Nothing Outside of the Text

Nothing Outside1 ab·stract adjective /abˈstrakt,ˈabˌstrakt/ Nothing Outside of the Text examines 1the colossal, yet seemingly invisible, influence language has in our lives. It is a look into understanding the linguistic medium through which our experiences are mediated and controlled. The power 2structures, ambiguities, (mis)translations, 4and possibilities that lie within words are 3explored through graphic form. Nothing Outside of the Text is an invitation to activate conversation and subvert 5preconceived notions about language. Amanda Yang Text of the

N2 othing Text

3Outside Nothing Outside of the Text RISD Fall 2020 Degree Project Amanda Yang Advised by Doug Scott of the

4 In its white spaces

5 and unspokennesses, the reserve of the origin reigns; it is not at all necessary to search elsewhere, for exactly here, to be sure not in the words, but in words as erasures, in their grill, \"the meaning of being\" speaks itself. A pedagogy that conversely gives to the voice of the teacher that unlimited sovereignty which permits them to read the text indefinitely. There is nothing outside of the text.* — Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak * From Spivak's translation of Of Grammatology originally written in French by Jacques Derrida. Passage slightly modified.

6 ab·stract adjective /abˈstrakt,ˈabˌstrakt/ 1. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. “abstract concepts such as love or beauty” 2. relating to abstract art. “abstract pictures that look like commercial color charts” verb /abˈstrakt/ 1. consider (something) theoretically or separately from something else. “to abstract science and religion from their historical context can lead to anachronism” 2. extract or remove (something) “applications to abstract more water from streams” noun /ˈabˌstrakt/ 1. a summary of the contents of a book, article, or formal speech. “an abstract of his inaugural address” 2. an abstract work of art.

7 * Abstract: Nothing Outside of the Text Nothing Outside of the Text examines the colossal, yet seemingly invisible, influence language has in our lives. It is a look into understanding the linguistic medium through which our experiences are mediated and controlled. The power structures, ambiguities, (mis)translations, and possibilities that lie within words are explored through graphic form. Nothing Outside of the Text is an invitation to activate conversation and subvert preconceived notions about language.

8 ta·ble of con·tent(s) /ˈtābəl/ /əv/ /kənˈtent/ See definitions in: All Furniture Restaurants preposition See definitions in: All Parliament Computing Bridge Computing Architecture Jewellery Games 1. expressing the relationship between a part verb and a whole. \"the sleeve of his coat\" noun 1. satisfy (someone). \"nothing would content her\" 2. expressing the relationship between a scale accept as adequate despite wanting more or 1. a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or measure and a value. \"an increase of 5 better. \"we contented ourselves with a few or more legs, providing a level surface on percent\" expressing an age. \"a boy of 15\" small purchases\" which objects may be placed, and that can be used for such purposes as eating, writing, 3. indicating an association between two noun working, or playing games. \"she put the plate entities, typically one of belonging. \"the on the table\" food provided in a restaurant son of a friend\" expressing the relationship 1. a state of satisfaction.\"the greater part of the or household. \"he was reputed to have the between an author, artist, or composer century was a time of content\" finest French table of the time\" a group and their works collectively. \"the plays of seated at table for a meal. \"the whole table Shakespeare\" 2. a member of the British House of Lords who was in gales of laughter\" a meeting place or votes for a particular motion. forum for formal discussions held to settle 4. expressing the relationship between a an issue or dispute. \"the negotiating table\" direction and a point of reference. \"north of 3. the things that are held or included in the dummy hand (which is exposed on the Chicago\" something. \"she unscrewed the top of the table). \"they made the hand easily with the flask and drank the contents\" the amount aid of a club ruff on the table\" 5. expressing the relationship between a of a particular constituent occurring in a general category or type and the thing being substance. \"soya milk has a low fat content\" a 2. a set of facts or figures systematically specified which belongs to such a category. list of the chapters or sections given at the displayed, especially in columns. \"the front of a book or periodical. plural noun: population has grown, as shown in table 1\" \"the city of Prague\" table of contents \"the contents page\" the a collection of data stored in memory as a 6. following a noun derived from or related to material dealt with in a speech, literary work, series of records, each defined by a unique etc., as distinct from its form or style. \"the key stored with it. a verb. followed by a noun expressing the tone, if not the content, of his book is familiar\" subject of the verb underlying the first noun. information made available by a website 3. a flat, typically rectangular, vertical surface. \"the arrival of the police\" followed by a noun or other electronic medium. \"online content a horizontal molding, especially a cornice. a expressing the object of the verb underlying providers\" slab of wood or stone bearing an inscription. the first noun. \"the murder of the two boys\" a flat surface of a gem. a cut gem with two 7. where the head of the phrase is a predicative flat faces. each half or quarter of a folding adjective. \"it was kind of you to ask\" board for backgammon. 8. indicating the relationship between a verb and an indirect object. with a verb expressing verb a mental state. \"I don't know of anything that would be suitable\" expressing a cause. \"he 1. postpone consideration of. \"I'd like the issue died of cancer\" to be tabled for the next few months\" 9. indicating the material or substance constituting something. \"the house was built 2. present formally for discussion or of bricks\" consideration at a meeting. \"an MP tabled an 10. expressing time in relation to the following amendment to the bill\" hour. \"it would be just a quarter of three in New York\" Gritty

