ဗိုလ်မှုးချုပ်ဟောင်းကျော်ဇော အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ -၅

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Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 - qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf? xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf? xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonf jyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzG@Jtpnf;toD;oD;u TuhJodk@ cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf; ,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@ yg&Sdygonf? xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf? “wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ rmS e,cf s@Jpepaf tmurf mS vjl zpvf m&ojzihf rvoJ$ mI T&eof ul dk touaf y;wudk cf udk &f ygon?f u|eaf wmwf @dk b;dk ab;rsm;vn;f o@lacwef @Jol wudk cf &hJ ygon?f x@dka=umihf &aJ bmtf aygi;f rmS tcutf crJ sm;EiS hf &iqf idk &f rnjf zpaf omvf n;f xuof eaf om rsKd ;csppf wd jf zihf aemuqf ;kH Te,cf s@J &efolukd }udK;pm;+yD; wm0efausyGefpGm wkduf ckduf=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfonf?” “Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk; enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?” “ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd 1955 cEk pS uf yif ava=umi;f ui;f axmurf j_ zihf apph ypf mG =un±hf a_ vvh m+y;D jzpIf vn;f aumi;f / w±wk jf zLw@dk. vyk &f nuf idk &f nf tusi\"hf avrh sm; ukdvnf; ,cifwkdufyGJrsm;. tawG@t}uHKt& od+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdar;jref;vkdaomf tcsdefra&G;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdygonf?” “EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf; &Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf? Eidk if aH wm0f e}f u;D csKyEf iS hf umu,G af &;0e}f u;D jzpaf om O;D Exk oH @dkvn;f aumi;f / ppOf ;D p;D csKyAf vdk cf sKyaf e0i;f xoH @dkvn;f aumi;f o;D oe@fpm rsm;vnf; a&;om;ay;ykd@cJhygonf? twGif;oabmuawmh txufygyef=um;v$mESifhtwlwlyif jzpfygonf? xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf? xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rS vnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm; qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf? xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om; aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf? 6

xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm- - w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ wkdufckduf=u/ wkdufckduf=u - tar&duefe,fcsJ@pGufzufr_ qef@usif=u/ qef@usif=u - trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf? Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk; a[majymae&ygon?f Tonrf mS e,cf s@Jqe@fusiaf &;tajccjH zp+f y;D jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;vy_ &f mS ;rt_ wuG vf n;f taxmutf ul jzpaf eygon?f xkd@aemuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 9 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;r_dif;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 5 csrf;omvrf;wGif zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm 1? O;D baomf (,cif &pS Of ;D aumrf w0D i)f 2? O;D xeG ;f wif (vw$ af wmaf &@Sae}u;D / tz@JG. taxaG xG twiG ;f a&;rLS ;) 3? O;D ausmf (E;_d aqmaf &;tz@JG0i)f 4? 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TtzGJ@ukd yxrqHk;pwif+yD; zdwfac:aom e,fc±kdifrSm ykodrf+rdK@ jzpfygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ arvukefykdif;wGif pwif oGm;a&muf=uonf? ykodrfc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJ@Gukd pwifzGJ@pnf;+yD; zdwfac:olrSm OD;atmifrkd; jzpfygonf? yrnw rS acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfygonf? *syef BDA acwfu u|efawmfhwyfrS ppfAkdvfa[mif;wOD; (emrnfarhae) uvnf; wufºupGm OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemuf ykodrfc±kdif/ omaygif;+rdK@e,fu zdwfvmI wqufwnf;oGm;&ygao;onf? u|efawmfESifhtwl OD;baomf/ OD;oef@Zifwkd@yg0ifygonf? xkd@aemufwGifawmh atmufArmjynf/ txufArmjynf wcGifwjyif tESH@/ e,ftoD;oD;u zdwfac:vmojzifh u|efawmfESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm; oGm;a&mufa[majym pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDukdvnf; OD;aqmifae&ojzifh wcgw&H xkdESpfzGJ@ (trsdK;om;aumfrwDESif@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;) ukdaygif;I zdwf=um;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? tajccHvkyfief;csif;uvnf; ruGJjym;vSyg? &efukefc±kdiftwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdrSmvnf; a[majympnf;±Hk;vm&m 1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefc±kdif/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ wkdufe,fau'gaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD; vkyfEkdifcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@ =unfhjrifwkdif&Sd pvif;ausmif;wkduftwGif; jyKvkyfcJh+yD; wdyfacGESifhoGif;xm;aom q&m}uD;. rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; zGifhjy=uygonf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rS twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifESifh &efukef c±kdifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;[email protected];a&;rSL; OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ay:ayguf&yHkta=umif;ESifh &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJpnf;vm&yHkta=umif;rsm;ukd wifjyygonf? xtdk pn;f ta0;}u;D wiG f u|eaf wmof nf jynwf iG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tz@JG. oabmxm;rsm;tay:tajccIH ta=umi;f t&m tawmpf vkH if onfh rdef@cGef;w&yfukd ajym=um;cJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;wGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;ta=umif;rsm; txl;ojzifh e,fcsJ@pepf. aoG;cGJa&;ESifh wkdufckdufzdESdyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ukd Arm EkdifiHwGifomru wjcm;ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhyg wifjyajymqkdcJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;twGif;rS wcsdK@tcsufrsm;ukd xkwfEkwfwifjy&aomf - “Armjynwf iG f Avdk cf sKyuf sq;kH omG ;&jci;f rmS e,cf s@Jorm;EiS hf widk ;f &i;f om;opmP azmurf sm; y;l aygi;f vyk }f urH j_ zpaf =umi;f tm;v;kH o&d +dS y;D 7

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Tokd@jzifh ukdwifa&$onf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ r=umc% 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mrS u|efawmfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhyg odu|rf;cif rif&if;ESD;vm ygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;u wcgw&H aemufajymif+yD; ol@ukd ‘vlysdK}uD;’[k ac:vmygonf? OD;xGef;wifuvnf; wcgw&H ac:a0:aemufajymif wwfygonf? Tvkd aemufzefrsm;vmawmh olu u|efawmfhrSm vufxyfr,fh ZeD;avmif; &Sdygw,f? u|efawmfwk@d +idrf;csrf;a&;&+yD;rS vufxyfr,fvkd@ pDpOfxm;ygw,f’ vkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ukd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymjyygonf? xkdpOfu ukdwifa&$onf &efukef&Sd qkdAD,ufoH±Hk;wGif bmomjyefwOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifaeygonf? okd@&mwGif xkdtcsdefu qkdAD,uf±k&Sm;rSm jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;[k emrnfqkd;ESifh ausmf=um;aeojzifh urBmhvuf0Javmu. a0zef±_wfcsjcif;udk cHae&&m uwdk iaf &r$ mS jyevf njf yiqf iaf &;orm;rsm; vuaf tmuwf iG f raev/dk tvyk rf vyk vf odk jzihf &awmi&hf cJ xtdk vyk rf S Ewk xf uG vf udk yf gawmoh n?f xkdqkdAD,ufoH±Hk;tvkyfrS EkwfxGuf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ a&mufvmum tvkyfxGufvm+yDjzpfa=umif; tm;&yg;& ajymjyygonf? u|efawmfvnf; Tvkyf&yfrSm csD;usL;zG,fjzpfaomfvnf; ol@pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ylyefrd&m cifAsm;bmvkyfpm;rvJ[k ar;rd&m olu a&S@aevkdufrnf[k qkdygonf? ola&S@aevkduf&mwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm; tr_onfrsm;/ aiGa=u;rwwfEkdifolrsm;xHrS tca=u;aiGr,l±Hkru xkdolrsm; twGuf pm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;yif 0,fjcrf;ay;wwfao;onf[k =um;od&ygonf? olu wzufu a&S@aevkduf&if;/ wzufu pmaypmwrf;/ bmom jyefrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0&m tawmfatmifjrifwmukd awG@&ygonf? 15

