Check Your English Vocabulary for IELTS_

Reason & result general vocabulary 1 Join the first part of a sentence in the left-hand column w ith a second part from the right-hand column, using an appropriate w o rd or phrase showing reason or result from the central column. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. 1. Th e police asked him his.... ...ensued... ...pass his exams. 2. He failed his exam... \\ ...wake anyone. ...effects of... ...was unable to enrol for the 3. A persistent cough... \\ ...prom pted him to... course. 4. She started haranguing \\ the crowd... \\ ...on account of... ...speeding through the tow n. \\ J ^ ...upsetting me like that? 5. He spent the w h o le weekend revising... \\ ...as a consequence... 6. T h e y came in quietly... \\ / ...his lack of revision. \\ ...affect... / 7. He refused to lend ...starting a riot. anyone money... \\ ...owing to... / ...its lo w tu rn o ve r and poor 8. Th e bank m anager \\ ...reason for... / sales history. refused to lend the com pany more money... ...on the grounds that... ...its action. 9. Th e school was forced ...so as not to... ...when the police officers on to close... trial were acquitted. ...with the aim of... 10. W h a t w e re your... ...a large earthquake? ...in order to... 11. W h a t are the... ...people rarely repay a loan. ...consequences of... 12. Stress and o ve rw o rk can... ...seek professional medical help. 13. T h e arm y attacked w ith o u t considering the... 14. He failed to send off his ...motives for... ...different people in different application form and... ways. 15. Riots and street fig h tin g ... ...due to... ...poor student attendance. 2 N o w complete these sentences w ith an appropriate w ord or phrase from the central column of the table above. 1. Panic b u y in g ..............................................................w h e n th e stock m arket crashed. 2. People often d o things w ith o u t considering t h e ............................................................. th e ir actions. 3. Th e g o v e rn m e n t raised the incom e tax r a t e ............................................................. curb inflation. 4. T h e g o v e rn m e n t raised the incom e tax r a t e ............................................................. curbing inflation. 5. Th e governm ent raised the income tax r a t e .........................................................the rapidly rising rate of inflation. 6. W h e n questioned, m any racists cannot give a lo g ica l............................................................. th e ir attitudes tow ards other racial groups. 7. Th e soaring crime rate alarm ed the police superintendent and ...................................................... adopt a zero-tolerance policing policy. 8. He was a rre s te d ............................................................. he was a dan g er to others and himself. 9. Th e fam ily was forced to e c o n o m is e .............................................................g o heavily into debt. 10. Th e fum es fro m m o to r t r a f fic .............................................................people in m any different ways. 47

general vocabulary Shape & features 1 (Shape) Match the w ords in the box w ith the shapes. W rite the w o rd next to each shape. a crescent a circle a cone a cube a cylinder an oval a pyramid a rectangle a sphere a spiral a square a triangle 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 2 (Shape) Complete the crossword w ith the adjective form of these shapes. 1. a circle I’ I I2 11 1 m■ 1 2. a rectangle 11 3. an oval 5 11 IH 4. a spiral 6 11 HU |H I ■■ 1 5. a sphere 1 6. a triangle Hi 7. a cone 00 n 1 ■ 8. a cylinder 1 9. a square 1 1 ■■ m 3 (Features) Match the descriptions 1 - 10 on the left w ith the objects, geographical features, etc 0)(a) - on the right. Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the w ords in bold. 48 1 . Sharp, w ith jagged teeth (a) A country road in very p o or condition. (b ) Som ebody's hair. 2. Steep, w ith a pointed peak. (c) A very old tree. 3. Rolling, w ith undulating w h e a t fields. (d) A knife. 4. Curved, w ith a smooth surface. (e) A slow -m oving river. 5. Th in a nd flat, w ith w ords and dotted lines. (f) A brick. 6. W avy, w ith a fe w spiky bits sticking up. (g) A m ountain. 7. M eandering, w ith a calm surface. (h) A banana. 8. W inding and bum py, w ith deep potholes. (i) Agricultural countryside. 9. H ollow , w ith a rough surface. (j) A n application form . 10. Thick, solid and heavy, w ith straight edges.

Size, quantity & dimension general vocabulary 1 Look at the follow ing list and decide w hether w e are talking about something big (in terms of size, quantity or dimension) or something small. Underline your answers 1. a minute am ount of dust Big / Small 14. a giant building Big / Small 2. a minuscule piece of cloth Big / Small 15. a gargantuan meal Big / Small 3. an enormous book Big / Small 16. a wide avenue Big / Small 4. a mammoth job Big / Small 17. a broad river Big / Small 5. a huge waste of time Big / Small 18. a tall man Big / Small 6. a vast room Big / Small 19. a high mountain Big / Small 7. a gigantic wave Big / Small 20. a deep lake Big / Small 8. a tiny car Big / Small 21. a shallow pool Big / Small 9. a monumental error Big / Small 22. a long-distance journey Big / Small 10. a colossal statue Big / Small 23. a vast crowd of supporters Big / Small 11. plenty of food Big / Small 24. tons of w ork Big / Small 12. loads of times Big / Small 25. a great deal o f time Big / Small 13. a narrow alleyway Big / Small 2 N o w complete these sentences using one of the expressions above. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. 1. Before you embark o n ......................................................... .. it is essential that you are well prepared. 2. W e s p e n t.................................................................. working on the plans for the new library. 3. I love the Museum of Modern Art, and have been th e re ..................................................................... 4. There's a small grey spot in the corner of all my photographs, so I guess .................................................................. must have got into the camera and ended up on the sensor. 5. Villages along the coast were destroyed when ....................................................... caused by the earthquake swept houses into the sea. 6. In my opinion, playing computer games for hours on end is .......................................................... 7............................................................of the Greek god Poseidon stood by the entrance to the harbour. 49

Size, quantity & dimensiongeneral vocabulary 8. Despite th e p o o r harvest, there w a s ...................................................................... fo r the w h o le po pulation. 9 ................................................................ called the Tham es separates the city of London fro m the suburbs to the south. 10.............................................................. gathered to see th e ir favourite football team . 11. W e a t e ........................................................... and then lay d o w n to rest. 12. Th e most impressive place in the b uilding i s ........................................................... called th e Great Hall, which can hold over 3,000 people. 13. W e h a v e ........................................................... to d o in th e next fe w days, so I suggest w e start as soon as possible. 14. Loch Ness i s ........................................................... in the Highlands of Scotland. 15. Th e only evidence of the crime w a s .............................................................w hich was stuck on a branch of one of th e trees in the garden. 16. 'S um o' is ........................................................... containing almost 1,000 pictures by the controversial photographer Helmut Newton. 17. I h a d ........................................................... to do, so to o k the phone off th e hook, m ade myself some coffee and sat d o w n at my desk. 18. Th e M a tte rh o rn ,........................................................... in Sw itzerland, has claimed th e lives of m any w h o have tried to climb it. 19. He m a d e ........................................................... in his calculations and had to start all over again. 20. T h e m anufacturers have b u i l t ........................................................... w hich is ideal fo r g e ttin g around the city. 21. Th e NEC in B irm ingham is........................................................... w hich is used fo r concerts and exhibitions. 22. Th e m ain feature of the to w n i s ........................................................................... lined w ith shops and cafes. 23. I could see th e key glittering at th e b o tto m o f ............................................................. 24. Early European settlers in Central and South Am erica heard legends of called El D orad o w h o covered himself in gold dust. 25..............................................................ran along the side of th e house to a garden at the rear. 50

Spelling general vocabulary Each passage below contains 12 words which have been spelt incorrectly. Underline the words, then w rite their correct spelling in the box below. 1 Despite banning tobacco advertiseing and rising the price of cigarrettes, the goverment's anti-smoking campain has failed to have any long-term affects. It is now widely beleived that more drastic measures are neccessary. A new national comittee, which has been formed to tackle the proplem, has made several reccomendations. These include banning smoking in all public areas, and denying hospital treatment to persistant smokers who have been warned by their doctors to give up but failed to do so. advertising It is argueable wether good pronounciation is more important than good grammer and vocabulery. Consientious students balance their aquisition of these skills, hopeing to acheive both fluency and accuracey. English teachers should encourage there students to practise all the relevant language skills, and use their English at every oportunity. arguable It is becommina increasingly dificult for many people to find decent accomodation in the city at a price they can afford. To put it simpley, there are to many people and not enough homes for them. Local comunity centres and charitable organiseations such as Home Front can offer advise, but it is widely agreed that the situation is no longer managable. The fact that some councils in the city are building cheap, tempory housing for lower-paid profesionals is the only official acknowlegement of this problem. becomming 51

general vocabulary Stopping something Choose the best w o rd or phrase in bold to complete each sentence, using the definitions in italics after each sentence to help you. 1. To stop yo u r hard disk becom ing to o full, yo u should delete / dissuade / sever any un w an te d program m es, (to cut o u t part o f a document, a com puter file, etc.) 2. Th e n e w g o v e rn m e n t plans to back out of / repeal / suppress the existing legislation, (to officially end a la w so that it is no longer valid) 3. Increasing fuel prices does n o t usually deter / quash / rescind people fro m using th e ir cars, (to discourage people from doing something) 4. T h e college tries to cancel / dissuade / give up students from taking exams w hich are n o t suitable for them , (to persuade someone not to do something) 5. T h e com m ittee decided to deny / remove / rescind its earlier resolution on th e use of its premises. (to cancel a contract or agreement) 6. State m onopolies often back out of / suppress / suspend all form s of econom ic com petition. (to stop an activity, usually b y making laws or using yo u r authority) 7. Th e Cornucopian g o v e rn m e n t m ade the sudden decision to dissuade / rescind / sever diplom atic relations w ith th e ir n e ig h bo u rin g countries, (to end som ething such as a friendship o ra connection completely and permanently) 8. You should never deny / put an end to / turn d o w n a g o o d jo b w h e n it's offered to you. (to refuse som ething which is offered) 9. W e decided to pull out of / remove / rescind th e com petition w h e n three of o u r tea m m em bers becam e ill. (to decide n o t to support o r be part o f a project o r activity after yo u have agreed to) 10. Oil and petroleum companies deny / scrap / repeal that they are harm ing the environm ent. (to state that som ething someone has said is n o t true o r correct) 11. Travel com panies do n ot n orm a lly give refunds if th e ir customers cancel / put an end to / sever th e ir holiday at th e last m om ent, (to stop som ething which has been planned) 12. It's im p o rta n t to deter / remove / quash rum ours before to o m any people hear the m , (to stop something from continuing, especially things people say or believe: rumours, doubts, speculation, etc.) 13. You should delete / give up / suppress fast fo o d and oth e r foods th a t have a high fat content if you w a n t to lose w e ig h t, (to stop doing som ething that yo u have done for quite a long time) 14. T h e y finally agreed to dissuade / put an end to / quash th e ir lo n g-stan din g dispute and try to w o rk to g e th e r instead, (to stop som ething which has been go in g on fo ra long time) 15. I w o u ld be grateful if you w o u ld deter / remove / repeal m y nam e fro m yo u r m ailing list, (to take something away) 16. T h e factory m a n a ge m e n t had to deny / suspend / turn d o w n operations because o f some serious health and safety issues, (to officially stop som ething for a short time) 17. W e w ere forced to give up / rescind / scrap the plans w h e n w e realised th e y w o u ld n o t w o rk , (to decide n o t to continue w ith something such as a plan o r event, often because there is a problem with some aspect o f it) 18. I believe th a t the best w a y to delete / curb / repeal inflation is to increase interest rates on b o rro w in g , (to control or lim it som ething that is harmful) 52

Success & failure general vocabulary Arrange the letters in bold to make verbs and phrases connected w ith success and failure. The first letter is in its correct place, and the w ords you need can be found in the grid at the bottom of the page by reading horizontally across >) or vertically d o w n (-!}). Success 1. T h e tw o departm ents radheec a com prom ise over h o w to proceed w ith the project, reached 2. D u rin g his first m o n th as head of the com pany, he w a s a b le to a o s p d im c h m ore than his predecessor had in the previous six....................... 3. O u r team played w ell and scerdeu th e ir second w in of the season........................ 4. T h e first signs tha t a breakthrough had been aicehdve quickly became a p p aren t........................ 5. M a n y people w a n t to be rich and famous, b ut very fe w rlesaie the ir d re a m ........................ 6. Becom ing an O lym pic athlete requires hard w o rk and dedication, but fe w athletes aatnit the required standard of physical excellence........................ 7. His jou rne y up the A m a zo n flfludlei a long-cherished a m b itio n ........................ 8. A fte r several attempts, w e mndagea to solve the p ro b le m ........................ Failure 9. Th e y had to aadbnno the ir idea of travelling by boat, and fle w instead........................ 10. Negotiations daedpsol w h e n neither side could agree on the terms and conditions........................ 11. Progress on the research project fraledte w h e n the m oney began to run o u t........................ 12. A fte r a disastrous year, the com pany fdoedl, w ith debts o f over £2 m illion....................... 13. O u r planned visit to Sudan file turohhg w h e n w e w ere unable to get visas....................... 14. Th e com pany's plans to double prices mefdiris w he n the go vern m en t declared the ir actions illegal. F U L F I L L E D Q FW RT RA BA N D0 N0 E U S ECURED I0 LC PA SD0 D F LOGH J L KX E L A Z IM I S F I RED L T c S PV BNM K D RA T T E LMA NA G E D P A C H I EV E D K P0 S I s T SY J F EHUH E NA RH FA LT ERED F E L L T H R0 U G H Z 53

general vocabulary Task commands 1 Look at the list of tasks in sentences 1 - 8. In particular, look at the w o rd s and phrases in bold, w hich are telling the w rite r / speaker w h a t he / she m ust do. Match these w ords w ith a suitable definition of the task com m and in A - H. 1. A cco u n t fo r th e increased use of social n e tw o rk in g on the Internet. 2. A n alyse th e effects o f clim ate change a ro u n d the w o rld ............ 3. Evaluate the im provem ents yo u have m ade to y o u r English since you started using this b o o k ............ 4. Com pare and contrast the tw o m achines............ 5. Define 'happiness', and say h o w im p o rta n t it is............ 6. D em onstrate th e different features on this m obile p h o n e ............ 7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages o f g ro w in g up in a big city............ 8. Elaborate o n y o u r feelings a b o u t global capitalism ............ A. Give the meaning of something. B. Talk a b o u t som ething w ith som eone else, o r w rite a b o u t it from different view points. C. Calculate the value, importance or effect of som ething. D. Explain som ething closely and scientifically. E. Explain som ething in m ore detail th a n yo u did previously. F. Say w h y som ething has happened or is ha pp e nin g. G. Show h o w som ething w orks, usually by physically o p erating it so th a t the o th e r person knows w h a t it does and h o w it w orks. H. Look at tw o things side by side to see in w h a t w a y th e y are similar and / o r different. 2 N o w do the same w ith these. I . Estim ate the costs o f setting up a w ebsite fo r the school............ 2. Exam ine the causes o f global w a rm in g ........... 3. Illustrate the problem s caused by the increased use ofprivate vehicles............ 4. Justify you r reasons for only considering one aspect of the p ro b le m ............ 5. O u tlin e yo u r country's enviro nm e n ta l policy............ 6. Predict the changes th a t w e are g o in g to see in inform ation tech n o lo gy in the next 10 years............ 7. Suggest w ays in w hich fo o d shortages in some countries could be solved............ 8. Trace the d e ve lo p m e n t of space travel since the 1960s.............. A . Explain, w ith real examples, w h y som ething has happened o r is ha ppening. B. Say w h a t yo u th in k is g o in g to happen in th e future. C. Describe w h a t you th ink can be done in order to achieve som ething. D. Calculate (b u t not exactly) the value o r cost of som ething. E. Give the m ain points o f som ething, o r a broad description of som ething, w ith o u t givin g to o m uch detail. F. Give a brief history of som ething, in the o rde r in w h ich it happened. G. W rite o r talk a b o u t th e different aspects (e.g., causes, results) o f som ething. H. Show th a t you have a good reason for doing som ething, especially if other people think you have done something w rong or bad.