9 Introduction, Inspiration  11 A Perspective On Language  13 TONGUE TIED  23 Language, Politics, Sexism  49 女 - WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A WOMAN  57 Censorship Or Natural Evolution?  137 PLATES  147 GRITTY ROMAN  167 (Mis)Translation  177 THREE TEXTS  187 CROSSWORD  211 Something Outside Of The Text  217 Works Cited  225 With Thanks  229

10 in·tro·duc·tion in·spi·ra·tion /ˌintrəˈdəkSH(ə)n/ /ˌinspəˈrāSH(ə)n/ noun See definitions in: All Theology Physiology 1. the action of introducing something.\"issues noun arising from the introduction of new technology\" a thing newly brought into use 1. the process of being mentally stimulated or introduced to a place for the first time. to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. \"Helen had one of \"these grains are valuable introductions from her flashes of inspiration\" the quality of Sweden\" being inspired, especially when evident in something. \"a rare moment of inspiration 2. a formal presentation of one person to in an otherwise dull display\" a person or another, in which each is told the other's thing that inspires. \"he is an inspiration to name. \"he returned to his desk, leaving everyone\" Michael to make the introductions\" 2. a sudden brilliant, creative, or timely idea. 3. a thing preliminary to something else, \"then I had an inspiration\" especially an explanatory section at the beginning of a book, report, or speech. \"your 3. the drawing in of breath; inhalation. talk will need an introduction that states \"crackling sounds are heard in the stethoscope clearly what you are talking about and on inspiration\" why\" a preliminary section in a piece of music, often thematically different from the main section. \"his Fifth Symphony opens with an introduction featuring a solo tuba\" a book or course of study intended to introduce a subject to a person. \"it is a simple introduction to Euclidean geometry\" a person's first experience of a subject or thing. \"my introduction to drama was through an amateur dramatic society\"

11 Introduction: Inspiration Letterforms—and the words they compose—shape my work as a storyteller. Through this degree project, I hope to gain a better understanding of language, be more critical of how it is used, and tie that into how I approach my design practice. For you, dear reader, I hope this will start a conversation around the medium with which we communicate our ideas. This inquiry implicates the bias and political stances within the media we consume, the words we choose to use, and language’s subcultural origins. Through this research, I hope not only to look at the present moment but also interrogate efforts to author a better future. During my sophomore year at RISD, I came across a particularly derogatory Chinese word (explored on page 57) while researching a project. After translating the combined characters, I recoiled from meaning they inscribed, which incrimated the society that allowed for this word to exist in the first place. As I presented this word to others who understood Chinese, they had similar reactions, feeling awkward and uncomfortable from just looking at the grouping of symbols. Since then, I have become a little more aware, and more curious about how language’s capacity to nest histories and biases undergirding our society. I resolved to approach language from the perspective of a linguist, one who observes rather than prescribes the strict logic of grammar to the complex linguistic world.

