays entering the eye. 2. Iris It controls the size of the pupil. 3. Pupil It controls the amount of light entering into the eyes. 4. Ciliary muscles It helps in regulating the size of pupil. 5. Eye lens It focus incoming light rays on the retina. 6. Retina It helps in the formation of image on it. 7. Aqueous Humour It provides nutrition to the eye tissues. 8. Vitreous Humous It helps to keep retina in place by pressing it against the choroid. qq

14 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X UNIT -IV : Effects of Current Flowcharts Chapter - 12 : Electricity ELECTRICITY ELECTRIC POWER Or VI p=w/t V2 = I2R = R Unit of Power - Watt ELECTRIC ENERGY P. D = work done / Work = VIT = I2RT charge Unit of Energy – Watt- V = W/Q Hr or kWh Unit of V is Volt 1kWhr = 3.6 × 106 J JOULE'S LAW ELECTRICITY OHM'S LAW H = I2RT or H = VIT V = IR Unit of heat energy - Joules Unit of R - Ohm RESISTANCE IN RESISTANCE = SERIES PD/current RS = R1 + R2 + R3 ..... R = V/I RESISTANCE IN RESISTIVITY = RA / L PARALLEL Unit of Resistivity – 1/RS = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ..... Ohm-m SYMBOLS USED IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT Electric cell Battery Key Or Wire crossing Resistance Bulb Variable resistance Rheostat Ammeter A Voltmeter V AC Source

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [ 15 qq Chapter - 13 : Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current Flowcharts MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Fuse Safety measure Earth wire Domestic Magnet and its electric circuits properties Fleming right hand rule. MAGNETIC Magnetic field lines Electromagnetic induction. EFFECT OF & properties ELECTRIC Right hand thumb Generator CURRENT rule Fleming left hand Solenoid rule Electric motor Electromagnet

16 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X ELECTRIC CURRENT Alternating Direct Current Current DC Generator A. C. Generator Sources of AC Sources of DC (i) Thermal Power stations (i) Electrochemical dry cell (ii)Car alternators (ii) Solar cells (iii) Lead acid accumulator batteries qq Flowcharts UNIT -V : Natural Resources Chapter - 14 : Sources of Energy NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY FOSSIL FUELS COAL PETROLEUM COKE NATURAL GAS P R O DUCT IO NS Remains of plants Remains of plants Destructive Gas evolved when and animals got & animals buried distillation of remains of plants & buried inside the beneath earth into coal. animals buried into earth millons of sea or porous porous rocks years ago. rocks beneath beneath the earth. earth. USES (i) Used as a fuel in (i) Used as a fuel for (i) Reducing agent (i) Used as CNG thermal power in metallurgical in transport plants to generate vehicles. processes. vehicle. electricity. (ii) U s e d as (ii)Used for making (ii)U s e d a s a (ii)F o r h e a t i n g bio gas. source of purposes in industrial fuel in carbon in the homes. industry. the form of LPG.

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [ 17 SOURCES OF ENERTGY ENERGY Renewable Non-Renewable (Non-conventional) (Conventional) Wind Windmill Thermal Coal Water Hydropower plant Power plant Petroleum Biomass Biogas Solar Solar Appliances Nuclear Nuclear power plant Geothermal Energy resources ALTERNATE SOURCES OF ENERGY SOURCES SUN WIND WATER DEAD AND SEA EARTH NUCLEUS OF ATOM DECAY MATTER SOLAR WIND HYDRO BIO TIDAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL NUCLEAR ENERGY ENERGY WAVE ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY (i) Solar cooker (i) Wind mill (i) Hydro- (i) Biogas (i) Surface (i) Electric (i) Nuclear (ii) Biomass followers generators reactors (ii) Solar Cell (ii) Wind genera- electricity (ii) Oscillating (ii) Steam (ii) Dynamite (iii) Solar Panel tor power plant water turbines (iii) Nuclear columns (iv) Solar water (iii) Wind Energy Power (iii) Focussing plant heater farms devices (v) Solar power (iv) Wind Power (iv) Ocean Thermal in India energy conversion power plant qq

18 ]  Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X Flowchart Chapter - 15 : Our Environment ENVIRONMENT ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS 1. Temperature 1. Plants 2. Pressure 2. Animals 3. Humidity 3. Human beings 4. Rainfall 5. Sunlight 6. Wind TROPHIC LEVELS PRODUCERS CONSUMERS Plants Herbivores Carnivores Decomposers qq