olESifhu|efawmf &efukefc±kdiftwGif;a&m e,f+rdK@rsm;okd@yg twlwl c&D;xGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&zl;ojzifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;vmygonf? olESifh ol.ZeD;avmif; rjrolwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&rS vufxyf=urnf[k pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; 1963 ckESpf/ Akdvfae0if;. +idrf;csrf;a&; aq;G aE;G yJG ysuof mG ;aomtcgwiG rf l vuxf yvf udk =f u&ygawmoh n?f owl @dk vuxf y+f y;D aemuf owl @dkZe;D armiEf HS u|eaf wmwf @dktrd of @dk vma&muf vnfywf=uygonf? u|efawmfhorD;rsm;u ukdwifa&$.ZeD;ukd ‘rr-rr’ [k ac:a0: E_wfquf&m ukdwifa&$u u|efawmfhorD;rsm;ukd rif;wkd@u ighukdawmh OD;av;ac:+yD; ol@ukdawmh ‘rr-rr’eJ@ac:aewm rw&m;bl;[kajym&m u|efawmhforD;rsm;u 'guawmh rru vSwmukd; æ vkd@ jyefajymygonf? 'gukdawmh olu oabmusyHk &ygonf? w[J[J &,faewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmf awmckdvm+yD;aemuf olESifha0;uGmoGm;&m 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ukdwifa&$ tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf axmifxJrSmyif uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? jynfol@bufu xm0pOf&yfwnfcJh+yD; pum;ajymqkd&mwGif +yHK;+yHK;+yHK;+yHK;ESifh tvGefoabmoum, aumif;vSonfh ol@ukd u|efawmft+rJtrSwf&aerdygonf? u|efawmf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf?? xkdtawmtwGif;u u|efawmfESifh e,fc&D;vkdufolrsm;vnf; rsm;ygonf? usKHrai; ocifwifarmif/ a';'&JrS OD;cifarmifjrifh/ jynfol@ &aJ bmaf cgi;f aqmiaf [mi;f rsm; pojzihf tawmrf sm;rsm; yg0i&f m/ u|eaf wmvf n;f xvdk y_ &f mS ;ru_ dk tawmf yif tm;&auseycf yhJ gon?f e,rf sm;u w&m;yGJrsm;omru &efukef+rdK@wGif; w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; =umav t&Sdefaumif;av jzpfvmygonf? 'D=um;xJwGif wuUodkvfwGif wuo rS }uD;rSL;Iusif;yonfh a[majymyGJrsm;wGifvnf; u|efawmfhukd zdwf=um;wwfojzifh r=umc%oGm;a&muf a[majymcJh&ygonf? Tokd@ pn;f ±;kH vy_ &f mS ;vmc&hJ m yxrt}urd f +ird ;f csr;f a&;tz@JG (q&m}u;D rid_ ;f O;D p;D cahJ om 1954 cEk pS f tapmyidk ;f rsm;umv vy_ &f mS ;rr_ sm;) . t&edS tf 0grsKd ; v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD;/ &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; vkyf&efwmplaepOf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Akdvfae0if;. 'kwd, t}udrfppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 1 &ufae@nu u|efawmfwkd@wawG urm&Gwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; a[majymyGJvkyfaewJh ae&mukd urm&Gwf&Jpcef;u &JtzGJ@0if tcsdK@a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ a[majymyGJukd apmapmodrf;&ef ajymcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; a[majymyGJ+yD;v#if vkyfaeus aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgif qDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf? 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$J ay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf &Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_ rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifom tm±pkH udk vf yk af qmirf a_ =umihf owl @dktcsi;f csi;f t=um; tutJG +yrJ sm;uvn;f rxed ;f Eidk rf ord ;f Eidk jf zpuf m tjyetf veS f tyyk cf srr_ sm;a=umivhf n;f xkdacwf zqyv/ yxp EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; *k%foduQm t}uD;tus,f usqif;chJ&ygonf? uG&J +y&J onfh tajccHrsm;rSmvnf; pm;cGufvkr_rsm;u pygonf? ppfwyftaeESifhuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfr_a=umifha&m/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufay;ae&r_a=umifhyg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm; ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf? ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepf tpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd +rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf? zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD; pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&; vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyJG +cdrfh+cdrfhooJ J jzpfaeonfhumv) ukd wm;qD;Ekdifonfh/ uGefjrLepfukd tjywftowfrkef;+yD; wkdufaeonfh jynfwGif;u azmufjyefa&;tif tm;pkrsm; tm%m&r_ukd azmufjyefonfh tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifae ygonf? Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm; vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcs@Jtvkdus vuf,morm;}uD; wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,f rxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg? TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfol vlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onf ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm; 16