12 a per·spec·tive on /ā,ə/ /pərˈspektiv/ /än,ôn/ See definitions in: All Physics Sports Biology See definitions in: All Art Geometry Audio See definitions in: All Medicine Theatre Physics Education Games Mathematics Music Electrical Biochemistry Chemistry Postal Language noun determiner preposition determiner: a; determiner: an 1. the art of drawing solid objects on a two- dimensional surface so as to give the right 1. physically in contact with and supported by 1. used when referring to someone or impression of their height, width, depth, and (a surface). \"on the table was a water jug\" something for the first time in a text or position in relation to each other when located somewhere in the general surface conversation. \"a man came out of the room\" viewed from a particular point. \"a perspective area of (a place). \"an internment camp on used with units of measurement to mean drawing\" the island\" as a result of accidental physical one such unit. \"a hundred\" one single; any. \"I contact with. \"he banged his head on a simply haven't a thing to wear\" used when 2. a particular attitude toward or way of beam\" supported by (a part of the body). \"he mentioning the name of someone not known regarding something; a point of view. \"most was lying on his back\" on the underside of to the speaker. \"a Mr. Smith telephoned\" guidebook history is written from the editor's so as to be supported or held by. \"put it on someone like (the name specified). \"you're no perspective\" the table\" in the possession of (the person better than a Hitler\" referred to). \"she only had a few dollars on Tip: perspective is sometimes confused with her\" 2. used to indicate membership of a class of prospective people or things.\"he is a lawyer\" 2. forming a distinctive or marked part of (the surface of something). \"a scratch on her arm\" 3. used when expressing rates or ratios; in, to, or for each; per. \"typing 60 words a minute\" 3. having (the thing mentioned) as a topic. \"a book on careers\" having (the thing abbreviation mentioned) as a basis. \"modeled on the symbol: a Mayflower Compact\" 1. (in travel timetables) arrives.\"Penzance a 4. as a member of (a committee, jury, or other 0915\" body). \"they would be allowed to serve on committees\" 2. (in units of measurement) atto- (10−18). 3. (with reference to sporting fixtures) away. 5. having (the thing mentioned) as a target, aim, or focus. \"five air raids on the city\" \"March 15 Sheffield United (a)\" 4. (used before a date) before. \"a1200\" 6. having (the thing mentioned) as a medium for transmitting or storing information. \"put prefix your ideas down on paper\" being broadcast prefix: a-; prefix: an- by (a radio or television channel). \"a new TV series on Channel 4\" 1. not; without. \"atheistic\" 2. to; toward. \"aside\" 7. in the course of (a journey). \"he was on his 3. in the process of (an activity). \"a-hunting\" way to see his mother\" while traveling in (a 4. in a specified state or manner. \"asleep\" public conveyance). \"John got some sleep on 5. on. \"afoot\" the plane\" onto (a public conveyance) with 6. in. \"nowadays\" the intention of traveling in it. \"we got on 7. of. \"anew\" the train\" 8. utterly. \"abash\" 8. indicating the day or part of a day during suffix which an event takes place. \"reported on suffix: a- September 26\" at the time of. \"she was booed on arriving home\" 1. forming ancient or Latinized modern names of animals and plants. \"primula\" 9. engaged in. \"his attendant was out on errands\" 2. forming names of oxides. \"baryta\" 3. forming geographical names. \"Africa\" 10. regularly taking (a drug or medicine). \"he is 4. forming ancient or Latinized modern on morphine to relieve the pain\" feminine forenames. \"Lydia\" 11. paid for by. \"the drinks are on me\" 5. forming nouns from Italian, Portuguese, and 12. added to. \"a few cents on the electric bill is Spanish. \"duenna\" nothing compared with your security\" 6. forming plural nouns from Greek or Latin adverb neuter plurals corresponding to a singular in -um or -on (such as addenda, phenomena ). 1. physically in contact with and supported by a 7. forming plural nouns in names of zoological surface. \"make sure the lid is on\" (of clothing) groups. \"Insectivora\" being worn by a person. \"she sat waiting with her coat on\" 2. indicating continuation of a movement or action. \"she burbled on\" 3. (of an entertainment or other event) taking place or being presented. \"what's on at the festival\" due to take place as planned. \"the reorganization is still on\" 4. (of an electrical appliance or power supply) functioning. \"they always left the lights on\" 5. (of a performer, etc.) broadcasting or acting. (of an employee) working.

lan·guage 13 /ˈlaNGɡwij/ 1 See definitions in: All Linguistics Computation noun 1. the principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture \"a study of the way children learn language\" a nonverbal method of expression or communication. \"a language of gesture and facial expression\" 2. a system of communication used by a particular country or community. \"the book was translated into twenty-five languages\" 3. a system of symbols and rules for writing programs or algorithms. \"a new programming language\" 4. the style of a piece of writing or speech. \"he explained the procedure in simple, everyday language\" the phraseology and vocabulary of a particular profession, domain, or group. \"legal language\" 5. coarse or offensive language. noun: bad language; noun: foul language; noun: strong language \"strong language\" Phrases: speak the same language—understand one another as a result of shared opinions or values. \"when it comes to business, we both speak the same language\" A Perspective on Language A picture can conjure a thousand words, and so too can a word conjure a thousand pictures. Language touches every part of our lives: it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings. It is a rich and varied human ability—one that we can use effortlessly, that children seem to acquire automatically, and that linguists have found to be complex yet systematic and describable. —Language Files

14 1. ch [ʧ] 2. a [a] 3. ow [ʊ] 4. s [z] 1. k [ˈk] 2. ay [eɪ] 3. ouh [ɒ] 4. s [s]

15 Language has been the source of much anxiety for me. I jokingly A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE said to my advisor of this project, Doug Scott, that I went into art and design to get away from essay writing, not to write more. Being a first generation immigrant and (somewhat) bilingual, I have always had a complex relationship to language—an often tenuous bridge spanning two cultural backgrounds. At 2 years old, I arrived in Canada. Unable to speak English, I felt alienated and out of place. Despite my struggle to communicate, however, I do not consider my childhood a lonely one: I had found solace in art-making when none of the kids in my neighborhood wanted to play with me. Ulises Carrión At 11 years old, having developed conversational English, I grew Dear Reader, Don’t Read. self-conscious about my pronunciation. It was always the luck of 1973, MoMA the draw; was it a long vowel sound? A short one? I could never It's impossible for us to avoid be sure. language and reading. “[...] Chows [ʧaʊz]” I said in class. “What?” said my teacher. 02-07-2018 “Ch-ows [ʧaʊz]” I repeat. He furrowed his eyebrows, squinted his eyes, and looked at me Linguistic Prejudice: with a frown. Revealing our Implicit “You mean, “kay-os [ˈkeɪɒs](Chaos)”?” Biases about Language The class stared in silence. “Ah,” I said sheepishly, “yes…” Dr. Raffaella Zanuttini I dreaded reading aloud ever since. Words didn’t always sound Dr. Jim Wood like how they are spelled. Dr. Jason Zentz “Whether we consider a certain feature prestigious, quaint, or stigmatized is a reflection of our attitudes toward the speakers who have that feature. In other words, a judgment of a linguistic feature is a hidden judgment of a group of people — it is a reflection of our social biases.” “[Teachers] may interpret ‘errors’ students make in the standard dialect of education as carelessness or laziness, rather than a reflection of their [native dialect], and develop negative attitudes towards these students.” (Siegel 2012: 223)” “Teachers may also equate the lack of knowledge of the standard dialects as a lack of intelligence, and this can lead to lower expectations and the self-fulfilling prophecy of poorer student performance. […]” “such negative attitudes may be internalised by the students, affecting their own self-image, or rejected by them, causing them to withdraw from participation in the education system. In both cases, the consequence is poor school performance.”

16 At 12 years old, I quit Chinese school. These Saturday morning classes, which my Mom and Dad insisted I take since grade 01-01-2020 1, dragged on for hours. The textbooks contained bland and uninspiring passages that put me to sleep. I threw a tantrum How It Feels to Lose Your every Friday night before class. As I became more and more Native Language fluent in English, the more I distanced myself from my parent’s language. Chinese became an ugly, unglamorous language to my Li Charmaine Anne ears. While I was fine listening to my parents and most adults in my life speak, I could not bring myself to consume Chinese media of any kind. The words sounded as cheap and fake as the knock- off exports the country was known to produce. “For the most part, I’ve attributed my ignorance of the Chinese language to laziness. When I was still speaking Cantonese for the most part as a child, my parents used to pretend they didn’t understand English to encourage me to speak our mother tongue. But I was too lazy to do so and kept speaking English because I knew they understood English. “Dad,” I would stubbornly say, “you talk to White clients every day; of course you can speak English.” The truth was, I was embarrassed. I thought having smelly food for lunch and speaking a loud language made me less cool, and being cool was a top priority as a kid and teenager. Eventually, I moved to a school that was populated mostly by East Asian immigrants. One would think that this environment would make me more comfortable with my heritage. Instead, I regarded myself as one of the cooler kids because I was one of the few born in Canada. But as I’ve gotten older and my understanding of language and cultural nuances has increased, I’m starting to understand that a big part of my language loss was due to internalized racism. I’d internalized the idea that Chinese — and Cantonese in particular — was a loud, raucous, ugly language compared to English. I’d also internalized the idea that Chinese values were stuffy, backwards, and inferior to Western ones. [...] I allowed embarrassment of the culture I’m a part of to make me forget the language I was once proud to know. [...] Being multilingual means being privy to different worlds. Language grants you the keys to entire cultures and the perspectives and stories within them.”

