e Journal

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY ARECANUT GROWERS 437 The maximum and minimum score one could get “3”, “moderate extent” was “2” and for “lesser extent”was 31 and 0, respectively. Based on the overall score assigned was “1”. The scores of all categoriesadoption score obtained by each respondent, they were for individual problems were added and presented ingrouped into low, medium and high adoption categories ranking order.using mean and standard deviation as a measure ofcheck. The collected data was scored, tabulated and analyzed using mean, percentage, zero order correlationCategory Criteria test and multiple regression test.Low Less than (Mean - ½ SD)Medium Between (Mean ± ½ SD) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONHigh More than (Mean +½ SD) Overall adoption level of recommended Information about 15 personal, psychological and cultivation practices by arecanut growers : Thesocio-economical characteristics viz., age, education, results presented in Table I reveals that most of thefamily size, farming experience, land holding, area respondents (35.83 %) belonged to medium adoptionunder arecanut, annual income, social participation, category, whereas, 34.17 and 30.00 per cent of themmass media participation, extension system link, risk belonged to low and high adoption categories of overallbearing ability, management orientation, economic recommended practices, respectively. It was found outmotivation, deferred gratification and scientific during the data collection that most of the arecanutorientation were collected using a well structured growers believed that traditional practices ofschedule with suitable scales. cultivation were much more worthy than recommended cultivation practices and thus they followed most of To know the production problems faced by the the age-old practices of cultivation, hence most of thearecanut growers, closed end questions with responses arecanut growers belonged to medium adoptionrelating to extent of problem (large extent, moderate category. The finding are in conformity with the resultsextent and lesser extent) were asked. The responses of Narayanswamy et al. (2012) and Hinge et al.so obtained were scored with respect to extent of (2013).problems i.e. for “large extent” score assigned was Adoption of practice-wise recommended cultivation practices by arecanut growers : It is clear from Table II that about 90 per cent of the TABLE IDistribution of arecanut growers according to their overall adoption level of recommended cultivation practices (n=120) Adoption Criteria Arecanut growers categories Less than 14.32 Number Per centLow Between 14.32 to 16.72Medium More than 16.72 41 34.17High Total 43 35.83 36 30.00 120 100.00Mean : 15.52 SD : 2.39

438 VINAYAK N. NAYAK et al. TABLE IIDistribution of arecanut growers according to practice - wise adoption of recommended cultivation practices (n=120)Adoption Categories Arecanut growers Mean S. D.categories Number Per centPlanting in main field Low 12 10.00 0.90 –Spacing and alignment High Low 108 90.00Manures & Fertilizers Application Medium High 18 15.00 2.28 0.73Irrigation and drainage LowIntercropping Medium 53 44.17Plant protection High Low 49 40.83Harvesting High Low 34 28.33 4.49 1.94 High Low 44 36.67 Medium High 42 35.00 Low High 62 51.67 1.45 0.87 58 48.33 65 54.17 1.41 – 55 45.83 40 33.33 4.09 1.33 33 27.50 47 39.17 12 10.00 0.91 – 108 90.00arecanut growers had high adoption level with respect respect to adoption of recommended practices ofto recommended practices of planting in main field and intercropping, majority (54.17%) of the respondents10 per cent of growers were found in low adoption were found to have low level of adoption and 45.83category. About 44.17 per cent of the respondents per cent of the respondents were in high level ofbelonged to medium category of adoption of adoption category.recommended practices of spacing and alignment,followed by high (40.83 %) and low (15.00%) Table II reveals that a greater number (39.17%)categories, respectively. In respect of recommended of the respondents had high level of adoption withpractices of manures and fertilizers application, it is respect to recommended practices of plant protectionfound that 36.67, 35.00 and 28.33 per cent of the followed by low (33.33%) and medium (27.50%) levelsrespondents belong to medium, high and low adoption of adoption. With regard to adoption of recommendedcategories, respectively. Majority ( 51.67 %) of the practices of harvesting, it is evident that 90.00 and 10.00respondents belonged to low adoption category and per cent of the respondents belong to high and low48.33 per cent of the respondents had high level of adoption categories, respectively.adoption with respect to recommended practices ofirrigation and drainage. It is also observed that with The adoption of farm practices or farm innovations is a complex process which needs mental thinking,

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY ARECANUT GROWERS 439executive power, responsibility as well as risk bearing respondents felt that recommended rate of irrigationability. The adoption of any technology in general and was very high compared to the requirement and thearecanut cultivation practices in particular depends growers followed only what was required in theirupon various factors such as awareness about plantation.practices, extent of change agency’s efforts,complexity of practices, timely availability of inputs, With respect to intercropping, majority of thecost of inputs, agro-climatic factors, characteristics of respondents (54.17 %) were in low level of adoptionfarmers etc. However, it is true that all the category. The possible reason may be the menacerecommended practices will not be adopted at same caused by non-insect pests like rodents, monkeys etc.degree by all the members in a given social system at which destroy entire yield of intercrops like cocoa,particular time reference. The findings of the study banana, etc. because of which farmers are not takingwere also in line with this fact with respect to adoption up the intercropping in arecanut. It is imperative thatof arecanut cultivation practices by the respondents non-insect pests like monkeys cannot be managed orwhich are presented in Table II. either controlled, because of the strict legislation in place for any harm caused to them. A larger number of the In the present study it was observed that majority respondents (39.17 %) showed high level of adoption(90.00 %) of the respondents had high level of adoption with respect to plant protection because of thewith respect to planting in main field. The possible realization of the importance of plant protectionreason might be that these practices are simple to adopt measures against koleroga (Fruit rot), mites, root knot,and growers with their rich experience in arecanut nut splitting, etc and application of right doses ofcultivation have practiced it since many years. Most chemicals. In respect of harvesting, a overwhelming(44.17 %) of the farmers had medium level of adoption majority of the respondents (90.00 %) had high levelwith respect to spacing and alignment as per of adoption. It is imperative that since the practicesrecommendation. The possible reason might be that in are simple and also are being practiced traditionally,arecanut plantations more number of crops are taken growers possessed high level of knowledge withalong with arecanut to derive additional income, to respect to season of harvesting and yield per hectareaccommodate this crops the recommended spacing of arecanut.becomes very much necessary. In respect ofalignment, possible reason for medium level of adoption Relationship between personal, psychological,could be that most of the growers had inherited theirgardens from their ancestors and thus the gardens Socio-economic characteristics of arecanutwere not perfectly aligned to north-south direction with growers with their adoption level : The results ina deviation of 35° towards south west. Since, the Table III indicates that annual income, socialpractice of alignment was not recommended during participation, economic motivation and scientificthose days. orientation of arecanut growers were positively significant at one per cent level with adoption level of In respect of manures and fertilizer application, the respondents. Whereas, education, farmingmost of the respondents (36.67 %) showed medium experience, mass media participation and extensionlevel of adoption because most of the growers were system link of arecanut growers were significant atinclined towards organic farming and used farm yard five per cent level of significance and variables likemanure and green leaf manure to the larger extent age, family size, land holding, area under arecanut, riskand also the probable reason could be that most of the bearing ability, management orientation and deferredgrowers felt that on using chemical fertilizers there is gratification had a non-significant relation with adoptionno additional amount of output or income generated to level of the respondents.what they get from applying locally available farm yardmanure and green leaf manure. In respect of irrigation Education helps the individual to make progressand drainage, majority of the respondents (51.67 %) in right direction developing awareness about newexhibited low level of adoption because most of the technology leading to adoption of same in the fields. Arecanut is a traditional crop in the research area. It

440 VINAYAK N. NAYAK et al.TABLE III link helps the farmers to exposure themselves to new farm technologies promoted by the extension workers Relationship between personal, psychological and participation in extension activities would promoteand socio-economic characteristics of arecanut acquisition of knowledge and consequent adoption of the farm technologies. Farmers with high level of growers and adoption level economic motivation possess desire to excel economically would operate their enterprise (n=120) successfully by adopting the recommended practices. Farmers with scientific orientation could be more Characteristics Correlation response to the latest technologies, acquire more coefficient knowledge and adopt the technologies in their fields. Age Age (r) Other independent variables such as age, family Education size, land holding, area under arecanut, risk bearing Family Size 0.227* ability, management orientation and deferred Farming experience 0.018NS gratification exhibited non-significant relationship with Land Holding 0.196* adoption level. The possible reason could be that Area under arecanut 0.090NS possession of these characteristics need not have any Annual Income 0.215* relation with the adoption level of growers with respect Social participation 0.018NS to recommended practices of cultivation. Mass Media participation 0.017NS. Extension system link 0.324** Contribution of personal psychological and Risk bearing ability 0.254** Management Orientation 0.199* socio-economic characteristics of arecanut growers Economic Motivation 0.221* to the adoption behaviour : With regards to Deferred gratification 0.049NS contributions of all the personal, economical, social and Scientific orientation 0.023NS psychological characteristics to the adoption behaviour 0.540** of arecanut growers as given in Table IV, indicated 0.063NS that all the 15 variables contributed to 71 per cent of 0.442** the variation in the adoption of recommended arecanut cultivation practices. The adoption level varied * Significant at 5 % level significantly with education, farming experience, social ** Significant at 1 % level participation, extension system link, economic NS : Non Significant motivation and scientific orientation. These six variables have synergic effect on one anotheris quite obvious that the farmers possess good influencing the adoption level of recommendedknowledge and experience with respect to cultivating cultivation practices among arecanut growers. It isthe arecanut crop and thus it would be simple for imperative that growers high in these characteristicsthem to adopt most of the recommended cultivation had higher level of adoption. But, characteristics likepractices. Better annual income provides the farmers age, family size, land holding, area under arecanut, riskto the means to purchase agricultural inputs and access bearing ability, management orientation and deferredto innovations leading to adoption of the improved gratification contributed non-significantly to the adoptioncultivation practices. Participation in social level.organisations ensures timely and adequate inputs,advices, etc. needed for effective adoption. Thus, it Production problems faced by arecanutwas imperative with higher participation in social growers : The data in Table V presents the data onorganisations adoption level was high. Higher exposure rank-wise information about the problems faced byto various mass media enhances the ability of growers arecanut growers in the production of arecanut. It wasto get more information helping them to acquire more found that high cost of inputs (I rank), erratic supplyknowledge about new technology / recommendedcultivation practices and in turn it widens the mentalability of the farmers to accept and adopt therecommended cultivation practices. Extension system

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY ARECANUT GROWERS 441 TABLE IVMultiple regression analysis showing contribution of personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics in explaning the variability in adoption level (n=120) Characteristics Regression Standard Error ‘t’ value Coefficient (b) (SEb)Age 0.755NSEducation 0.031 0.040 10.761*Family Size 0.226 0.021 1.678NSFarming experience 0.287 0.171 12.727*Land Holding 0.420 0.033 1.499NSArea under Arecanut 0.129 0.086 0.302NSAnnual Income 0.188 0.621 1.722NSSocial participation 4.732 2.747 5.956*Mass Media participation 0.548 0.092 0.073NSExtension system link 0.011 0.150 5.114*Risk bearing ability 0.312 0.061 0.186NSManagement Orientation 0.023 0.123 0.165NSEconomic Motivation 0.017 0.103 4.393*Deferred gratification 0.580 0.132 0.085NSScientific orientation 0.004 0.047 5.589* 0.436 0.078* - Significant at 5 % level R2 = 0.71NS- Non Significant F = 3.59 TABLE V of electricity (II rank), lack of technical guidance (III rank), non-availability of inputs (IV rank) and lackProduction problems of arecanut growers of water supply (V rank) in the order of priority were the production problems encountered by the (n=120) farmers.Problems Extent of problem The findings revealed that high cost of inputs was Scores Rank one of the major problem faced by the growers during the production of arecanut. This might be because ofHigh cost of inputs 284 I the substantial increase in the cost of fertilizers, plantErratic supply of electricity 283 II protection chemicals etc. In respect of erratic supplyLack of technical guidence 249 III of electricity, farmers faced problem to irrigate theirNon-avaialability of inputs 215 IV land timely. Lack of technical guidance was anotherLack of water supply 120 V major problem, which might be due to the lower level of extension system link exhibited by most of theMultiple responses are possible

442 VINAYAK N. NAYAK et al.respondents. Non-availability of inputs was due to the to overcome the production problems of arecanutuntimely and inadequate supply of inputs by input growers.agencies, agriculture cooperative socieities, etc. andlack of water supply was not actually the major problem REFERENCESin the region because the sample area received heavyrainfall and also water table is very high. But still due HINGE, R. B., ANGADI, J. G., MANJUNATH, L., BASAVARAJA, H.to poor percolation in soils, some farmers have adopted AND KATARAKI, P., 2013, Adoption of wine grapesprinklers. production technology in Maharashtra, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 26 (1): 80-84. The findings of the study reveals that majority(70.00 %) of the arecanut growers were falling under NARAYAN SWAMY, B., SAJU GEORGE AND HEGDE, M. R., 2012,low to medium adoption categories. The findings calls Adoption of IPM practices by vegetable growers infor organizing intensive educational activities such as Karnataka, J. Extn. Edu., 24 (3): 4892-4896.training, demonstrations, exhibitions, farmer fieldsschools, field days, field visits, teleconference etc. by PRAKASH, T. N., 2012, Arecanut economy at the cross roads:the Farm Universitites, State Department of Horticuture 5th report of the special scheme on cost of cultivationand concerned agencies for the arecanut growers to of arecanut in Karnataka, Special Scheme on cost ofincrease the adoption level of recommended cultivation cultivation of arecanut in Karnataka, Dept. of Agril.practices for obtaining optimum yield. The Government Economics, Univ. Agric. Sci., Bangalore.and other agencies should provide : (a) timely andadequate supply of inputs and (b) regular power supply SENGUPTA, T., 1967, A Simple adoption scale for selection of high yielding varieties programme on rice. Indian J. Extn. Edu., 3: 107-115.(Received : July, 2014 Accepted : August, 2014)



444 P. S. DHANANJAYA SWAMY et al.farmers, agricultural laborers and rural artisans. As of credit flow and region wise distribution of agriculturalnow, there are only three institutional agencies which credit were collected from the Reports on Currencyare lending to the agricultural sector viz., RRBs and and Finance, published by Reserve Bank of Indiaco operative banks and commercial banks which (RBI). Handbook of Indian Economy (2013), Reserveproviding the credit to the farmers based on the credit Bank of India, Bombay and India stat website. Theworthiness of the purpose and expectation on income regional disparity in the distribution of agricultural creditgeneration. was analyzed based on the region wise data. The analysis was carried out by taking the data pertaining The progress of flow of institutional credit to the to the year 2001-2013.agriculture in India has depended mainly on governmentintervention over the years i.e., package of incentives Analytical Techniques : To overview the trendand policy measures, which the NABARD and the and performance of institutional credit differentcentre formulate and implement. The institutional credit indicators have been used. The share of agriculturalhas witnessed a huge growth in recent years. The share GDP (Ag. GDP) and overall GDP, share of differentof institutional agencies in the borrowings of cultivator agencies in the institutional flow and the credit per unithouseholds increased from mere 7.3 per cent in 1951 of GCA was examined to assess the overallto 66.7 per cent in 2012. However, despite such a performance of institutional agricultural credit flow.growth, the credit flow by institution to the rural andagricultural sectors remains dismal, which, more or less, Compound Growth Rate : Growth rates havehas resulted in financial exclusion of the rural masses. been estimated using exponential function through OLSThe rural and agricultural sectors have to play a very method after transforming original data into semi-logimportant role if a target of GDP growth per annum as specification. The form of the exponential is asenvisioned in the five years plans is to be achieved. follows :Hence, the agricultural credit policies and the economicreform in general aim to have positive influence on the Yt = Aerttotal volume of institutional credit. However, the ruralbanking system in India made tremendous quantitative Where,achievement by neglecting the qualitative aspects ofthe credit delivery system (Shivamaggi, 2000). Yt is the credit flow at the time r indicates the instantaneous growth Elsewhere, it is also argued that the regions inIndia that are economically relatively backward have t refers to the time periodless access to institutional credit than those which arenot (Reddy and Laxminarayana, 1997). In view of the Gini coefficient : There are several measuresabove aspects present study was taken up to analyze of inequality. Here Gini co-efficient has been employedthe “Trends, Performance and Disparity in the Flow in order to analyze the inequality in the distribution ofof Institutional Credit to Agriculture in India”. credit across the different region. The Gini coefficient is based on the Lorenz curve, a cumulative frequency METHODOLOGY curve that compare the distribution of a specific variable with the uniform distribution that represents equality. The study is based on the secondary data compiled The Gini coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, 0 representingfrom diverse sources. The data on gross cropped area perfect equality and 1 total inequality (total(GCA) and agricultural gross domestic product concentration). Although, the level of inequalities is(AgGDP) were culled from the Agricultural Statistics reflected in the value of the Gini coefficient itself, theat a Glance (2008), published by the Department of interpretation of the coefficient is usually done inAgriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, comparative terms i.e., coefficient of 0.2 will representGovernment of India (GOI). The secondary data on a lower level of inequality than a coefficient of 0.4.