Time general vocabulary 1 Use the w ords and phrases in the boxes to complete the sentences. Pay particular attention to the words that come before or after the words and phrases. Part 1: One action or situation occurring before another action or situation by the time earlier formerly precede previously prior to 1...................................................the advent of the Industrial Revolution, pollution was virtually unheard of. 2 ...................................................the arm y had restored order, the city had been almost com pletely devastated. 3 ................................................ k n o w n as Bom bay, M um bai is India's most vibra nt and exciting city. 4. A sudden d ro p in tem p e ra ture w ill u s u a lly ................................................. a blizzard. 5. It was m y first trip on an aeroplane................................................... I'd always go n e by train. 6. Th e Prime M inister m ade a speech praising charity organisations w o rk in g in M o za m biq ue . ................................................. th a t day he had promised massive econom ic aid to stricken areas. Part 2: One action or situation occurring at the same time as another action or situation at that very moment during in the meantime while 1....................................... the minister was m aking his speech, thousands of dem onstrators to o k to the streets. 2...................................................the speech the y jeered and shouted slogans. 3. Th e ministercontinued speaking.................................................. the police w ere ordered onto the streets. 4. He finished the speech w ith a w o rd of praise for the police.......................................................... people began th ro w in g bottles and bricks, and the riot began. Part 3: One action or situation occurring after another action or situation afterwards as soon as following 1.................................................. the earthquake, emergency organisations around the w orld swung into action. 55 2 ....................................................... the stock m arket collapsed, there was panic buying on an unprecedented scale. 3. Th e Klondike gold rush lasted from 1896 to 1910..........................................................., the area became practically deserted overnight. 2 Look at these words and phrases and decide if w e usually use them to talk about (1) the past, (2) the past leading to the present, (3) the present or (4) the future. Try to w rite a sentence for each one. a few decades ago as things stand at the turn of the century at that point / moment in history back in the 1990s between 2003 and 2005 by the end of this year ever since for the foreseeable future for the next few weeks for the past few months from 2006 to 2011 from now on in another five years' time in medieval times in my childhood/youth in those days last century lately nowadays one day over the coming weeks and months over the past six weeks sooner or later these days

general vocabulary Useful interview expressions 1 Here are some com mon spoken expressions that you m ight find useful in the IELTS Speaking Test. Put each expression into the correct box in the table according to its function. 1. C o u ld I just say th at : - 11. I d o n 't en tire ly ^ g ree. 2. W h a t are you r views o n ...? 12. I see things rather differently myself. 3. D o -y o tt-ag r ee th at. -? 13. Let me inte rru p t you there. 4. Sorry to interrupt,... 14. W h a t d o you th in k a b o u t...? 5. Excuse me fo r in te rru p tin g ,... 15. Sorry to b u tt in,... 6. I a g fe e . 16. Tha t's just w h a t I think . 7. W ell, as a m a tte r o f fact,... 17. That's right. 8. I couldn't agree more. 18. W ell, actually,... 9. That's m y view exactly. 19. W hat's yo u r opin ion ? 10. W h a t are yo u r feelings a b o u t...? 20. I'm afraid I disagree / d o n 't agree. Agreeing with somebody Disagreeing w ith somebody /agree. / d o n 't entirely agree. Interrupting somebody Asking somebody for their opinion C o u ld 1ju s t say th a t... ? Do you agree that...? 2 N o w do the same w ith these. 1. In e th e r^ w o rd ^ -.- 11. I'm sorry? 2. W h a t I m ean is... 12. To p u t it a n o th e r w a y ... 3. M a y I th in k a b o u t th a t fo r a m om ent? 13. Let me th in k a bo u t th a t fo r a m om en t. 4. So, in conclusion,... 14. That's an interesting question. 5. C o uld y o u repeat th e question? 15. T o sum m arise,... 6. Perhaps I should m ake th a t clearer by saying... 16. W h a t was that? 7. Let m e see. 17. W h a t I'm tryin g to say is... 8. In short / b rie f,... 18. Hrom , h o w can-l put-/-say-this? 9. To sum u p ,... 19. So, basically;.:: 56 10. I'm afraid I d id n 't catch that. 20. W ould you m ind repeating that?

Useful interview expressions general vocabulary Asking for clarification or repetition Saying something in another w a y Could you repeat the question ? In other words... Giving yourself time to think Summ ing up w h a t you have said H m m , h o w can 1p u t / say this? So, basically... 3 Fill in the gaps in these extracts from lELTS-style interviews w ith a suitable expression from Exercise 1 or 2. In each case, more than one answer is possible. 1. W h y are so m any people obsessed w ith celebrities? W h y are so m any people obsessed w ith celebrities? Interviewer: Student: Interviewer: Interviewer: A lot of people say tha t w e've become to o reliant on technology. W hat's yo u r opinion? Student: ....................................................................... In fact, I th in k th a t it's taking over o u r lives. 3. Interviewer: Do yo u th in k th a t people in places like India, Bangladesh and o ther African countries w ork harder... Student: Interviewer: but d o n't you mean Asian countries? 4. O f course, yes, that's w h a t I meant. Interviewer: Student: Some professional sports people are paid far too much. Do you agree? ...................................................................... First of all, I th in k th a t there are times w h e n the 5. salary the y're paid is justified, b u t then again, a lot of th e m ... Interviewer: The w ay parents behave can have a profound effect on how their children develop. Student: Do you agree? Yes I do. Children need people w h o can influence them in a positive way, and w h o can 6. show the m the difference betw een rig ht and w ro n g ............................................................ they need good role models. Interviewer: Some people say th a t private vehicle o w nership should be banned, and w e should all Student: use public transport. A re the y right, do you think? ......................................................................First of all, public transport can't always take you exactly w h e re yo u w a n t to go. Secondly, it's expensive and unreliable. Th e n there's 57 the problem w ith ....

topic-specific vocabulary Architecture 1 Put the w ords and phrases in the box into their appropriate category in the table beneath. Some w ords or phrases can go into more than one category. Th e material in this m odule basically remains the same, w ith the exception of the following changes: art deco concrete controversial elegant energy-efficient an eyesore facade foundations functional glass high-rise apartments high-tech international style low-rise apartments modernist multi-storey car park post-modern pleasing geometric forms porch practical reinforced concrete skyscraper standardised steel stone timber traditional ugly walls well-designed Building materials Aesthetic perception (h o w w e feel about a (6 w ords / phrases) b u ild in g ) (6 words / phrases) Types o f building Architectural style (4 w ords / phrases) (6 words / phrases) Parts o f a building Features (that make the building easy to (4 w ords / phrases) live o r w ork in) (4 words / phrases) 58

Architecture topic-specific vocabulary 2 Complete these sentences w ith an appropriate w ord or phrase from A , B or C. 1. Th e building i s ......................................................... It's been ruined and abandoned for years. A . destabilised B. derelict C. de fu n ct 2. She lives on a large h o u s in g ...................................................................................near the centre of th e city. A . estate B. state C. estu a ry 3. Th e re are several ru n -d o w n districts inside th e city w h e re the housing is in a bad state, a lthough most of th e s e ........................................................ are going to be replaced by high-rise apartments. A . slumps B. scrums C. slum s 4. Th e city council are goin g t o .........................................................the old church and built a n ew one in its place. A . demobilise B. d e m o te C. dem olish 5. You can't knock d o w n tha t house; there's a ........................................................ order on it w hich makes it illegal to destroy it. A . preservation B. preservative C. presentable 6. Sir Richard Rogers is t h e ........................................................ w h o designed the Lloyds building in London. A . architect B. architecture C. architectural 7. Some of the problem s in o u r ....................................................................................................are d ru g related. A . inter-cities B. internal cities C. in n e r cities 8. T h e council hope to reduce crime in the to w n by introducing n e w ........................................................ facilities so tha t people have som ething to do in the evening. A . sociable B. socialist C. social 9. Th e cinema is going to be closed for tw o m onths w hile the o w n e rs ........................................................it. A . renovate B. rem onstrate C. reiterate 10. If you w a n t to add an extension to yo u r house, you w ill need ........................................................ permission from you r local council. A. planning B. construction C. plotting 11. In the US, the gro u n d floor is called t h e ........................................................ floor. A. basement B. first C. bottom 12. O n e w a y of creating m ore space in a house is to convert t h e ........................................................ into an extra room. A. attic B. ceiling C. roof 59

Architecturetopic-specific vocabulary 3 Complete this report w ith w ords and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible, and you w ill need to change the form of one of the words. Report from the director o f the West Twyford Town Planning Committee T h e last year has been a busy one fo r the W est T w y fo rd T o w n Planning C om m itte e. O u tlin e d b elow are a fe w of the areas w e have concentrated on. 1. A pplications fo r 1.......................................... .............. permission fro m hom e ow ners w h o w a n t to develop their properties have increased by 50 per cent. However, m any of these homes are historic buildings and have 2.........................................................orders w hich p revent th e m fro m being altered externally. A t present, w e can only a llo w ow ners to 3.........................................................the inside of their homes (including installing central heating and im proved wall insulation). 2. Last sum m er w e invited several 4 .........................................................to design plans fo r the n e w council offices on Peach Street. W e eventually chose Barnard, Jackson and Willis, a local com pany. It was generally agreed th a t th e ir design, w hich included a grey tin te d 5......................................................... 6 at the fro n t of the building, was the most aesthetically pleasing. T h e y are currently in the process o f laying the 7 ...........................................................fo r the n e w building, w hich w e understand is taking some tim e as the land must be drained first. 3. In response to a lot o f com plaints a b o u t the lack of 8 ......................................................... facilities in the to w n , it was agreed at last m onth's m eeting th a t funds should be set aside fo r the construction of a new sports centre and youth club. 4. Several 9 ......................................................... buildings w hich have been ruined and a bandoned for over five years are to be knocked d o w n . In th e ir place, a n e w housing 10......................................................... will be built. This will provide 20 new homes w ithin the next tw o years. 5. Everybody agrees th a t the n e w shops on the H igh Street are 11............................................................It is certainly true that they are very ugly and out of keeping w ith the other buildings on the street. In future, w e must ensure th a t all n e w buildings are b uilt in a 12.........................................................style so th a t th e y fit in w ith the older buildings a rou nd the m . 6. Th e re has been an increased crime rate in the 13......................................................... to the east of the to w n . W e plan to demolish these ru n -d o w n areas w ithin the next eight years and re-house the residents in n e w 14.........................................................apartm ents in the Berkely Heath district. In an a tte m pt to help th e e nvironm ent, w e are g o in g to make the to w n hall m ore 15.......................................................... W in d o w s w ill be d oub le-gla zed , walls and ceilings will be insulated and w e will replace the current central heating system. M y next report w ill be in tw o m onths' tim e. A n y b o d y w ishing to discuss these issues can contact me on extension 287. 60

The arts topic-specific vocabulary 1 Look at the extracts from newspaper reviews, and decide w h a t is being talked about in each one. Choose your answers from the box. Fine / Visual arts photography a portrait a sculpture abstract art a landscape a still life Literature a biography a collection of short stories drama an autobiography a novel poetry Performing arts a film a modern dance piece a musical a ballet a concert an opera a play 1. M im i Latouche is g e ttin g a little to o old fo r this kind o f th in g , and as I w atched her pirouette across the stage in a tu tu tw o sizes to o small, she rem inded me not so m uch of a swan as a rather ungainly cro w ........................................ 2. T h e scenery w as w o n d e rfu l. T h e costumes w e re marvellous. T h e cast w ere incredible. I wish I could say the same a bo u t the script. Th e p la yw rig h t should be shot....................................... 3. In his n e w book on Ernest H em ingw ay, acclaimed w rite r Michael Norris has b ro u g h t the great m an to life in a w a y n o b o d y else co u ld ....................................... 4. M o ve over M ichelangelo! You have a rival. V itto rio M anelleto's m arble pieces e m b o d y the hum an form in a w a y th a t has not been achieved in over 500 years....................................... 5. I had to study the picture fo r almost tw o m inutes before I realised w h o it was. It was none other than o u r Q u ee n . I d o u b t she w o u ld have been am used....................................... 6. Th e re are no great tenors in Britain. T h a t is until now . Brian Clack's perform ance in La Traviatta sent shudders d o w n m y spine. W h a t a m an! W h a t a voice! W h a t a size! ................................... 7. H erbert von Erding has been conducting n o w fo r almost 40 years, and his final appearance yesterday was greeted w ith a standing ovation from both musicians and members of the audience. 8. Stone A n g e l is an hilarious tale a bo u t the fall and rise of an opera singer. I picked it up and d id n 't p u t it d o w n until I had finished. A fantastic b o o k ........................................ 9. Dylan Tho m as show ed rem arkable eloquence, and this latest com pilation of some of his finest prose w ill surely be a bestseller. ................................... 10. Bruschetta's studies of dead animals m igh t not be to everyone's taste, b ut it is impossible to deny his skill in representing inanim ate objects like these on canvas....................................... 11. He usually w orks in black and w h ite , and in m y opinion that's the m edium he should stick to. His colour shots are too static and are heavily over-filtered, the strong lighting washes out any subtlety, and m uch of it is o u t of focus....................................... 61