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tpfr}uD;tdrfwGif EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;rsm;/ oHwrefa[mif;rsm;/ wyfrawmfrS yifpif,loGm;olrsm;/ awmjyefrsm;/ vlpHk0ifxGuf oGm;vm&m/ owif;pHk &wwfygonf? txl;ojzifh rqv acwf tpkd;&. rawmfrwnfh jyKrlcsufrsm;tm;vHk;ukd ol@a&S@wGif vlrsm;uvmI &ifzGifhajymqkdwwf&m u|efawmfwkd@ ol@tdrfoGm;vnfv#if owif;pHk=um;&wwfygonf? ol@tdrfonfab;rJhawmuJhokd@ jzpfae+yD; tpkd;& qef@usifonfhavoHrsm;/ ajymqkdr_rsm;/ ol@tdrfwGif vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqkdEkdifouJhokd@ jzpfaeygonf? rqv tp;dk &uvn;f 'gudk oyd &kH ygon?f wcgawmh a':ci=f untf rd f ocl ;dk c;dk c&H on[f k owi;f xuG vf m&m/ u|eaf wmEf iS uhf |eaf wmhf Ze;D w@dk ure;f uwe;f omG ;a&muof wi;f ar;&ygon?f o@ltrd wf iG f tjyivf ql Idk O,smOaf pmihf (rmv)D wO;Dd om &odS n?f ocl ;dk u trd tf ay:xyf ukd 0&efwmrS ckdIwuf+yD; tdyfcef;bD±kdav;xJwGif xnfhxm;onfh trSwfw&ypPnf;av;rsm;ukdom ,loGm;ygonf? xkdypPnf;av;rsm;rSm tpfr}uD;oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfua&m/ aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGifa&m/ EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;u trSwfw&ay;onfh vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;om jzpfygonf? tzdk;wefypPnf; rygyg? u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh TudpPukd ppfwyfaxmufvSrf;a&;uyJ vkyf[ef&Sdonf? a':cif=unftm; tpkd;&qef@usifa&;rsm; rjyKvkyf&ef/ rajymqkd&ef/ [ef@wm;jcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? 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Tenf;jzifh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tdrfwvHk;uae ESpfvHk;/ oHk;vHk; aqmufEkdif=uonf? wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;tm; Akdvfae0if;u jynfol@b¾maiGoHk;+yD; 0,f,lonfhenf;rsm; jzpfygonf? xkd enf;jzifh ppfwyfrS xGuf&onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd +idrfatmif olvkyfxm;EkdifcJhygonf? u|eaf wmf bmwcrk S vucf jH ci;f r&bdS J &onyhf ipf iaf v;EiS yhf if avmuif atmif aeygon?f &&xdS m;onhf ajruuG uf dk awmh u|eaf wmf wyfxJrSm aepOfuwnf;uyif u|efawmfhaiGay;+yD; *&efxGufatmif vkyfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xkdajruGufrsm;ukd zJhzJha&mif;+yD; tdrfpm;&dwf jznfh&ygonf? 27

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; ysufoGm;pOfuvnf; zrf;qD;rnfh vlpm&if;ukd Akdvfae0if;qDwif&mwGif pm&if;xdyfwGifyg0ifonfh u|efawmfh emrnfukd Akdvfae0if;uyJ zsufypfay;vkdufonf[k =um;&ygonf? 1973-74 ckESpf/ rqv zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk a&;qGJ+yD; jynfol@qENcH,lyGJ usif;yzkd@ pkdif;jyif;aepOf u|efawmfhtdrfokd@ prf;acsmif; vtu OuUÏ AkdvfausmfaqGqkdol a&mufvm+yD; xkdqENcH,lyGJtwGuf }uD;=uyfonfhaumfr&SifwGif OuUÏvkyf&ef vmzdwfygonf? u|efawmfvnf; pdwfwkdwkdESifhyif “a[h-rif;wkd@vufxufrSm vlawG'Davmuf 'kuQa&mufaewm 'Dvkdtpkd;&rsdK;ukd igu yckH;eJ@xrf;wifay;&OD;rSmvm;? ightaeeJ@ bmrrS wwEf idk vf @dk xidk =f unahf ewm? wwEf idk &f if ri;f w@dktp;dk & jzKwcf sz@dkawmif igrh mS 0w&W m;&wdS ,”f [k ajymcsvudk yf gon?f ovl n;f jyeof mG ;+y;D txutf qiqhf iuhf dk widk =f um;ygawmoh n?f vtl awmrf sm;rsm;vn;f 'wD csaD wmh u|eaf wmf tzr;f c&H awmrh n[f k xiaf e=uygon?f u|eaf wmf vnf; tawmfowdxm; aexkdif+yD; tajymtqkdvnf; qifjcifygonf? xkdae@uawmh pdwfaygufvm+yD; ajymcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? xkdowif; Akdvfae0if;qD a&mufoGm;aomtcg Akdvfae0if;u “[kwfom;yJuG/ rif;wkd@u oGm;pwmukd;? 