TRENDS, PERFORMANCE AND DISPARITY IN THE FLOW OF INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT TO AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 445G = 1 – N (σY -1+ ) ( – ) availability of credit at reasonable rates through the expansion of institutional framework, its outreach and Σ i σ Y i σ X -1 σ X scale as also by way of directed lending. Over time, i i spectacular progress has been achieved in terms of i-o the scale and outreach of institutional framework for agricultural credit.The Gini coefficient can be calculated as follows : Where, The flow of institutional credit to agriculture and G indicates the Gini co efficient allied activities has greatly helped the farmers who Y indicates the actual distribution, have no resources on their own. Table I gives the flow X indicates the equality in the distribution of institutional credit to the agriculture during the period i refers to the regions 2000 to 2013. Institutional credit flow to agriculture increased manifold over time. The flow of credit to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION agriculture in nominal terms increased from Rs.52827 crore in 2000-01 to Rs. 507375 crore in 2012-2013 Trends in the flow of institutional credit to i.e., over 10 times. The flow of credit from Commercialagriculture : To overview the status, trend and Banks has been increased from Rs. 27807 crore inperformance of institutional credit, share of agricultural 2000-2001 to Rs. 432491 crore in 2012-13 as againstcredit in the agri GDP, share of different agencies in from Rs. 20801 crore to 11203 crore by Co operativethe institutional flow, availability of loan per hectare banks during the same period. Commercial banks andand compound annual growth rate have been used. In RRBs together extended credit of 77.49 lakh newIndia multi-agency approach comprising co-operativebanks, scheduled commercial banks and RRBs hasbeen followed for providing credit to agricultural sector.The policy of agricultural credit is guided mainly bythe considerations of ensuring adequate and timely TABLE I Agency-wise credit flow to agriculture in India (Rs. in crore)Year Co-operative banks RRBs Commercial banks Total2000-01 20801 (39.38) 4219 (7.99) 27807 (52.64) 528272001-02 33587 (54.13) 620452002-03 23604 (38.04) 4857 (7.82) 39774 (57.18) 695602003-04 52441 (60.29) 869812004-05 23716 (34.09) 6070 (8.73) 81481 (65.02) 125302005-06 125859 (69.73) 1804862006-07 26959 (30.99) 7581 (8.72) 166485 (72.57) 2294002007-08 175072 (71.88) 2435702008-09 31424 (25.08) 12404 (9.90) 223663 (77.89) 2871492009-10 285799 (74.33) 3845142010-11 39404 (21.83) 15223 (8.43) 34587 (73.85) 4682912011-12 368616 (72.13) 5110292012-13* 42480 (18.52) 20435 (8.91) 432491 (85.24) 507375CAGR 20.73% 43684 (17.93) 24814 (10.19) 25.69% 36762 (12.80) 26724 (9.31) 63492 (16.51) 35218 (9.16) 78121 (16.68) 44293 (9.45) 87963 (17.21) 54450 (10.65) 11203 (2.20) 63681 (12.55) 7.81% 23.03%Note : Figures in the parenthesis indicates the share in percentage ; * Indicates up to Jan. 2013

446 P. S. DHANANJAYA SWAMY et al.farmers during 2009-10 and cooperative banks to 13.43 TABLE IIlakh, thus taking the total number of farmers broughtnewly under the banking system to 90.62 lakh. Target and achievement of agriculture credit Table I is also gives linear trend in share of Target Achieveddifferent agencies involved in the credit flow duringthe period 2000-13. The estimates showed that, Year Rs. in Rs. in % achievedbetween 2000-01 and 2012-13 Co-operative banks lost crores crorestheir share in flow of credit by 1.83 percentage pointevery year, whereas, RRB’s marginally gains the share 2003-04 80000 86981 108.7by 0.35 per cent every year. On the other hand 2004-05 104608 125309 119.7commercial banks gain their share substantially i.e., 2005-06 141000 180486 128.02.8 per cent point annually. Finally, share of commercial 2006-07 175000 229400 131.0bank to the agricultural credit was highest with the 2007-08 225000 243569 108.268.32 per cent on an average base for the ten years, 2008-09 280000 541793 193.4whereas, co operative banks and RRBs had the share 2009-10 325000 384741 118.3of 21.17 per cent and 10.51 per cent, respectively. 20010-11 375000 426531 113.7 2011-12 475000 511029 107.5 Trend of flow of institutional credit: Agricultural 2012-13* 575000 439228 76.3credit started depicting growth after the nationalizationof bank and it has been growing continuously since Note : * Indicates up to Jan 2013then. The Government has been providing crop loansat concessional interest rates since 2006-07. The During the 10-year reference period (2003-2013),government has started providing interest subvention in all the years the target was achieved. The rate ofby 3 per cent during financial year 2011-12, thus bringing achievement was 108 per cent during 2003-04 and itdown the effective rate of interest to 4 per cent per was the highest in 2008-09 at 193 per cent. On anannum. This interest subvention is provided to those average the percentage of target achievement in thefarmers who repay their short term crop loans on time. credit flow was around 125 per cent during the periodIn 2009-10 the subvention rate for timely repayment 2003-13. Over the year the targeted credit flow to theof crop loans was 1 per cent which was raised to 2 agriculture has been increasing in one hand and on theper cent in 2010-11 and further to 3 per cent in other hand actual flow has also shown increasing trend2011-2012. during the same period. This has reflected in the more than 100 per cent achievement in the credit flow to Here, an attempt has been made to review the the agriculture. The achievement of the targeted creditcredit flow to agriculture against their planned might have been influenced by many factors such asprogramme and actual achievements. The results are market demand for credit during the reference year,presented in Table II. The annual plan allocation of incentives extended, initiatives made by the creditcredit for the agriculture sector has aggregated Rs. agencies and the pattern of allocation of the credit80000 crore during 2003-04. It steadily increased to targets.Rs. 225000 crore during 2007-08 and further increasedto Rs. 575000 crore during 2012-13. Thus, during the Compound annual growth rate : The10-year period, 2003-04 to 2012-13 the targeted credit compound annual growth rates of institutional credithas increase almost more than 7 times. The Credit have been estimated and the agencies growth rate isdisbursements also increased at the matching pace. also been estimated and are presented in theThe achievement increased from Rs. 86981 crore Table III. Agricultural credit which was on a decliningduring 2003-04 to Rs. 439228 crore during 2012-13. trend during 1990-2000 has picked up in early 2000s and continued till 2006-07, but is again showing a declining trend in the recent years. The institutional agricultural credit in real terms has registered a

TRENDS, PERFORMANCE AND DISPARITY IN THE FLOW OF INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT TO AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 447significant positive growth (7 %) and this positive Performance of Agricultural Credit : Despitegrowth rate has been registered by all the agencies there is significant growth in the flow of agriculturalinvolved in the disbursement of agricultural credit. credit, the share of agricultural credit in total creditDuring the period of 2001-2013, the average falling in the recent years. This can be mainly attributedagricultural credit flow from commercial banks has to the high growth witnessed by the non-agriculturalregistered an annual growth rate of 25.69 per cent. sector in recent years. The share of agriculture inThe credit flow from RRBs has grown at an annual national income has also declined. The correct yardgrowth rate of 23.03 per cent during the same period. stick to look at the progress of agricultural credit isThe lowest growth has been registered by the co- evaluation share of agricultural credit in the agriculturaloperative banks i.e., 7.81 per cent per annum. The GDP, share of agricultural credit in the overall GDP,growth agricultural credit was high i.e, 44 per cent trends in credit per hectare of net sown area and thebetween 2005 and 2006; this was due to the return per hectare of net sown area. The performanceimplementation of credit package i.e., doubling of credit of agricultural credit in terms of these indicators seemswithin 3 year of implementation. to be noteworthy. TABLE III The ratio of agricultural credit to the agricultural GDP connotes the amount of loan availability per unit Compound annual growth rate of institutional of agricultural GDP in the same way availability of amount credit per unit of total GDP is dictated by the credit to agriuclture (in per cent) raio of agric credit to total GDP. Interestingly, the share of agricultural credit as a proportion of Ag. GDP has Co- been rising continuously since 2001 up to 2012. It was Year operative RRB Commercial Total only about 13.11 per cent in 2001-02, which rose to about 69.55 per cent in 2011-12. The agricultural credit bank bank as a proportion of total GDP increased during 2001 to 2010. It was accounted for about 2.96 per cent of GDP2001-2013 7.81 23.03 25.69 20.73 in 2000-01 and has increased to 9.59 per cent of GDP during 2010-11. The ratio of agricultural credit to agric The estimated growth models of the total GDP and credit to total GDP were highest during theinstitutional agricultural credit and the agencies involved period of 2011-12 and 2010-11 i.e, 69.55 per cent,in the flow credit to the agriculture for the period of respectively.2001-2013 are as follows. Availability of loan per hectare : The ™ Estimated growth equation of the total agricultural credit per hectare of gross cropped area institutional credit has shown an increasing trend with a tremendous rise in recent years (Table V). It has increased from Rs. Y= 46377+0.20(t) 2850 in 2000-01 to Rs. 33134 in 2012-13. About twelve-fold increment has been registered in ™ Estimated regression equation of the RRBs agricultural credit in real terms during the period 2000- 13. Similarly, return per hectare of gross cropped area Y= 3714+0.23(t) has shown an increasing trend, wherein, it was only Rs. 24412 during 2000-01 jumped to Rs. 51378 during ™ Estimated regression equation of the Co- 2012-13. The availability of credit and return were operative Bank highest with Rs. 33134 / ha and Rs. 51378/ ha, respectively during 2012-13. Y=20020+0.078(t) One of the vital indicators to assess the ™ Estimated regression equation of the performance of credit is the ratio of credit to the return, Commercial Bank it indicates amount of credit required to get the one Y=23986+0.25(t) Where, Y= Natural logarithm of credit Co- efficient ‘t’ indicates the instantaneous growth

448 P. S. DHANANJAYA SWAMY et al. Year TABLE IV Ratio of agricultural credit to agricultural GDP and total GDP 2001-02 2002-03 Agr. credit Agr. GDP Total GDP Agr. Credit / Agr. Credit / 2003-04 (Rs. in crores) (Rs. in crores) (Rs. in crores) Agr. GDP Total GDP 2004-05 (per cent) (per cent) 2005-06 2006-07 62045 473249 2097726 13.11 2.96 2007-08 69560 438966 2261415 15.85 3.08 2008-09 86981 482676 2538170 18.02 3.43 2009-10 125309 482910 2877701 25.95 4.35 2010-11 180486 594487 3389621 30.36 5.32 2011-12 229400 619190 3952241 37.05 5.80 2012-13 243570 655080 4581422 37.18 5.32 287149 654118 5282086 43.90 5.44 384514 656975 6133230 58.53 6.27 46821 700390 7306990 66.86 9.59 511029 734782 8276665 69.55 8.88 507375 786737 9461013 64.49 8.32 TABLE V unit of return, adding to this ratio has been increasing over the periods of 2000-2012 with a highest ratio ofAvailability of loan, return obtained and the 0.70 during the year of 2011-12. These ratios indirectly credit to return ratio per hectare indicate the efficacy of the credit that is as the ratio increases and decreases the efficacy of credit isYear Loan / ha Return / Credit - decreasing and increasing, respectively. So, there is ha Return ratio an inverse relationship between the ratio and the efficacy of the credit.2000-01 2850 24412 0.112001-02 3295 25134 0.13 Disparity in the flow of institutional credit :2002-03 3962 25001 0.15 Besides growth of credit flow, its distribution across2003-04 4576 25393 0.18 different zones has been of concern to academicians2004-05 6542 25211 0.25 and policy makers all along. Table VI gives the flow2005-06 9349 30794 0.30 of institutional credit across the different regions over2006-07 11872 32044 0.37 last decade (2003-2013). There were wide variations2007-08 12438 33451 0.37 in the flow of institutional credit across different zones.2008-09 14634 33336 0.432009-10 19635 33548 0.58 The region wise analysis reveals that the share2010-11 30441 45529 0.67 of southern region was highest with 37 per cent to the2011-12 32888 47288 0.70 total credit followed by northern, central and western2012-13* 33134 51378 0.64 regions, whereas, the share of the north-eastern region was lowest with the 0.32 per cent during the period of* Indicates upto January 2013 2003-13 (Table VI). It was as high as Rs. 89125 crores in southern region, Rs. 73879 crores in Northern

TRENDS, PERFORMANCE AND DISPARITY IN THE FLOW OF INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT TO AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 449 TABLE VI Region -wise ground level credit (GLC) disbursements under agriculture and allied activities in india (Rs. in crore)Region 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13Northern 21819 32125 50448 68280 84343 68918 58220 67586 73879N.Eastern 300 407 936 958 1514 274 226 365 314Eastern 5047 7238 22398 6686Central 12216 17822 38295 10405 14525 15231Western 12487 17142 23134 33820 42251 17050 19297 19063 21256Southern 10122 14111 26178 37251 112343 13530 12544 11586 14562 26137 36819 63463 95835 25500 78114 75214 89125 TABLE VII Extimation of Gini CoefficientRegion Credit (Y) Equality (x) σX σY σ Xi-l – σ Xl (B) σ Yi-l+σ Xl (A) A×BNorthern 0.283 0.167 0.167 0.283 0.167 0.283 0.047N.Eastern 0.005 0.167 0.333 0.287 0.167 0.570 0.095Eastern 0.071 0.167 0.500 0.359 0.167Central 0.141 0.167 0.666 0.500 0.167 0.646 0.108Western 0.142 0.167 0.833 0.641 0.167Southern 0.358 0.167 1.000 1.000 0.167 0.858 0.143 1.141 0.190 1.641 0.273 Sum 0.85639Gini co-efficient = 0.146 (14.56 %)region and Rs. 21256 crores in central regions, while, results in lower productivity and productionit was a low as Rs. 314 crores in North Eastern region Consequently, the demand for agricultural credit forduring 2012-13 (Table VI). short and long-term purposes is dampened. The accessibility to institutional credit is higher in The Gini inequality index was calculated tothe southern region where the level of agricultural estimate the regional disparity in the distribution ofdevelopment is also higher. Similar results were agricultural credit among differrnt zones. Table VIIreported in the studies conducted earlier during the gives the computation technique and result of Gini co-1980s (Rao, 1994). It is kind of vicious cycle operation efficient. Higher the index imparts the higher disparityin less developed states. Less availability of credit in the distribution of credit across regions. It was foundinfluences adversely the adoption of modern technology that the Gini co-efficient (index) was 0.146 (14.6 %)and private capital investments. Which in turn lowers imparting the inequality in the distribution of creditthe productive capacity of the agricultural sector and

450 P. S. DHANANJAYA SWAMY et al.across the region in India was up to 14.56 per cent GOLALIT AND RAMESH, 2007, Current issues in agricultureduring the periods of 2003-2013. credit in India: An Assessment, Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, 28(1). REFERENCES RESERVE BANK OF INDIA, 2008A, Handbook of Statistics onANJANI KUMAR, K. M., SINGH AND SHRADHAJALI SINGH, 2010, the Indian Economy, 2009-10, Mumbai. Institutional credit to agriculture sector in India : status, performance and determinants. Agriculture MOHAN AND RAKESH, 2004, Agricultural credit in India : Economics Research Review. Status, issues and future agenda. Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, November.RAKESHE MOHAN , 2006, Agricultural credit in India : Status, issues and future agenda . J. Financing Agriculture, REDDY, R. AND LAXMINARAYANA, 1997, Skewness and 32: 3-12. Inequality in the distribution of Co-operative Credit: Indian Co-operative Review, 35 (1): 20-29.GAGAN AND SAHU, 2007, Supply of institutional credit to agriculture for major States in India. Ind, J. Agri. Econ, 62 : 664-668.(Received : July, 2014 Accepted : September, 2014)

Mysore J. Agric, Sci., 48 (3) : 451-455, 2014 Research NoteGrowth and Development of Rice under Different Irrigated Cropping SystemsRice is an important crop in Rewa region of Madhya Growth and development of rice : The growthPradesh which occupy an area of 5.83lakh hectares. and yield contributing characters of rice are given inThe average productivity of rice 1237 kg / ha, which is Table I. After perusal of results it is clear thatlow. Rice-wheat, rice-gram and rice-lentil are the major productive tiller of rice was higher in rice–berseem,cropping systems in Rewa region of Madhya Pradesh. rice–pea–wheat and rice–mustard cropping system.These cropping systems are widely adopted by the The productive tiller /m row length were minimum infarmers due to stable production and less labour rice–toria–onion, rice–lentil and rice–wheat croppingrequirement (Kumar et al. 2001). But, continuous system. The number of sound grains / panicle wasadoption of these cropping systems have lead to the maximum in rice-potato-wheat system. The croppingproblem of specific weeds, reduced soil fertility in system rice-garlic, rice–gram and rice-gram + linseedspecific root zone, development of soil sickness and gave lowest number of sound grains and yield perinfestation of similar kind of pest which ultimately panicle. Superior yield attributing characters of riceresulted in decline the efficiency and productivity of crop in rice–berseem, rice–pea–wheat and rice–system (Katyal, 2003 and Kumar and Yadav, 2005). mustard were due to positive residual response of theseRice is the predominant crop in Rewa region of Madhya cropping system on rice. The organic carbon statuesPradesh. It is difficult to replace the rice by any other in soil was increased by 17.85 to 19.64 per cent,crop in rainy season due to soil and climatic condition. available nitrogen status 6.25 to 12.5 per cent andHence, only option left is to replace wheat, gram and available phosphorus status 8.53 to 12.19 per centlentil crop in winter season for diversification and (Table III). The positive residual response and moreintensification of rice based cropping systems. Residual availability of nutrients gave superior yield attributingeffect of different cropping system on growth and yield characters of rice by which grain yield of rice wasof rice have not been evaluated for Rewa region of increased by 15.32 to 22.35 per cent in rice–berseem,Madhya Pradesh. Keeping above facts in view present rice–pea–wheat and rice-mustard cropping systems.experiment was undertaken. The similar findings was also reported by Tarwariya (2012). The number of chaffy grains per panicle ofThe present field experiment was conducted rice were maximum in rice–toria–onion systems followed by rice–pea–wheat system. The panicleduring 2010-11 and 2011-12 at JNKVV farm Kuthuliya, length, weight of panicle and test weight were not affected significantly under different cropping systems.Rewa (M.P.) under All India Coordinated Research The number of unproductive tillers were higher in rice– toria–onion followed by rice – garlic and rice – gramProject on Farming System. The soil of experimental cropping systems.field was silty loam in texture which was low in available Yield of rice : The biomass and grain yield of rice have been given in Table II. It is evident from thenitrogen (224 kg / ha) and phosphorus (8.2 kg / ha) data that maximum biomass yield of rice 130.22 q / ha was in rice – berseem followed by 128.88 q / ha inand high in available potash (315 kg / ha). Ten cropping rice – pea – wheat and 128.7 q / ha in rice – mustard cropping systems. The grain yield of rice given insystem (rice-wheat, rice-gram, rice-berseem, rice- Table II reveals that grain yield of rice was increased by 8.55 to 22.35 per cent under different croppingpotato-wheat, rice-garlic, rice-toria-onion, rice-lentil, system except rice – garlic as compared to rice – wheat existing cropping system. The maximum grainrice-pea-wheat, rice–chickpea + linseed and rice- yield of rice 51.34 q / ha was noted in rice – berseem followed by 48.86 q / ha in rice – pea – wheat andmustard) were taken in randomized block design withfour replication. The rice variety Danteshwari wastransplanted at the spacing of 20cm × 15cm on 15 July2011 and 12 July 2012. The fertilizer dose was kept120 kg N / ha, 60 kg P O / ha and 40 kg K o / ha25 2under all the treatments. The present experiment wasstarted in the year 2006-07 and still continues on samelayout. All the recommended package of practices forrabi crop were adopted.