The artstopic-specific vocabulary 12. Shot entirely on location in Iran, this is perhaps the director's finest hour. A stunning setting, fine perform ances fro m the leads, and a cast of thousands of extras m ake this a tru ly visual feast. 13. T h e p aintin g shows a lot o f red circles and triangles inside squares flo ating in the sky above a y e llo w sea, and is titled 'Contractual O b lig a tio n M e tam orph osis'......................................... 14. 'D a w n V ie w of Lo n d o n ' takes in the w h o le of the city as seen fro m the to p of Parliam ent Hill, a lth o ugh the artist has rem oved some of the less attractive buildings from the fo re groun d . 2 The w ords in bold in these sentences are either w ron g, or the w ron g w o rd form has been used. Change them so that they are correct. 1. Tonight's perform o f Romeo and Juliet begins at 7.30. performance 2. Cam ford University Press havejust released a collection of Shakespeare's w orkings................................... 3. A n e w lim ited editor of the CD 'H ere w e g o !' by rock g ro u p Glass Weasel contains a D V D of their latest tour. ................................... 4. His last book received some excellent revues in the papers........................................ 5. Tate M o d e rn is currently run nin g an exhibit of Tracey Emin's early w o rk ........................................ 6. Th e British National O pera says th a t it is delighted w ith the governm ent's promise of a £500,000 g r a n t i n g ...................................... 7. Tickets have already sold o u t fo r the first day's show ing of To m Cartmill's paintings at the National A rt Galley..................................... 8. Ernest H e m in g w a y was one of the tw e n tie th century's most fam ous novels..................................... 9. French impressionism, w hich included M oney, M a n e t and Degas, had a p ro fo u n d influence on n in e te e nth -ce ntu ry a rt........................................ 10. A pp are ntly, O ld h a ve n Press are g o in g to publication a collection of short stories w ritte n by s c h o o l c h i l d r e n ........................................ 11.1 loved the film's atmosphere music and use of visual m etaphor. ................................... 12. I've always had an a rty eye, and th in k Iw o u ld m ake a g o o d fashion photo grap he r. ................................... 13. I hate reality shows, talent shows and similar television program m es tha t form the bulk of today's popularity cu ltu re ........................................ 14. Orson W elles' film Citizen Kane was m ade over 70 years ago, but remains a cinema masterpiece. 15. A n d re Breton is w id e ly regarded as the fo u n d e r of the surreal art m o ve m e n t........................................ 16. T h e college runs a varied p ro g ra m m e of cultured activities w hich are open to o rdin ary members of the public........................................ 62

The arts topic-specific vocabulary 3 Complete this extract from a radio programme w ith the w ords or phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible, and you will need to change some of the w o rd forms. Hello, and w elcom e to today's edition of 'B u t is it A rt? ' N ow , I d o n 't usually enjoy 1.............................................................- all those pirouettes and pas de deux's and dying swans usually send me to sleep, b ut last night's 2 ............................................................. of Sleeping Beauty at Nureyev Hall had me on the edge of my seat. A n d I'm not the only one: rave 3 in th e national press praised the excellent cho reography and the incredible stage set. It's on again to n ig h t, b ut you'll have to m ove fast if you w a n t a ticket! Th e current 4 ............................................................. of M onetto's paintings at the W he atle y A rt 5............................................................. has been a disappointm ent. Th e pictures themselves are excellent, especially the great artist's 6.............................................................of film stars, and of course his stunning 7............................................................. of a vase of daffodils, but the lighting inside the room was terrible. I w o u ld have th o u g h t that, having received a govern m en t 8 ............................................................. of almost £100,000, the W heatley Arts Council could have invested it in some goo d lights. Fans of the great tw e n tie th -ce n tu ry 9 .............................................................. G eorge O rw ell w ill be d elighted to hear th a t Swansong Press are goin g to release a collection of his greatest 10............................................................ w hich w ill o f course include A nim a l Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four. Also included are some rare short stories w hich w e re n ot 11.............................................................. until after his death. Look o u t for the book, w hich will be in the shops from the end of the m onth. O n the subject of books, a n e w 12............................................................. of the life of conductor Charles W orsenm ost is due to be released in January. W orsenm ost conducted his last 13............................................................. in 1998 after a long and eventful career. This is highly recom m ended for anyone w h o is rem otely interested in classical music. Have you ever w an ted to be an 14.............................................................singer? W ell, now's your chance! The National Music Com pany are looking for tenors and sopranos to audition for a new production o f M ozart's Marriage o f Figaro. If yo u 're interested, w e'll give you the n um b er to call at the end of the programme. Potential Michelangelos and Henry Moores can try the ir hand at 15............................................................. this w eekend. Th e Gleneagles M useum is holding a series of workshops w hich will give you the chance to chip away at a lum p of stone to produce a piece of three-dim ensional art. There's no need to book - just turn up at the door on Saturday at nine o'clock. A n d n o w here's that num ber I promised y o u .... 63

topic-specific vocabulary Business & industry 1 Look at sentences 1 - 1 6 , and replace the w ords and phrases in bold w ith a w o rd or phrase in the box w hich has an opposite meaning. credit demand for employees expenditure exports lending loss net private recession retail shop floor state-owned industries take on unskilled labourers white-collar 1. W e have a lim ited s u p p ly o f co m p u te r base units. 2. Last year, o u r co m p an y m ade a huge p ro fit. 3. O u r gross profits are up by alm ost 150 per cent on last year. 4. Banks across the co un try are rep o rtin g a sharp d ro p in b o rro w in g . 5. T h e co m p an y w ill d e b it y o u r bank account w ith £528 each m o n th. 6. T h e w ho lesa le m arket has experienced a d o w n tu rn since the recession began. 7. T h e g o v e rn m e n t is enco u ra gin g sh ort-term investors to p u t th e ir m oney into the p u b lic sector. 8. Private enterprises are under a lot of financial pressure. 9. S killed w o rk e rs are d e m a n d in g a 15 per cent pay rise. 10. If this continues, w e w ill have to la y o f f m em bers o f staff. 11. B lu e -colla r w orkers across the coun try are d e m a n d in g im proved w orking conditions. 12. He w orks fo r a co m p an y w hich im p o rts camera e quip m e nt. 13. A lot o f people have benefited fro m the recent b o o m in the electrical industry. 14. T h e m a n a g e m e n t refuse to com prom ise on the qua lity of their products. 15. O verall re ve n u e is d o w n by almost 15 per cent. 16. A fight broke out in the boardroom over terms and conditions of employment. (Note: you will have to change the preposition in to on) 64

Business & industry topic-specific vocabulary 2 Match the words and phrases in the first box w ith a dictionary definition from the list A - R below. 1. a utom ation 7. interest rates 13. o u tp u t 2. un e m plo ym e n t 8. prim ary industry 14. incom e tax 3. inflation 9. secondary industries 15. V A T 4. balance of payments 10. service industries 16. deficit 5. taxation 11. nationalised industries 17. key industry 6. GNP 12. m o n o po ly 18. salary ;A . Th e percentage charged fo r b o rro w in g money. (The Bank o f England has raised B. Industries involved in the m anufacture of goods. ( ............................................................. rely on the ready supply o f ra w materials.) C. Th e value of goods and services paid fo r in a country, including income earned in other countries. (Last y e a r's ............................................................. was close to £25 billion.) D. Th e a m o u n t w hich a firm , m achine or person produces. (The factory has doubled its in the last six months.) ;E. Industries involved in the production of raw materials. (Coal m ining is an im portant F Installing m achinery in place of w orkers ( ............................................................. can be a m ixed blessing - machines usually tend to be out o f order when yo u need them most.) G. Industries w hich do not make products but offer a service such as banking, insurance and transport. ( ............................................................. have become more im portant in the last decade.) H. Th e difference in value betw een a country's imports and exports. (The governm ent is trying to reduce t h e ............................................................. deficit.) I. Th e a m o u n t by w hich expenditure is m ore than receipts in a firm's or country's accounts. (The com pany announced a tw o m illion p o u n d ............................................................... ) J. A system w h e re one person or com pany supplies all of a product in one area w ith o u t any com petition. (The state has a ............................................................. o f the tobacco trade.) K. Industries w hich w ere once privately o w ned, but n o w belong to the state. (Workers in ............................................................. are to g e t a 3 per cent p a y rise.) L. Lack of w o rk . (The figures f o r ............................................................. are rising.) M . T h e action of im posing taxes. (M o n e y raised b y ............................................................. pays for all governm ent services.) N. Th e most im portant industries in a country. (O il is a ............................................................. which is essential to the country's economy.) O . A state in an econom y w h e re prices and wages are rising to keep pace w ith each other. (The governm ent is trying to k e e p ............................................................. d o w n b e lo w 3 pe r cent.) P. A tax on m oney earned as wages or salary. (S h e p a ys ............................................................. at the low est rate.) Q . A tax imposed as a percentage of the invoice value of goods or services. A n indirect tax. ( ............................................................. in Britain currently runs at 20 p e r cent.) R. A fixed a m oun t of m oney tha t you earn each m onth of year from yo u r jo b (I receive an annual ............................................................. o f £30,000) 65

Business & industrytopic-specific vocabulary 3 Complete this extract from a business programme w ith words and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible, and you will need to change some of the w o rd forms. 1..................................................................................rates are to rise by a furth er half a per cent next m onth, putting furth er pressure on hom eow ners paying m ortgages. It will also discourage people from 2..................................................................................m oney from the high street banks, w h o are already under a lot of pressure. Last year, the National Bank was forced to 3 .................................................................................. 2,000 members of staff across the country, adding to the country's rapidly rising rate of 4 ................................................................................. 5..................................................................................... rose in the last year by almost 6 per cent, despite the governm ent's pledge to keep price and w a g e rises no high er than 3 per cent. This has had a negative im pact on 6 ..................................................................................... .. since the strong p oun d coupled w ith rising prices has m ade it alm ost impossible fo r foreign com panies to buy British goods and services. Especially affected are the 7 ..................................................................................... prod ucin g pharmaceuticals and chemicals. 8 ...................................................................................... w orkers in 9 ....................................................................................... industries across the country are d e m a n d in g high er 10........................................................................................ Unions and w orkers are negotiating w ith 11......................................................................................chiefs for an e ig ht percent rise. This follows th e announ ce m en t th a t the gove rn m e n t w a n t m ore investors to put their m oney into the 12......................................................................................sector. 13...................................................................................... for hom e com puters has finally overtaken the 14 ...................................................................................... m aking it once again a seller's m arket. Th e re is n o w a tw o -w e e k w a itin g list to receive a n e w com puter. This has pushed prices up by almost a third . Bradford Aerospace Technologies, w h e re overall 15........................................................................................ fo r sales of aircraft parts has d ro p pe d by almost 10 per centin the lastquarter, w ill shortly become a 16......................................................................................industry in a final desperate a tte m pt to keep it open. Th e governm ent has promised it will keep on the current workforce. Bad news too for Ranger Cars, w h o this w eek announced a 17................................................................................. of almost £5 million. A spokesman for the com pany blamed highlabour costs and the reluctance by union leaders to approve increased 18......................................................at the firm's factories. The y insist that the installation of new machinery will lead to redundancies. 66

Children & the family topic-specific vocabulary 1 Complete these sentences w ith an appropriate w o rd or phrase from A , B or C. 1. M r and Mrs Smith live at hom e w ith th e ir tw o children. Th e y are a typical exam ple of a m odern family. A. extended B. nuclear C. com pact 2. M r and Mrs Popatlal live at hom e w ith th e ir aged parents, children and grandchildren. Th e y are a typical exam ple of a tra d itio n a l...............................................family. A . nuclear B. enlarged C. e xte n d e d 3. Mrs Jones lives on her o w n and has to look after her tw o children. Th e re are a lot of families like hers. A . single-parent B. m o th e r-o n ly C. m o n o -p a re n t 4. Some parents need t o ...............................................their children m ore strictly. A . bring dow n B. b rin g a b o u t C. b rin g up 5. W h e n I was a child, I had a very t u r b u le n t ................................................. A . upbringing B. upraising C. u p liftin g 6. Mrs Kelly i s ...............................................and finds it difficult to look after her children on her o w n . A . divorced B. divided C. d ive rg e d 7. M a n y m en believe t h a t ...............................................is th e responsibility of a w o m a n . A . childhelp B. childcare C. childaid 8 is a particularly difficult tim e of life fo r a child. A . Convalescence B. Adolescence C. Convergence 9. A person's behaviour can sometimes be traced back to his/her................................................. A . creative years B. form ula ting years C. fo rm a tive years 10. T h e co untry has seen a sharp d ro p in t h e ...............................................in the last fe w years. A . birth rate B. b a b y rate C. bo rn rate 11. She has f i v e ............................................... w h o rely on her to look after them . A . dependants B. dependers C. dependents 12 crim e is on the rise, w ith over 30 per cent of thefts being com m itted by young people under the age of eighteen. A . Junior B. Ju ve n ile C. Children 2 M atch sentences 1 - 1 2 w ith a second sentence A - M . Use the key w ord s and phrases in bold to help you. 1. M r and Mrs W h ite are very authoritarian parents. gy 2. M r Bowles is considered to be to o lenient. 3. M r and Mrs Harris lead separate lives. 4. Billy is a w ell-ad juste d kid. 5. Th e M annings are not very responsible parents. 6. M y parents are separated. 7. Parents m ust look after their children, b ut the y shouldn't be over-protective. 8. Professor M aynard has m ade a study of the cognitive processes of young children.

topic-specific vocabulary Children & the family 9. I'm afraid m y yo ungest child is ru n n in g w ild . 10. She looks q uite different fro m all her siblings. 11. Th e re are several different and distinct stages o f d e ve lo p m e n t in a child's life. 12. T o n y was raised by a foster fa m ily w h e n his o w n parents died. A. They d on't look after their children very well. B. He is fascinated by the w a y th e y learn n e w things. C. He very rarely punishes his children. D. I live w ith m y m other and visit m y father at weekends. E. He never listens to a w o rd I say, and is always playing tru a n t fro m school. F. Brothers and sisters usually bear some resemblance to one another. G. A lth o u g h they are m arried and live together, they rarely speak to each other. H. Th e y are very strict w ith their children. I. O f all o f these, the teenage years are the m ost difficult. J. Children need the freedom to get out and experience the w orld around them . K. He's happy at ho m e and is d o in g w ell at school. L. M a n y families take in children w h o are n o t th e ir o w n . 3 Com plete this case study w ith one of the w o rd s o r phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. You w ill need to change one of the w o rd forms. Bob's problem s began d urin g his 1...................................................... years. His parents g o t 2 ..................................................... w h e n he was yo u n g , and neither of the m w a n te d to raise him or his b ro th er and sister, so he was 3 ..................................................... by a 4 ....................................................... chosen by his parents' social w orker. Unfortunately, his foster fathe r was a strict 5..................................................... and often beat him . Bob rebelled against this strict 6 ........................................................ and by the tim e he was eight, he was already 7..................................................... .. stealing from shops and playing truan t. By the tim e he reached 8..................................................... .. som etim e a round his 13th birthday, he had already appeared in court several times, charged w ith 9 ..................................................... crime. T h e ju d g e blam ed his foster parents, explaining th a t children needed 10..................................................... parents and guardians w h o w ould look after them properly. Th e foster father objected to this, pointing o ut that Bob's 11..................................................... - his tw o brothers and sister - w ere 12..................................................... children w h o behaved at home and w orked well at school. 68 This has raised some interesting questions a b o u t the m odern fam ily system. W h ile it is true th a t parents should n o t be to o 13...................................................... w ith children by letting th e m d o w h a t the y w a n t w h e n th e y w a n t, or be to o 14...................................................... by sheltering the m fro m the realities of life, it is also tru e th a t the y should not be to o strict. It has also high lig hted the disadvantages of the m odern 15...................................................... fam ily w h e re the child has on ly its m o th e r and father to rely on (o r the 16...................................................... family, in w hich the m o th e r or fathe r has to struggle particularly hard to support the ir 17...................................................... ). In fact, m any believe th a t w e should return to traditional fam ily values and the 18...................................................... fam ily: extensive research has show n th a t children from these families are generally better behaved and have a better chance o f success in later life.