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awmfvSefa&;rSvGJI bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdqkdwm u|efawmfod+yD; jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfygwDESifh tquf&atmif }udK;pm;aomfvnf; tqurf &yg? u|eaf wmthf aeEiS hf ygwED iS hf tqu&f z@dkupd rP mS tveG vf #Kd @0uS If vyk uf ikd &f ojzihf rv,G uf vl yS g? t}urd tf csKd @ }uKd ;pm;cahJ omvf n;f ratmifjrifcJhyg? u|efawmfhyHk owif;pmxJ rygatmifvnf; tawmf}udK;pm;aeygonf? tdrfrSmvnf; r=umc% tjyifxGufxGuf=unfh+yD;/ w&uEf pS &f uaf ysmu+f y;D rS jyevf mwmrsKd ;vn;f vyk yf gon?f xpdk Ouf u|eaf wmohf r;D t}u;D vvS rS mS &euf ek tf a&@Syidk ;f aq;±}kHu;D wiG f vuaf xmuf q&m0ef vkyfae&m/ ol@twGuf aq;±Hku ay;xm;aom tdrfcef;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ZeD;armifESH vkdufaewwfygonf? u|efawmf tdrfrSm r&Sdwm yHkrSefjzpfaeatmif vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfhtdrfu zkef;ukdvnf; apmifhem;axmifrSef;odojzifh bmudpPrS zkef;ESifhrajymrdzkd@ owdxm;&ygonf? u|efawmf u b,fvkdyif EkdifiHa&;ESifh a0;atmifaeaomfvnf; xkdumvEkdifiHa&; rkefwkdif;jyif;xefvmaomtcg u|efawmftaeESifh wa=umif;r[kwfwa=umif; ywfouf vm&ygawmhonf? 1974 ESpfukefykdif; OD;oef@ta&;tcif; ay:vmawmh 'Dta&;tcif;ukd OD;aqmifaeonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u b@JGESif;obif cef;rrSaeI u|efawmfhqD zkef;quf+yD; t}uH^m%frsm; awmif;ygonf? 1976 ckESpf/ r_dif;&mjynfhta&;tcif; t+yD;rSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efcH (rsufrSef) AkdvfwifOD;u tac:ckdif;Iygqkd+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;u AkdvfrlS;&Jaq$ESifh txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme n¸ef=um;a&;rSL;OD;oef;wifwkd@ u|efawmfhukd vmac:ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh u|efawmf tquftoG,f &Sdonf[k owif;&ojzifh ar;jref;vkdaoma=umifh[k qkdygonf? u|efawmf xkdae@u AkdvfwifOD;ESifh awG@&ygonf? rif;wkd@ ig w,fvDzkef; ajymor#awGukd wdwfeJ@zrf;xm;w,fvkd@ =um;w,f? tJ'DrSm tukef&SdwmyJ[k u|efawmfuajymawmh AkdvfwifOD;u [m - u|efawmfwkd@ twwfynmu ajymoavmuf r[kwfygbl;vkd@ ajymygonf? olwkd@ xkdae@ ae@vnfavmufwGif u|efawmfhukd tdrfjyefykd@ ygonf? xdkuJhokd@ EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;rsm; jyif;xefaepOfumvrSmyif 1976 ckESpfZGefvqef;/ we*FaEGae@ wnaewGif u|efawmfh om;ti,f ausmfaZmOD;u “azaz u|efawmhfukd ygwDA[kdu qkwfckdif;vkd@ u|efawmf oGm;awmhr,f”[k E_wfqufvmygonf? xkdpOfu ausmfaZmOD;rSm vufxyf+yD; om;OD;ol&defausmfaZm (,ck vef'ef bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfae) ukd arG;+yD; wESpfrjynfhwjynfh tcsdef jzpfonf? olonf vufxyf+yD;aemuf pDpDwkd@tdrfwGif vkdufaeaomfvnf; aoma=umae@nae ±Hk;qif;wmESifh ol@ZeD;ESifhtwl u|efawmfwkdf@tdrf jyefa&mufvm+yD; wevFmae@reufrS ±Hk;wuf&if; tdrfjyefoGm;wwf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ ajrmif;jrvrf;tdrfwGif olwkd@ twuG f tce;f wce;f xm;ay;ygon?f oEl iS ohf @ltpuf dk atmiaf usmaf Zmw@dk EpS af ,muf }uwd }f uwd }f uwd }f uwd Ef iS hf Eidk if aH &;vyk af ereS ;f u|eaf wmf &dyfrdaomfvnf; u|efawmfwcgr# ar;r=unfhyg? u|efawmfhorD;}uD; vSvSukdvnf; olwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;pum;rajym&ef u|efawmfESifhyJ ajymp&m&Sd ajym&ef rSm=um;xm;ygonf? olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;vkyfief;awG vkyfaea=umif; owif;awGxGufaewm tawmf=um+yD jzpfonf? OD;oef@ta&;tcif; +yD;uwnf;u ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd vuf0Jvuf,m ESpfbufpvHk;u v_H@aqmfaea=umif; rqv ygwD0ifrsm; t=um; cscsaqG;aEG;ae=u+yD; vuf,mbufuawmh OD;ausmf+idrf;om;rsm;u OD;aqmif+yD;/ vuf0Jbufuawmh AkdvfausmfaZmom;rsm;u OD;pD;a=umif; ajymqkdae=uoH u|efawmfwkd@ jyef=um;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf? r_dif;&mjynfhyGJwGifvnf; olwkd@ESpfa,muf ygyHk&onf? olwkd@ukd,fwkdif yg±Hkru u|efawmfhtdrfwGif vmausmif;wufaeonfh u|efawmfh wlav; (u|efawmfhnDti,fqHk; ukdodef;a&$-om;) armifjrwfausmfukdvnf; [kdckdif;'Dckdif; ckdif;wwf&m/ u|efawmfhZeD;u wqlqlwylyleJ@ wm;qD; uef@uGufwwfygonf? (u|efawmfhwl armifjrwfausmfrSm EkdifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;yHk &onf? yxrykdif; ol@tpfukdrsm; ckdif;or#ukd vkyfukdif+yD;/ aemufykdif;olukd,fwkdif wufwufºuºu yg0ifvkyfaqmifvm&mrS r_dif;&mjynfh ta&;tcif;t+yD; ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufvHzrf;qD;&mwGif tzrf;tqD;cHoGm;&ygonf?) xkdtxJwGif