TABLE I 452 P. S. YADAV et al. Growth and yield attributing characters of rice under different cropping system (2 years pooled) Treatment Average Number of Number of Panicle Weight of Number of Number of Grain yield Test Plant productive unproductive length panicle (g) chaffy sound / panicle weight (g) height tillers / m tillers / m (cm) grains / grains / (cm) row length (g) row panicle at panicle at harvest harvestT1 Rice (Danteshwari)– Wheat 97.20 53.20 7.94 23.01 3.18 28.61 107.35 2.44 24.35 56.33 9.20 22.95 3.05 32.95 98.74 2.31 25.58(GW-273) 57.09 7.48 23.71 3.18 28.4 115.15 3.04 26.32 55.32 6.91 23.07 3.19 32.14 112.19 2.80 51.05T2 Rice (Danteshwari) - 95.75 54.36 9.41 22.60 2.98 32.07 97.50 2.46 26.10Chick pea (JG-322) 51.4 10.50 22.70 3.83 62.48 100.36 2.62 26.41 52.49 7.52 22.55 3.08 30.45 113.25 2.95 26.54T3 Rice (Danteshwari) - Berseem 97.30 57.15 8.35 22.71 3.17 35.70 107.90 2.79 26.05(JB-1) (fodder+seed) 56.29 8.71 22.60 2.86 30.87 98.95 2.57 26.40T4 Rice (Danteshwari) – 91.88 2.89 25.30 0.180 0.664Potato (Kufri Chandramukhi)- 1.926 NSWheat (HD-2864)T5 Rice (Danteshwari) - 98.45Garlic (G-1)T6 Rice (Danteshwari)- 95.53Toria (T9)-Onion (AFR)T7 Rice (Danteshwari)- 98.25Lentil (JL-1)T8 Rice (Danteshwari) - 94.50Pea (Arkel)-Wheat(HD-2864)T9 Rice (Danteshwari) 94.23Chickpea+Linseed(JLS-23 in 3:1)T10 Rice (Danteshwari) -Mustard (Pusa bold) 97.00 57.38 8.55 22.32 101.12 2.54 25.51 1.13 0.431 0.542 0.75 0.103 1.39S.Em± 0.50 3.29 1.251 0.297 NS 2.201 NSCD at 5% 1.45

TABLE II Grain yield of rice under different cropping systems Biomass (q / ha) Grain yield (q / ha) Harvest Index (%) Treatment GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RICE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATED CROPPING SYSTEMS 2011-12 2012-13 Mean 2011-12 2012-13 Mean 2011-12 2012-13 Mean 38.36 34.27 36.31T1 Rice (Danteshwari)– Wheat 104.90 132.51 118.70 40.07 43.85 41.96 (0.00)(GW-273) 137.40 123.12 42.67 143.71 130.22 46.93T2 Rice (Danteshwari) - Chick pea 108.85 139.32 126.84 42.83 49.33 46 (9.62%) 39.16 35.95 37.55(JG-322) 136.95 121.32 41.09T3 Rice (Danteshwari) - Berseem 116.74 140.08 124.46 42.35 55.76 51 (22.35%) 40.52 37.67 39.09(JB-1) (fodder+seed) 144.65 125.96 43.46 144.97 128.88 44.25T4 Rice (Danteshwari) -Potato 114.37 143.55 126.20 45.43 50.63 46.73 (11.36%) 37.71 34.98 36.34(Kufri Chandramukhi) -Wheat 139.92 128.72 45.67(HD-2864) 1.42 4.16 3.64 4.10T5 Rice (Danteshwari) - Garlic 105.69 12.09 10.56 41.80 41.44 37.48 31.05 34.26(G-1) 49.52 45.93 (9.46%) 39.03 37.44 53.32 48.39 (15.32%) 40.47 36.64T6 Rice (Danteshwari) -Toria 108.85 53.48 48.86 (16.44%) 39.36 37.57 38.23(T9)-Onion (AFR) 47.01 46.22 (10.15%) 39.47 33.15 38.55 45.43 15.55 (8.55%) 38.89 33.19 38.46T7 Rice (Danteshwari) - Lentil 107.27 2.26 1.84 1.83 1.718 36.31(JL-1) 6.58 5.34 4.85 36.04 NS 1.77T8 Rice (Danteshwari) - Pea 112.79(Arkel)-Wheat (HD-2864) NST9 Rice (Danteshwari) Chickpea+ 108.85Linseed (JLS-23 in 3:1)T10 Rice (Danteshwari) - 117.52Mustard (Pusa bold)S.Em± 3.12CD at 5% 9.03Figures in parentheses are % increase over rice - wheat cropping system 453

454 P. S. YADAV et al. TABLE IIIChemical properties of soil after harvest of rice crop after 6 years of experimentTreatment Soil EC OC Available Available Available Soil pH Mmhos / % N kg / ha K2O5 P2O5 kg / ha cm2 0.64 (14.28%) kg / ha 0.66 (17.85%) 294T1 Rice (Danteshwari)– Wheat 7.33 0.56 0.67 (19.64%) 237 (5.8%) 9.0 (9.75%) 279(GW-273) 7.22 0.45 249 (11.16%) 9.3 (13.41%) 297 7.26 0.47 0.66 (17.85%) 252 (12.50%) 9.2 (12.19%)T2 Rice (Danteshwari) - 0.67 (19.64%) 295Chick pea (JG- 322) 7.24 0.49 0.65 (16.07%) 229 (2.23%) 8.9 (8.53%) 296 7.25 0.55 0.65 (16.07%) 296T3 Rice (Danteshwari) - 7.22 0.46 0.66 (17.85%) 230( 2.67%) 8.8 (7.31%) 295Berseem (JB-1) (fodder+seed) 7.38 0.48 0.66 (17.85%) 285 7.35 0.49 0.65 (16.07%) 242 (8.03%) 9.2 (12.19%) 288T4 Rice (Danteshwari) – 7.35 0.48 276Potato(Kufri Chandramukhi)- 7.35 0.49 0.56 254 (13.39%) 9.0 (9.75%) 315 kgWheat (HD-2864) 7.25 0.46 238 (6.25%) 9.1 (10.97%)T5 Rice (Danteshwari) -Garlic (G-1) 243 (8.48%) 8.9 (8.53%)T6 Rice (Danteshwari)-Toria 239 (6.69%) 8.9 (8.53%)(T9)-Onion (AFR) 224 kg 8.2 kgT7 Rice (Danteshwari)-Lentil (JL-1)T8 Rice(Danteshwari) -Pea (Arkel)-Wheat (HD-2864)T9 Rice (Danteshwari)-Chickpea+Linseed (JLS-23 in 3:1)T10 Rice (Danteshwari) -Mustard (Pusa bold)Initial StatusFigures in parentheses are % increase over initial status48.39 q / ha in rice – lentil cropping systems. These Effect on soil : Soil chemical properties of 0-15cropping systems gave 15.32 to 22.35 per cent higher cm top layers of soil were taken and results have beengrain yield over rice – wheat system. It may be due to given in Table III. It is clear from the results that organicpositive residual effect of these cropping systems on carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus status underrice with superior yield attributing characters and different cropping systems were increased over initialavailability of more organic matter, available nitrogen status. The organic carbon status in soil was increasedand phosphorus as compared to initial status by 14.28 to 19.64 per cent, available nitrogen by(Table III). The harvest index of rice was not affected 2-12.5 per cent and available phosphorus status bysignificantly although high values were noted under 8 to 13.41 per cent under different cropping systemsrice- berseem, rice –lentil, rice – pea – wheat and rice as compared to initial status and maximum increase– toria-onion. All these effects had synergistic effects was noted in rice – berseem cropping system. Theon grain yield of rice by which rice yield was increased available potash status was decreased by 5.72 to 12.39significantly under rice – berseem, rice – pea – wheat per cent as compared to initial fertility status. It mayand rice – lentil cropping systems. The similar results be due intensive cropping which depletes the potashwere also reported by Upadhyay et al. (2007) and from upper layers of soil (Channabasavanna et al.Tarwariya (2012). 2002, Upadhyay et al., 2007 and Baishya et al., 2009).

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RICE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATED CROPPING SYSTEMS 455All India Coordinated P. S. YADAV KUMAR, A. AND YADAV, D. S., 2005, Influence of continuousProject on Integrated B. M. MAURYA AND cropping and fertilization on nutrient availability andFarming System, College S. M. KURMVANSHI productivity of an alluvial soil. J. Indian Soc. of Soilof Agriculture, JNKVV, Sci., 53 (2):194-198.Rewa (M.P.) 486001 KUMAR, A., YADAV, D. S., SINGH, R. M. AND ACHAL, R.,REFERENCES 2001, Productivity, profitability and stability of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping system in eastern UttarBAISHYA, A., HAZARIKA, T. P., MEDHI, B. K., GOGOI, J. K., Pradesh. Indian J. Agron. 46 : 576-577. KALTA, M. C. AND AHMAD, S., 2009, Constraint and opportunities of crop diversification in Asam. Indian TARWARIYA, M. K., 2012, Studies on crop diversification J. Agron. 54 (2) : 200-205. and intensification of rice based cropping systems under irrigated condition. M.Sc.(Agri)Thesis, JNKVV,CHANNABASAVANNA, A. S., ITNAL, C. J. AND PATIL, S. G., 2002, Jabalpur (M.P.). Productivity, economic analysis and changes in physico chemical properties of soil as influenced by UPADHAYAY, V. B., VIKAS VISHWAKARMA S. K. AND KUMAR, A. integrated rice (Oryza sativa) based farming system. K., 2007, Diversification of rice based cropping Indian J. Agron. 47(1): 1-5. systems for Kymore plateau and Satpura hills zone of Madhya Pradesh. Sustainable agricultural production,KATYAL, J. C., 2003, Soil Fertility management - A key to extended summaries, 3rd National symposium on prevent diversification, J. Indian Soc. of Soil Sci., integrated farming system, held at Jaipur on 26-28 51 (2): 379-387. October 2007 : P 128-130. (Received : April, 2014 Accepted : July, 2014)

Mysore J. Agric, Sci., 48 (3) : 456-459, 2014 Research NoteInfluence of Personal and Socio Economic Characteristics of Members of Self Help Group towards their Participation and the Leadership Styles in Facilitating Poverty ReductionMANKIND has practiced self – help since times This also leads peer monitoring that improves theimmemorial in innumerable ways. Even today, it is performance of the groups with active participation ofone of the main characteristics of the productive the members apart from the individual benefit to thebehaviour of the poor in rural and urban areas. well being of the community / society.Participation of women in the Self Help Groups hasreceived much attention over the last several years. The research was conducted at Mulbagal andIn recent years, SHGs are emerging as an alternative Bangarpet taluks in Kolar district of Karnataka State,arrangement for the delivery of credit to the rural poor where Grama Vikas and MYRADA two NGOswomen. Besides economically empowering, the SHG functioning, respectively. Three groups from each ofmovement has encouraged active participation and the organization were randomly selected for the study.involvement of women in groups against exploration Twenty members from each of the groups wereand apathy. Groups promoting the active involvement considered for the study making a sample size of 120.of intended beneficiaries in the group activities.Efficiency of individual self-help activities can, in many In this study the participation of members in SHGcases be increased if individuals join together. In under activities was quantified, taking a list of 15 statementsdeveloped / developing country’s economics where by considering the procedure developed by MYRADA.community welfare is not extended fully to all sections, Under each statements by considering the procedureindividuals with common interests can organize was assessed by considering their participation isthemselves into groups to pursue common goals. whether regular, occasional and never. The score of 2, 1, 0 was given, respectively for the frequency stated Self Help Groups are voluntary gathering of above. The scores were obtained from the respondentspersons who share needs or problems that are not being and respondents were classified as low, medium andaddressed by existing organisations, institutions or other high categories by taking the mean and half standardtypes of groups. The broad goals of the Self Help deviation values. Then the relationship betweenGroups are to bring about personal and socio – personal and socio–economic variables of theeconomic change for its members and society. All of members with their participation was worked out.those groups emphasis face to face interaction amongmember’s personal sense of identity. The main reason It is observed from the Table I that the overallbehind the formation of SHGs is that poor people find participation of the members towards the Groupit extremely hard to solve their problems individually activities in the groups organized by Grama Vikas thatbut once they form a group it becomes considerably the majority of (68.3%) of the respondents havingeasier to tackle problems. medium level of participation followed by 26.7 and 5 per cent, high and low level of participation, respectively. The primary objective of the Self Help Groups is Whereas in MYRADA, a total of 50 per cent ofto engage the members in income generating activities respondents fall under the category of mediumand make them self reliant. However, from a broader participation. The respondents fall under the categoryview point, SHGs are held to be a potent tool and social of high and low were 30 and 20 per cent, respectively.mechanism for women’s empowerment and povertyalleviation strategies. The concept of joint liability The table revealed that a total of 59.2, 23.3 andembedded in the SHG structure thus enables members 17.5 per cent of respondents fall under the categoryto overcome the problem of collateral security, a majorbarrier to obtaining credit from formal institutions.

INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF SELF HELP GROUP 457 TABLE I Overall participation of the members in group activities Level of Grama Vikas MYRADA Totalparticpation No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per centLow 3 5.00 18 30.00 21 17.50Medium 41 68.30 30 50.00 71 59.20High 16 26.70 12 20.00 28 23.30Total 60 100.00 60 100.00 120 100.0of medium, high and low, respectively. It was clear non members in the group, rather it is very importantthat majority (59.2 %) of respondents had medium level to have good participation level in the group activitiesof participation in the group activities. and to become the active member in the group so as to know more about the benefits that are derived out It observed from the groups that, where there is of the concept of the group approach to empowermentmedium and high level of participation of the members of rural women.towards the group activities is more than the 90 percent, the level of awareness about the developmental The Table II clearly indicates the leadership stylesprogrammes, extension contact, leadership styles and prevailing in the SHGs. Leadership styles werealso the willingness of the members towards the Income classified into two viz., Democratic and AutocraticGeneration Activities are good. This participation level leadership styles and from the Table II it is clear thatof members towards group activities has positive and in all the groups under study, democratic leadership issignificant relationship with the socio-economic prevailing to the tune of 100 per cent and it implies thecharacteristics of the members of the group. Thus, equal opportunity for all the members in decisionmere membership in the Self Help Group is as good as making in the group activities. TABLE II Nature of leadership present in the self help groupsLeadeship Grama Vikas MYRADA Total Style No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent 60 100.00 60 100.00 120 100.00Democratic Leadership Style 54 90.00 51 85.00 105 87.50Democratic Participative 06 10.00 09 15.00 15 12.50Leadership styleDemocratic Consultative 00 00 00Leadership styleAutocratic Leadership Style

458 H. G. RAGHAVENDRA AND N. NARASIMHA Further to this, democratic type of leadership alternative for the betterment of the rural poor womendivided into two, like participative and consultative type who downtrodden. This SHG movement will be theof leadership. The study results on the type of better tool to implement any kind of developmentaldemocratic leadership prevailing in the groups are given schemes and programmes for the upliftment of thein the Table. It could be observed from the Table II rural poor to come out of poverty.that, majority of the respondents (90%) were perceivedas participative type of leadership in the SHGs of The relationship between the personal and socioGrama Vikas. A total of 85 per cent of the respondents economic variables with participation of the membersfrom MYRADA were perceived that participative type from both the organizations is shown in the Table III.of leadership is prevailing in their SHGs. Only 10 and15 per cent of the respondents of Grama Vikas and The results of correlation analysis indicate that,MYRADA, respectively perceived as consultative type five variables viz., social participation, extensionof leadership styles prevailing in their SHGs. contact, awareness about developmental programmes, cosmopoliteness and leadership styles had significant It is very clear from the study that the very relationship with participation of members from groupspurpose of concept self help and mutual help is of Grama Vikas. Whereas in MYRADA’ s groups,prevailing in the SHG irrespective of the NGOs under four variables viz., social participation, awarenessstudy and the SHG has become the good tool or TABLE IIIRelationship between personal and socio-economic characteristics with participation of the members Characteristics Gram Vikas MYRADA ‘t’ value ‘t’ valueAgeEducation 0.0138 -0. 1093Occupation 0.1926 0.0634Family size 0.0081 -0.0316Social participation -0.1280 -0.1555Extension contact 0.2753 * 0.2753*Extension participation 0.2601 * 0.0871Awareness about developmental programmes 0.1521 0.1072Mass media exposure 0.2721 * 0.2741 *Cosmopoliteness 0.0865 0.2202Leadership styles 0.3241 * 0.3254 *Family income 0.2891 * 0.2681 *Land holding 0.1021 0.0133Household material possession. 0.1264 0.1237Personal material possession 0.1234 0.1162 0.1231 0.0854* - Significant at 10 per cent level of significance

INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBERS OF SELF HELP GROUP 459about developmental programmes, cosmopoliteness In order to promote participation, one must designand leadership styles had significant relationship with to respond to a “felt need” in the community and allowparticipation of members. opportunities for the people to reject, refine, or recreate it based on their needs and concerns. By promoting The variable social participation had a positive participation among the most marginal groups in aand significant relationship with participation of community, one can help keep local developmentmembers from both Grama Vikas and MYRADA. It initiatives from being dominated by local elites.may be due to the social interaction that widens thehorizons of individual participation and make them to Dept. of Agril. Extension, H. G. RAGHAVENDRAparticipate actively in SHG activities as well. UAS, GKVK, AND N. NARASIMHA Contact with extension agency has a positive andsignificant relationship with participation of members Bangalore - 560 065from Grama Vikas. Once they have thinking capacitygot educated and aware about outside world, they try REFERENCESto get information from reliable sources to initiate theactions by the members family. BHATNAGAR, BHUVAN, U. AND AUBREY C. WILLIAMS (eds), 1992, Participatory Development and the World Bank. Participation of members in the group activities Washington, DC: World Bank.should not be based on the incentives or it should notbecome mandatory. If the person had self – interest in ESMON MILTON, J. AND NORMAN UPHOFF, T. , 1984, Localthat, definitely he will participate at all levels. If the Organizations. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.people feel the group or association as their “own”then they will participate in that for the longer GUNINDRA NATH SARMA AND DIGANTA KUMARA DAS., 2012,sustainability of the group and self development also. Micro finance, Self help Groups and the socio economic development of rural people. J. Asian Research consortium. CHAKRAVARHY, S. AND JHA, A. N., 2012, Health Care and Women’s Empowerment: The role of Self Help Groups. Health, culture and society.(Received : April, 2014 Accepted : July, 2014)

Mysore J. Agric, Sci., 48 (3) : 460-463, 2014 Research NoteEffect of Inorganic Fertilizers, PSB and VAM on Growth and Yield of OnionONION (Allium cepa L.) a bulbous biennial herb of T2- N & K (RDF) + 50 per cent P2O5 + PSB; T3-Nfamily Alliaceae is one of the most important vegetable- and K (RDF) + 50 per cent P2O5 + VAM; T4-N & Kcum-condiment crops demanded worldwide. The (RDF) + 75 per cent P2O5 +PSB; T5-N & K (RDF) +average yield per unit area in India is low (10.4 t / ha) 75 per cent P2O5 + VAM. A Randomized Blockas against world average of 14.9 t / ha. Thought Design with five treatments, three replications and tenbalanced use of fertilizers could result in an increased plants from each plot were selected randomly andonion yield, the inherent capacity to supply nutrient is tagged for recording observations. The experimentallow either due to unavailability of nutrients in soil. Role area was thoroughly prepared by ploughing the soilof biofertilizer on the crop growth and yield was three times. Well decomposed farm yard manuredocumented by Ramakrishnan and Thamizhiniyan (FYM) was applied at the rate of 25 t / ha after(2009). In recent years, biofertilizers have emerged ploughing the land and chemical fertilizers viz., Urea,as an important component of integrated nutrient supply SSP and MOP were applied as the source of nitrogensystem and have shown promise to improve crop yields (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). respectivelyand nutrient supplies. In this regard, the Vesicular as per treatment. Total SSP, 50 per cent N, 50 perArbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi have attracted cent MOP were applied 30 days after transplanting.considerable attention owing to their ability to VAM and PSB were well mixed in organic manuresupplement phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer and then applied in the soil of respective plots. Therequirement and improve crop producitvity that onion was planted at a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm. Allultimately reduces the input cost of inorganic fertilizers. the required cultural practices were kept constant such as irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control etc. The growth of onion in terms of plant height, bulb and given uniformly in all the experimental plots. Alldiameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of the four hoeing were practiced manually to check thebulb, dry matter accumulation in bulb, yield and yield growth of different weeds during the growth period ofcomponents such as bulb diameter, weight and quality the crop. Ten plants were randomly selected from eachetc. are significantly increased with the application of plot in such a way that the marginal effect was avoidedbiofertilizers in combination with 50 per cent N applied and data were recorded on plant height, neck, numberthrough organic manures. While the other 50 per cent of leaves per plant, diameter of bulb , fresh weight ofrecommended dose of nitrogen and 100 per cent P the bulb, dry weight of the bulb and bulb yield. Alland K were supplied through chemical fertilizers. variables were subjected to analysis of variance toEconomic analysis revealed higher net returns and arrive at the results (Panse and Sukhatme, 1985).benefit cost ratio when FYM was used as an organicsource replacing the 50 per cent of the recommended A perusal of data presented in Table I revealeddose of inorganic nitrogen (Jayathilake et al., 2003). that application of N & K (RDF) + 75 per cent P2O5 +Hence, the present investigation wascarried out to VAM (T5) had obtained significantly tallest plantstudy the effect of inorganic fertilizers, PSB and VAM (54.2 cm) which was significantly at par with T1 (54.1).on growth and yield of onion to find out optimum nutrient Similar results were quoted by Nandi et al. (2002).combination. The results concering with the number of leaves The investigation was carried out at the per plant demonstration significant variations amongHorticultural Research Station, Mahanandi, Kurnool different nutrient combination (Table I). Significantlydistrict, Andhra Pradesh during rabi 2008. higher leaf number per plant (12.7) was recorded inCommercially cultivated variety Agrifound Dark Red plants treated with N and K (RDF) + 75 per cent P Owas used for the study. The treatments consisted ofT1- Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF); 25 + VAM (T5) and the treatment were found significantly

EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS, PSB AND VAM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONION 461superior and all other treatments were independent of was significantly influenced by levels of inorganic andeach other (Table I). Similar findings are reported by biofertilizers, respectively. Significantly highest neckJilani et al. (2010). diameter (5.1 cm) was registered when the plots received N and K (RDF) + 5 per cent P2O5 + VAM The vigorous growth of onion in terms of these (T5). This might due to increased number of leavesparameters at higher level of inorganics might be due per plant resulting in better phosynthesis andto higher uptake of N, P and K. Since nitrogen is a accumulation of photosynthates leading to more vigour.constituent of chlorophyll, the increase of which with These findings are supported by Muthuramalingamadded nitrogen might have resulted in increased et al. (2002), Malkouti et al. (2002). Significantlysynthesis of photosynthesis, leading to better vigour. highest bulb diameter (18.4 cm) was noticed wtih theThe second major nutrient phosphorus is being essential application of N and K (RDF) + 75 per cent P2O5 +constituent of cellular protein and nucleic acid might VAM (T5).have encouraged meristematic activity of plantsresulting in increased plant height, number of leaves The information made available in Table I revealedper plant. The other major nutrient potassium is an that the result once again showed the supremacy ofactivator of enzymes involved in protein and the treatment T5 in recording fresh weight of the bulb.carbohydrates metabolism and plays an imortant role Application of N and K (RDF) + 75 per cent P2O5 +in the translocation of photosynthates from levels of VAM (T5 ) resulted in significantly highest fresh weightbulb. The added potassium might have resulted in of the bulb (97.0 g). All the treatments differedincreased sysnthesis and transloation of photosynthates significantly with each other with respect to freshwere further vtilized in building up of new cells leading weight of the bulb studied (Table I). The results are into better vigour and more number of leaves per plant. conformity with the findings of Tyagi and Yadav (2007), Soleymani et al. (2012). Sam Ruban (2007) reported The neck diameter is one of the important growth that fertilizer had significant effect on growth of bulbsparameter which indicates the vigour of the plant and in wider spacing (30 cm × 10 cm) might be attributed TABLE IInfluence of inorganic fertilizers, PSB and VAM on growth, yield of onion Treatments Plant Number Neck Diameter Fresh Dry height of leaves diameter of the weight ofT1: Recommended Dose (cm) weight Bulb yield Bulb yieldof Fertilizer (RDF) (cm) bulb (cm) the bulb of the (kg / plot) (t / ha)T2: N & K (RDF)+ 50% 54.1 (g) bulb (g)P O + PSB 12.4 4.5 15.3 75.0 62.1 55.7 14.5 25 45.9 9.8 4.4 17.3 84.5 76.8 63.4 16.5T3: N & K (RDF)+ 50%P2O5 + VAM 43.2 7.9 3.7 17.1 92.7 83.5 70.2 18.3T4: N & K (RDF)+ 75%P2O5 + PSB 42.8 10.9 4.6 17.7 94.7 81.7 78.7 20.5T5: N & K (RDF)+ 75%P O + VAM 54.2 12.7 5.1 18.4 97.0 84.4 80.9 21.1 25 0.13 0.14 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.12 1.49 0.97 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.46 3.06CD (P=0.05)S.Em ±

462 M. RAJA NAIK et al.to the fact that, plants widely spaced experienced little It may be inferred from the study that, the bestor no competition for limited environmental resources nurtrient combination is the application of N and Kcompared to closely spaced plants. Similar results were (RDF) + 75 per cent, P2O5 + VAM (T5) is beneficialquoted by Khan et al. (2003) who stated that wider and appears to be an optimum one for enhanceingplant spacing in onion, results in heavier bulb production. growth and yield in onion. The data recorded on dry weight of the bulb as Dept. Horticultural M. RAJA NAIK Reasearch Station, Vijayraiinfluenced by inorganic fertilizers, PSB and VAM show Dr. YSR Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem,significant variation (Table. I). Significantly highest West Godavaridry weight of the bulb (84.4 g) was obtained when theplant were treated with N and K (RDF) + 75 per cent,P O + VAM (T ) followed by N & K (RDF) + 50 per REFERENCES25 5cent P2O5 + VAM (T3) (83.5). All the nutrientcombination were found significantly independent with ARISHA, H.M.E., GAD,A.A. AND YOUNES, S.E., 2003, Response of some pepper cultivars to organic and mineraleach other (Table I). nitrogen fertilizer under sandy soil conditions. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 30: 1875-1899. The treatment combination N and K (RDF) + 75 Jayathilake. P.K.S., Reddy, I.P., Srihari, D., Reddy, K.R. ANDper cent, P2O5 + VAM (T3) recorded significantly NEERAJA, G., 2003, Integrated nutrient management inhighest bulb yield (80.9 kg / plot). Similar types of onion (Allium cepa L.). Tropical Agric. res., 15: 19.findings was obtained by Sridevi and Ramakrishnan(2010). Similar trend of results were obtained for total JILANI, M.S., AHMED, P., WASEEM, K. AND KIRAN, M., 2010,yield (t / ha) as were observed in bulb yield per plot Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of two(kg). Highest bulb yield (21.1 t / ha) was obtained when cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) under the agro-the plots received combined application of N and K climatic conditions of D.I. Khan. Pakisthan J. Sci.,(RDF) + 75 per cent, P2O5 + VAM (T5). This might 62 (1): 37-41.be due to better nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, source-sink relationship, besides excellent physiological and KHAN, M. A., HASAN, M. K., MIAH, M. A. J., ALAM, M. M.bio chemical activities duto to presence of VAM. These AND MASUM, A. S. M. H., 2003, Effect of plant spacingare in confirmation with finding of Singh et al. (2002). on the growth and yield of different cultivars of onion.Potassium significantly increased yield of onion. This Pakisthan J Biol. Sci., 6 (18): 1582-1585.result is supported by the reports that onion take uppottassium (K) in qualities nearly equivalent to N (Salo MALKOUTI, M. J., ZIAYEAN, A., KHDEMI, Z., BALALI, M. R.,et al., 2002). Similar type of findings was also reported SHAHABIAN, M., BASIRAT, M., REZAEE, H., DAVOUDI, M.by Mozumder et al. (2007). H., SAMAVAT., S. MANOUCHERI, S. AND KAFI, M., 2002, Effects of rates and sources of potassium of some The average bulb weight is known to be influenced field and horticulutral crop in iran. IPI Golden Jublieeby diameter of the bulb which in turn determines the congress. 1952-2002. P 37.bulb yield. The bulb yield showed the similar trend asthat of bulb yield with application of different levels of MOZUMDER, S. N., MONIRUZZAMEN, M. AND HALIM, G. M. A.,inorganic and organics. Organic manures activate 2007, Effect of N, K and S on the yield and storabilitymany species of living organisms which release of transplanted onion (Allum cepa L.) in the hilly region.phytohormones and may stimulate the plant growth J. Agric. Rural Dev., 5 (1 & 2) : 58-63.and asborption of nutrients (Arisha et al., 2003) andsuch organism need nitrogen for multipliation MUTHURAMALINGAM, S., KUMARAN S., MUTHUVEL, I. AND(Ouda and Mahadeen, 2008), SATHIYAMURTHY, V.A., 2002, Influence of plant densities and applied nutrients on uptake of NPK in seed propagated aggrigatum onion (Allium cepa L.var aggregatum), Gnanamedu local type. Crop Res., 23 (3): 481-485.

EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS, PSB AND VAM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONION 463NANDI, R. K., DEB, M., MAITY., T. K. AND SOUNDA, G., 2002, SAM RUBAN, J., 2007, Effect of biofertilizer on seed yielding Response of onion to different levels of irrigation and capacity of onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Archives, fertilizer. Crop Res., 23 (2):317-320. 7 (1) : 255-256.OUDA, B.A. AND MAHADEEN, A.Y., 2008, Effect of fertilizers on SINGH, A., SINGH, S. P. AND SINGH B. P., 2002, Effect of VAM growth, yield, yield components, quality and certain and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of onion nutrient contents in broccoli (Brassica oleracea). Int. (Allium cepa L). Veg. Sci., 29 (1) : 40-42. J. Agric. Biol., 10 (6): 627-632. SOLEYMANI, A., MOHAMAD, H. AND SHAHRAJABIAN., 2012,PANSE, V. G. AND SUKHATME, P. V., 1985, Satistical methods for Effects of different levels of nitrogen on yield and Agricultural Workers, Fourth edition, Indian Council nitrate content of four spring onion genotypes. Intl. of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, pp. 347. Agri. J. Crop Sci., 4 (4): 179-182.RAMAKRISHNAN, K. AND THAMIZHINIYAN, P., 2009, The effect SRIDEVI, S. AND RAMAKRISHNAN, K. 2010, Effects of combined of NPK fertilizer andAM fungi on the yields and quality inoculation of AM fungi and Azospirillium on the characters of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) var. LRA growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa). Phytol., 5166. Plant Arch, 9 (1):87-88 2 (1): 88-90.SALO, T., SUOJALA, T. AND KALLELA, M., 2002, The effect of TYAGI, A. K. AND YADAV S. K., 2007, Effects of growth and feritgation on yield and nutrient uptake of cabbage, yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). cv. Pusa Red. Plant carrot and onion. Acta hortic, - 571: 235-241. Archieves, 7 (1) : 971-372.(Received : June, 2014 Accepted : August, 2014)

Mysore J. Agric, Sci., 48 (3) : 464-466, 2014 Research NoteParticipation of Rural Youth in Agriculture and HorticultureYOUTH reflect the national potential and represent the asked to mention their participation aslife blood of a nation. Development of youth determines ‘regular’,’occasional’ and ‘never’. The collected datathe development of community and country as a whole. was analysed using frequency and percentage.The socio-economic development and prosperity of therural areas depend upon the type of youth the country The results in Table I reveals that a majority ofown. They are the precious human assets who can rural youth practising agriculture had ‘regularly’play an important role in nation building activities. Rural participated in marketing of produce (84.16 %), sowingyouth are the very important section of the rural society (71.66 %), spraying of chemicals (71.66 %), irrigationand play a vital and significant role in the development (71.66 %), sowing (70.00 %), land prepration activitiesof rural areas especially in agriculture and its allied (65.50 %), manure and fertilizer application (60.83 %),fields. They play a significant role in major activities transportation (60.00 %) and harvesting of produceof agriculture by participating in ploughing, sowing, (50.83%). Whereas, one fourth of the rural youthtransplanting, weeding, harvesting, post harvesting practising agriculture had participated ‘occasionally’activities, marketing of produce and so on. In this in the activities like harvesting (25.00 %) andcontext, it is worthwhile to study the participation of transportation of produce (25.00 %). About one-fourthrural youth in agriculture and horticulture. of rural youth practising agriculture ‘never’participated in harvesting of crop (24.17 %). The findings were in The present study was conducted in Koppal and conformity with the results of Ahire et al. (2001) andBellary districts of Karnataka state during 2012-13. Shivalingaiah (1995).Kustagi and Koppal taluks of Koppal district andKudlagi and Bellary taluks of Bellary district were It is observed from Table II that a majority ofselected for the study. Three villages from each of the rural youth practicing horticulture ‘regularly’sampled four taluks were selected for the study. A participated in the activities like of marketing of producesample of 120 rural youth practising agriculture and (87.50 %), spraying of chemicals (85.00 %), application40 rural youth practising horticulture were again of manure and fertilizers (75.00 %), intercultivationselected randomly from 12 villages of four taluks in (75.00 %), planting / sowing (60.00 %), harvesting ofKoppal and Bellary districts. Data was collected using produce (55.00 %) and land prepration activitiesa pre-tested interview schedule. (52.50 %). While, 30 per cent of rural youth practising horticulture has occasionally participated in planting / Participation in the present study is operationalised sowing and one fourth of them had participated in eachas “an active involvement of rural youth in various of the activities such as land prepration (25.00 %),activities of agriculture or horticulture”. The extent of harvesting (25.00 %), and marketing of produceparticipation was measured by using the procedure (25.00 %). About 22.50 per cent of rural youthfollowed by Shivalingaiah (1995) with slight practising horticulture had ‘never’participated in landmodification. To identify the activities performed by preparatin activities. More or less similar findings wererural youth in agriculture and horticulture, a list of observed by Sujaya Kumar (2012).activities were enlisted with the help of package ofpractices in Agriculture and Horticulture published by Majority of rural youth practising agriculture andUniversity of Agricultural Science, Bangalore. These horticulture had participated reqularly in the selectedactivities were presented to the respondents and were farm and marketing activities. Farm Universities and

PARTICIPATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 465 TABLE I (n=120) Participation of rural youth in agriculture Never Activities Regualarly Extent of participation No. Per cent No. Per cent 19 15.83Land preparation 81 67.50 Occasionally 15 12.50Sowing 84 70.00 No. Per cent 27 22.51Manure and fertilizer application 73 60.83 21 17.50Inter cultivation 86 71.66 21 17.50 9 7.5Spraying of chemicals 86 71.66 20 16.66 9 7.5Irrigation 86 71.66 25 20.84 8 6.68Harvesting of produce 61 50.83 25 20.84 29 24.17Transportation of produce 72 60.00 26 21.66 18 15.00Marketing of produce 101 84.16 30 25.00 8 6.68 30 25.00 11 9.16 TABLE II Participation of rural youth in horticulture Activities Regualarly Extent of participation (n=40) No. Per cent OccasionallyLand preparation No. Per cent NeverPlanting / sowing 21 52.50 No. Per centManure and fertilizer application 24 60.00 10 25.00Inter cultivation 30 75.00 12 30.00 9 22.50Spraying of chemicals 30 75.00 8 20.00 4 10.00Irrigation 34 85.00 6 15.00 2 5.00Harvesting of produce 24 60.00 4 10.00 4 10.00Marketing of produce 22 55.00 3 7.50 2 5.00 35 87.50 10 25.00 6 15.00 3 7.50 8 20.00 2 5.00

466 H. VISWANATHA et al.State Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture REFERENCESshould provide ample opportunities to the rural youthto participate in extension educational programmes AHIRE, R. D., KULKARNI, R. R. AND LAMBAT, A. H., 2001,(trainings, demonstrations, farm school, field days, Participation of rural youth in farm activities.video conferences etc.). This in turn helps the rural Maharashtra J. Extn. Educ., 20: 152 154.youth to participate in the farm related activities forgetting optimum crop yield and income. SHIVALINGAIAH, Y.N., 1995, Participation and time utilization pattern of rural youth in farm activities, M.Sc. (Agri.)Dept. of Agril. Extn. H. VISWANATHA Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bangalore.UAS, GKVK, B. N. Manjunatha andBangalore - 560065 M. T. Lakshminarayan SUJAY KUMAR, S., 2012, Participation and time utilization pattern of rural youth in organic sugarcane cultivation under Cauvery Command Area. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.), Univ. Agric. Sci., Bangalore.(Received : December, 2013 Accepted : August, 2014)

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 467Abstracts of Ph. D. Theses submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSWomen Empowerment and Livelihood Security of Farm Households: An Economic Analysis SAKAMMA, S.THE study was taken up in Kolar and Mandya districts of Karnataka to assess the influence of women empowerment onlivelihood security of the farm households. The study was based on primary data from 160 farm women covering equalsamples under irrigated and rainfed situations for the period 2011-12. Post stratification of farm household was done usingempowerment index for irrigated and rainfed conditions separately for both the districts. The data was analyzed usingEmpowerment index, Spearman-Brown Split half reliability test, principal component analysis (PCA), multiple and log linearregressions, Nutrient adequacy ratio, Gini co-efficient analysis, livelihood security index and Garret ranking. From dummyvariable regression, it was found that the net income earned, participation in number of crop and livestock decision makingand literacy level contributed the most to women empowerment in both the districts. Before estimating the regression, usingPCA, the most crucial explanatory variables influencing the empowerment were identified. The Gini coefficient, indicatedthat the inequality was relatively lower in farm women of high empowered (irrigated 0.60 and rainfed 0.61) situations ofKolar. The annual household income earned was high in households of high women empowered irrigated situation. Thenutrient adequacy ratio, showed that, except for calcium, deficiency for all other nutrients was clearly visible. The highestnutritional deficiency was observed in households of low women empowered rainfed situation in both the districts. Thelivelihood security index comprised of food, economic, education, health, habitat and social network security. It was foundthat livelihood security was highly secured in households belonging to high women empowered categories. 2013 K. B. UMESHDepartment of Agricultural Economics, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor Risk in Rainfed Maize Production in Karnataka- An Econometric Analysis SHASHI KIRAN, A.SAGRICULTURAL is subject to a wide range of risks due to the variable economic and biophysical environment in which farmingoperates. Agriculture risks arise due to uncertainty over factors determining returns to agricultural production. An attemptwas made in this study to identify different sources of risk in rainfed maize production in Karnataka. Maize was grown in 1.24million hectare Karnataka (2009-10). Significant growth was observed in area (8.34 %) and production (7.45 %) of rainfedmaize in Karnataka (1991-92 to 2008-09). In this study, risk in maize was assessed by variability in area, production productivity,inputs used and price of maize over the years and also through farmers’ opinion on production and price risks in maize.Efforts were made to estimate farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) more for new drought resistance variety of maize which canyield more than present varieties. An attempt was also made to estimate farmers’WTP additional premium for crop insurance.Both secondary and primary data was used in the study. Primary data comprised a sample of 300 farmers (150 each fromShimoga and Haveri districts). Exponential growth model, Coefficient of variation, Instability index, Double BoundedDichotomous Choice (DBDC) method of Contingent Valuation (CV), Logit and Tobit models were used to address the aboveissues. Human and bullock labour and FYM use were found to decrease significantly, whereas use of chemical fertilizer andcost on seed increased significantly. Drought and labour scarcity were the major production risks faced by rainfed maizefarmers. Price risk was more in Haveri compared to Shimoga. Varietal selection and crop insurance were the major risk copingstrategies followed by farmers. The mean additional WTP for crop insurance premium and new variety of maize was 0.34 percent and Rs. 242.10 per 5kg packet, respectively. Probability of WTP for the same was respectively 0.53 and 0.58. 2013 K. B. UMESHDepartment of Agricultural Economics, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

468 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Isolation, Characterization and Evaluation of Bacillus spp. Infective to White Grubs (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) NAYIMABANU TAREDAHALLIWHITE grubs are a complex set of species responsible for heavy crop damage in many cropping systems in the country.These pests being soil borne are extremely difficult to manage even with the best of the insecticides. In the presentinvestigation, an attempt was made to isolate some local strains of Bacillus thuringiensis active against white grub pests.The soil samples were collected from different parts of Karnataka. A total of 200 Bacillus isolates were obtained. Themicrobiological characteristics of these isolates were studied. Most of them have similar morphological appearance andwere endospore formers capable of producing crystalline inclusions inside the cell. Insecticidal effects of 100 isolates weretested against first instar Holotrichia serrata grubs. Among them, eighteen were found to be highly effective with 100%mortality of grubs. Three isolates among 18, namely SBT-21, SBT-22 and SBT-62 were found to be toxic even to third instargrubs of three other species, viz., Leucopholis lepidophora, L. coneophora and Lepidiota mansueta. Based on themolecular characterization of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes, twelve isolates were confirmed as B. thuringiensis. As many asseven cry genes were identified from the 14 Bacillus isolates. It was found that the 83.3 percent of Bacillus isolates activeagainst white grubs were safe to the human and other vertebrate animals. Evaluation of SBT-22 isolate in the field conditionsshowed the effectiveness of the bacterium, more than that of the insecticide used. 45.7 per cent mortality was observed inL. lepidophora grubs collected after bacterial treatment to the field. This is the first study from India to identify Bt culturesactive against wide range of white grub species. In addition, several isolates active against diamondback moth, house flyand a species of fruit fly were also identified. 2013 A. R. V. KUMARDepartment of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor Studies on Pollinators Diversity, Abundance and Foraging Activity with Special Reference to Role of Honeybees in the Productivity of Ridge Gourd (Luffa Acutangula L.) SWARAJYA LAKSHMI, K.EXPERIMENT was conducted to study the insect pollinators diversity,their abundance and foraging efficiency of honey beespecies on quantitative and qualitative parameters in ridge gourd during Kharif and Rabi season of 2012 and 2012-2013 atdivision of Horticulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. Ridge gourd flowers were visited by thirty three species of insectpollinators.Among them, twenty two specieswere belong to order Hymenoptera, five to Diptera, four to Coleoptera and twoto Lepidoptera. The abundance of honey bees was constituted 76.46 per cent of the total insect pollinators visited the crop.The maximum foraging activity of A.cerana, A. florea and T. iridipennis was observed between 0900 and 1100 h of the day,whereas the other pollinators were observed between 1200 and 1600 h of the day. The time spent for nectar and pollenforaging by A.cerana, A. florea and T. iridipennis was maximum at 0900 and 1100 h of the day.Number of bee visits per flowersignificantly influenced the quantitative parameters such as fruit set, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and number ofsound seeds per fruit. The effect of honey bee pollination on quantitativeandqualitative parameters such as fruit set, fruitweight, fruit volume, fruit length, number of sound seeds per fruit, 100 seed (test) weight,moisture, TSS, ash content andgermination percentage were maximum in A.cerana pollinated plot compared to A. florea and T. iridipennis pollinated plot. 2013 G. C. KUBERAPPADepartment of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 469 AGRONOMY Development of Liquid Organic Manures and their Evaluation for Organic Production of Chilli and Onion PRADEEP GOPAKKALIFIELD experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2011 and kharif and summer seasons of 2012 at ZARS,GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru for development of liquid organic manures and their evaluation for organic production of chilli andonion. There were thirteen treatments replicated thrice in Randomized Complete Block Design. Application of EBDLM at 125kg N eq./ha + three sprays of panchagavya (3%) recorded significantly higher dry chilli yield (897 kg/ha) as evidenced byhigher total dry mater accumulation (105.7 g/plant) and taller plants (87.0 cm) along with number of fruits/plant (39.0) and100-fruits weight (135.1 g). Significantly higher ascorbic acid, capsaicin, oleoresin content and total extractable colour (137.3mg/100 g, 0.64, 15.4 %, 280.8 ASTA units, respectively), higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake (76.9, 14.2 and84.7 kg/ha, respectively) and also higher net returns and B:C ratio (Rs. 96,281/ha and 2.74, respectively) recorded with theapplication of EBDLM at 125 kg N eq./ha + three sprays of panchagavya (3%). Bulb yield of onion was significantly higher (42.8 t/ha) with the application of EBDLM at 100 kg N eq./ha + threesprays of panchagavya (3%) as evidenced by higher bulb diameter (6.02 cm), bulb length (5.36 cm). This was linked to tallerplants and higher total dry matter production (42.3 cm and 7.59 g, respectively). Application of EBDLM at 100 kg N eq./ha+ three sprays of panchagavya (3%) recorded higher TSS, total sugar and ascorbic acid (14.4, 13.03%, and 26.1 mg/100 g,respectively) in onion bulbs. Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur (83.1, 14.8, 62.6and 16.3 kg/ha, respectively), higher net returns and B:C ratio (Rs. 3,61,557/ha and 4.27, respectively) were recorded with theapplication of EBDLM at 100 kg N eq./ha + three sprays of panchagavya (3%). 2013 SHARANAPPADepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor CROP PHYSIOLOGY Role of Cytokinin in Growth and Development of Groundnut: A Transgenic Approach BABLI MOGTRANSGENIC lines with bacterial ipt gene to increase endogenous cytokinin concentration in groundnut variety TMV-2 weredeveloped. In the present investigation, 49 lines were advanced to T5generation based on leaf chlorophyll content and podyield from T3generation. Transgenic lines had 27 and 32 percent more chlorophyll at the end of NaCl and Ethrel stress andhigher NRA activity. Based on chlorophyll content, NRA, pod yield and biomass, 22 lines were promoted to T6generation.Transgenic lines maintained relatively higher leaf chlorophyll content and membrane integrity in response to NaCl andEthrel stress and also showed higher NRA activity, bigger leaves, more biomass production, pod number and pod weight atharvest. Based on pod yield , 11 lines were advanced to T7generation and transgenic lines maintained more green leaf area,higher pod number and pod weight in two pot culture experiments conducted. Based on physiological and molecular analysis, three transgenic lines were selected from previous generations tostudy influence of NaCl and moisture stress on physiological and growth parameters under both stress and non-stressconditions. Transgenic lines showed higher leaf chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, less membrane leakage andhigher leaf area both under non-stress, at the end of NaCl stress and recovery from NaCl stress. All the transgenic linesmaintained higher leaf area and biomass accumulation under both non stress and stress conditions. An attempt was alsomade to develop transgenic groundnut lines maintaining high cytokinin concentration by reducing the concentration ofcytokinin degrading enzyme-CKO by antisense approach. Groundnut transgenic plants over-expressing pFGC5941: CKOgene was developed by Agrobacterium mediated inplanta transformation. Screened putative CKO transgenic lines overdifferent concentrations of basta was confirmed by gene specific and bar primers. The putative transgenic lines showedsignificant increase in pod number, pod yield, total shoot biomass and root weight per plant. 2013 T. G. PRASADDepartment of Crop Physiology,, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