Crime & the law topic-specific vocabulary 1 Match the w ords and phrases in the box w ith their correct definition 1 - 1 0 . barrister break the law defendant judge jury law-abiding offender solicitor victim witness 1. A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law ....................................... 2. A g ro u p of 12 citizens w h o are sw orn to decide w h e th e r som eone is guilty o r innocent on the basis of evidence given in a court of law ....................................... 3. A person w h o sees som ething happen o r is present w h e n som ething happens....................................... 4. A person w h o appears in a court of law accused of doing som ething illegal........................................ 5. A person w h o is attacked or w h o is in an accident........................................ 6. A qualified lawyer w h o gives advice to members of the public and acts for them in legal matters. 7. A person w h o commits an offence against the law ....................................... 8. A lawyer w h o can present a case in c o u rt....................................... 9. A n expression used to describe som eone w h o obeys the law ....................................... 10. To do som ething th a t is illegal....................................... 2 Th e follow ing groups of sentences describe the legal process which follows a crime. However, w ith the exception of the first sentence, the sentences in each group are in the w ron g order. Put them into the correct order, using the key w ords and phrases in bold to help you. Some of these words appear in Task A. Parti A . O n e night, Jim Smith com m itted a serious crime. = Sentence 7 B. Jim asked the officer fo r a solicitor to help h im ....................................... C. A t the same tim e, the police arranged fo r a barrister to prosecute h im ....................................... D. T h e y to o k him to the police station and form ally charged him w ith the crim e....................................... E. W h e n the trial began and he appeared in court fo r the first tim e, he pleaded his innocence. F. Th e next m o rn in g the police arrested h im ....................................... Part 2 A . His barrister also said he was innocent and asked the court to acquit him. = Sentence 1 B. W h ile he was in prison, he applied fo r parole........................................ C. As a result, the ju d g e sentenced him to tw o years in prison....................................... D. He was released after 18 m o n ths....................................... E. However, there w ere several witnesses, and the evidence against him was o ve rw he lm in g . F. Having all the p ro o f the y needed, the ju r y returned a g u ilty verdict. ................................... Part 3 A . U nfortunately, prison failed to rehabilitate him and after his release he continued w ith his misdeeds, attacking an old w o m a n in the street. = Sentence 1 B. Jim promised to reform and the pensioner w ith d re w her call fo r m ore severe retribution. 69

topic-specific vocabulary Crime & the law C. W ith this in m ind, instead o f passing a custodial sentence, he fin e d him a lot of m oney and ordered him to d o c o m m u n ity service...................................... D. He was re -a rre ste d and returned to c o u rt........................................ E. His n e w victim , a pensioner, th o u g h t th a t the ju d g e was being to o le n ie n t on Jim and called for the reinstatem ent of corp oral p u n is h m e n t and capital p u n is h m e n t! ................................. F. A t his second trial the ju d g e agreed th a t prison was n ot a d e te rre n t fo r Jim ........................................ 3. N o w look at this extract from a politician's speech and complete the gaps w ith one of the words or phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer may be possible. A re you w orrie d abou t crime? I am. W e read it every day in the papers. A terrible crime has been 1............................................................ , the police have 2............................................................ someone, he has appeared in fro n t of a jury in a 3............................................................of law, he has 4 ............................................. ............... his innocence b u t has been fo un d 5.............................................................. o f his crime and he has been 6 .............................................................. to 10 years in prison. W e are all very relieved tha t the criminal is being punished fo r his 7.............................................................. and 8................................................................. citizens like you and me can sleep more safely at night. But w h a t happens next? W e all hope, d o n 't w e, th a t the prisoner w ill benefit fro m society's 9 ...... th a t a spell in prison w ill m ake him a better person. W e all hope th a t he w ill 11............................................................. and become like us. W e all hope th a t w h e n he is eventually 12............................................................. and let loose on the streets, he will be a good character, the threa t of another spell in jail being a suitable 1 3 ........................................................... w hich w ill stop him fro m breaking the law again. O h yes. But let's face it.Th e reality is usually very different. Th e prisoner m ay be released on 14 .............................................................. before the end of his sentence. He will try to re-en ter society. But then he often becomes a 15............................................................. himself, unable to find w o rk and rejected by society. It isn't long before he's back in prison again. So w h a t alternatives are there, I hear you say. W h a t can w e do to the 16........................................................... to make sure he doesn't com m it another crime? There are alternatives to prison, of course, such as 17 in which he will provide a service to those around him. O r he can pay a large 18............................................................. Alternatively, w e could establish a more severe system of punishment, including 19......................................................... and 20.............................................................. but w e like to consider ourselves civilised, and the idea of beating or executing someone is repellent to us. O h yes. T h e answer, o f course, is far simpler. W e need to be to u g h n o t on the crim inal, b u t on the cause of the crime. W e should spend less o f the taxpayer's m on ey fu n d in g the 21.............................................................. and 22..............................................................and all the o th e r people w h o w o rk fo r th e legal system, and put the m oney instead into supporting deprived areas w hich are the breedinggrounds fo r crime. W e in the ConLab Party believe th a t everyb o d y needs a g o o d chance in life,and this is a go o d step fo rw a rd . V ote fo r us n o w ! 70

Education topic-specific vocabulary 1 Look at the sentences below and fill in the gaps using the appropriate w o rd from A , B or C. 1. He d id n 't get a go o d grade the first tim e he did his IELTS exam, so decided t o .............................. it. A . resit B. rem ake C. repair 2. People w h o attend university later in life are often c a lle d .............................. students. A. aged B. mature C. old 3. A lth o u g h she had left school and was w o rk in g , she w e n t to evening classes at the local College of .............................. Education. A. Upper B. Fu rth e r C. H igh e r 4. A fte r he left school, he decided to go on t o .............................. education and applied for a place at Edinburgh University. A. further B. u p p e r C. h ig h e r 5. He received a local g o v e rn m e n t.............................. to help him pay fo r his course. A . fee B. fare C. g ra n t 6. Education helps us to acquire know ledge and learn n e w .................................. A . skills B. p o w e rs C. abilities 7. A lth o u g h she already had a first degree from university, she decided tha t she w an ted to w o rk tow ards a .............................. degree later in life. A. further B. senior C. h ig h e r 8. W e should make the best of e v e r y ............................ to learn. A . chance B. o p p o rtu n ity C. availability 9. N o w a d a y s ,........................... educationis p ro m o ted a lot in schools. A. body B. h ealth C. vita lity 10. A large n um b er o f parents are dissatisfied w ith t h e .............................. education system, and put their children into private schools instead. A. government B. n a tio n a l C. state 11. Because so m any students find exams stressful, some colleges offer a system o f ........................................ assessment instead. A . continual B. continuous C. co n tin u in g 12. He has read a lot of books a n d .............................. a lot of know ledge. A . acquired B. w o n C. achieved 13. University students have a ..............................w h o they m eet on a regular basis to discuss the ir w ork. A . teacher B. tu to r C. lecturer 14. The re w ere m ore than 50 students at Professor B ry a n t's.............................. on city planning. A . lecture B. sem inar C. tu to ria l 2 Complete the passage on the next page w ith a suitable w ord or phrase from the box. course day release degree discipline enrol evening class graduate kindergarten literacy numeracy on-line pass primary qualifications secondary skills 71

topic-specific vocabulary Education W h e n M ichael was three years old, he started g o in g to a local (1 )............................................................. and tw o years later began a tte n din g his local (2 )............................................................. school, w h e re he learned basic (3 )............................................................. such as (4 ).............................................................. and (5 )................................................................A t the age o f 11, he started at (6 )............................................................... school. He w asn't a very keen pupil, and his teachers often com plained th a t he lacked (7 ) .................................................................. H owever, w h e n he to o k his school-leaving exams, he (8 ) .............................................................. the m all w ith go o d grades. W h e n he leftschool at the age of 18, he decided he w an ted to continue his studies. He foun d a university w hich offered a full-tim e (9 ).............................................................in M o d e rn A rt and Design, and (1 0 ).............................................................on it a fe w days before his 19th birthday. For three years he w orked hard, and ( 11) .............................................................w ith a (1 2 )..............................................................in M od e rn A rt and Design. A fte r that, he did an (1 3 )............................................................ course in P hotography from a college in the US. Th e (1 4 ).............................................................. th a t he had gained, com bined w ith his creative talents, impressed anadvertising agencythat he w anted to w o rk for, and they offered him a job. Th e agency encouraged himto develophis passion fo r all things creative, and w h ile the y w e re n 't prepared to offer him (1 5 )............................................................... to study d u rin g w o rk in g hours, the y paid fo r him to join an (1 6 )............................................................. at his local College of Further Education. 3 N o w read this essay and com plete the gaps w ith one o f the w o rd s or phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. You will need to change the form of some of the words. 'You are never too o ld to learn'. Do y o u agree w ith this statem ent? Education is a long process that not only provides us w ith basic (1 ).......................................................... such as (2 ).......................................................... and (3 ).......................................................... , but is also essential in shaping o ur future lives. From the m om ent w e enter (4 ).......................................................... as small children, and as w e progress th ro ug h (5 ).............................................................................................................................................. and (6 ).. ed w e are laying the foundations for the life ahead o f us. W e must (7 ).......................................................... ourselves to w o rk hard so tha t w e can (8 ).......................................................... exams and gain the (9) .......................................................... w e will need to secure a good job. W e must also (10) .......................................................... valuable life skills so tha t w e can fit in and w o rk w ith those around us. A n d of course ( 11) .......................................................... education helps us to understand h o w w e can stay fit and healthy. For most people, this process ends w h e n the y are in the ir m id-to-la te teens. For others, however, it is the beginning of a lifetime of learning. A fte r they finish school, many progress to (1 2 )............................................................. education w h e re the y w ill learn m ore useful skills such as com puter literacy or basic business m anagem ent. Others will (1 3 )............................................................. on a program m e of (1 4 )............................................................. education at a university w he re , w ith hard w o rk , the y w ill have the o p p o rtu n ity to (1 5 ).............................................................. after three or fo u r years w ith a w ell-earned (16) After that, they may w ork for a while before opting to study for a (1 7 )............................................................. degree - an M A , fo r example, or a PhD. Alternatively, they m ay choose to attend an (1 8 )............................................................. after w o rk or, if the y have a sym pathetic em ployer, obtain (1 9 )............................................................. so th a t they can study d urin g the w eek. A n d if the y live a long w a y from a college or university, they m ig h t fo llo w an (2 0 )............................................................. course using the Internet. In fact, it is largely due to the proliferation of computers that m any people w h o have not been near a school for m any years, have started to study again and can p rou dly class themselves as (2 1 )................................ ............................ students. 72 W e live in a fascinating and constantly changing w o rld , and w e must continually learn and acquire n e w k n o w le d g e if w e are to a da pt and keep up w ith changing events. O u r schooldays are just the b e g in n in g of this process, and w e should m ake th e best of every ( 2 2 ) ............................................................. to develop ourselves, w h e th e r w e are 18 o r 80. You are, indeed, never to o old to learn.