17 “I have begun to accept that coming from an immigrant A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE culture of color is a gift, not a setback. Knowing another language really is a superpower.” Li Charmaine Anne At 16 years old, I went to a summer French immersion How It Feels to programme in Riviere-du-Loup, Quebec. Despite starting French Lose Your Native at 9 years old, I couldn’t wrap my head around conjugations and Language pronunciations. I was frustrated all summer for not being able to communicate. For a month, I tasted the experience my parents had when they immigrated to Canada. Credentials and identities don’t matter to a society that can’t see past surface-level accents and mispronunciations. We are undeniably confined by our words to mediate and describe our experiences and are judged based on how we speak and write. Language also deeply reflects our self-identity. The way we speak is often based on how we interact socially and with which groups we want to associate ourselves. Subconsciously or consciously, we will perform differently depending on the social context: a conversation with an intimate friend would not be the same as one with a distant acquaintance. Our capacity to form words and how we are perceived based on social biases are closely entangled. My experiences with language and its social implications aren’t unique. Now, I am slowly learning to accept myself for who I am, and to embrace my flawed pronunciations (a character quirk!). Now, I am learning to revisit my forsaken cultural and linguistic heritage, seeing value and strength in this “superpower”. There is beauty that lies within the linguistic challenges faced. Emily Taing calls it resistance: 10-02-2020 “Normal” is speaking English with no accent at all. Resistance is a Vietnamese Chinese auntie born in Hội An, immigrating Pink Boxes: Unfolding into to San Jose due to the Resistance War Against America (aka an Unlikely Symbol of Vietnam War), now working in an Asian supermarket speaking Resistance “broken” English. Resistance is the unacknowledged truth at face value: that English is the auntie’s sixth language behind Emily Taing Vietnamese, Cantonese, Teochew, Hokkien, and Mandarin. Taking an intro course to linguistics at Brown University during my junior year has helped me unpack and reflect on a lot of the feelings I had around language, linguistic prejudices, and my implicit biases as a factor of my surroundings. The most potent lessons we learned in the first class are these simple truths and misconceptions about language:

18 Language Files 1.1.2 Some Surprising but True Things about Language Twelfth Edition 2016 You have been speaking one or more languages for most of your Ohio State life, and therefore you may think that you know most of what University there is to know about language. However, you will likely find p.33 some of the following facts about language surprising. (1) Grammar is actually a much more complex phenomenon than anything that could ever be taught in school, but nevertheless every human being masters the grammar of some language. (2) There are languages that don’t have words for right and left but use words for cardinal directions (like north and west) instead. (3) Some aspects of language appear to be innate. (4) There are more than 7,000 languages spoken in the world, but 90% of the population speaks only 10% of them. (5) Some languages, such as Turkish, have special verb forms used for gossip and hearsay. (6) Many of the sentences that you hear and utter are novel; they have never been uttered before. (7) Some languages structure sentences by putting the object first and the subject last. (8) In some communities, such as the Al-Sayyid Bedouin tribe, all or most members of the community can use a signed language. (9) There is nothing inherent about most words that gives them their meaning; any group of speech sounds could have any meaning. (10) There are specific structures in your brain that process language. (11) The language you speak affects whether or not you distinguish between certain sounds. (12) Rules like “don’t split infinitives” were propagated by people in the eighteenth century who believed that English should be more like Latin. (13) The same words in the same order don’t always mean the same thing. (14) No language is more or less logical than any other.

19 Language Files 1.1.3 Some Common Misconceptions about Language A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE Twelfth Edition 2016 In addition to not knowing some of the facts in the list above, Ohio State you may also have ideas about language that are not true. The University following is a list of common misconceptions. It’s understandable p. 34 that people might have come to hold some of these beliefs, because they are often propagated throughout societies (and a few of them even have an element of truth to them); however, the scientific investigation of language has revealed them to be false. (1) People who say Nobody ain’t done nothin’ aren’t thinking logically. (2) Swearing degrades a language. (3) Many animals have languages that are much like human languages. (4) Writing is more perfect than speech. (5) The more time parents spend teaching their children a language, the better their children will speak. (6) You can almost always recognize someone’s background by the way he talks. (7) The rules in grammar textbooks are guidelines for correct language use and should be followed whenever possible. (8) Women tend to talk more than men. (9) There are “primitive” languages that cannot express complex ideas effectively. (10) People from the East Coast talk nasally. (11) Some people can pick up a language in a couple of weeks. (12) It’s easier to learn Chinese if your ancestry is Chinese. (13) Native Americans all speak dialects of the same language. (14) Every language has a way to mark verbs for the past tense. (15) Correct spelling preserves a language.