470 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION Evaluation of Grain Based Wholesome Functional Foods for Geriatric Population DEEPA TERADALA formative study on geriatric respondents (n=300) in Bangalore (living at home and old age institutions) to assessbackground for developing and evaluation of grain based functional food was conducted. BMI and per cent body fat wereand 25.4 and 25.2, 12.6 and 12.7 in male and female respectively. Dietary intakes were < 80% of their respective RDAs inmajority of the subjects. Composite mixes (CM’s) were developed and evaluated. Moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre,carbohydrate, energy and ash contents were respectively15.2 g, 18.3 g, 5.2 g, 5.9 g, 48.3 g, 313.7 Kcal and 6.9 g/100 g in wheatbased and 15.4 g, 13.3 g, 5.6 g, 5.6 g, 53.3 g, 316.4 Kcal and 6.8 g/100g in ragi based CM. The fibre contents; TDF, SDF andIDF were respectively 17.8, 4.0, and 13.8 per cent in wheat and 22.8, 3.5, 19.4 per cent in ragi based CM. The iron, calcium, zinccontents were 7.3, 60.4, 4.1 in wheat based CM and 8.4, 355, 4.9 mg/ 100g in ragi based CM respectively. The total antioxidantactivity was higher in developed CMs than control. Products developed from the CMs were found to be acceptable by asemi-trained panel geriatric respondents (n=20). The glycemic index of CM-I was 52.95 and CM-II was 50.40. The hypoglycemicand hypocholestrolemic effect of the developed CM’s was evaluated in a geriatric animal model. Moderate hypoglycemicand hypercholesterolemic effect was observed in CM fed rats. Thus the wholesome grain based functional foods werefound suitable for geriatric population. 2013 NEENA JOSHIDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor Therapeutic Benefits of Value Added Tender Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Products GEETA DANDIN TENDER coconut water and kernel were analyzed for nutrients and found that, Sodium (105 mg), Potassium (250 mg),Chlorine (180 mg), Calcium (54 mg), Copper (0.04 mg), Iron (0.29 mg), Magnesium (25 mg), phosphorus (33 mg). Chemicalparameters like pH, TSS (°Brix), Acidity (%), Reducing Sugars (%) and Total Sugars (%) were measured which were 4.50,5.20, 1.80, 3.20, 0.60 and 4.00 respectively and kernel contained Moisture (93.28 g), Protein (1.2g), Fat (1.40g), Crude fibre (0.9g), Carbohydrate (3.22 g) and Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, copper, iron and magnesium were found to be 96 mg, 278 mg, 11mg, 3.8 mg, iron 1.2 mg and 30 mg respectively. Value added products from tender coconut water and kernel were developedviz., Bun, Doughnut, Ice cream, Pudding, Tuty-Fruity, Nectar and Fermented beverage from tender coconut water. Theseproducts were subjected for sensory evaluation and storage study. For the therapeutic study, subjects having Hypertension,Hyper cholestrolemia, Diabetic and subjects with general health problems were randomly selected with the help of medicalofficers UAS dispensary, GKVK Bangalore. Tender coconut water (60 ml) was given to thirty subjects after breakfast forthree months and Tender coconut pudding (100g) was given to ten women subjects for the period of 45 days. Anthropometricand biochemical parameters were recorded for subjects before and after the therapeutic study. Results revealed that, non-significant decrease in Glycosylated haemoglobin level after three months (initial-7.25 and final-7.21) in diabetic subjects.Mean value of total cholesterol and total triglyceride significantly decreased from 225.7mg/dl to 203.7mg/dl and from189.1mg/dl to 165.0mg/dl respectively. Subjects with general health problems, observed improvement in their health status.It can be concluded that the tender coconut can be used for preparation of value added products and can be consumed asa natural drink, which is having therapeutic benefit. 2013 UMADEVI HIREMATHDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 471 GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDINGDNA marker assisted multiple trait QTL pyramiding for Drought tolerant traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) CHANDRASHEKHAR HARADARIRICE breeding has led to green revolution in India. Yields of rice has now stabilized or declined due to climate change factorsleading to abiotic and biotic stresses. This study was planned to breed for tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress throughDNA marker assisted selection. Pyramid genotypes containing genes with blast and bacterial leaf blight were crossed withgenotypes containing QTL pyramided for root traits and water use efficiency. Pyramid genotypes were confirmed with SSRmarkers linked to gene/QTL traits viz., blast resistance gene Pi1 on chromosome 11 with RM144, bacterial blight resistancegenes Xa4 on chromosome 11 with RM224 and xa5 on chromosome 5 with RM13, QTL for root traits (viz., qRT2 (RM221-RM318), qRT7 (RM248-RM234), qRT9 (RM242-RM201) on chromosome 2,7,9 respectively) and water use efficiency QTLqWUE2 on chromosome 2 with RM263. Progenies confirmed by SSR markers were evaluated for yield traits in well wateredand stress condition and in hot spots. Segregating plants were tiller separated for different evaluation studies. Forty six F2plants of cross RB6 × QRT25 both pyramided lines were selected and forwarded. F2:3 families of cross RB6 × QRT25 wereevaluated for yield component traits in field and root morphological traits in PVC pipes under contrasting moisture regimesby inducing moisture stress for 15 days interval at two crop growth stages under rain-out shelter. Significant differencesbetween pyramided progeny families for selected traits were observed. Among these pyramided genotypes, 23-5-26-qRT2+qRT7+qWUE2+Xa4+xa5 for water use efficiency, 23-5-274-qRT2+qRT7+qRT9+ qWUE2+Pi1+xa5 for blastresistance, 23-5-2-qRT7+qRT9+qWUE2+Pi1+Xa4 for root length, 23-5-277-qRT2+qRT9+qWUE2+Pi-1+Xa4 for grainyield with early flowering, early maturity, high per day yield and high drought resistance index were found superior undermoisture stress environments over well water condition. Results showed no yield penalty in pyramid genotypes withgenes/QTL conferring to abiotic stress and biotic stress indicating no epistatic interaction. 2013 SHAILAJA HITTALMANIDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGYMultimerization, Codonoptimization and Characterization of CVS Rabica Glycoprotein Produced in Pichiapastoris MADHUSUDHAN, R.RABIES is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. Rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. Glycoprotein is the major surface proteinof rabies virus, responsible for the production of neutralizing antibodies. Generally, gene copy number and codon optimization have been identified as the most important factors influencingthe heterologous protein expression in Pichia pastoris. Hence we have transformed and screened Pichia GS115 clones withmulticopy pPIC9K expression cassette having CVS rabies glycoprotein gene on YPD plates containing Geneticin atconcentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/ml. The clones were validated for multicopy with Southern Blotting and Real-Time PCR. Clone 13 (single copy number) produced 398ìg of recombinant protein while Clone14 (5 copies) produced 893ìgof recombinant protein. The recombinant CVS rabies glycoprotein produced from these clones were confirmed throughWestern Blotting and ELISA. The clones with higher copy number produced more quantity of recombinant CVS rabiesglycoprotein than clone with single copy number. The native CVS rabies glycoprotein gene sequence was codon optimizedand cloned into yeast expression vector pPICZáA and transformed into P. pastoris strain X-33 and confirmed through PCR.Recombinant protein was confirmed through Western blot. Pichia clone transformed with codon optimized rabiesglycoprotein gene produced 570ìg of glycoprotein while Pichia clone transformed with native Rabies glycoprotein geneproduced 380ìg of glycoprotein. Purified RGP and RGP_Opt produced in P. pastoris were used for immunization studies inmice. Though RGP and RGP_Opt did not protect the mice, RIFFIT assay recorded antibody titer value of 0.5 and 1.0 IU forthe serum collected from mice immunized with RGP_Opt and commercial vaccine respectively. 2013 P. H. RAMANJINI GOWDADepartment of Plant Biotechnology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

472 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 PLANT PATHOLOGYVariability Studies of Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Vauterin Et al. Causing Bacterial Blight Disease of Pomegranate and its DIVYA, B. L.BACTERIAL blight is a serious threat to pomegranate in India. Detailed investigations have been carried out to study theSymptomatology, strainal variation especially at the molecular level to identify virulent strains and finally to developsustainable integrated management strategies for the semi arid region of Chitradurga district. The bacterium is rod shapedand gram negative. Modified D-5 medium was found superior in supporting the growth of the pathogen. Optimum temperatureand pH required for the growth of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae was 30oC and pH of 7.0 to 7.5 respectively. Theamplicon size of around 1.5 kb was noticed in all the nine isolates from Solapur, Sangli, Osmanabad, Hiriyur, Koppal, Bijapur,Bidar, Ananthpur and Coimbatore using 16s rDNA primers confirming that, all these isolates belong to Xap. The genomicand pathogenic variability indicated that the isolates from Solapur, Sangli, Osmanabad, Koppal, Bijapur and Bidar belongedto highly virulent group where as Hiriyur, Ananthpur and Coimbatore isolates belonged to moderately virulent group.Bactrim, norfloxicin and telba were found effective in inhibiting the growth of X. axonopodis pv. punicae under In vitro.Among the two nano particles tested, nano silver particles were found to be effective with the maximum inhibition zone of23.3 mm at 100 ppm. Pruning during October and November months recorded least per cent leaf and fruit infection. Thebagging of fruits resulted in least incidence and severity of disease besides enhancing fruit colour. In the IDM strategyevaluated for bacterial blight disease management, the lowest incidence and severity of disease was observed in thetreatment wherein bagging of small sized fruits was followed by K-cycline (0.05%) + Dimethoate (0.2%)) sprays at 15 daysinterval. 2013 K. T. PANDURANGE GPWDADepartment of Plant Pathology, VC. Farm Mandya Major Advisor SEED SCIIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Studies On The Improvisation Of Seed Production Technology In Hybrid Rice (Krh-4) NATARAJ, K.IN order to standardize the seed production technology of newly released rice hybrid KRH4, field experiments were conductedat the ZARS, VC Farm, Mandya, Karnataka for three season viz., Kharif 2011, Kharif 2012 and Rabi /Summer 2012. Thelaboratory studies were conducted during 2012–13 at AICRP on STR, NSP, UAS, Bangalore. The experimental results clearlyrevealed that, the F1 hybrid rice KRH-4 performed better with the planting ratio of 1:6, with mixed seedlings of R line (MSN36)at zero, five and eight days difference old and recorded superior plant growth, seed setting per cent (17.04, 15.99 & 22.48%)panicle exsertion per cent, seed yield/hectare (1577, 2083.33 & 3853.67 kg) and seed quality attributes over other ratiosduring kharif 2011, kharif 2012 and rabi/summer 2012, respectively. Similarly, plant growth regulators like Gibberllic acid @100ppm found superior in promoting panicle exertion, higher number of productive tillers with better filled spikelets, seedsetting per cent (22.16, 20.00 & 24.84%) that resulted in higher seed yield per hectare (1335, 1918.92 & 3096 kg) and seedquality attributes over control during kharif 2011, kharif 2012 and rabi/summer 2012, respectively. However, the seedproduction performance during rabi/summer 2012 was slightly better in terms of plant growth, seed yield and qualitycompared to kharif season. Further no dormancy was observed in resultant seeds of F1 hybrid (KRH-4) and its parentallines (R-line-MSN36 and A-line-CRMS32A). Based on the SSR marker study on genetic purity assessment, it is suggestedthat, SRR marker RM216 can be effectively used to differentiate the parental lines from hybrid rice KRH-4. The storability ofMSN36, CRMS32A and KRH-4 indicated that seed treated with Bavistin (4g\kg) and packed in poly pouch with 10 per centmoisture maintained higher germination and other seed quality attributes upto nine months under ambient conditions ofBangalore. 2013 RAME GOWDANational Seed Project (Crops), UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 473Studies On Influence of Provenances, Seed Priming and Seed Storage in Hybrid Maize (Zea Mays L.) RADHA, B. N.THE field experiment was conducted at three different provenances viz., Mandya, Hassan and Chickballapur with two Maizehybrids Hema and Nithyashree with three fertilizer levels during kharif 2011 and 2012 and the laboratory study on seedpriming and seed storage was conducted at GKVK, Bangalore during the same period. Among provenances, Mandya(southern dry zone) is more suitable provenance for seed production of Hema with the application of more than 50% RDF(225:112:60kg NPK ha-1) to obtain higher growth and seed yield parameters like plant height (193.10cm), time to 50%flowering (47.74days), cob length (20.33cm), seeds per cob (593) and seed yield (77.08qha-1); seed quality parameters likegermination percentage (99%), SVI-I (3767) and low electrical conductivity (0.106dSm-1) compared to Nithyashree hybridwith lower seed yield (34.75qha-1), SVI-I (3136) and high electrical conductivity (0.154dSm-1). Seeds subjected for natural ageing for 12 months and accelerated ageing at different temperature and relative humiditylevels for 12 days with an interval of three days at Bangalore conditions. At the end of three day accelerated ageing, reducedgermination percentage (100 to 93%), total soluble proteins (93 to 80ìg g-1), amylase activity (0.343 to 0.300mg maltosereleased min-1mg-1), DNA content (60 to 46ngg-1 of seed) and increased electrical conductivity (0.106 to 0.230dSm-1) observed.The reduction in quality parameters of three day of accelerated aged seeds are equivalent to twelve months naturally agedseeds. Therefore accelerated ageing test can be used to predict the storability of maize by observing the molecular andbiochemical changes. Seed lots having low and high vigour (<70 and >90% germination respectively) primed with differentpriming chemicals and kept in different temperatures to improve the seed quality in low vigour seeds and observed that theseed quality parameters were improved by priming with KH2PO4 (1%) for fourteen hours at ambient temperature (28ºC). 2013 B. C. CHANNAKESHAVADepartment of Seed Science and Technology,, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor SERICULTUREMolecular Characterisation of Root Specific Mapping Population of Mulberry by SSR Markers And Identification of Qtls Governing Drought Tolerance Traits JYOTI BIRADARMULBERRY leaf is the only food source for the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori L, hence drives the silk industry in Asia.India is the second largest silk producer by contributing to 18% of the world silk requirement. But, the industry faces majorconstraints between demand and supply due to the conventional practices and lack of improved varieties.It is stronglyopined that application of molecular marker has proved to be the choice of the hour for the improvement of quantitative andqualitative traits. Availability of insufficient genomic resources in mulberry necessitated the focus on the development ofSSR markers and utilizing them in linkage and QTL mapping. Pre-cloning enrichment strategy was adopted to develop a setof 222 genomic SSR markers, while EST sequences were used to develop a total of 136 genic SSR markers. Of the 358 markersdeveloped, 188 were found locus specific and were validated using diverse mulberry species, genotypes and also in otherrelated species belongs to Moraceae viz., Ficus, Fig and Jackfruit. The locus specific markers were used to develop alinkage map. A linkage map was developed using existing phenotyping data of150 F1 population of the cross Dudia white(high rooting genotype) & UP105 (low rooting genotype) were used. A total of 82 out of 150 markers segregating in 1:1 ratiocould aligned in 14 linkage groups covering 3330.9cM of the mulberry genome. All the linked markers were randomly alignedover the linkage groups accounting an average of 40.6cM between two markers. Of the 14 linkage groups LG1 and LG4 weredense with maximum number of markers. Further QTL analysis was performed by single marker regression (SMR), showedsignificant association between marker and traits for root length, root weight, total leaf area and total dry matter. 2013 T. K. NARAYANASWAMYDepartment of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