The environment topic-specific vocabulary 1 Match the first part of each sentence in the left-hand column w ith its second part in the right-hand column. Use the w ords and phrases in bold to help you. Check that each sentence you put together is grammatically correct. 1. Some m odern agricultural m ethods have (A ) ...in m any countries poaching is considered been heavily criticised,... m ore serious than drug sm uggling. 2. If yo u w e a r a fu r coat in public,... (B) ...and rare breeds parks are very popular with many. 3. It is illegal to kill pandas, tigers... (C) ...in wildlife management. 4. If w e d o n 't d o m ore to protect pandas,... (D) ...the government's conservation programme 5. A lot o f British people are interested in has been very successful. unusual animals,... (E) ...they'll soon be extinct. 6. National parks in Kenya are currently recruiting experts... (F) ...w ith battery farm ing in particular receiving a lot of condem nation. 7. In an a tte m pt to preserve forests around the country... (G) ...it was fascinating to observe their natural behaviour. 8. W e w o u ld like to carry o u t m ore scientific study into rainforests... (H ) ...on a successful panda breeding program m e. 9. I d o n 't like zoos because I think... (I) ...keeping animals in captivity is cruel. (J) ...or any oth e r endangered species. 10. I saw a fascinating d o cum entary a bo u t the (K) ...b u t it is often difficult to get people to w a y animals live in Venezuela and th o u g h t... fu n d the research. 11. Th e Chinese g o v e rn m e n t has spent a lot of m o n e y... (L) ...you risk com ing un der attack from animal rights activists. 12. Hunters have killed so m any animals that... 2 Replace the phrases in bold in these sentences w ith a w o rd or phrase from the box so that the sentences sound more natural. There are three words or phrases that you do not need. acid rain biodegradable packaging contaminated deforestation ecosystem emissions environmentalists erosion fossil fuels genetically modified global warming green belt greenhouse organic pesticides pollution rainforest recycle things renewable 1. In Britain, b uilding is restricted or com pletely banned in the area o f fa rm in g la n d o r w o o d s a n d parks w h ich surrounds a t o w n ..................................... 2. M any companies are developing boxes, cartons a n d cans w hich can easily be decom posed b y organism s such as bacteria, o r b y su n ligh t, sea, w ater, etc. ................................. 3. Th e burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide, carbon m onoxide, sulphur dioxide, m ethane a n d o th e r gases w hich rise into the atm osphere....................................... 4. Farmers have cleared hectares of thick w o o d e d la n d in tropical re gio ns w h e re the precip itatio n is v e ry h ig h ..................................... 5. Planting trees provides some protection fro m the g ra d u a l w e a rin g a w a y of soil...................................... 6. W e should all try to process w aste m aterial so th a t it can be used a gain..................................... 7. These potatoes are cultivated naturally, w ith o u t using a n y chemical fertilisers o r pesticides. 8. This bread is m ade fro m w h e a t w hich has been altered a t a m olecu la r le ve l so as to change certain characteristics w h ich can be inherited. ................................. 9. The process o f re m o v in g the trees fro m an area o f la n d is destroying millions of acres of w o o d la n d every year. ...................................

topic-specific vocabulary The environment 10. P o llu te d p re cip ita tio n w h ich kills trees falls a long distance a w a y fro m the source of the pollution. 11. H um a n beings have had a devastating effect on the liv in g th ings, b o th large a n d sm all, in m any parts o f the w o rld ........................................ 12. T h e gases a n d o th e r substances w hich com e from factories using oil, coal and oth e r fuels w hich are th e rem ains o f pla nts a n d anim als can cause serious dam age to the e n viro n m e n t...................................... 13. D o n 't d rin k th a t w a te r! It's been m a d e d ir ty b y so m e th in g b e in g a d d e d to i t ................................. 14. Friends o f th e Earth, Greenpeace and oth e r p e o p le concerned w ith p ro te ctin g the e n v iro n m e n t are h o ld in g a fo ru m in Lo n d o n n e x t m o n th ...................................... 15. The h e a tin g up o f the earth's atm osphere b y p o llu tio n is threa ten ing life as w e k n o w it. 3 N o w look at this essay and complete the gaps w ith one of the w ords or phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer w ill be possible. You may need to change the form of some of the words. 'Environm ental degra d atio n is a m ajor w o rld problem . W h a t causes this problem , and w h a t can w e do to prevent it?' There is no doub t that the environm ent is in trouble. Factories burn 1........................................................... which produce 2................................................................................... , and this kills trees. A t the same 3 ......................................................... gases rise into the air and contribute to 4 ........................................................... w hich threatens to melt the polar ice cap. M eanwhile farmers clear huge areas of 5......................................................... in places such as the A m azo n to produce feeding land for cattle or w ood for building. Rivers and oceans are so heavily 6......................................................... by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go swim m ing. Cars pum p out poisonous 7............................................................which w e all have to breathe in. 8......................................................... and overfishing are killing off millions of animals, including whales, elephants and other 9............................................................In fact, all around us, all living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced 10............................................................ are being systematically destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness. Th e re is a lot w e can all do, however, to help prevent this. Th e easiest th in g , of course, is to 1 1......................................................... waste material such as paper and glass so th a t w e can use it again. W e should also check th a t the things w e buy from superm arkets are packaged in 12 .............................................................. packaging w hich decomposes easily. A t th e same tim e, w e should make a conscious effort to avoid foods w hich are 13............................................................. (at least until som eone proves th a t th e y are safe both fo r us and fo r th e e nviro nm e n t). If you are tru ly com m itted to protecting the e nvironm ent, of course, you should only buy 14............................................................. fru it and vegetables, safe in the kn ow led ge th a t the y have been naturally cultivated. Finally, of course, w e should buy a smaller car, as these cause less 15..............................................................tha n large saloons or SUVs. Even better, w e should try to make m ore use of public transport. T h e serious 16.............................................................. , how ever, do m uch m ore. T h e y are aw are of the global issues involved and w ill actively involve themselves in 17.............................................................. by m aking sure o u r forests are kept safe fo r fu tu re generations. Th e y w ill oppose activities w hich are harm ful to animals, such as 18.................................................................A n d th e y w ill cam paign to keep the 19.............................................................. a rou nd o u r to w n s and cities free from n e w b uildin g. W e cannot all be as com m itted as them , b u t w e can at least do o u r o w n little bit at grass roots level. W e, as humans, have inherited the earth, b u t th a t doesn't mean w e can d o w h a te ve r w e like w ith it. 74

Food & diet topic-specific vocabulary 1 Look at the dictionary definitions, and arrange the letters in bold to form the words they are defining. The first letter of each w o rd is underlined. W rite your answers in the crossword on the next page. (Each definition is followed by a sample sentence in italics w ith the w o rd removed). 1. Natural substances fo u n d in food th a t are 9. W e ak o r ill because yo u do not eat e no u gh, necessary to keep your body healthy. Each one is given a nam e using a letter of or because you do not eat enough of the the alphabet, aimvistn (Apples contain right foods. Inomaisheurd (24 per cent of several essential_____ ) children in the school were found to be ) 2. O f food: providing the substances that 10. Natural substances fo un d in some foods people need in o rde r to be healthy, that you need fo r good health, amerlins nitsortiuu (A healthy,_____ meal) ( Milk contains calcium, one o f the most im p o rta n t_____ for maintaining strong 3. Som eone w h o chooses n o t to eat m eat or bones) fish, geetrvanai (I've been a _____ since I was 13) 11. Oil fo u n d in meat. taf. (You should trim the off meat before you cook it) 4. Substances fo un d in fo o d th a t supply yo u r body w ith heat and energy, bocaratydesrh 12. Th e parts of fruit, vegetables and grain tha t (Bread, potatoes and rice are a go o d source your body cannot digest, brfie (Dietary o f _____ ) helps protect us from disease) 5. A substance fo u n d in fo o d such as meat, 13. Heavier than you should be. w origvehet eggs and milk that people need in order (I'm a couple o f kilogram m es_____ ) to g ro w and be strong, pntiroe (Children w ho lack sufficient_____ in their diet are 14. Food th a t has recently been picked, caught often ill) or prepared, sfrhe ( vegetables are 6. A substance in yo u r blood th a t can cause heart disease if you have to o m uch of it. much nicer than frozen ones) eroclshtloe. (There are m any foods that claim to reduce_____ levels) 15. Units fo r m easuring h o w much energy you ge t from food, ridesao (There are over 150 7. A serious lack of food that continues for a in a small packet o f crisps) long tim e and causes m any people in a country to become ill or die. anfeim 16. Describing food th a t has had chemicals or (The crop failure caused w idespread_____ oth e r substances added to it. percedsos in the region) (_____ meat keeps for longer than natural meat) 8. A condition in w hich som eone is to o fat, in a w a y th a t is dangerous fo r th e ir health, eoitbys (The report highlighted the problems caused b y ch ild h o o d _____ ) 75

topic-specific vocabulary Food & diet 2 M atch sentences 1 - 1 0 w ith a second sentence A - J. Use the key w o rd s and phrases in bold to help y o u . In som e cases, m ore tha n one a n sw e r is possible. 1. A lot o f people are allergic to nuts A . This is because th e y are cultivated naturally, w ith o u t using any chemical fertilisers or 2. M any people do not trust genetically pesticides. modified foods. B. As a result, w e m ay have to im p o rt a lot of 3. Organic fruit and vegetables are quite basic foods. expensive, but may be better for you. c They are not sure that altering the 4. I refuse to eat eggs from battery chickens. com position of cells to change certain characteristics is safe. 5. I o n ly eat m eat fro m free ran ge animals. D 6. Th e harvest has been very bad this year. I like to k n o w th a t the animals have enough space to express their natural behaviour. 7. If th e d ro u g h t continues, there w ill be serious food shortages. Too much rain has prevented crops from ripening properly. 8. Th e re has been an increase in cases o f salmonella, listeria, e.coli and other types of F. This is in spite o f the fact th a t it is fatten ing food poisoning. and unhealthy. 9. Too m any people fail to eat a balanceddiet. G. It can be difficult to trace the sources of some of these. 10. Fast fo o d is very popular. h . They should make an effort to consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. T h e y have a bad physical reaction if th e y eat them . A nim als should n ot spend th e ir lives ■*' confined in small cages. 76

Food & diet topic-specific vocabulary 3 Complete this article w ith the w ords and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. Children love eating (1 ).............................................................. , but burgers, chicken nuggets and other heavily (2 )............................................................. food products no t only contain a large n um b er of unhealthy chemicals and other additives, but also lack the essential (3 )............................................................. and (4 )............................................................. tha t a child needs. In addition, the y also contain a lot of (5 )............................................................. and (6 )............................................................... w hich, if eaten in quantity, can result in childhood (7 )............................................................ (in fact, a recent survey suggests th a t 39 per cent of 8 - 15 year-olds are seriously o ve rw e ig ht). M a n y children end up (8 ).............................................................. , since they eat too much of the w ro n g sort of food. In fact, in m any parts of the developed w orld , a lot of children show similar symptoms to those in poorer developing countries, w h e re food (9 ).............................................................cause thousands of deaths fro m starvation, especially in the w ak e of natural disasters w hich ruin crops and in some cases totally destroy the annual (1 0 )............................................................... Furtherm ore, the large am ounts of ( 11) ............................................................. in animal and dairy products (a com m on feature of fast food) are believed to be partly responsible for increased cases of heart disease in yo u n g people, a recent p henom enon th a t is causing great concern. It is therefore im portant children learn the benefits of eating a (12 )............................................................ , as it is im portant they consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. Th e y should be encouraged to eat m ore (13 )............................................................ fru it and vegetables, and also m ore food tha t is high in (14 )............................................................ Th e y should still be allowed the occasional burger or pizza, but these should be seen as an occasional treat rather than form ing the main part of their diet. 77

topic-specific vocabulary Geography 1 Put the w ords and phrases in each list in the first box in order according to their sizes. (1 = the smallest, 4 = the largest). In each list, there is one w o rd that does not belong w ith the others. 1. forest • tree • copse • beach • wood 2. road • peak • footpath • track • lane 3 mountain • hillock • shore • hill • mountain range 4. gorge • plain • waterfall • hollow • valley 5. gulf • ridge • inlet • bay • cove 6. cliff • brook • river • estuary • stream 7. city • continent • tributary • county • country 8. pond • ocean • sea • cape • lake 1. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................ 2. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............. 4 ........................ 3. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............. 4 ........................ 4. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............ ............ , 4 ......................... 5. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............. ............. 4 ........................ 6. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................ 7. 1 ........... ............. 2 ........... ............. 3 ............. ............. 4 ........................ 8. 1 ........... ............ , 2 ........... ............ , 3 ........... ............. 4 ........................ 2 Put these w ords and phrases into their correct category in the boxes b elow and on the next page. Some can be included in more than one category. beach cape cliff coast coastline conurbation depopulation densely populated fertile glacier highlands industrialised irrigation mountainous mouth overcrowding peak peninsula plateau ridge shore source summit tributary under-developed urban sprawl vegetation waterfall Geographical features associated w ith Geographical features associated w ith w a te r a nd the sea land, hills and mountains 78

W ords and phrases associated w ith Geography topic-specific vocabulary agriculture and rural land W ords and phrases associated w ith tow ns a n d cities 3 Complete this report of a journey w ith words and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases. more than one answer is possible. W e began o u r jo u rn e y in the capital, Trinifuegos, a 1...........................................................conurbation of almost 10 m illion. It is not a pretty place; heavily 2 ............................................................. w ith huge factories belching o u t black fumes, and miles of 3........................................................... as housing estates and shopping centres spread o u t fro m th e 4 ...........................................................centre fo r miles. It was a relief to leave. As soon as w e g o t into the countryside, things im proved considerably. Th e climate is dry and it is difficult to g ro w anything, b ut thanks to 5..........................................................., w hich helps bring w a te r in from the Rio Cauto (the huge river w ith its 6........................................................... high up in the sn ow - covered 7...........................................................of the Sierra Maestra 8 .............................................................), the land is fertile e no u gh to g ro w the sugar cane on w hich m uch o f the econom y is based. W e saw fe w people, how ever, as m any have m oved to the to w ns and cities to look fo r m ore profitable w o rk . It is largely due to this rural 9 .......................................................... th a t th e sugar-cane industry is suffering. Further south and w e entered the H o lguin 10............................................................. w ith m ountains rising high above us on both sides. Th e land here drops sharply to the sea and the slow -m oving w aters of the Rio Cauto give w a y to 11.......................................................... w hich tu m b le over cliffs, and small, fast- m oving 12...........................................................w hich are not even w id e e no u gh to take a boat. A t this point, the road w e w e re travelling along became a 13...........................................................w hich was only just w id e e no u gh fo r o u r vehicle, and then an unpaved 14.......................................................... w hich almost shook th e vehicle to pieces. A n d then suddenly, the Pacific 15....................................................... was in fro nt of us. O u r destination was the to w n of Santiago de Gibara, built on a 16....................................................... sticking out into the blue waters. Th e countryside here undulates gently, w ith low 17....................................................... covered in rich tropical jungle. Th e open 18....................................................... surrounding the 19...........................................................of the Rio Cauto as it reaches the ocean is rich and 20....................................................... , ideal for grow ing the tobacco plants which need a lot of w arm , dam p soil. Tha t night I lay in m y cheap hotel, listening to the waves gently lapping the 21................................................... and w hen I eventually fell asleep, I dream t of the people w h o had first inhabited this 22..................................................... almost 2,000 years before. 79

topic-specific vocabulary Global problems 1 Complete sentences 1 - 1 5 w ith the correct w o rd or phrase from A , B or C. In each case tw o of the options are incorrectly spelt. 1. Thousands o f buildings w ere flattened in the San Francisco.................................................................... of 1906. A . earthquack B. earthquake C. earthquaik 2. T h e ..........................................................................dam aged properties all along the coast. A . hurricane B. hurriccane C. huriccane 3. A ..........................................................................struck the southern coast w ith trem endous force. A . tornadoe B. tornado C. to rn a d d o 4. T h e .......................................................................... caused immense dam age in the regions along the coast. A . taifun B. typ h o n e C. ty p h o o n 5. T h e ..........................................................................has been d o rm a n t fo r years, b u t last m o n th it showed signs of n e w life. A . volcano B. vulcano C. volcanoe 6. Several....................................................................w ere heard during the night as the arm y occupied the city. A . explossions B. explosiones C. explosions 7. T h e A m e ric a n ..........................................................................of 1861-1865 was fo u g h t betw een the south and the north. A . civil w a r B. sivil w a r C. c iw il w a r 8. Th e re has been a m a jo r ............................................................................on the m otorw ay. A . acident B. accident C. acciddent 9 .............................................................................. rain has b ro u g h t serious problem s. A . Torrential B. Torential C. Torrantial 10. Th e storm caused w id e s p re a d ..........................................................................along the coast. A. dewastation B. devustation C. devastation 11. T h e ..........................................................................w e re caused by heavy rain. A . floodes B. floods C. flouds 12. Relief w orkers are b rin ging food t o ..........................................................................-stricken areas. A . draught B. d ro u g h t C. d ro u h g t 13.............................................................................is w idespread in parts of Africa, w ith millions suffering from m alnutrition. A . Famine B. Fam m ine C. Fam inne 14. T h e authorities are taking steps to prevent a n ..........................................................................of cholera. A . epidemmic B. epidem ic C. eppidem ic 15. T h e ......................................................................... was spread from rats to fleas and the n on to humans. A . plague B. plaque C. p la igu e 2 Complete the sentences w ith an appropriate w o rd or phrase from the box. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. broke out casualties disaster erupted refugees relief shook spread suffering survivors 80 1. T h e disease ...... rapidly, killing everyb od y in its path. 2. T h e f i r e ...... th ro u g h the slums, destroying everything.

Global problems topic-specific vocabulary 3. W h e n the v o lc a n o ........................................................................., people panicked and tried to escape. 4. Th e g r o u n d .........................................................................violently w h e n the earthquake began. 5. Fierce f ig h t in g ....................................................................... betw een govern m en t soldiers and rebel forces. 6. A funeral was held fo r t h e .........................................................................of the fire. 7. A n aid convoy was sent to h e lp .........................................................................of the hurricane. 8 fro m th e conflict in M a n tagua have been fleeing across the border. 9. T h e p o or people in the city have experienced t e r r ib le ......................................................................... as a result of the disaster. 10. International aid agencies are tryin g to b r in g .........................................................................to the starving population. 3 Complete this report w ith w ords and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. REPO RT FR O M TH E IN TERN ATIO N AL CHARITIES SUPPORT FO U N D A TIO N (ICSF) Th e last year has been a particularly busy one fo r the ICSF. O u tlin e d b e lo w are a fe w of the areas w e have been busy in. 1. Follow ing 1..................................................................... rain in eastern M ozam lum bi in January, millions 81 w ere made homeless as 2..................................................................... waters rose. The w ater also became polluted and there was a cholera 3..................................................................... as people continued to use it for drinking and cooking. Furthermore, as the harvest had been destroyed and there was not enough food to go round, 4 ..................................................................... became a problem. Charities around the w o rld w orked particularly hard to bring 5..................................................................... to the area. 2. M o u n t Etsuvius, the 6 .........................................................................w hich had been d o rm a n t since 1968, 7 .........................................................................suddenly in A pril. Thousands had to be evacuated to camps 30 miles from the disaster area. Th e y still have not been rehoused. 3. Th e 8 ......................................................................... in the Caribbean in July, w hich saw w in d speeds of up to 180 miles per hour, caused immense 9 .........................................................................on m any islands. Islands off the Japanese coast also suffered their w orst 10.........................................................................in almost 30 years, w ith prolonged w inds in excess of 150 miles per hour. The re w ere m any 11.........................................................................w h o had to be evacuated to hospitals w hich w ere not properly equipped to deal w ith the disasters. 4. Th e 12.........................................................................in the northern part of Somopia continued into its second year, w ith millions of acres of crops destroyed by lack of rain. M eanw hile, the 13.........................................................................betw een those loyal to the president and those supporting the rebel leader continued into its fifth year. 14.........................................................................from the conflict have been fleeing across the border, w ith stories of atrocities com m itted by both sides. 5. In October, a fire 15.........................................................................th ro u g h Londum , the ancient capital of Perania. T h e 16......................................................................... , w hich probably started in a bakery, destroyed thousands of homes. The re w ere several 17.........................................................................w hen the fire reached a fireworks factory, and a num ber of people were killed. 6. A n outbreak of bubonic 18......................................................................... was reported in the eastern provinces of Indocuba in Novem ber. It is believed to have been caused by a sudden increase in the n um b er of rats breeding in the sewers. A full report w ill be available in February, and will be presented to the appropriate departm ents of the United Nations shortly afterwards.

topic-specific vocabulary Healthcare 1 Match the sentence in the left-hand column w ith a sentence in the right-hand column. Use the w ords and phrases in bold to help you. PROBLEMS (A ) Illnesses w hich affect the circulation of 1. Mrs Brady has suffered fro m terrible blood are particularly com m on w ith people w ho are overweight. rheum atism for years. (B) This is deposited on th e walls o f the 2. M ore w om en than men are affected by arteries and can block them . arthritis. (C) Th e y can easily be spread from one person 3. A ir conditioning units are often responsible to another. for spreading infections around an office. (D ) Pains or stiffness in the jo in ts or muscles 4. C ardiovascular disease is becom ing m ore can be very difficult to live w ith . co m m o n in Britain. (E) Th e y d o n 't get enough exercise. 5. T o o m uch exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer. (F) This is because th e ir im m u n e system is not properly developed. 6. It is im p o rta n t n o t to eat to o m uch foo d w ith a high cholesterol content. (G ) A n yo n e w h o has ca ug ht th e virus is rem inded tha t it cannot be treated w ith 7. To o m any people these days live a antibiotics, and they should stay inside until sedentary lifestyle. the sym p tom s have passed. 8. People in positions o f responsibility often (H ) The painful inflam m ation of a joint may have stre ss-related illnesses. require surgery. 9. Premature babies are vulnerable to (I) How ever, th e g o v e rn m e n t denies it has illnesses. made cutbacks to the National Health Service. 10. Healthcare professionals say tha t hospitals around the country are suffering from (J) However there are drugs which can slow serious underfunding. d o w n its cell-destroying properties. 11. T h e A ID S virus is incurable. (K ) Once the body's cells start gro w in g abnormally, a cure can be difficult to find. 12. T h e co un try is currently experiencing its w orst flu epidem ic for over 30 years. (L) Th e pressures of a high -p o w e red job can cause nervous strain, w hich may require drugs. 2 Replace the w ords or phrases in bold in these sentences w ith a w o rd or phrase from the box so that the sentence sounds more natural. There are three words or phrases that you do not need. CURES active a diet consultant conventional medicine debilitating diagnose holistic medicine minerals operation protein surgeon therapeutic traditional medicines vitamins welfare state 1. If you suffer fro m a bad back, a massage m ay be able to cure o r relieve th e disorder. 2. O n e o f the secrets o f rem aining in g o o d health is to choose fo o d to e a t th a t is high in fibre and lo w in fat. 3. M ost people, w h e n the y are ill, rely on m o d e rn pills a n d tablets to cure them . 4. Som e o ld -fa s h io n e d cures fo r illnesses, such as herbal tablets and remedies, are becom ing increasingly popular. 5. M a n y people are tu rn in g to treatm e nts w h ic h in v o lv e th e w h o le p e rso n , in clu d in g th e ir m e n ta l health, ra ther than ju s t dealing w ith the sym p to m s o f the illness.

Healthcare topic-specific vocabulary 6. Doctors sometimes refer their patients to a medical specialist attached to a hospital. 7. It takes m any years of training to becom e a doctor specialising in surgery. 8. M eat, eggs and nuts are rich sources o f a com pound which is an essential part o f living cells, and which is essential to keep the hum an b o d y w orking properly. 9. O n his holiday, he had to take essential substances which are n o t synthesised b y the b o d y b u t are found in food and are needed for grow th and health, because the food he ate lacked the B and C groups. 10. Calcium and zinc are tw o of the most im portan t substances fo u n d in food. 11. M ost doctors recom m end an energetic lifestyle, w ith plenty of exercise. 12. British people enjoy free healthcare thanks to the large am ount o f m on e y which is spent to make sure th e y have adequate health services. 3 N o w look at this extract from a magazine article and complete the gaps w ith one of the w ords or phrases fro m Exercises 1 and 2. In som e cases, m ore tha n one a n s w e r m a y be possible. A cure for the future in the past? For over 50 years, the people of Britain have relied on the 1........................................ to make sure they have adequate health services. But n o w the National Health Service is sick. Governm ent 2........................................ and 3........................................ are forcing hospitals to close, and w aiting lists for treatm ent are getting longer. Under such circumstances, it isno surprise that more people are turning to private (but expensive) healthcare. For some, however, there are alternatives. T h e y are tu rn in g th e ir backs on m odern pills, tablets and o th e r 4 ...............................................It seems paradoxical, b ut in an age of microchips and high technology, 5 (the old-fashioned cures th a t o u r grandparents relied on ) is m aking a comeback. Consider these case studies: M aude is 76 and has been suffering from 6............................................. fo r almost 10 years. \"T h e inflam m ation in m y joints was almost unbearable, and m y doctor referred me to a 7........................................... at the London Hospital. I was told tha t I needed 8........................................... .. b ut w o u ld need to w a it fo r at least tw o years before I could have the operation. In desperation, I started having massage sessions. To m y surprise, these w ere very 9........................................... .. and w hile the y d id n 't cure the disorder, the y did relieve it to some extent.\" Ron is 46. His high -p o w e red city job was responsible for a series of 10.......................................... illnesses, and the drugs he took did little to relieve the nervous strain. \"I read about treatments which involve the w ho le person rather than the individual 11.......................................... . b ut I had always been sceptical about 12.............................................However, m y friend recom m ended a dietician w h o advised me that part of m y problem was 13.......................................... -related. Basically, the foods I was eating w ere contributing to m y disorder. She gave me a list of foods tha t w o uld provide the right 14.......................................... and 1 5...................................... to keep me in go o d health. A t the same time, she recom m ended a more 1 6...................................... lifestyle - running, swim m ing, that kind of thing. I'm a bit of a couch potato, and the 17.......................................... lifestyle I had lived was com pounding the problem . N o w I feel g re a t!\" So is there still a place in o u r lives fo r m odern medicine? W h ile it is true th a t some infections and viruses m ay be prevented by resorting to alternative m edicine, m ore serious illnesses such as 18............................................ need m ore drastic measures. W e do need o u r health service at these times, and w e sh o uld n 't stop investing in its future. But w e m ustn't fo rg e t th a t fo r some com m on illnesses, 83 the cure m ay lie in the past. ________

topic-specific vocabulary The media 1 Match the w ords and phrases in the box w ith their definitions 1 - 1 2 . W rite the w o rd or phrase after each definition. broadcasts broadsheets coverage current affairs download information overload the Internet journalists log on reporters tabloids website 1. La rg e -fo rm a t quality newspapers 8. People w h o w rite articles or make broadcasts a bou t events in the news 2. Sm a ll-fo rm at n e w sp a p e rs............................ 3. People w h o w rite for newspapers or 9. To transfer pages fro m a w ebsite on to y o u r o w n c o m p u te r ............................ p e rio d ica ls............................ 4. Th e a m o u n t of space o r tim e given to 10. T h e international n e tw o rk linking millions of c o m p u te rs ............................ an event in newspapers or on television 11. A n expression referring to the inability 5. Political, social and econom ic events of a hum an to process everything he or tha t are happening n o w ............................ she sees or h e a rs ............................ 6. Radio or television program m es 12. A collection of on -line pages created by a company, organisation or individual 7. To enter a password and start to access a com p uter sy ste m ............................ 2 Complete this extract from a television interview w ith an appropriate w ord or phrase from the box. censorship chequebook journalism entertainment exploiting freedom of the press gutter press information integrity invasion of privacy investigative journalism libel media tycoon paparazzi readership unscrupulous Interviewer: W elcom e to today's program m e. Today w e will be discussing the 1............................................................. and asking the question: Should w e a llow newspapers and television channels to print or say w h a te ve r they like? In the studio I have television personality T im o th y Blake and 2............................................................. Rupert Poubelle, m ulti-m illionaire o w n e r of the Daily Views newspaper. Tim othy, let's start w ith you. T.B.: Th a n k you. In m y opinion, it's tim e the go vern m en t imposed stricter 3........................................................... of the press in order to prevent 4 ............................................................ journalists and reporters from m aking m oney by 5............................................................ people. I have often accused M r Poubelle'sorganisation of 6................................................................- nowadays I can't even sunbathe in m y garden w ith o u t being photograp he d by his hordes of 7 ................................................................ Th e y're like vultures. A n d everything the y print abou t me is lies, com plete rubbish. Interviewer: But isn't it true that the media provides us w ith valuable 8.......................................................... and 9............................................................ and censorship w o u ld deprive us of much of this? Rupert?

The media topic-specific vocabulary R.P.: O f course, Mr, Blake's accusations are u n foun de d , as are the accusations of T.B.: 10............................................................. w e have received. However, I can safely say th a t the D aily Views never pays people huge am ounts of m oney for stories. W e have far too m uch 11.............................................................fo r that. A n d d o n 't fo rg e t th a t m y paper also has an excellent reputation fo r 12................................................................R em em ber it was us w h o uncovered corruption in the banking system, and ran a series o f articles on child labour in clothing factories. W e give o u r 13............................................................. w h a t they w ant, and that's w h a t really counts. But most of w h a t you report isn't really news. A n d a lot of it is just a big pile of lies. Sensational stories made up to entertain people. Typical 14........................................................ behaviour, in other words. I'm amazed nobody has sued you for 15......................................................................yet. 3 N o w read this essay and complete the gaps w ith one of the w o rd s o r phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. You will need to change the form of some of the words. 'Th e media plays a valuable role in keeping us inform ed and entertained. However, m any people believe it has to o much p o w e r and fre ed om .' Discuss you r views on this, giving examples and presenting a balanced a rgum e nt both in favour of, and against, the p o w e r and freedom of the media. Barely a hundred years ago, if w e w an ted to stay inform ed a bo u t w h a t was going on in the w orld , w e had to rely on w o rd of m outh or, at best, newspapers. But because com m unication technology was very basic, the news w e received was often days or weeks old. W e still have newspapers, of course, but they have changed almost beyond recognition. W hether w e choose to read the 1........................................................... w ith their quality 2..........................................................of news and other 3............................................................ by to p 4 ......................................................... and articles by acclaimed 5............................................................ or w e prefer the popular 6.........................................................., w ith their lively gossip and colourful stories, w e are exposed to a w ealth of inform ation barely conceivable at the beginning of the last century. W e also have television and radio. News 7.............................................................let us k n o w a bo u t w o rld events practically as the y happen, w hile sitcoms, chat shows and docum entaries, etc. keep us entertained and inform ed. A n d there is also 8 ............................................................., w h e re w e can access inform ation fro m millions of 9 .............................................................a round the w o rld w hich w e can then 10............................................................. on to o u r o w n com puters. However, these forms of 11.......................................................... and 12.......................................................... (or 'infortainm ent' as they are sometimes collectively called) have their negative side. Famous personalities frequently accuse the 13.......................................................... (and sometimes even respectable papers) of 14 by gangs of 15........................................................... w h o follow them around w ith their cameras and long lenses. Newspapers are often accused of 16.......................................................... by angry politicians w h o hate reading dam aging lies about themselves, and there are frequent accusations of 17.......................................................... , w ith 18...........................................................reporters paying people vast sums of m oney to tell them about the crime they com m itted or w h a t their famous neighbour has been up to. O f course, it's not just the papers which are to blame. Television companies have cast their 19.......................................................... aside to get a good story, and you cannot even 20...........................................................to the Internet w ith o u t seeing som ething shocking or unacceptable. 2 1...........................................................argue that they are just giving people w h a t they w ant, but in m y opinion, people should not always get w hat they want. M a n y argue tha t the go vern m en t should impose stricter 22............................................................. to prevent such things happening. But others argue tha t 23............................................................. is the keystone of a free country. Personally, I take the view tha t w hile the media may occasionally abuse its position of power, the benefits greatly o u tw e ig h the disadvantages. O u r lives w o u ld be much em ptier w ith o u t the w ealth of inform ation available to us today, and w e are better people as a result. 85

topic-specific vocabulary Men & women 1 Look at the w ords and phrases in bold in these sentences and decide if w e generally consider them to have a positive connotation or a negative connotation. 1 Th e y w o u ld never a dm it it, b u t m en and w o m e n are in a continuous pow e r struggle at w o rk . Positive / Negative 2 M ost major com panies are m ale-dom inated. Positive / N egative 3 It's a fact that, w h e n it comes to p ro m o tin g th e ir employees, some com panies still discriminate on the basis o f som eone's sex. Positive / N egative 4 A recent survey suggests that m any professional w om en w orking for large companies and organisations often hit a glass ceiling at some p o in t in th e ir career. Positive / N egative 5 Professional businesswom en, especially those in senior m a na ge m en t positions, are m ore astute than men. Positive / Negative 6 In m y experience, th e y are also m ore versatile. Positive / N egative 7 W hat's more, they are better at multi-tasking. Positive / Negative 8 Th e y can also be m uch m ore ruthless w he n necessary. Positive / Negative 9 M y elder b ro th e r is such a male chauvinist! Positive / N egative 10 As far he is concerned, w o m e n are little m ore tha n sex objects. Positive / N e ga tive 11 He is com pletely unreconstructed. Positive / N egative 12 Some m ig h t say th a t he's a bit of a dinosaur. Positive / N egative 13 M y y o u n g e r brother, on the othe r hand, has egalitarian views. Positive / N egative 14 He believes in equality betw een m en and w o m e n . Positive / N egative 15 He doesn't th in k th a t w o m e n are the weaker sex. Positive / N egative 2 Use the w ords and phrases in the box to complete the conversation. battle of the sexes breadwinner childrearing gender roles household management male counterparts practical role division Sex Discrimination Act social convention stereotypes Chris: I think tha t cleaning and cooking are a w om an's job. A fte r all, m en are no good at 1.................................................... Sam: I disagree. Chris: A n d in the w orkplace, w o m e n a re n't very 2 ............................................................. . are they?. Sam: In w h a t w ay? 86

Men & women topic-specific vocabulary Chris: In the w a y th a t there are a lot of things they can't d o as w ell as m en can . Such as, er, w ell, I can't think of anything in particular at the m om ent. Sam: Exactly. Chris: W ell, let's face it, w o m e n never do as w ell as th e ir 3........................................... .................at w o rk . Sam: I've never heard such unreconstructed rubbish. Thank goodness the 4....................................................... exists to prevent your views being put into practice. A n d I suppose you think that w om en are only good for changing babies' nappies, and other tedious aspects of 5......................................................... Chris: 6No, but I do believe th a t in a m odern household, there should be a clearly defined ................................................................ M en are go od at DIY, fo r exam ple. M ost w o m e n aren't. A n d I'll always believe th a t it's the m an w h o should be the 7 ............................................................. , p ro vid in g fo o d and shelter fo r his family. Sam: W ell, all I can say is th a t I'm glad yo u r ideas of 8 ...................................................... ...... are n o t shared by most people. Chris: Nonsense! A lot of people believe in traditional 9 ............................................ ................: the man goes o u t to w o rk , the w o m a n stays at hom e. It's as simple as that. Sam: Men at w ork and w om en at home? Come on, love, those are such typical 1 0 .................................................................... W ith people like you around, the 1 1...........................................................w ill continue to rage on and on. Chris: O h give it a rest, Dad. I'm right, and you k n o w I am. Sam: Sorry, Christine, but w e 're in the tw en ty-first century now. You need to m ove w ith the times. 3 Complete this essay w ith words and phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. A totally 1........................................................... society, in which sexual 2........................................................... between men and w o m e n is the norm , is still a long w a y off. This is certainly the case if you watch certain television programmes, w here men are often portrayed as the 3............................................................ bringing m oney hom e to the w ife, w h o is often depicted as the 4 ..........................................................., prone to extrem e em otions and tem per tantrum s. But is this really the case? Is it still fair to create 5........................................................ such as this? A fte r all, as more w om en go out to w ork, and more men stay at hom e to look after the house and children, it is becoming clear that so-called 6........................................................ are m erging and disappearing. 87

topic-specific vocabularyMen & women . Take the office w orkplace as an example. For years, businesses and com panies w ere 7 The directors, managers and other senior executives were always male, the secretaries and personal assistants almost always female. This was probably because m en w ere traditionally seen as m ore 8............................................................ . m ore able to deal w ith the cu t-an d - thrust of business. However, n o w w o m e n are proving th a t they can be just as to u g h , if not tougher, w hile sim ultaneously being m ore 9 ............................................................and caring. In fact, in m any ways, w o m e n are m uch better at 10............................................................ . w hich is vital in m odern business w h e re you are expected to do m ore than one job. A n d thanks to the 11............................................................ . w o m e n are paid the same as m en. It w o u ld appear that, in m any cases, the 12............................................................ is a dying breed (alth o ugh , unfortunately, there are still m any 13............................................................ men in the workplace w h o think they can do everything and anything better than their female colleagues, and there are still cases w h e re w o m e n clim bing up th ro u g h the ranks ge t to a p oin t w h e re the y hit a 14............................................................ and cannot clim b any higher). A t home, too, there is less evidence of 15....... ........................It is no longer the w om an w h o does all the cooking, cleaning and 16................. ............ Such 17......................................................... is n o w often shared equally. 18............................. no longer expects the w o m a n to stay indoors all day w hile the man stays out until all hours. T h e g o o d news, therefore, is th a t w o m e n no longer need to feel the y are regarded as m ere 19.............................................................................................................................................. o r the underdogs in a 20w ith 21.................................................................... In fact, m any believe th a t in the 22........................................................... .. it is w o m e n w h o have com e o u t on top. 88

Money & finance topic-specific vocabulary 1 Use a dictionary to find the differences betw een the w o rd s and phrases in bold in the fo llow in g groups. 1. make a p ro fit & m ake a loss 11. a b a n k & a b u ild in g society 2. e xtra va g a n t & fru g a l / econom ical 12. a d isco unt & a re fu n d 3. a curren t account & a d ep o sit account 13. som ething w hich was a bargain, som ething 4. a loan & a m ortgage 5. to de p o sit m oney & to w ith d r a w m o n e y which was overpriced and something which 6. a w a g e & a salary was exorbitant 7. bro ke & b a n k ru p t 14. w orthless & priceless 8. shares, stocks, & d ividend s 15. save m o n e y & in ve st m o n e y 9. incom e ta x & excise d u t y 16. infla tion & deflation 10. to credit & to d e b it 17. incom e & exp e n d itu re 18. to le n d & to b o r ro w 2 M atch the sentences in colum n A w ith the sentences in colum n B. Use the w o rd s and phrases in bold to help you. Colum n A Column B 1. T h e m anaging director believes the A. I'm really looking forw ard to spending my company should start producing pocket pension. computers. B. T h e cost o f liv in g seems to g o up every day. 2. I always p ut m y m o ney in a building society and not in a bank. C. O f course, it's always so difficult to economise. 3. I can't afford to buy a n e w car right now . I don't have enough money. D. Shops all over the country are m aking huge reductions on just about everything. 4. I always spend a lot of m oney w he n I go on holiday. E. T h e n I ge t hom e to find o u t I've run u p a huge overdraft at the bank. 5. I came into a lot of m oney recently w h e n my uncle died. F. O f course, th e potential global m a rk e t fo r the m is enorm ous. 6. Look at this cheque th a t came in the post this m orning from Revenue and Customs. G. Fortunately I receive un e m p lo ym e n t benefit. 7. I've been spending to o m uch recently. H. Th e re is a very uneven d istrib ution o f 8. In m y country, there are a lot of very p oor wealth. people and only a fe w rich ones. I. T h e interest the y pay me is m uch higher. 9. I lost m y jo b last m o n th. J. It's th e first tim e I've in h e rite d som ething. 10. I retire next m onth. K. It seems to be some kind o f tax rebate. 11. Prices are rising quickly everyw here. L. M aybe I should consider g e ttin g one on 12. Th e January sales start to m o rro w . credit. 3 N o w read this passage and com plete the gaps w ith one of the w o rd s o r phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. You m ay need to change the form of some of the words. Financial advice from a father to a son. In th e play H a m le t by W illia m Shakespeare, a father gives his son some financial advice. 'N e ith e r a b o rro w e r nor a lender be', he says. He is trying to tell his son th a t he should never 1............................................................. m oney from anyone because it w ill make it difficult fo r him to m anage his finances. Likewise he should never give a financial 2 ............................................................. to a friend because he w ill probably never see the m oney again, and w ill probably lose his friend as w ell.

topic-specific vocabulary Money & finance The play was w ritten over 400 years ago, but today m any parents w o uld give similar advice to their children. Imagine the conversation they w ould have now: Son: Right, Dad, I'm off to university now. Father: All right, son, but let me give you somesoundfinancial advice beforeyou go. Son: O h com e on. D a d ....... Father: N o w listen, this is im portant. T h e first th ing you should do is to make sure you balance yo u r 3.......................................................... - the m oney you receive from me - and your 4 .......................................................... - the m oney you spend. If you spend to o much, you will end up w ith an 5.......................................................... at the bank.D o n 't expect me to pay it for you. Son: But it's so difficult. Things are so expensive, and the 6................................................................ goes up all the tim e. 7 ............................................................. is run nin g at a b o u t 10 per cent. Father: I know , b u t you should try to 8................................................................... A vo id expensive shops and restaurants. Also, put yo u r m oney in a go o d 9 ................................................................ Th e y offer a m uch high er rate o f 10............................................................. tha n banks. Also, avoid buying things 11................................................................ Son: Why? Father: Because shops charge you an 12.............................................................. a m oun t of m oney to buy things over a period of tim e. It's much better to 13........................................................... a little bit of m oney each w eek so tha t w he n you see som ething you w an t, you can buy it outright. Try to w ait for the sales, w h e n shops offer huge 14........................................................... and you can pick up a 15............................................................. A n d try to get a 16............................................................... Son: How do I do that? Father: Easy. W h e n you buy something, ask the shop if they'll lower the price by, say, 10 per cent. Next, w he n you eventually get a job and are earning a good salary, try to 17............................................. ........... the m oney in a good company. Buy 18........................................................... in governm ent organisations or 19......................................................... in private companies. Son: O K, Dad, I've heard enough. Father: O ne final piece of advice, son. Son: W hat's that. Dad? Father: To thine o w n self be true. Son: You what? 90

On the road topic-specific vocabulary 1 Choose the most suitable explanation or interpretation, A or B, for the following sentences. Use the words and phrases in bold to help you. 1. People enjoy the m ob ility th a t o w n in g a car gives them . A . People enjoy being able to travel easily from one place to another. B. People e n jo y be in g able to drive very fast. 2. W hat's yo u r destination? A. Where have you come from ? B. W here are y o u g o in g to ? 3. Congestion in the city centre has increased dramatically. A . It is n o w easier to drive a ro u n d the city centre than it was before. B. It is n o w m o re difficult to drive a ro u n d the city centre than it was before. 4. Th e local council w ants to reduce the risks to pedestrians. A . The local council wants to make it safer for people to walk along the street. B. The local council w an ts to make it safer for drivers a n d th e ir passengers. 5. Th e pollution in m y city is terrible. A . The air q u a lity in m y city is ve ry poor. B. There is a lo t o f crime in m y city. 6. Traffic-calming measures are becom ing increasingly com m on th ro u g h o u t the country. A . People have to drive m ore slow ly because o f the increased num ber o f police in villages a nd towns. B. People have to drive m ore carefully thro ugh towns a n d villages because o f specially-built obstacles in the road. 7. Th e centre of Cam ford has been designated a traffic-free zone. A . You cannot take yo u r car into the centre o f Camford. B. You can park y o u r car fo r free in the centre o f Cam ford. 8. Container lorries and other large vehicles dominate our roads. A . There are a lo t o f large vehicles on the roads. B. There a re n 't m a n y large vehicles on the roads. 9. Y o u n g drivers have a higher accident risk than older drivers. A . Y o u n g drivers are m ore likely than o lder drivers to be invo lve d in a crash. B. Y o un g drivers are less likely than o ld e r drivers to be in vo lve d in a crash. 10. Public transport is heavily subsidised in most areas. A . The g o ve rn m e n t has m ade public transport cheaper to use b y g ivin g m oney to bus and train companies. B. The g o ve rn m e n t has m ade p u b lic transport m ore expensive to use b y increasing the price o f road tax. 11. Th e junction of London Road and Holly Street is an accident black spot. A. A lo t o f traffic accidents happen here. B. N o t m a n y accidents h appen here. 12. Th e city council needs to a do p t an effective transport strategy w ith in the next five years. A . The city council needs to fin d a b e tte r w ay for people to g e t into, a ro u n d a n d o u t o f the city. B. The city council needs to encourage m ore drivers to b rin g th eir cars into the city.

topic-specific vocabulary On the road 92 2 Look at sentences 1 - 1 0 and decide w h a t has, or hasn't, happened (sentences A - J). Use the words and phrases in bold to help you. 1. A m bulance driver to policeman: 'The pedestrian's injuries are very severe and he has to g o to hospital.' 2. Ju d ge to driver: ‘D rin k -d riv in g is a serious offence and I the re fore ban you from d riving fo r a year.' 3. D riving instructor to student driver: 'Stop! That's a pedestrian crossin g.1’ 4. Exam iner to student driver: 'You d o n 't k n o w e n o u g h a bo u t th e H ig h w a y C o de yet to pass yo u r theory test.' 5. Policeman to driver: 'D o yo u realise yo u w e re sp e e d in g back there, sir?' 6. D river to a friend: 'I can't believe it! He gave me a heavy fine and six points on m y licence.' 7. Police officer to radio interview er: 'Jo y rid in g has increased by alm ost 50 per cent and I am u rg in g everyone to th in k tw ice before th e y ge t involved in this stupid activity.' 8. Television news presenter: 'So far this year there have been 27 fatalities on Oxfordshire's roads.' 9. City council officer to journalist: 'As part of our new transport strategy, w e are going to construct cycle lanes in and a ro u nd th e city.' 10. City council officer to journalist: 'T h e \"Park a n d R id e \" scheme has been very successful over the last year.' A . S o m ebo dy is unfam iliar w ith the g o v e rn m e n t publication containing the rules fo r people travelling on roads. B. M o re people have been leaving th e ir cars in designated areas outside a city and catching a bus into the city centre. C. A lot o f cars have been stolen, m ainly by yo u n g people w h o w a n t some excitem ent. D. A person w alk ing in the street has been hit and badly hurt by a vehicle. E. S o m ebo dy has decided to m ake it safer to use bicycles. F. S o m ebo dy has alm ost driven th ro u g h a red light and hit a person w a lk in g across the road. G. Som ebody has had to pay m oney because of a driving offence. H. S o m ebo dy has consum ed an illegal a m o u n t of alcohol before d riving th e ir car. I. A lot o f people have been killed in traffic-related accidents. J. Som ebody has been driving to o fast. 3. Complete this article w ith the w ords and phrases in Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer is possible, and you w ill need to change some of the w o rd forms. 1.......................................................... and 2.......................................................... on Britain's roads are increasing from year to year: last year, 2,827 people w ere killed and almost 300,000 hurt in traffic-related accidents. Most of these w ere caused by drivers 3.......................................................... in built-up areas, w h e re m any seem to disregard the 30m ph limit, o r 4 .......................................................... , especially around Christmas, w he n m ore alcohol is consumed than at any other tim e. In m any cases, it is 5............................................................ w h o are the victims, knocked d o w n as they are w alking across the street at 6.............................................................by drivers w h o seem to have forgotten that the rules of the 7.............................................................order you to stop at red lights. But these innocent victims, together w ith the help of the police and local councils, are fighting back. In Oxford, a city plagued by 8........................................................and 9.......................................................... caused by traffic, and a notorious accident 10........................................................ for pedestrians and cyclists, the city council has recently implemented its new 11........................................................, which has improved the flo w of traffic to the benefit o f those on foot or on tw o wheels. 12........................................................measures such as bollards and speed humps have slowed traffic dow n. 13........................................................schemes have helped reduce the num ber of cars in the city, as office workers and shoppers leave their cars outside the city and bus in instead. Cornmarket Street, the main shopping thoroughfare, has been designated a 14........................................................ , closed to all vehicles during the day. There are more 15........................................................on main routes into the city, making it safer for the huge num ber of students and residents w h o rely on bicycles to get around. A n d 16........................................................public transport has helped to keep d o w n the cost of using buses. Meanwhile, the police and the courts are coming dow n hard on drivers w h o misuse the roads, handing dow n large 17........................................................ on selfish, inconsiderate drivers w h o believe it is their right to 18........................................................the roads.

Science & technology topic-specific vocabulary 1. Replace th e w o rd s and phrases in bold in th e sentences w ith a suitable alternative from the box. advances analysed breakthrough combined cybernetics development discovered experimented genetic engineering innovations invented life expectancy molecular biology nuclear engineering proliferated react research safeguards a technophile a technophobe 1. T h e com pany is carrying o u t scientific s tu d y to find a cure fo r A ID S ....................................... 2. T h e p la n n in g a n d p ro d u c tio n o f the n e w com p uter system w ill take some tim e ....................................... 3. M o d e rn hom e e nte rta in m e nt systems and o ther m o d e rn in ve n tio n s are changing everyone's lives. 4. Some elements change th e ir chem ical com position w h e n mixed w ith water. ................................... 5. T h e scientists have created a n e w m achine to autom ate the process....................................... 6. W h o was the person w h o fo u n d penicillin? ................................... 7. W hen the food was exam ined closely a nd scientifically, it was found to contain harmful bacteria. 8. Rain jo in e d to g e th e r w ith C 0 2 gases produces acid rain....................................... 9. Ron is te rrifie d o f m o d e rn technology. ................................... 10. G eoff is v e ry interested in m o d e rn te chnology. ................................... 11. Protection against accidents in this laboratory are m in im a l....................................... 12. Th e com panies p e rfo rm e d scientific tests w ith different types of glue before the y fo u n d one tha t w o rk e d properly. ................................... 13. Brian is studying the techniques used to change the g e netic com position o f a cell so as to change certain characteristics w h ich can b e inherited. ................................. 14. Sarah is studying the th in g s w h ic h form the structure o f liv in g matter. ................................... 15. Christine is studying h o w in fo rm a tio n is co m m un icated in m achines a n d electronic devices in com parison w ith h o w it is com m un icated in the brain a n d n e rvous system ..................................... 16. Neil is studying th e d iffe re nt w a y s o f e xtra cting a n d co n tro llin g e n e rg y fro m ato m ic particles. 17. Th e re has been a sud d en success in the search fo r a cure fo r cancer. ................................... 18. The n u m b e r o f yea rs a p e rso n is lik e ly to live has increased a great deal thanks to m odern m edicine and techn o lo gy....................................... 19. Th e n u m b e r of schools offering co m p uter p ro g ra m m in g courses has q u ick ly increased in the last ten years........................................ 20. In spite of all the progress it has m ade in th e last 50 years or so, medical science still know s little abo u t the b ra in ....................................... 93

topic-specific vocabulary Science & technology 2. The person describing their com puter in this passage is not very familiar w ith com puter term inology. Replace the phrases in bold w ith more appropriate w ords and phrases from the box. base unit chat rooms components crashed download email files gaming hardware Internet keyboard laptop load log on monitor mouse PC printer scanner software stream virus websites wireless 94 OK, here's my new desktop com puter w hich has been designed to be used b y just one person (1 ) ......................................................... As you can see, it has five parts w hich make up the w ho le thing (2) .............................................................. Now, the large box w ith the slots and sliding disc carrier (3) .......................................................... is the most im portant part. It carries all the stuff that makes the com puter w o rk ( 4 ) ............................................................ You can also put in ( 5 ) ........................................................... your ow n games and other programs used by computers for doing particular jobs ( 6 ) ........................................................... like photo processing and office suites. Next to it there is the thing that looks like a small television ( 7 ) ..........................................................so you can see w h a t the com puter is doing. To the right o f that, there is the machine that lets yo u make colour copies of the docum ents and other things that yo u create on the com puter (8) .......................................................... (this particular one incorporates a machine you can use to copy pictures on to yo u r computer, a bit like a photocopier ( 9 ) ..........................................................). You control the com puter using the rectangular flat th ing w ith all the letters and num bers on (1 0 ).......................................................... or the object w ith the little w heel on the top w hich yo u can m ove across the desk (11) .............................................................These usually have a lead connecting them to the computer, but as you can see, m ine is not physically connected to the computer, and instead sends electronic signals th ro u g h the air ( 1 2 ) ............................................................ It's a very useful machine, of course. Once you start using it b y entering a passw ord (13 ) ........................................................... ,you can create inform ation th a t y o u store un d e r a particular nam e (14 ) ........................................................... and docum ents, m o ve ( 1 5 )..............................................................pictures fro m yo u r camera and, w ell, loads of things really. Th e best thing, however, is th a t you can access the th in g th a t links com puters fro m a ro und the w o rld ( 1 6 ) ...............................................................You can check o ut millions o f special co m p uter pages created b y com panies, organisations and individuals all ove r the w o rld ( 1 7 ) ............................................................ . go shopping, play games (I really enjoy playing gam es on m y co m p uter ( 1 8 ) ............................................................ ), play ( 1 9 ) ............................................................ music and videos, and send electronic letters to ( 2 0 ) ............................................................ your friends and family. It's also great fo r contacting people using online places w h e re people com m unicate w ith each other in real tim e ( 2 1 ) ............................................................ and other social n etw orkin g sites. Unfortunately, I can't let you use it at the m om ent because it stopped w o rk in g (22 ) ........................................................... at the w eekend, and I can't ge t it to w o rk again. I'm rather w orried tha t it's g o t a technical fault th a t som eone created on purpose to affect m y com puter (23) ................................................................ However, you can have a go on my small com puter tha t I can carry around w ith m e (2 4 )............................................................ if you like. If I can find it. Th e last tim e I rem em ber seeing it was last night on the bus, w h e n I was com ing hom e from my office at the M inistry of Defence.

Science & technology topic-specific vocabulary 3 N ow look at this essay and fill in the gaps w ith one of the words or phrases from Exercises 1 and 2. In some cases, more than one answer will be possible. You may need to change some of the w ord forms. 'Te c h n o lo g y has com e a lo n g w a y in the last 50 years, a n d o u r lives have becom e b e tte r as a result. O r have they?' T h e last 50 years have seen m ore changes tha n in th e previous 200. Th e re have been m any rem arkable advances in m edicine and medical techn o lo gy th a t have helped to increase o u r average 1............................................................... w a y beyond th a t o f o u r ancestors. Incredible 2..............................................................such as satellite television have changed th e w a y w e spend o u r leisure hours. Perhaps th e m ost im p o rta n t 3 ..............................................................., how ever, has been th e m icrochip. N o b o d y could have im agined, w h e n it was first 4 ............................................................... , th a t w ith in a m atter o f years, this tin y piece of silicon and circuitry w o u ld be fo u n d in alm ost every household object from the kettle to the video recorder. A nd nobody could have predicted th e sudden p roliferation o f com puters th a t w o u ld com pletely change o u r lives, a llo w in g us to access info rm a tio n fro m th e o th e r side o f th e w o rld via th e 5............................................................... or send messages a ro u nd th e w o rld by 6 ............................................................... at th e to uch of a b u tto n . M e a n w h ile , 7 ............................................................... into oth e r aspects of info rm a tio n te ch n o lo g y is m aking it easier and cheaper fo r us to talk to friends and relations a ro u nd th e w o rld . G o o d news fo r 8 ............................................................... w h o love m od ern technology, bad news fo r the 9 ...............................................................w h o w o u ld prefer to hide fro m these m od ern miracles. But everything has a price. Th e developm ent of 10............................................................ led to mass autom ation in factories, w hich in turn led to millions losing their jobs. Th e genius of Einstein led indirectly to the threa t of nuclear w a r and the dangerous uncertainties of 11.................................. (w e hear of accidents and mishaps at nuclear pow er stations around the w orld, w here 1 2......................................................... to prevent accidents w ere inadequate). T h e relatively n e w science of 1 3......................................................... has been seen as a m ajor step forw a rd , b ut p uttin g m odified foods on to the m arket before scientists had properly 14............................................................ the m was perhaps one of the most irresponsible decisions of the 1990s. M eanw hile, pharmaceutical companies continue to 15............................................................ on animals, a move tha t m any consider to be cruel and unnecessary. O f course w e all rely on m odern science and technology to im prove o ur lives. However, w e need to make sure th a t w e can control it before it controls us. 95

topic-specific vocabulary Sport 1 Look at the definitions, and arrange the letters in bold to make the w o rd s th e y are defining. W rite y o u r a nsw ers in th e grid (th e first letter o f each w o rd is already in place). If y o u d o this correctly, y o u w ill reveal another w o rd in the shaded vertical strip. 1 Som eone w h o watches a public activity or event, especially a sports event, pateorsct 2 M oney given to an organisation to help pay for something, often an event, soriponpshs 3 A m an w h o plays sport, m astsnopr 4 To be involved in an activity w ith othe r people, atek rpta ni 5 To start d o in g som ething regularly as a habit, jo b o r interest, etka pu 6 A person, team , business o r g ro u p th a t som eone is com p eting against, popitioo n s 7 A large building, usually w ith o u t a roof, w here people play and w atch sports events, utismad 8 To w in against som eone in a gam e, fig h t or election, efetda 9 Som eone w h o likes to w atch a particular sports team , and w ants th a t team to w in . potesprru 10 A large b uildin g, usually w ith a roof, w h e re sports events take place in a central area, raane 11 Som eone w h o plays a sport o r does an activity as a jo b rather tha n fo r e njo ym e nt, nesprsioalof 2 Im agine th a t yo u are a professional sports player and keen spectator. H o w w o u ld yo u feel in the follow ing situations, happy ((§ )) or unhappy ( 0 ) ) ? 1. Y o u r team has been p ro m o te d. @ (§ ) 2. Y o u are sent o ff d u rin g a gam e. ( ^ ) ( g ) 3. Som eone believes yo u have been tak in g perform an ce -e n ha ncin g drugs. © 4. People say you are grossly overpaid. @ (R ) 5. Y o u r team has reached the final. @ (0 ) 6. In a 100 m etre race, yo u beat y o u r personal best. ©© 96