20 According to the class, language operates as a spectrum. For example, on the border of France and Germany, the closer you traveled to Germany, the more German-sounding the French became. On the other hand, in Germany, the closer you got to France, the more French-sounding the German became. Along these arbitrary borders enforced by a politics that mandates usage, a language begins to fragment. Suddenly, a concrete French finds itself counterposed to a concrete German; an us versus them ideology emerges. I want to consider languages as fluid and interconnected rather than isolated entities imbued with histories that cannot be obtained from an analysis that is only surface-deep. ...accordéon cumin leukämleieucémie kümmel renretinenre kkordeon a Germany sabre säbel saxe sachsen statissttiaqtuiestisch teckel dackel

21 A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE ximètreFrance valse vermouth zinc taxtaameter... walzer wermut zink

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23A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE Tongue Tied Tongue Tied is both a collection of tongue twisters and a social design project. Drawing from my insecurity around pronunciation and the social implications tied to it, Tongue Tied asks its audience to read multilingual tongue twisters—collected from my classmates and the languages they spoke—out loud together. What dictates the ‘correct’ pronunciation when you render the phonetic through the Latin alphabet? In one language, what is spelled as “sio” sounds like “sho” while in another, it is pronounced “see.” The project welcomes the occasional stumble and embraces chance and insecurity. The arbitrary boundaries between spelling and pronunciation blur as we collectively verbalized our interpretations of how these alliterative sentences might be enunciated, freeing them from any ‘correct’ pronunciation.

24 This activity was conducted through a zoom call. On the count of three, we all read the tongue twister together. Our voices intermingled, drifting in and out of the reception of our microphones. After each reading, I prompted the person who submitted the particular tongue twister to recite it, allowing each student to be an ‘authority’ on their selected text and for us to hear a letter’s pronunciation and its original linguistic context. We had a good laugh at the oral gymnastics we all attempted to perform.

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47A PERSPECTIVE ON LANGUAGE Thank you to my participants: Adam Fein Asta Thrastardottir Corinne Ang Etienne Adams James Goggin Javier Syquia Jordan Weed Kevin Ju Labelle Chang Rachel Kim Romik Bose Mitra Ryan Diaz

48 lan·guage pol·i·tics sexism /ˈlaNGɡwij/ /ˈpäləˌtiks/ /ˈsekˌsizəm/ noun See definitions in: All Linguistics Computation noun 1. the activities associated with the governance noun of a country or other area, especially the 1. prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, debate or conflict among individuals or typically against women, on the basis of sex. 1. the principal method of human parties having or hoping to achieve power. \"sexism in language is an offensive reminder communication, consisting of words used the activities of governments concerning of the way the culture sees women\" in a structured and conventional way and the political relations between countries.\"in conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture \"a the conduct of global politics, economic study of the way children learn language\" status must be backed by military capacity\" a nonverbal method of expression or the academic study of government and communication. \"a language of gesture and the state. \"a politics lecturer\" activities facial expression\" within an organization that are aimed at improving someone's status or position and 2. a system of communication used by a are typically considered to be devious or particular country or community. \"the book divisive. \" yet another discussion of office was translated into twenty-five languages\" politics and personalities\" a particular set of political beliefs or principles. \" people do not 3. a system of symbols and rules for writing buy this newspaper purely for its politics\" programs or algorithms. \"a new programming the assumptions or principles relating to language\" or inherent in a sphere, theory, or thing, especially when concerned with power and 4. the style of a piece of writing or speech. \"he status in a society. \"the politics of gender\" explained the procedure in simple, everyday language\" the phraseology and vocabulary Phrases: play politics — act for political or personal of a particular profession, domain, or group. gain rather than from principle. \"he railed \"legal language\" against them for playing politics with the police department\" 5. coarse or offensive language. noun: bad language; noun: foul language; noun: strong verb (derogatory) language \"strong language\" 1. engage in political activity. \"agencies who Phrases: speak the same language—understand one politic and posture for no other reason than another as a result of shared opinions or values. to promote themselves\" \"when it comes to business, we both speak the same language\"

49 2 Language, Politics, & Sexism Language is a living, breathing, fluctuating system that carries both embedded histories and newly formed meanings. In this moment of political chaos, global pandemic, and civil unrest, how does the role of language intensify in unifying and dividing sides? Why does the working class routinely vote against themselves?

50 Le, La El, La Der, Die