vuf0Jpma&;q&m}uD; ocifjroef; uG,fvGef&mwGif olwkd@nDtpfukdESpfa,muf psmyeaumfrwDxJyg+yD; 0ifa&muf v_yf&Sm;=u&mu psmyeudpPrsm;+yD;aomtcg xkdpsmyeaumfrwD0ifrsm;tm; zrf;r,fqD;r,f jzpfvmojzifh olwkd@ESpfa,muf ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD ajratmufuvmyfpnf;u awmckdckdif;jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? u|efawmfonf ausmfaZmOD;. E_wfqufpum;ukd =um;wme@J &ifxwJ Gif 'dwfcejJ zpfoGm;um ol@vufukdvnf; zrf;qxJG m;+yD; “rif;ukd ygwDA[kdu b,folrSef; taotcsm odovm;” [k u|efawmfuar;&m olu “odygw,fazaz? u|efawmfhukd azazhom;rSef; od=uygw,f”[k jyefajzygonf? xkdtcg u|efawmfu “'gqkdæighac:wm jzpfrSm? igqufaewm =um+yD? igvnf; vkdufr,f”[k qkdvkdufygonf? ausmfaZmOD;u ol@qDvmwJh ta=umif;=um;pmrSm azazta=umif;rygyg? 'ga=umifh u|efawmft&ifoGm;+yD; ygwDA[kdukd azaz vmcsifa=umif; tpD&ifcHr,f? +yD;rS vlv$wf+yD; azazhvmac:r,f[kqkdum u|efawmfwkd@om;tz tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfa&;qGJ=uygonf? yxr olwkd@tpDtpOfrSm nDtpfukdESpfa,mufvHk; twlxGuf=u&ef jzpfaomfvnf; tckESpfa,mufpvHk; aysmufoGm;v#if axmuf vSrf;a&;u tdrfukd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifh=unhfrSmjzpfojzifh aemif u|efawmfxGuf&ef vG,fawmhrnf r[kwfyg? xkd@a=umifh zrf;umrS zrf;qkd+yD; atmifausmfaZmukd yHkrysufxm;ch+J yD; ausmfaZmOD;wa,mufwnf; xGufoGm;ygawmhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uvnf; awmckdv#if nDtpfukd ESpfa,mufpvHk; oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufxm;ojzifh wa,mufu v_yf&Sm;aewmukd apmifh=unfhaeygonf? 'D=um;xJ ol&def@ wESpfjynfh arG;ae@ukd usif;y&ef u|efawmfhZeD;ESifh pDpDtdrfom;rsm; wv_dif;v_dif; jyifae=uygawmhonf? u|eaf wmf ausmaf ZmO;D EiS hf aq;G aE;G onahf e@rmS yif u|eaf wmohf r;D }u;D vvS tS m; ajymjy&m or;D u azazomG ;&if ovl n;f vudk rf n[f k qkdvmygonf? xkdpOfu vSvSrSm &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;Y bGJ@vGefoifwef;wufaeygonf? u|efawmfu azazu tpuwnf;u azazoGm;&if orD;ukdyg ac:oGm;zkd@ pOf;pm;+yD;om;ygvkd@ajym+yD; vSvSaq;±HkrS cGifh&&Sda&;/ rSwfyHkwiftwkrsm; jyKvkyfa&;udpPrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;=uygonf? 29

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ao;wJh jynfolwpdwfwykdif;ukd vdrfnmzkd@eJ@/ Ekd;=um;wJh jynfoltrsm;pkukd *wfpwmykdpHkaxmufwyfvkd jynfol@zdESdyfa&; wyfzGJ@}uD;wwyftjzpf zdESdyfzkd@ ppfwyfygwD zGJ@cJhw,f? 'DvkdygwDxJ r0ifvkdwJholawGukdvnf; r0ifbJrae&Jatmif tusyfukdifcJhw,f? aemuf ae0i;f [m q&dk ,S vf ptf wuk dk uidk ,f r;f +y;D jynof yl idk vf yk wf ,af [qh +dk y;D y*k v~ ud yidk f vyk if e;f uikd if e;f tm;v;kH udk urG ;f ,mqidk f omomavmufup+yD; vufawG@avsmfa=u;ray;/ odrf;usHK;vk,uf,l=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; emvefrxlEkdifatmif usqif;apcJhw,f? e,fcsJ@aygif;pHkukd ykdrSDckd&+yD; ukefaps; E_ef;awG w[kefxkd;wufcJhw,f? jynfolawG ykdusyfwnf;vmcJhw,f? olwkd@rSmawmh um;awGwkdufawG wkd;wufvmw,f? qkd&S,fvpftwkjzpfa=umif;/ e,fcsJ@vufyg;apjzpfa=umif; xyfzGifhjywmu e,fcsJ@ykdif bDtkdpDa&eHukr`%Dukdodrf;awmh r&Sufra=umuf e,fcsJ@auseyfavmufatmif aphpyf+yD;avsmfa=u;ay;cJhw,f? emrnfqkd;vSwJh ‘Ek-tufwvD’pmcsKyfukd ,cktxd rzsuf0Hhao;bl;? ae0if;wkd@[m wjznf;jznf;us,fjyef@vmwhJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDe@J vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;u ol@tkyfpkd;r_ukd vufeufpGuJ kdif awmfvSefae =uwJh vufeufawGukd jzKwfypfzkd@eJ@ jynfolw&yfvHk;ukd vSnfhpm;zkd@ 1963 ckESpfrSm [efjy+idrf;csrf;a&;twkukd vkyfcJhw,f? aemufqHk; olomv#if +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd zsufqD;wJh w&m;cHtjzpf ay:cJhw,f? aemufae0if;wkd@[m olwkd@jrwfpGef;r,f/ tusdK;&Sdr,fxifwJh xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;ukdifief; tao;t}uD; wck+yD;wck xyfodrf;=u/ vk,uf=uvkd@ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&; ykdIykdIysufpD;vm/ aps;E_ef;awGykd}uD;vm/ xkwfvkyfr_awGusqif;vm/ wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;z±kdz&J jzpfvm&w,f? aemufqHk; 1967 rSm Armjynforkdif;rSm wcgrS r}uHKzl;wJh qefravmuf xrif;iwf&r,fhudef; qkdufvmw,f? qefjy\\em jzpfvmawmh ,cife,fcsJ@rsm;vkd vrf;v$Jzkd@ w±kwfArmta&;tcif; ae0if;wkd@zefwD;+yD;/ w±kwftrsdK;orD; - trsdK;om; rsm;pGmukd owfjzwfcJhw,f? aemuftiwfrcHEkdifwJh jynfolawG[m qefjy\\emwkdufyGJ quf0ifvmwJhtcg &ckdifrSm &ufpufpGm ypfowf+yD; ESdyfuGyfjyvkdufw,f? tawmfrsm;rsm; jynfolawG usqHk;&jyefw,f? 'Denf;ESifh ae0if;wkd@[m bmyJyg;pyfuajymaeae olwkd@vlwef;pm;tusdK;ukd xdckdufr,fqkd&if zufqpfbDvl;jzpfa=umif; zGifhjyzkd@ 0efrav;=ubl;? 'DvkdESifh aoewfw,rf;,rf;ESifh owfjzwf+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; wav#mufvHk; tkyfpkd;vmcJhw,f? 'DtxJu yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ ae0if;tkyfpkd;r_ukd awmfvSeftmcHwJhol jynfol@om;orD;aumif;rsm;[m tusOf;axmifxJrSm tcsdK@towfcH&/ tcsdK@vlpOfrrDatmif n‡Of;yef;cH&/ tcsdK@ ukdukd;u|ef;ykd@cH&w,f? 'Dn‡Of;yef;r_[m *syefzufqpfawGvkdyJ tvGef&ufpufw,f? ae0if;tusOf;pcef;awGrSm tmZmenftawmfrsm;rsm; usqHk;cJh&w,f? 'tD xrJ mS *syeaf wmvf eS af &;acgi;f aqmi}f u;D wO;D jzpwf hJ Avdk rf LS ;}u;D Ax;l &@Jom;wa,mu[f mvn;f rsuvf ;kH ue;f atmif EydS pf ucf &H +y;D aemuf taoowfypfjcif;cH&w,f? ae0if;zdESdyfr_/ aoG;pkyfr_[m ykdvkd@jyif;xefvmw,f? jynfolwkd@ usyfwnf;r_[mvnf; ykdjyif;xefvmw,f? qefravmufwJh tiwfjy\\em[mvnf; ykd}uD;xGm;vmw,f? 1974 arvrSm acsmufa&eHajr tvkyform;rsm;u qefjy\\em ajz&Sif;ay;zkd@ pwifaygufuGJvmw,f? aemuf &efukef+rdK@awmftygt0if txufatmuf Armjynfpuf±Hktvkyf±HkawG qefvHkavmufatmifay;a&;eJ@ olwkd@ukd zdESdyfxm;wJh vkyfom;aumifpDawGzsufodrf;a&;oydwfrsm;[m ae0if;aoewfawG vSHpGyfawGa&S@rSm ra=umufr&GH@ wck+yD;wck aygufuGJay:xGufvmw,f? tvkyform;awG[m iwf+yD;awmhtaorcHbl;/ wkdufyGJESifh&ifqkdifr,fvkd@ oEdMÏmefcs+yD; &J&J}uD;wkdufyGJ0ifvm=uw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m tr_xrf; t&mxrf;awGtxd ul;puf+yD; jynfvHk;u|wfoydwf}uD; aygufuGJawmhrwwf jzpfvmw,f? ae0if; ppftkyfpk[m uref;uwef; olwkd@enf;a[mif;twkdif; 'Dta&;+idrf;oGm;atmif tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh &efukef tvkyf orm;awGukd ypfowfjyvkdufw,f? tvkyform;ESifhjynfol 100 avmuf aoausysufpD;&jyefw,f? ae0if;wkd@&J@ vufawG[m txyfxyfaoG;pGef;cJh=u+yD? aemuf 1974 'DZifbm ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;rSm ae0if;tkyfpkd;r_ukd &efukefwuUokdvfrsm;ESifh ausmif;aygif;pHk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmrsm; yl;aygif;+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhw,f? rE Wav;u tvm;wlausmif;om;rsm;ESifh oHCmrsm;yg0ifvmw,f? 6 &ufvHk;vHk;tefwk+yD; oydwfarSmufqENjycJh=uw,f? 'Dausmif;om;ta&;ukd ae0if;wkd@u t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJvkdufvkd@ &efukef+rdK@vlxktcsdK@[m a'goxGuf+yD; qef@usif qENjyw,f? wcsdK@u 0ef}uD;rsm;±Hk;ESifh *gwfwJtcsdK@ukd 0kdif;0ef;qENjyzkd@ }udK;pm;w,f? tcsdK@u vrf;pOfygwDESifh aumifpD±Hk;rsm;ukd rD;±_d@ zsufqD;ypf=uw,f? owWd&SdpGmESifh vSHpGyfawGukd tefwkvkdufw,f? tJ'DjynfolawGukd aoG;at;at;ESifh vlowftzGJ@u vkdufvHypfowf+yD; ESdyfuGyfvkdufw,f? tenf;qHk; 'Dta&;tcif;rSm jynfolESifh ausmif;om; 150 ausmf aoaus'%f&m&ch=J uw,f? txufyg 1974 ckESpf tvkyform;ta&;tcif;ESifh 'DZifbmausmif;om;ta&;tcif;[m ae0if;wkd@=oZmESifh oduQmukd xyfrH+yD; t}uD;tus,f usqif;apcJhjyefw,f? aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;[m tcGifhtcg&wkdif; ae0if;zdESdyfr_ukd awmfvSefwkdufckdufcJh=uw,f? 1975 ck ZGefvrSm rEpS uf ao;G acsmi;f p;D cwhJ hJ tvyk of rm;ta&;tci;f EpS yf wvf nqf EjN yy}JGu;D udk ausmi;f om;awuG usi;f y+y;D / ae0i;f w@dkudk tewf vk udk jf yewf ,?f ,ckaemufqHk; 1976 ck rwfv q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; &mjynfhrSm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;awG ae0if;ukd 36

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aemufqufwGJ (2) xeG ;f awmuqf J ju,ef oD hdk ywhdk hJ uAsmo0%f &Spfq,f æ æ wJh wdkufyGJ0iftefwk&if; tESpfºu,fºu,f vl@b0rSm 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; [kdifeefa&muf vSywJh orkdif;a=umif;eJ@ trdEkdifiH vGwfajrmufzkd@ ppfynmoif EkdifiHom;aumif; yDopGm orkdif;0if &JabmfoHk;usdyf pm&if;rSm vlxkacgif;aqmif yDopGm ‘ukda&$’[m *k%fajymifpGm jzwfoef; AkdvfausmfaZm jzpfvmw,fæ rkefwkdif;vrf;ay:u =u,feD trdjynftwGuf *k%f,lp&m 0ifvmwJh*syef[m u|efawmfwkd@twGuf *k%f,lp&m EkdifiHtay:quf u|efjyK =unfndKpGm OD;ckduf vlxktay: &ufpuf E_wfcGef;qufovkdufygw,f OD;av;a& zufqpfyDyD &rf;um;awmh zufqpfrsm;ukd armif;xkwfa&; OD;av;&J@ zufqpfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; zGJ@Ekdifzkd@ jzwfoef;cJh+yD;ESpf&Spfq,f AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocifpkd;wkd@ v#dK@0SufawG@ ESpf ESpfq,fpDpdwfykdif; yxrqHk;awG@ aqG;aEG;wJhae&mtrSef[m orkdif;aemufcHum;awGeJ@ ,SOfpyf yJcl;pHjywyf&if;u av;av;jrwfjrwf =unfhrdwJhtcg AkdvfausmfaZm&J@ckwifay:rSmæ zufqpfawmfvSefa&; (1) [pfaºu;+yD; azmf=uawmh AkdvfausmfaZm[m wkdif; (4) &J@ 1919 rS 1939 ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfcJhw,f zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm ygcJhw,f e,fcsJ@qkd; vufatmuf zGm;ajrmuf+yD;arG;vm bkd;ab;awG[m a&$bkdEG,f om,m0wDoHk;q,f[m arG;Zmwd *VKef\"dywd q&mpH&J@ awmfvSefoH \"m;a&mif=um;rSm }uD;jyif;um vlvm;ajrmuf 'l;raxmufwwfolawG&J@ yJhwifoH ESvHk;om;tcHay: yl;uyf awmfvSefpdwf\"mwfeJ@ rsdK;cspf0dnmOf pdrfh0if+yD; tarG&cJhava&mhovm; e,fcsJ@orm;ukd qef@usif u|efjyKolawGukd qef@usifzkd@ &ifukdaumh+yD; vuf±Hk;ajrmuf ra=umufw&m;pkdufxlum axmifhoHk;&mjynfhrSm ygcJhw,f e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;orm;aumif; jzpfcJhw,f (2) 1939 rS 1959 e,fcsJ@qdk;ukd qef@usif 42

zufqpfqef@usifa&; wm0efauscJhw,fæ awmfvSefa&;orm; yDcJhw,fæ t*Fvdyfjyeft0if toifhjyifvmwJh puULjzLpmwrf; (4) EkdifiHeJ@t0Sef;qef@usif=u orkdif;0ifaeol&deftpnf;ta0;yGJ 1979 rS 1999 &J&J&ifh&ifhqifE$J=u ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toifhjyif ukd,fusdK;rSefor# pGef@v$wf&if; tqdkjyKcsufawGwif=uwJhtcg tvif;opfqD ar#mf&nf AkdvfausmfaZm&J@tqkd[m =u,feDa&mifwvufvuf trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;tqkdyg tcef;quforkdif;pOf vGwfvyfa&;a=unmt+yD; wlwHpOfukd qufo,faqmif ta&;}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif *k%fa&mifajymifajymif aecJhw,fæ orkdif;wGifatmif todtrSwfjyK=u& ppfaoe*FAsL[mrSm wacwfxl 'kuQawGukd xDrxif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;ukdarmif;xkwfa&; xm0pOf &J&ifhr_eJ@ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;&J@ Adokum vlxktusdK;qufvHk;yef; &ef}uD;atmif ppfqifa&;&J@ Adokum EkdifiHw0Sef;&J@ ta&;awmf wdkif;jcm;&efukdumuG,f&mrSm trdEkdifiHawmf&J@ tem*wfta&; tc&mtcef;uygcJhw,f bHkta&;rSefor# yg0ifum EkdifiHom;aumif; yDcJhw,fæ &moufyefawmfvSefa&;orm;qkdwm - 'Dvkdyg (3) &moufyefEkdifiHa&;orm;qkdwm - 'Dvkdyg EkdifiHukdcspf jynfolcspfwJh 1959 rS 1979 rsdK;cspftppfqkdwm - 'Dvkdyg æ æ vkd@ pHerlemaumif; rsm;pGmjycJhw,f jynfwGif;ppfrD;ckd;awGonf;xef qufvuf+yD;vnf; jyaew,fæ EkdifiHeJ@t0Sef; &[ef;&Sifvlwkd@&J@qEN tck q&m}uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;u OD;aqmif+yD; pdef&wkawG vGefajrmufvkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&ap&m &apa=umif; tESpf (80) ajrmufawmif wkdifcJh+yD oGef;avmif;+yD; }udK;ukwf &mjynfhqD csDwuf&if; tm;xkwf+yD; aqmif&Guf=uwJhtcg tvif;opfawG qufjzef@a0 trdArmjynf}uD; omapa&; trdajrtwGuf quf*k%faqmif jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; *k%fa&mifajymifajymif qufjzwfoef; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; orkdif;tcef;cef;&J@ pmrsufESmawGay:rSm raES;rzifh wufºu AkdvfausmfaZmqkdwm orkdif;0if 'kwd, OuUÏtjzpfygcJhw,f xm0pOf pHerlemjyK ta&;}uD;wJhtcef;u ygcJhw,fæ av;pm;r_eJ@ OD;ckdufum E_wfcGef;qufovkdufygw,f æ OD;av;a& æ ppftm%m&Sifwkd@ wufvm Armjynf}uD; wkd;+yD;arSmif AkdvfausmfaZm&J@ tESpf (80) jynfharG;ae@okd@ æ +idrf;csrf;a&;t&dyfta&miftm;vHk; uG,faysmuf wkdufyGJ0ifae=uqJ wkdufyGJ0ifae=uaom ppfzdeyfatmufu jynfolawG &Jabmf&Jbuf jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;. ukd,fpm; 'kuQawGyifv,fa0=uawmh trdajrukd vGwfajrmufcsif 0if;wifhxGef; jynfolukd u,fwifcsifvGef;vkd@ wlwHpOfukd qkyfukdif 1999 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (3) &ufae@rSm usa&mufr,fh azmufjyefolawGukd &ifqkdifzkd@ AkdvfausmfaZm&J@ tESpf (80) jynfh arG;ae@okd@æ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;qD a&mufvmw,f =u,feDwvufvuf vif;cJhw,f 43

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