474 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRYStudies on the Influence of Sources and Levels of Sulphur on Sunflower and Groundnut in Soils of Central Dry Zone of Karnataka P. VEERANAGAPPAWITH emphasis on alleviating sulphur deficiency in soils of Chitradurga district, soils were characterized for various physico-chemical properties and sulphur fractions. Two field experiments were undertaken during 2011-12 and 2012-13 in twofarmer’s fields of the region to study the effect of sources and levels of sulphur on sunflower and groundnut. The experimentswere laid out in randomized complete block design with sixteen treatments replicated thrice. Majority of surface soils of thestudy area were sandy clay loam in texture and acidic to alkaline in reaction (5.42-9.50) with low EC (0.02- 0.60 dSm-1). Soilswere low to medium in organic carbon and available NPK. The available sulphur content of soil ranged from 8.00 to 13.10 mgkg-1.and more than 70 per cent of soils were deficient. Profile study showed that soil pH, available N and sulphur decreasedvertically. Whereas, EC, organic carbon, available P2O5 and K2O were irregularly distributed at different depths. Field experiments indicated significantly higher seed and stalk yield (23.73 and 36.37 q ha-1) of sunflower and pod andhaulm yield (13.58 and 17.29 q ha-1) of groundnut on addition of rec. dose of FYM and NPK+ 45 kg ha-1 S through gypsum.However, it was on par with rec. dose of FYM and NPK +45 kg ha-1 S through ammonium sulphate. The content and uptakeof major nutrients and sulphur were significantly higher in treatments receiving sulphur at 45 and 30 kg ha-1 irrespective ofsulphur sources. Application of graded levels of sulphur as gypsum and ammonium sulphate increased the availablesulphur in soil. Whereas, soil pH was reduced by sulphur application only at higher levels. The order of availability ofsulphur fractions in soils was Organic-S > Non-sulphate-S> Water soluble-S>Sulphate-S. 2013 V. R. RAMAKRISHNA PARAMADepartment of SS, & AC College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor Development of Phosphorus Saturation Indices for Some Selected Soils of India I. RASHMITHE degree of P saturation (DPS) approach includes quantity and intensity parameter, and thus plays an important role inestimating the potential capacity of soils to release P into environment. The investigation on “Development of phosphorussaturation indices for some selected soils of India” was carried out using Jabalpur, Delhi, Bangalore and Trivandrum soilswith an objective of developing DPS indices using different extractants namely Olsen, Bray1 and 2, Mehlich3, AB-DTPA andAmmonium Oxalate to understand P movement and loss from agricultural soil. The four selected soils were incubated at 0,25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 and 800 % of P sorption maxima and used for developing DPS indices with different extractants,column and pot study using maize as test crop. The experiment was undertaken during 2011-12 with complete randomizeddesign including eight treatments and replicated thrice. The critical threshold DPS Ol-1 , DPSM3-3 , DPSA.O.- 1 for Jabalpur and Delhi soil was 52.67 37.52 ,19.9 % and 29.09, 15.57,8.60 % resulting in reactive P (RP) concentration of 0.55 and 0.3 μg ml-1. Similarly, DPS By 1- 1 DPS ,M3-2 DPSA.O.- 1 for Bangaloreand Trivandrum was 33, 128, 11.2 % and 45.92, 169.12, 10.21 % resulting in RP concentration of 0.12 and 0.14 μg ml-1. Theenvironmental STP like WEP and CaCl2-P showed better correlation with RP concentration in leachate as compared toagronomic STP (Olsen, Bray, M3P, ABDTPA). The threshold value of DPS ,Ol-1 DPSA.O.- 1 and DPS M3-3 for crop yield inJabalpur and Delhi soils were 20.47, 11.7 and16.01 percent and 3.1, 1.22 and 2.51 per cent respectively. In case of Bangaloreand Trivandrum soils threshold DPS ,M3P-2 DPS By1-1 and DPS A.O.-1 for yield was 4.94, 6.8 and 4 percent and 10.3, 16.18 and 6.66per cent respectively. 2013 V. R. RAMAKRISHNA PARAMADepartment of SS, & AC College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 475Abstracts of M. Sc. Theses submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSResource Intensive Agriculture and Sustainability – An Economic Study of Ginger Cultivation in Mysore District NAVANEETHA, V.GINGER is one of the earliest known oriental spices and is being cultivated in India for both as fresh vegetable and as a driedspice, since time immemorial. Present study was undertaken to examine the land use and lease pattern in ginger cultivation.Primary data was collected from 80 farmers cultivating Owner cultivated and leased-in cultivated ginger farmers in Mysoredistrict. Cost and return concept and regression analysis, were employed to analyze the Comparative economics andresource use efficiency. Sustainability of owner cultivated ginger and leased-in cultivated ginger was assessed by usingsustainability index. Constraints in ginger cultivation were analysed using Garrett’s ranking technique. In the study area majority of the farmers who leased out lands were marginal farmers (75 %) and majority of the farmerswho leased-in lands were large farmers (47.24 %). Leased-in ginger farmers incurred relatively higher cost of cultivation(Rs.1,81,630) per acre compared to owner cultivated ginger farmers (Rs.1,55,547) per acre. However, net returns realized werealso higher with leased-in farms (Rs. 1,27,838) per acre compared owner cultivated farms (Rs. 1,07,209) per acre. Input useintensity reveals that leased-in farmers were found to use fertilizer more than the recommended dosage (173 %) compared toowner cultivated ginger farmers (122.5 %). Sustainability analysis indicated that ginger cultivation was unsustainable asindicated by the indices. High incidence of disease, high rhizome cost, non availability of varieties, low quality seedmaterial, high input cost and low yield were major constraints faced by farmers cultivating ginger. 2013 B. CHINNAPPADepartment of Agricultural Economics, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major AdvisorEconomic Analysis of Vegetable Based Cropping Systems in Kolar District, Karnataka RAGHAVENDRA D.V.THE study was undertaken to assess the economics of different crop based systems, viz, vegetable-based small (VSC),vegetable-based large (VLC), cereal-based small (CSC) and cereal-based large (CLC) cropping systems in Kolar district ofKarnataka from a data of 30 sample size each for 2011-12 season. The data was analysed using simple tabular, productionfunction and Data Envelopment analyses. The results revealed that VSC system was having better cropping systems thanothers as reflected in higher cropping intensity (259.73 %). The average net income during kharif season was higher in VSCsystem (Rs 1, 90,179 / ha) than other cropping systems. Cobb-Duglas production function analysis revealed that plantprotection chemicals (0.305) in VSC system, women labour (0.117) in VLC system, FYM (0.471), P nutrient (0.771) and capitalinput (0.527) in case of CSC system and nitrogen nutrient (1.14) in CLS system were found to influence positively andsignificantly. DEA analysis indicated that nearly 38.33 per cent of farms under assumption of constant returns to scale werefound to perform with the efficiency level equal to 0.9 or greater. Majority of farms i.e., 70 per cent of the farms in VSC, 60 percent in VLC, 77 per cent in CSC and 67 per cent in CLC systems were found to be operating in the region of increasing returnsor the suboptimal region. 2013 D. SREENIVASA MURTHYDepartment of Agricultural Economics, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

476 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 Economic Impact of Rubber Producers’ Societies (Rpss) on Rubber Farmers in Kerala ARSHA BALAKRISHNANINDIA is the fourth largest producer of natural rubber in the world. The rubber plantation sector in India is dominated by smallholdings. Kerala is the largest producer of natural rubber in the country. Establishment of village level organizations calledRubber Producers’ Societies (RPSs) has opened a new avenue for the extension efforts of the Rubber Board. This studyfocused on the economic impact of Rubber Producers’ Societies on the rubber farmers in Kerala. Being members of RPS, the farmers got benefits in terms of lesser cost of cultivation by 14 per cent compared to nonmembers. On an average total cost of cultivation of rubber was Rs. 62,500 of which labour cost contributed more than 50 percent. The average gross return from rubber plantation was Rs. 1, 67,700. Processing cost and output were found to be themajor factors that discriminate between RPS members and non members that ultimately benefited the RPS members. Inaddition members have also derived better processing and marketing facilities through the RPSs. However the transactioncost incurred by RPS members for getting benefits from Rubber Board was high and marginally lower compared to nonmembers. The Rubber Board has to look at the issue of price fluctuation and widening the area of operation of RPSsseriously. 2013 T. N. PRAKASH KAMMARDIDepartment of Agricultural Economics, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Development of Ready-To-Eat Hot Extruded Products from Foxtail Millet AMRUTH KUMAR, M. A.SMALL millets though contain more fibre and many bioactive compounds, their utilization as food is confined to traditionalconsumers mainly due to non-availability of consumer friendly products. Hence, a study was conducted to develop ready-to-eat hot extruded kurkure products using different small millets with foxtail millet as base and a laboratory twin screwextruder was employed. As a prelude, nutritional composition (moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrates) includingmicronutrients (iron, copper, sodium, zinc, magnesium, manganese) of five millets (foxtail, little, barnyard, proso and kodo)and Bengal gram were analyzed. Among 20 foxtail millet based kurkure formulations tested, four formulations namely,Foxtail:Bengalgram:Proso (80%:10%:10%), Foxtail:Bengalgram:Little (80%:10%:10%); Foxtail:Bengalgram:Barnyard(60%:10%:30%); and Foxtail:Bengalgram:Kodo (80%:10%:10%) were found to be very good and the first formulation wasadjudged to be best based on sensory evaluation. Based on physical parameters of extrudates namely, expansion ratio, water solubility index, water absorption index,bulk & true densities, tri-stimulus colour and texture, millet grit size of 1201-592 μm, formulation moisture content of 14-18%,extruder barrel temperature of 110°C and screw speed of 350 rpm were found to be optimum. The developed kurkure couldbe stored for over two months at ambient conditions without quality deterioration in terms of tristimulus color, texture,sensory and biochemical parameters. Among two packages tested with and without nitrogen flushing for kurkure,Polyethylene Coated Aluminium film with nitrogen flushing was found to be better. The Cost:Benefit Ratio for manufacturingfoxtail millet based kurkure was 1:1.72 and therefore, can be recommended for commercial exploitation. 2013 V. PALANIMUTHUDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 477 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGYEffect of containerization and population growth of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) PRABHULINGA, T.Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important egg parasitoid on lepidopterans. Biological attributes, parasitizing efficiency,number of days to adult emergence, egg desiccation, sex ratio, adult parasitoid emergence, male and female parasitoidemergence of arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. pretiosum, was studied on Corcyra cephalonica. The results confirmedthat biological attributes of arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. pretiosum are different. Thelytokous T. pretiosum have morepractical implications in the field of biological control because it has shown high net reproductive rate compared toarrhenotokous T. pretiosum. In both the arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. pretiosum there was significant difference andnegative correlation with parasitism in different sized containers under constant (r = -0.675) and variable number (r = -0.862)of parasitoids released. The mean number of days to adult emergence ranged from 10.05 to 10.3. The sex ratio was found 1:1in arrhenotokous T. pretiosum and it was 5 : 95 (M/F) in thelytokous T. pretiosum. There was significant and positiverelationship between size of containers and desiccation percentage under constant (r= 0.757) and variable number (r = 0.862)of parasitoids released. In arrhenotokous T. pretiosum almost 50% females and 50 per cent males were produced. Inthelytokous T. pretiosum the female production overwhelmingly prepondered; was almost 95 per cent. 2013 N. E. THYAGARAJDepartment of Agricultural Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major AdvisorStudies on Habitat Ecology of Field Rodents and their Management in Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L. ADARSH, K. K.THE present investigation was conducted at Thagachuguppey village, Magadi Taluk of Ramanagara District of Karnatakastate. Rodents were considered as a major vertebrate pest of groundnut. Rodent species observed in groundnut field duringthe study were B. bengalensis, T. indica, M. booduga, M. platythrix and B. indica in which the B. bengalensis (41.91%) andT. indica (32.8 %) were dominant and the maximum population of rodents was recorded during harvesting season. Thestudy indicated that burrow characteristics like length of the burrow, depth of the burrow, diameter of the openings andtunnels, number of burrow openings and number of side tunnels increases from germination to harvesting seasons irrespectiveof rodent species. Hoarding materials like groundnut pods, ragi grains and some weeds were quiet common in the burrowsof B.bengalensis and T. indica. Litters were also observed in the burrows of all species except in B. indica. Among thetreatments tested for management of rodents in groundnut found the best treatment was 2 per cent Zn3P2 baiting atgermination stage followed by Al2 (PO3)2 application in peg formation stage during Kharif season which give 82% reductionof rodents population and yield 1381kg / ha. Similarly in summer season best treatment was 2 per cent Zn3P2 baiting atgermination stage followed by Al2 (PO3)2 application in peg formation stage which give 76 per cent of reduction in rodentpopulation and highest yield of 1351.33 kg / ha. The C:B ratio was highest with Zn3P2 (2 %) baiting at peg formation stagein both seasons, Kharif (1:38.12) and summer (1:36.56). 2013 V. SHIVAYYADepartment of Agricultural Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

478 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 Studies on Entomogenous Fungi for the Management of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens (Stal.) SANTOSH MALIINVESTIGATIONS on entomogenous fungi were carried out during 2012-13 at ZARS, VC farm, Mandya. Survey on the incidenceof Metarhizium anisopliae on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens ranged between 0.1 to 0.5 % in the diverse rice fieldssurveyed. Pathogenicity of different isolates of fungal pathogens on brown planthopper nymphs and adults in the laboratoryrevealed highest nymphal mortality of 8.89 and 53.33 per cent in M. anisopliae isolate viz., Ma-1, Ma-4 and Ma-1 respectively.The highest per cent mortality of adult was recorded in M. anisopliae (Ma-4) at two (17.78 %) and ten days (88.89 %) afterspraying. In field condition highest BPH mortality was recorded in M. anisopliae (Ma-4) at three(16.67 %) and twenty-one days (86.67 %) after spraying. The local isolate, Ma-4 was significantly superior and more virulentover rest of the isolates under laboratory and field condition. Thirteen insecticides and six fungicides used in the managementof insect pests and diseases of paddy were tested for their compatibility with M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, andnone of them were found to be compatible with entomogenous fungi. 2013 D. K. SIDDE GOWDADepartment of Agricultural Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor Studies on Flower Visitors of Field bean Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet and their Role in Pollination and Pod Set SHAMBHU BADDIYAVARPOLLINATORS play an important role in production of field bean. Flower visitors, foraging behavior of potential pollinators,role of pollinators in pod set was studied in field bean. Thirty five species of insects belonging to Hymenoptera (89 %),Lepidoptera (5 %) and Diptera (6 %) visited field bean flowers. The major flower visitors included three species of Xylocopa,viz., X. latipes, X. amthystina and an unidentified species of Xylocopa, followed by Ceratina binghami, Trigona sp. anda species of Odynerus. Of these, X. latipes was the most frequent visitor, constituting more than 50 per cent of all visits toflowers. The foraging activity was highest between 10.00h and 14.00h. Xylocopa latipes, forager spent 133 ± 11.7 to 205.6± 90.2 secs/trip, visiting 28.6 ± 8.6 to 53.3 ± 31.3 flowers in post monsoon season while, it spent 131± 19.6 to 245 ± 131.5 secs/trip in the summer season, visiting 27.3 ± 12.9 to 61.6 ± 42.5 flowers. A forager spent an average 3.9±0.74 sec per flowerduring post monsoon season and 4.1±.07 in summer season. In pollinator exclusion experiments, plants that were left foropen pollination set significantly higher number of pods (66.06 and 61.02 % in the first and second seasons respectively)compared to caged plants which were prevented flower visitors (34.48 and 31.80 %) (t=22.41 and t= 19.11) indicates theimportance of pollinators for crop and value of pollination service amounts to Rs. 53,700 /- / ha. 2013 V. V. BELAVADIDepartment of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 479Biology and Management of Sitophilour Oryzae on Maize under Storage Condition NARAYANASWAMY, K. C.BIOLOGY of S.oryzae was studied in the laboratory at National Seed Project, UAS, Bangalore. The eggs of S.oryzae wereinitially white, translucent, and oval shaped with one end pointed and other end rounded. After hatching egg looked opaqueand whitish it occupied on incubation period of 5.10 days. The duration of first, second, third and fourth instar larva was4.80, 7.10, 9.00, and 10.00 days, respectively. Adults were elongate, sub-cylindrical, reddish brown with four orange colouredpatches on elytra and head is prolonged into snout and at the tip mouthparts are situated. Antenna are short and geniculatetype. The pre-mating and mating periods recorded 6.50 days and 56.00 minutes, respectively. Pre-oviposition and ovipositionperiods occupied 8.65 and 25.00 days, respectively. The fecundity was 56.50 eggs per female. The total life period was 42.00days. Field screening of eight entries revealed that, Nithyashree entry found more susceptible to rice weevil in the fieldfollowed by Hema. MAI-105 and NAC-6004 shown resistance to rice weevil. Evaluation of insecticide molecules revealed,the insecticide spinosad 45 SC @ 2 ppm was most effective. Among the insecticides and packaging materials, the HDPEbags treated with spinosad 45 SC @ 100 ppm a.i. was found to be most effective. 2013 C. THIPPESWAMYDepartment of Agril. Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major AdvisorStudies on Mass Production of Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch, A Host for the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus Longispinosus (Evans) using Pole Beans D. ANURADHAINVESTIGATIONS were carried out on the biology and life table of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on fivedifferent varieties of pole beans in comparison with French bean in the laboratory and on the assessment of plant biomassand multiplication of T. urticae on pole bean in a polycarbonate house at the Department of Agricultural Entomology,University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore during 2012-13. The developmental time of T. urticae (from egg toadult) was shortest on pole bean variety Classic NZ, on par with that on French bean and thus this variety was found moresuitable for T. urticae in view of higher net reproductive rate (24.79 mites), longer oviposition period (7.64 days) and shorterdevelopmental time (6.60 ± 0.43 days). Maximum biomass of (wet and dry) leaf as well as the plant was recorded when pole bean raised in soil with the plantdensity of 3.7 plants / m2 (409.44g & 50.63g and 737.31 and 109.13 g / plant, respectively). The peak spider mite number(3,37,102 spider mites / plant) was recorded at 58 days after sowing following pole bean infested @ 30 mites/leaflet at 30 daysafter sowing. The number of spider mites recorded from French bean was 48,322 mites / plant at 41 days after sowingfollowing infestation @ 30 mites / leaflet at 20 days after sowing, whereas, on pole bean 79,565 mites / plant could berecorded at 44 DAS following infestation @ 30 mites / leaflet on 30 days old plants. 2013 C. CHINNAMADE GOWDADepartment of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor

480 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Knowledge and adoption of Improved Dairy Management practices by Farm Women of Community Milking Centers YOGAMANI, K. S.THE present study was conducted during 2012-13 in Mandya district of Karnataka state to study the knowledge andadoption of improved dairy management practices by farm women of community milking centers. One hundred and thirtyfive dairy women spread over in nine community milking centers of Mandya, Maddur and Pandavapura taluks (15 each)were personally interviewed to collect relevant information.It was found that 47.41 per cent of dairy farm women belongedto medium knowledge category, whereas 34.81 per cent of respondents belonged to high and 17.78 per cent belonged to lowknowledge category. Further, 42.96 per cent of dairy farm women belonged to medium adoption category, while 34.08 and22.96 per cent of the respondents belonged to high and low adoption category, respectively. Majority of the dairy farmwomen perceived Hygiene milk production (99.26 %), prevents adulteration(98.52%), requires less time for milking (97.03 %),fetches more prices for milk (96.30 %), reduces drudgery (94.81 %), no need to give additional feed while milking (80.00 %),labour saving (74.07 %), non dependency on skilled persons (73.33 %)and accurate feeding of calf is possible (35.56 %) asthe advantages and bringing cows to community milking centre and standing in a queue system is time consuming (75.56 %)as the constraint in using milking machine. Further, they have suggested for increasing the number of machines percommunity milking centre (80.00 %), modification in the milking machine for complete milking (78.52 %) and more price formachine milked milk (74.07 %). 2013 K. SHIVARAMUDepartment of Agricultural Extension, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Major Advisor AGRICULTURAL MARKETING, CO-OPERATION AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT An Analysis Of Fertilizer Brand Preference By Farmers - A Case Study In Hoshangabad District Of Madhya Pradesh PRASOON MISHRACHEMICALS fertilizers place critical role in achieving higher yield. This study was conducted in Hoshangabad district ofMadhya Pradesh to analyze the market share of fertilizer companies, to identify the factors influencing brand preferences,and to study the promotional strategy adopted by fertilizer companies. The data was collected from (10) wholesalers and(10) retailers dealing in chemical fertilizers. Fifty farmers were randomly selected from four villages of Hoshangabad andBabai Tahsils. To analyze the data Gini Coefficient, Herfindahl index, and Chi-square test were used. The major findings arethe competition was more in MOP and less in SSP among fertilizer firms. The trade concentration was less in DAP andComplex fertilizer as compare to urea and SSP fertilizer firms. In Hoshangabad district most companies sell their productsunder the umbrella of one brand name while few companies sell their products with more than one brand name. Theawareness among farmers about the brands was not equal while the availability of fertilizer in the market was equal acrossthe selected brand of fertilizers. For most of the companies amount spent by companies on promotional activity was directlyproportional to the sale of fertilizers. The amount spent on display of products though banners were maximum compare toother farms of advertisements. 2013 P. K. MANDANNADepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management,UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 481A Study on Consumer Preference and Competitiveness for Tiptur Copra in Selected Cities of North India NAGARAJU, M. C.THIS study was conducted in Tiptur taluk of Tumkur district of Karnataka and selected north Indian cities of Delhi, Jaipurand Lucknow. The objectives of the study were to analyse the supply chain, consumer preference and competitiveness forTiptur copra in north India. The primary data was collected from copra producers, traders in APMC Tiptur, wholesalers,retailers and consumers in selected cities of north India. The simple tabular analysis was used in analyzing the data. Themost players in supply chain of copra were Producers, Commission agents, Traders, Wholesalers, Retailers and Consumersin north India. It was observed that grading of the copra is not done at farmers level and cent per cent of the traders will dothe grading. The copra was transported from Tiptur to north India through truck by road. Tiptur copra is mainly transportedto north Indian states and other parts of India. The important destinations are the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Hariyana, Punjab, Jarkand, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The Tiptur coprawas preferred by north Indian consumers over copra from other southern states for its taste, free from chemicals treatment,easy availability, less oil content and suitability in preparation of a sweet called BURFI. The major copra producing statesof Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh can compete with Karnataka for selling in north India, however it was found thatTiptur copra from Karnataka was preferred because of its less oil content. 2013 T. N. VENKARAREDDYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Farmers Preference for Organic Fertilizers in Chikkaballapur District of Karnataka BACHEGOWDA, T. R.THE present study was conducted in Chikkaballapur district to understand the farmers preference and factors influencing inuse of organic fertilizers, identify different types and their brands of organic fertilizers, market share of major companies inorganic fertilizers and the problems in marketing of organic fertilizers. The data was collected from selected villages ofChikkaballapur and Chintamani taluks, from (80) farmers and (10) retailers. Fifty-five per cent of the farmers in Chikkaballapurand Forty per cent in Chintamani taluk prefer organic fertilizers. Majority of the farmers applied compost type of organicfertilizers followed by bio-fertilizers and manure type of organic fertilizers. Farmers have choice of eleven brands of organicfertilizers. The traditional kind of organic fertilizers in rural India the FYM was not available or cost was more as the majorreasons for preferring branded organic fertilizers the other important factors was increased yields. CIL in Chikkaballapur andMCF in Chintamani taluks are market leaders in organic fertilizers. The major problems encountered by farmers in purchasingof organic fertilizers are poor quality of organic fertilizers and non availability of certified branded organic fertilizers and thecompanies encountered problems in marketing of organic fertilizers are lack of awareness of branded organic fertilizers byfarmers and non acceptance by retailers. The awareness among the farmers is very low and the developments departmentcan popularize the advantage of applying organic fertilizers. 2013 NAGARAJA, G. N.Department of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

482 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014Supply Chain Management of Paddy Seed Production by KSSC in Cauvery Command Area SURENDRA KUMAR, RPADDY (Oryza sativa) is the most important and extensively grown food crop in the world. It is the staple food of more than60 per cent of the world population. In this study entitled “Supply Chain Management of Paddy Seed Production by KSSCin Cauvery Command Area” covers Shrirangapattana, Malavalli and Pandavapurataluks of Mandya district. The statisticaltechniques involve tabular analysis and percentages. The main objectives in this study involve about the forward integration,backward integration and constraints in the supply chain. The KSSC has a network of 600 contract farmers in Mandyadistrict. The F1 breeder seeds (BS)/foundation seeds (FS) of paddy were supplied by KSSC to the contract seed growersagainst payments. KSSCA involves in the certification of the paddy seeds. It can be seen that the certification expendituresborne by the farmers only. The forward integration of KSSC’s supply chain is integrated with different intermediaries likeKSDA / RSK, distributors, retailers and co-operative societies and finally reaches the farmer.Study indicates that majority ofthe farmers (46.67 %) are buying the produce from channel 3(through RSK) followed by channel 2(direct buying) (23.33 %),channel 4 through co-operatives (20 %), channel 5 through retailer (6.67 %) and Channel 1 through distributers and retailers(3.33 %).Constraints in forward integration of supply chain by KSSC are isolation distance problem, communication gapbetween the farmers and shortage of labour. 2013 M. S. GANAPATHYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Consumer Preference for Branded Fmcgs in Rural Madhya Pradesh – A Study of Rewa District BARUNENDRA PRATAP SINGHFAST Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) satisfies the elemental and day-to-day household needs. Urban India accounts for66 per cent of total FMCG consumption. Present Study was conducted in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh to analyze andquantify branded FMCG consumed in rural area of Rewa district, to assess the factors influencing buying behaviour ofbranded FMCG and to examine awareness & attitude towards branded FMCG. Data was collected from 20 retailers in FMCGand 80 consumers from two tehsils. The data was analyzed by using tabular analysis, Garret ranking, Herfindahl index andChi-square test. Market share of different brands of biscuits, toothpastes, bathing soaps and shampoos is not concentrated.Rural consumers purchase FMCG in small quantities and preferred micropacks particularly shampoos, detergent powderand fairness cream. Rural consumers are price sensitive. Income, age, occupation, gender caste, village size,education, landholdings,product quality are major factors infuencing buying of branded FMCG. Individual member of the family deciedespurchase of brand of his choice. Advertisment was the most infulencing factor in purchase of FMCG among high incomegroup , higher education level, higher castes, middle age and professionals, whereas retailer recommendation and word ofmouth was common among low income group, lower education level, lower caste and agriculturalists. More than 2/3 ofrespondents are aware of different brands. Young generation below 30 years age has cent percent awarness about brandsof FMCG. 2013 T. N. VENKARAREDDYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 483Business Performance Analysis of Nsl Sugar Factory, Mandya - A Case Study SNEHASHREE, G. S.THE main objective of the study is to analyze the business performance of Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd., sugar factory, Mandya andto analyze the net returns for contract and non-contract sugarcane growers. The data for five year for 2007 to 2012 wereanalyzed using ratio analysis and growth rates. The major findings of the study revealed that Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd., sugarfactory, Mandya has good managerial organization. The compound growth rate of share capital (1.11%), reserve funds(2.22%), total assets (4.39%), total liabilities (6.93%), total expenses (3.87%), total inventory (10.19%) and net profit (3.87%)were significant except fixed assets, total sales and gross profit. The average annual sugar production was 8,57,161 quintal.The position of factory was good to meet the short term obligation and the assets were sufficient to cover all the liabilities.The cost of cultivation per acre of contract growers was Rs. 84,649.24 higher than non-contract growers was Rs. 69,649.24.The profit of contract growers was Rs. 28,342.77 per acre and non-contract growers was Rs. 19,802.77 per acre. Majorconstraints faced by sugarcane growers were high cost and non-availability of required quantity of fertilizers and non-availability of credit facility in time. In light of constraints faced, the major suggestion expressed by sugarcane growers wasproviding credit at lower interest rate at appropriate time. 2013 G. N. NAGARAJADepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Farmers Purchase Preference for Cotton Seeds in Rajasthan- A Case Study of Sri Ganganagar District SUBHASH SARAFSEED industry is the fastest growing Agri-input sector and emergence of cotton seed industry is due to development ofhybrids and GM varieties. Present study was conducted in Sri Ganganagar district to analyze the different Brands of cottonseeds and its market, the farmers buying behavior of cotton seeds and to examine the Brand loyalty and Store loyalty of thefarmers. Data was collected from 30 retailers, 10 companies’ executives and 80 farmers of two tehsils. data was analysed byusing different statistical tools. Thirty-four companies have 58 cotton brands out of that two were MNCs and remainingwere domestic companies. Trade inequality at retailer level was highest for brands of Indian cotton varieties followed by Btbrands and least in brands of American cotton. Half of the Bt cotton market is dominated by the Shree Ram Bioseeds whereas American cotton variety seeds market is in the stage of perfect competition. Brands of Bt cotton were more preferred overnon Bt brands. The major factors influencing brand preference were high yield, peer group influence and disease and pestresistance. The brand loyalty of the farmers was weak because all brands have similar productivity, disease/pest resistanceand retailers influence over preference of brands. Most of the farmers are found to be store loyal because of factors liketimely availability of desired seeds at the store and long term relationship with the retailer. 2013 T. N. VENKARAREDDYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

484 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 Supply Chain Management of Green Peas in Belgaum District VASUDEV SANASATTIGREEN pea is an important vegetable in India. The present study aims at identifying marketing practices, analyzing performanceefficiency of market intermediaries and assessing the consumer preference for fresh and value added green pea products inBelgaum district. The data was collected from various players i.e. farmers 60, commission agents 10, wholesale traders 10,organized retail outlets two, unorganized retailers 10 and consumers 30 in Belgaum district. The study reveals that majormarketing practices involved in green peas were harvesting, bagging, transportation and marketing at producer level. Thetotal cost of cultivation of green peas per hectare per year was Rs. 55421 and gross income was Rs. 142279 per ha per year.The net return was Rs. 86858 per ha. The return per rupee of cost was Rs. 2.56. About 83.33 per cent of green pea growerssold their produce through supply chain–I (producer–commission agent–wholesalers–organized retailers–consumers). Onan average quantity sold through supply chain–I was 70.42 per cent and 16.67 per cent of green peas through supply chain–II (producer–commission agent–wholesalers–organized retailers–consumers). The producer’s share in consumer rupee was50.25 per cent in supply chain-I and 71.17 per cent in supply chain-II). Consumer ranked pod size (32.58%) as the mostimportant pea attribute and freshness had a second rank after pod size (30.29%). Contract farming or other forms of co-operative arrangements for marketing may be encouraged to ensure higher profit pea growers. 2013 B. V. CHINNAPPA REDDYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, BangaloreMarketing of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) in Rural Markets – A Case Study in Mandya District of Karnataka GOVARDHAN, R.THE Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the Indian economy. The Present Study was with specific objectiveto analyze the distribution management of FMCGs, to examine the brand preference for selected products of FMCG and tostudy the promotional strategies employed by FMCG companies in rural areas. Data was collected from 5 distributors, 20retailers in FMCG and 100 consumers from two taluks. The data was analyzed by using measures of central tendency andFriedman’s two way ANOVA test. The major findings of the study are as given below. The advertisement, price and qualityare the factors influencing brand preference. An average 300 customers are visiting the retail outlets per day. Forty per centof retailers purchase the FMCG from Mysore city. Old people above the age groups of 50 years were not influenced byadvertisement for buying the branded products. More than 2/3rds of the agriculturist prefers to purchase branded FMCG forits attractive packages. The consumers with less than one lakh income were influenced by display of products in shop whilepurchasing. The margin extended on FMCG to distributors was maximum 8 per cent and retailers 16 per cent of the MRP. Theadvertisement through TV was the major promotional activity carried out by the companies. 2013 T. N. VENKARAREDDYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014 ABSTRACT 485 A Study on Economics of Production and Marketing of Banana in Chikkaballapur District NAVEEN, B.THE study was conducted to assess the production and marketing of banana in Chikkaballapur district. The primary datawere obtained from 60 farmers and 30 market intermediaries (village level traders, wholesalers, retailers & vendors). Thesecondary data were collected from the Directorate of Horticulture and concerned officers of the respective district. Theprofitability of banana in Chikkaballapur district was computed through financial analysis. The study revealed that theprofitability index was 3.02 for crop-I and 4.51 for crop-II reflecting the profitability of the venture in the region. Threeimportant marketing channels were identified in the study area. The main players in Channel-I were Producer, Village leveltrader, Wholesaler, Retailer and Consumer. Channel-II: Producer, Wholesaler, Retailer, Consumer. Channel-III: Producer,Wholesaler, Vendor, Consumer. The share of producer in the consumer rupee was higher (50.90%) in Channel-III comparedto Channel-II (46.80%) and Channel-I (41.59%). Farmers preferred Channel-I, because they received cash immediately afterthe sale of the produce to village level trader at the farm level itself and to avoid the risk of violent price fluctuation in openmarket. The major constraints in production of banana were: inadequate irrigation water during summer season, incidenceof viral diseases, destruction of crop due to high wind velocity and erratic monsoon during the rainy season. In themarketing of banana, farmers were facing the problems such as markets being far away from farm, price fluctuation, lack ofmarket information, high cost of transportation, too many market intermediaries and delays in payment after sale. 2013 M. S. JAYARAMDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Value Chain Analysis of Black Pepper in Karnataka NAVEEN KUMAR, H. S.BLACK pepper (Piper nigrum), known as the “King of Spices” is one of the oldest agricultural commodities ofcommerce. India is the second largest producer of pepper in the world after Vietnam. The study ‘‘Value Chain Analysis ofBlack Pepper in Karnataka’’ covers (Kodagu, Hassan and Chikmagalur districts of Karnataka). The statistical techniquesinvolve value chain analysis, Garrett’s ranking and percentages. The major varieties grown are Paniyur series (61.66 %),Karimunda (20 %) and Panchami (18.34 %). No grading, value addition and certification is done by the sample farmers atthe farm gate. Most of the traders (86.66 %) sell their produce to the wholesalers. Major quantity of the black pepper (60 %)the wholesalers purchase is from village level traders. Majority of black pepper (46.66 %) the retailers purchase is from theprocessors. Major constraints faced by the farmers are poor availability of labour and fluctuation of prices by the marketintermediaries. Price fluctuation and less availability of buyers and sellers are the major constraints faced by the traders.Major constraints faced by the wholesalers are price condition in the market for procurement and poor availability of pepper.Poor availability of pepper and the customers were the main constraints faced by the retailers. There are potential opportunitiesfor strengthening the black pepper value chain. 2013 M. S. GANAPATHYDepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore

486 ABSTRACT Mysore J. Agric.Sci., 48 (3) : 2014Studies on Effect of Graded Levels of Potassium under Irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.) in Southern Dry Zone of Karnataka MANJU, A. C.TURMERIC (Curcuma longa) is an important commercial spice crop grown in India and it is considered as best in the worlddue to presence of high Curcumin content. The present study “Value Chain Analysis of Turmeric in Chamarajanagar Districtof Karnataka” was conducted in Kollegal and Chamarajanagar taluks of Chamarajanagar district. The statistical techniquesused were Descriptive statistics, Compound growth rate analysis and Garrets ranking. The objectives of the study are toestimate area, production and productivity, analyse stakeholders in value chain, opportunities and document constraints inthe value chain. The area and production showed positive growth in last decade, whereas productivity has recordedmarginal increase. The study indicated the involvement of many intermediaries in value chain of turmeric in Chamarajanagardistrict. Majority of farmers selling their produce in Erode market rather than in Chamarajanagar market, mainly due toconcentration of processing units are in Erode. The highest degree of value was found to have added by the producers andprocessors. Instability in the price is the major constraint faced by the farmers. The retailers of turmeric are facing stiffcompetition in the market. The value chain is not integrated and dominated by small scale players so there is huge scope forcorporate companies to enter value chain with integrated approach. 2013 P. K. MANDANNADepartment of Agricultural Marketing,, Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore Value Chain Analysis of Groundnut in Gadag District, Karnataka SHRINIVAS RATHODTHE present study was conducted with the objective of mapping the value chain analysis of groundnut in Gadag District ofKarnataka. The Analytical tools employed include compound growth rate analysis, Garret ranking test and descriptivestatistics. Area and production of groundnut in Gadag district was decreased by 0.082 and 0.094 per cent during 1985-2012periods. In groundnut value chain, the major players involved include input suppliers, farmers, traders, wholesalers, retailers,processors and consumers. The study revealed that there was no efficient value chain for groundnut in the study area dueto the missing linkages between the players within the value chain of groundnut. With respect to degree of value additionfor pod groundnut, the extent of value addition was more (14.25 %) at retailer stage and for processed product of groundnut(groundnut oil), the degree of value addition was more (43.95 %) at processing stage. Results also revealed that there wasan increasing demand for processed groundnut products, especially groundnut oil. The most important attribute consideredby the consumers while purchasing processed groundnut product (groundnut oil) was colour followed by price, purity andtaste. It was found that low rainfall was the major constraint at producer stage. Price fluctuation and lack of storage facilitywere the major problems at wholesalers’ level and non- availability of adequate quality raw material for processing were themajor constraints at processors level. It was concluded that there are potential opportunities for strengthening the valuechain of groundnut in the study area. 2013 M. S. JAYARAMDepartment of Agricultural Marketing Co-operation Major Advisorand Business Management, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore