၂၀ ရာစု၏ နာမည်ကျော်ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ကြီးများ

["20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; \u00b1wdS uf armpf wD ;kH EiS ohf .l ueG jfrLepwf yrf awmEf iS vhf uwf &JG ef q;kH jzwvf ukd f onf? 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f armpf wD ;kH .pepwf us\u00b1adS om ajymuuf sm;wyrf awmf rsm;ukd Z'l ;D (Zhu De) EiS vhf ibf ikd af tmif ( Lin Biao) w@kdrOS ;D aqmicf ohJ n?f *syewf @kdrS vuef ucf svukd of nEf iS whf p+fyKdief uf ueG jfrLepwf yrf sm;u cseaf u \u00b1wdS Of ;D aqmiaf om trsKd;om;a&;0g'wD yrf sm;ujkdyeIf wukd cf ukd cf ohJ n?f ueG f jrLeprf sm;jzpaf omw\u00b1wk ef wD yrf sm;wiG f pn;f ur;f y\u00b1kd jdSci;f \/ c,H cl suof abmw &m;jrijhfrwjfci;f \/ ae&mtE@HStjym;\u00b1dS awmiof vl ,of rm;.axmucf rH r_ sm; a=umihf cseaf u\u00b1wdS wf yrf rsm;ukd av;EpS tf wiG ;f tEikd wf ukd Ef ikd cf ohJ n?f 1949 cEk pS af tmuwf bkd mvwiG f CCP .OuXU tjzpaf rmpf wD ;kH u w\u00b1wk Ef ikd if uH wkd \u00b1wk jfynof @lorwR Eikd if [H ak c:qckd ohJ n?f cseaf u\u00b1wdS .f wyrf sm;onf xikd 0f rf u|e;f o@kdxuG af jy;vw$ af jrmucf ohJ n?f ueG jfrLepwf @kdonf wjzn;f jzn;f wikd ;f jynuf xkd ed ;f csKyvf mEikd +fy;D 1949 cEk pS f atmuwf bkd mv 1 &uaf e@wiG f armuf w\u00b1wk jf ynof @lorwR Eikd if uH xkd l axmivf ukd +f y;D jzpaf =umi;f a=ujimcohJ n?f 1958 cEk pS wf iG af rmuf \u201ca\u00b1@So@kdt[ek jfyi;f pmG cek yf saH usmvf m$ ;jci;f (Great Leap Forward)\u201d uakd =ujimc+hJy;D pukd yf sKd ;a&;EiS phf urf y_ pnP ;f xwk vf yk af &;rsm;w;kd wurf sm;jym;vmap&eaf =umjfimcohJ n?f Tjyevf nf xal xmiaf &;vyk if e;f wiG f pukd yf sKd;a&;vyk if e;f }u;D rsm;ukd btkH z@JGpeptf jzpxf al xmi+fy;D vl 75\u02dc000 ausmyf g0icf ohJ n?f btkH z@JGpepwf pcf pk wD iG f ,i;f w@kd. u,kd yf ikd +fcaH jrEiS 0hf u\u00b1f kH rsm;\u00b1=dSuon?f rod m;pwk pcf pk wD iG f tw;kd rsm;uckd aJG 0&,+ly;D owl @kd.u,kd yf ikd f v,f,majrrsm;udk,fpD\u00b1Sd=uonf? odk@aomf oHk;ESpfqufwdkufa& }u;D jci;f EiS ahf umuyf oJ ;D ErHS aumi;f jci;f a=umihf ,i;f [email protected] uf ek uf xkd cd ukd f ysupf ;D apcohJ n?f x@kdtwl qAkd ,D u,f el ,D rH S ,i;f .u|r;f usiof rl sm;ujkdyef -97-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; vnaf c:,jlci;f a=umihf xvdk yk if e;f w@kduxkd cd ukd yf supf ;D apcohJ n?f ,i;f w@kd&\u00b1dS on&hf v'rf mS vn;f raumi;f yJ ce@freS ;f ajct& Great Leap Forward umv twiG ;f vl 31 rS 33 oe;f ausmtf ouqf ;kH \u00b1;_H c&hJ on?f Great Leap Forward .ratmijf rirf a_ =umihf armuf w\u00b1wk jf ynof @lorwR Eikd if .H OuXU &mx;l rES w_ xf uG vf ukd of n?f o.l ae&mukd vsLa\u00b1mS i\u00b1f DS (Lui Shaoqi) uqucf &H \u00b1odS n?f o@kdaomf armtf aeEiS hf ay:vprD sm;q;kH jzw&f etf wuG tf a&;}u;D aomy*k Kd~ vtf jzpuf se\u00b1f adS eao;on?f armof nf 1966 cEk pS Yf Eikd if aH &;avmuwiG f wpzf ejfye0f iaf &muvf m+y;D vif bikd af ,mif (Lin Biao) EiS thf wvl uwf IJG ,Oaf us;ra_ wmvf eS af &;ukd pwicf hJ on?f 1966 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mv 3 &uaf e@wiG f vibf ikd af ,miuf red @fceG ;f ajym=um;&mwiG f ausmi;f om;rsm;EiS whf uoU vkd af usmi;f om;rsm;tm; (Nik- -ita Khrushchev) .t,tl qvr$ ;f r;kd rc_ &H aom ygwtD m%myikd rf sm;uakd 0 zerf j_yK&ewf ukd wf eG ;f cohJ n?f armf.a[majymr_rsm;txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u wHk@jyefr_ay;aom tm;jzihf yuD i;f \u00b1adS usmi;f om;rsm;u teaD &mitf apmiwfh yof m; (Red Gua- -rds) rsm;uzkd @JGpn;f cohJ n?f armuf Tvy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;ukd axmucf aH =umi;f t rwS tf om;jyKvukd of nEf iS whf +yKdief uf widk ;f jynwf 0rS ;f v;kH \u00b1dS ausmi;f om;rsm; u teaD &mitf apmiwhf yrf sm;ukd wikd ;f jynwf pjfynvf ;kH wiG f pIxal xmicf hJ on?f Tausmi;f om;rsm;u ,i;f [email protected]&m\/ q&mrrsm;\/ ausmi;f tyk cf sKyf a&;rsm;EiS thf p;kd &t&m\u00b1wdS @kdukd pwiaf 0zeaf jymq=kduon?f armuf ,kd wf ikd uf 1966 cEk pS =fo*wk vf 18 &uaf e@w,D eef ripf uwJG iG wf &m;a[maepOf teD a&mitf apmiwhf yof m;rsm; aomi;f aygi;f rsm;pmG wuaf &muvf m=uon?f ausmi;f rsm;ywd +fy;D aemuf wEikd if H v;kH \u00b1adS usmi;f om;rsm;u armuf bkd &k m;w qtl jzpf =unnf Kd av;pm;=uon?f ausmi;f EiS whf uoU vkd af usmi;f rsm; -98-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; 1966 cEk pS rf pS ywd If 1969 cEk pS tf xyd wd cf ohJ n?f armuf ausmi;f om;rsm;ukd \u201cSmash the four olds\u201d [ak c:qokd n?f \u201cta[mi;f av;cuk ykd ,zf sujf ci;f \u201d qokd nthf ,tl qa[mi;f \/ ,Oaf us;ra_ [mi;f \/ \\\"avxh ;kH wr;f a[mi;f EiS thf avth usiahf [mi;f \u201d w@kduzkd suqf ;D yp&f ejfzpof n?f teaD &mitf apmiwhf yf om;rsm;apwyD xk ;kd rsm;\/ tEyk nmtvyk rf sm;\/ pmayrsm;EiS Ehf ikd if jHcm;\u00b1;kd &mEiS \\\"fh avxh ;kH wr;f rsm;ukd zsuqf ;D ypof n?f x@kdtwl tEyk nm\u00b1iS rf sm;\/ pma&;q&m rsm;EiS Ehf ikd if jHcm;EiS thf qutf o,G \u00b1f odS rl sm;uvkd n;f jii;f ye;f EydS pf ucf ohJ n?f w&m;crH sm;ukd jynof rl sm;u 0idk ;f Ia0zejfci;f \/ t\u00b1uS cf jJGci;f EiS rhf awmrf w&m; EydS pf ujfci;f rsm;ujkdyKvyk of n?f ynmwwrf sm;jzpaf om pma&;q&mavmi\u00b1f DS (Lao She) EiS ohf rikd ;f ynm\u00b1iS 0f [l e(f Wu Han) w@dkonf towcf &H jci;f o@kdr [wk wf \u00b1wk ef wD ywf @kd.vucf sujfziahf oa=uq;kH \u00b1;_H c&hJ on?f trsm;uaxmif xtJ usO;f csc&H jci;f o@kdr[wk f tvyk jfyi;f xepf mG vyk &f jci;f rsm;yg0iof n?f omreftpdk;&t&m\u00b1Sdwdk@udk tajccHusaomtzGJ@wdk@. wdkufcdkufr_udkcHcJh& on?f armpf wD ;kH u,kd wf ikd af \u00b1;G cs,af om vsLa\u00b1mS i\u00b1f uDS ,kd wf ikd f omreaf cgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzp+fy;D t&m&muvkd uaf w@Gen;f tm;jzihf uikd wf ,G af jz\u00b1iS ;f aom ojlzpaf oma=umihf o@luvkd rl sm;u \u201cw\u00b1wk Ef ikd if &H ehJ yH gwwf ptf &i;f \u00b1iS pf epuf kd vr;f ci;f ay;cwhJ vhJ jlzp+fy;D armpf wD ;kH ukd azmujfyewf vhJ vl @kd pyG pf jJGci;f c&H w,?f \u201d oul 1969 cEk pS wf iG f axmixf wJ iG af oq;kH omG ;cohJ n?f vsLEiS Ehf ikd if tH quf to,G \u00b1f adS om wed @fa\u00b1mS izf ed f (Deng Xiaoping) w@kdukd tp;kd &&mx;l rS jzKwcf s vukd +fy;D axmixf tJ usO;f csIjzpaf p\/ jynEf iS 'f g%af y;Ijzpaf p jyKvyk cf ohJ nhf ppaf &;acgi;f aqmif vibf ikd af ,miof nf armvf rl a_ &;awmvf eS af &;ay:vpD ukd axmucf +Hy;D aemuf 1969 cEk pS wf iG f arm.f &mx;l uqkd ucf &H \u00b1odS n?f 1967 cEk pS wf iG f trsdK;om;vwG af jrmuaf &;wyrf awmuf kd jyevf naf c:,cl hJ on?f xtkd csed wf iG f w\u00b1wk ef vD y_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;EiS hf r=umc%wukd yf rJG sm;quEf JG -99-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; c&hJ on?f 1967 cEk pS rf S 1969 cEk pS tf wiG ;f val xmiaf ygi;f rsm;pmG aoc&hJ on?f jzpaf y:aeaom qyl al omi;f use;f rw_ @kdukd &ypf &J etf wuG f tp;kd &tz@JGtpn;f rsm;ukd PLA .vuaf tmuwf iG xf m;+y;D ,Oaf us;ra_ wmvf eS af &;upkd wicf hJ on?f 1969 cEk pS rf pS I +rKd@aetp;kd &t&m\u00b1rdS sm;eiS yhf nmwwrf sm;ukd awm\u00b1mG rsm;o@kdapvw$ If arm.f vyk if e;f rsm;ukd avvh mapcohJ n?f +rKd@ay:\u00b1tdS ouf 16\u201319 t\u00b1,G \u00b1f vdS il ,uf av;rsm;uvkd n;f rod m;pEk iS chf xJG wk If awm\u00b1mG rsm;odk@apv$wfum qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;xHwGif A[kokw\u00b1SmrSD;ap on?f rod m;prk sm;uckd xJG wk +fy;D wpaf ,muEf iS whf paf ,muf rikd af xmiaf ygi;f rsm;pGmaomae&mwGifxm;+yD; cufcJqif;&J=uyfwnf;pGmaexdkifaponf? trd of @kdjyevf mciG rhf &onthf wuG f wcsKd@vil ,vf \u00b1l ,G rf sm;rmS aus;vuaf ' orsm;wiG Ef pS af ygi;f rsm;pmG aexikd cf &hJ \u00b1mS on?f 1970 cEk pS rf sm;twiG ;f armuf o.l &n\u00b1f ,G cf sujfzpaf om +rKd@EiS ahf us;vuf awm\u00b1mG rsm;t=um; p;D ygG;a&;vp[f mrw_ @kdukd av#mch s&e}fuKd;pm;cohJ n?f +rKd@ aevul xkH wH @kd.om;or;D rsm;rmS a'owiG ;f \u00b1qdS i;f &oJ m;v,of rm;rsm;t aumiftxnfaz:+yD;aom vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;om oif=um;&onf? ausmi;f om;rsm;onf tajccaH q;ynmrsm;oi=fum;ciG &fh \u00b1+dSy;D awm\u00b1mG rsm; o@kd aus;vuqf &m0erf sm;taeEiS ohf mG ;a&mu+f y;D qi;f &oJ m;v,of rm; rsm;twuG f tajccuH se;f rma&;apmiahf \u00b1mS urf w_ @kduakd y;&on?f +rKd@aeval er_ tqithf we;f rsm;ukd awmvf eS af &;baJ v;jyZmwrf sm;\/ atmyf &mEiS thf jcm; aompmayrsm;ukd xwk vf yk cf +hJy;D rsm;aomtm;jziuhf s,D e\u00b1f iS f (Jiang Qing) (armfpDwHk;.ZeD;av;a,mufwpfa,muf) vufatmufwGifxkwfa0cJh on?f xtkd Eyk nmrsm;rmS qi;f &oJ m;v,of rm;rsm;. vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ sm;EiS hf armpf wD ;kH .ta=umi;f *%k jf yKa&;om;xm;jci;f jzpof n?f 1970 cEk pS f EpS vf ,yf ikd ;f twiG ;f tpeG ;f a&mu,f Oaf us;ra_ wmvf eS af &;rsm; aysmuuf ,G of mG ;aomvf n;f wpcf sKd@wpaf vu use\u00b1f adS eao;on?f armtf -100-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; aeEiS hf val v;a,mutf z@JGukd axmucf tH m;ay;cohJ n?f xakd v;a,murf mS us,D e\u00b1f iS f (arm.f Ze;D )\/ 0r[f ek 0f if (Wang Hongwen)\/ a,mi0f i,f eG f (Vao Wenyuan) EiS Zhf ecf |e\u00b1f aDS ,mi(f Zhane Chungqiao) w@kdjzpof n?f Tval v; a,mutf z@JGrmS tm%m}u;D rm;vmcohJ n?f armpf wD ;kH aoq;kH +y;D 1976 cEk pS f wiG f us,D e\u00b1f iS Ef iS thf jcm;*%kd ;f orm;av;a,muuf kd jyprf r_ sm;pmG jzihf w&m;pJG qdkcJhonf? usD,ef\u00b1Sifudk,fwdkifaordef@cscHcJh&+yD;aemuf woufwu|ef; axmicf sc&H on?f ,i;f val v;a,mu*f %kd ;f ukd zr;f q;D +y;D aemuf ,Oaf us;r_ awmvf eS af &;+y;D q;kH omG ;ov\u00b1kd cdS ohJ n?f wed @fa\u00b1mS izf ed @fvuxf uwf iG rf l x,kd Of aus;ra_ wmvf eS af &;ukd jypwf i\u00b1f @H_cscohJ n?f armpf wD ;kH onf yuD i;f Y 1976 cEk pS pf uwf ibf mv 9 &uaf e@wiG f aoq;kH omG ; coJh nf? armpf wD ;kH vuxf uf 1949 rS 1975 txcd e@freS ;f ajct& ,i;f .Eikd if aH &;vy_ f \u00b1mS ;ra_ =umihf v@ltouaf ygi;f 54\u02dc750\u02dc000 rS 56\u02dc900\u02dc000 txd q;kH \u00b1;_H c&hJ onf[kqdk.? -101-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]vlom;tusdK;aqmif&Gufa&;t,l0g'[m ow\u00c5dr&SdaMumif;ESifh iwHk;jzpfaMumif;udkazmfjyw,f\/}} \\\"Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice.\\\" ]]vdrfvnfrIudkBuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfyg\/ &dk;&dk;av;eJUbJvdrfvnfajymqdkyg? tjrJajymaeyg\/ tvdkvdkeJU olwdkU,HkMunfMuygvdrfhr,f\/}} \\\"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it.\\\" ]]atmifjrifjcif;twGufyxrqHk;vdktyfcsuf[m tMurf;zufrIudk yHkrSefeJUtqufrjywf toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfw,f\/}} \\\"The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and regular employment of violence.\\\" t'dk;zf[pfwvm (1889\u20131945) 1930 cEk pS yf ikd ;f wiG f p;D ymG ;a&;\/ Eikd if aH &;EiS vhf rl a_ &; tajctaersm; \u00b6wk wf &uaf jymi;f voJ nthf csed f wiG f =oZmvr$ ;f r;kd +y;D red \u2039fceG ;f tajymaumi;f aom=o p}w;D ,m;Eikd if zH mG ; t';kd z[f pwf vm(Adolf Hitler) rS 1920 cEk pS tf wiG ;f *smreYD tm%m&\u00b6vdS mon?f 1923 cEk pS wf iG f tm%mrord ;f ,El ikd cf ahJ omvf n;f wjzn;f jzn;f aemuqf ;kH Y'D rukd a&ptD yk cf sKyaf &;ypkH jH zihf tm%m&\u00b6cdS ohJ n?f tm%m&onEf iS rhf rd td m; wukd cf jHyKorl sm;EiS hf *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;tm; owk of i&f iS ;f vi;f ypjfci;f jzihf urmB w 0rS ;f v;kH upkd wivf r$ ;f r;kd csKyuf ikd vf mon?f t';kd z[f pwf vmonf *smreef ,pf yEf iS ehf ;D aom =op}w;D ,m; Eikd if &H dS +rKd@av; wp+frKd@Y 1889 cEk pS {f +yvD 20 &uaf e@wiG af r;G zmG ;cyhJ gon?f [pwf vm.rbd EpS yf g;rmS qi;f &aJ omuek of npf ;D ymG ;a&;orm; rod m;prk sm;rS qi;f ouvf m -102-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; on?f o.l zcitf mv;DG Z[f pwf vm (Alois Hitler)onf tartrd af zmrf EiS hf w&m;0izf cirf \u00b1adS om om;jzpcf ahJ omvf n;f ool ntf veG af wmIf ar#mvf ihf csu}fu;D rm;owl paf ,mujfzpaf oma=umihf aemuyf ikd ;f wiG f taumucf eG Xf m erS t&m&}dSu;D wpOf ;D jzpvf mon?f [pwf vmonf tajccrH vl we;f ausmi;f wiG f ynmx;l c|e+fy;D tem*wwf iG f ynma&;zuwf iG f xeG ;f aygurf nohf wl pOf ;D jzprf nthf vm;tvm\u00b1odS n?f t we;f xwJ iG f tjcm;ausmi;f om;rsm;uohJ @kdyif ausm=fum;owl pOf ;D jzp+fy;D o.l acgi;f aqmirf t_ &ntf csi;f rsm;onf tveG cf s;D usL;z,G af umi;f ygon?f ol onf bmoma&;qeof wl pOf ;D vn;f jzpyf gon?f [pwf vmonf bmem wdwif; (Beneditine) bkef;}uD;ausmif;ESifhrsufESm csif;qdkifwGif 6 vr# aexdkifcJhygonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;.xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom yHko\u00bemefrSm emZDp=um wHqdyf jzpfygonf? i,f&G,folwpfOD;taejzifh t'dk;zfonf bek ;f awm}f u;D wpaf ,mujf zp&f epf wd uf ;l cyhJ gon?f txuwf e;f ausmi;f }u;D wiG f +yKdiqf ikd rf r_ sm;yrkd sm;vmonthf wuG f xyd wf e;f tqiwhf iG rf &&odS nthf cg o.l a&@Squ}fuKd;pm;aponhf pwd ef n;f yg;omG ;ap on?f [email protected] mS o@ltm;ausmi;f +y;D onthf cg =op}w;D ,m;tp;kd &XgewiG f yg0itf rx_ r;f rnjfzpjfy;D zciaf jc.&mei;f rnohf jlzpvf rd rhf n[f k ar#mvf ichf suf rsm;xm;&cdS yhJ gon?f o@kdaomf [pwf vmonf acgi;f rmcohJ jlzp+fy;D pm}uKd;pm; &evf \u2039H_aqmcf ahJ om o.l rbd rsm;\/ ausmi;f q&mrsm;. oeG of iqf ;kH rrr_ sm;rmS ratmijf ricf ahJ y? wquwf n;f wiG vf n;f [pwf vmonf o.l tazmf ausmif;om;rsm;=um;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;r_rsm;rSmvnf;enf;ygvmcJh on?f x@kda=umiohf @ltaz:rsm;uo\u2039lukd ,i;f w\u2039kd. acgi;f aqmiwf pOf ;D jzp&f ef -103-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; vvkd m;rr_ \u00b6adS wmah y? [pwf vmonf o\u2039lxutf ouif ,af omausmi;f om;rsm;tm; tred @fay;&onuf kd tveG Ef pS of ucf yhJ gon?f x@kda=umiyhf if o@ltred \u2039ftm;rveG qf eEf ikd of nhf o@lxutf ouif ,&f ,G of nuhf av;rsm; jzihf tcsed rf sm;pmG uukd ek vf eG af p cyhJ gon?f 1900 cEk pS wf iG f [pwf vmutEk ynmonwf pOf ;D jzp&f ef pwd 0f ipf m;vmcohJ n?f [pwf vmonf [email protected] ,G vf eG of mG ;onthf csed wf iG tf ouf 13 EpS of m &adS o;on?f zciuf ,G vf eG of mG ;cahJ omvf n;f owl @kdrod m;ptk wuG f aiaG &; a=u;a&;jy\\\\emr&cdS ahJ y? tb,af =umiqhf akd omf owl @kdyikd qf ikd of nuhf ,kd yf ikd f trd &f +dSy;D \/ aitG v;kH t&i;f tcsKd@EiS thf p;kd &0exf r;f r&S &odS nhf t+ird ;f pm;vpmaiG rsm; vucf &H &adS oma=umijhfzpyf gon?f twe;f xJ wiG pf mnohH nthf a=umi;f a=umiEhf iS hf use;f rma&;raumi;f onthf a=umi;f w@kda=umihf [pwf vmonf touf 16 EpS tf &,G wf iG f ausmi;f rES w_ xf uG cf yhJ gon?f [pwf vmtouf 18 EpS tf &,G wf iG f zcirf xS m;cahJ y;aomtaruG kd vucf H &&ydS gon?f &\u00b1adS omtarjGzihf tEyk nmonwf pOf ;D jzpvf m&ef rrd &d nrf eS ;f xm;ouohJ @kd A,D m;emo@kdajymi;f a&@$omG ;on?f rrd .d tEyk nmvu,f mprG ;f &nrf mS vakH vmuaf ejyD [al omtaw;G tjri&f cdS ahJ omvf n;f A,D m;emtEyk nmoiaf usmi;f rS o.l 0icf iG ahf v#muxf m;pmuvkd urf coH nthf [email protected]#mf reS ;f csurf sm; tpwd pf wd tf rm$ rm$ ysupf ;D c&hJ ygon?f wquwf n;f wiG f A,D m; em;Aod uk mynmoiaf usmi;f wiG f ynmqn;f y;l &exf yrf aH v#muxf m;aomf vn;f o@lxwH iG af usmi;f xuG vf urf wS rf \u00b6adS oma=umihf xakd usmi;f uo@lukd vurf ccH ahJ y? Tausmi;f EpS af usmi;f rS rrd .d av#muxf m;pmuykd ,cf sra_ =umifh [pwf vm -104-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; utkd &uS wf ujJGzpaf pcyhJ gon?f wquwf n;f wiG vf n;f rrd .d rcd itf m; T tjzpfrsm;udk rnfodk@r#jyefrajymjy&ufay? Todk@jzifholonftEkynm ausmi;f wuaf &muyf nmoi,f al eonhf ypkH aH ,miaf qmi+fy;D A,D m;emwiG f qufvufaexdkifcJhonf? 1909 cEk pS wf iG f [pwf vmpprf x_ r;f &ef tcsed af &mu&f vdS mon?f o@kdaom=fo p}w;D ,m;ukd txitf jriaf o;ojzihf pprf r_ xr;f vakd oma=umihf ta=umi;f =um;pmrsm;uOkd ayumQ jyKcohJ n?f wm0e&f odS rl sm;rS oEl iS thf qutf o,G &f &etf csed f 4 EpS rf #=umjriphf mG }uKd;pm;cyhJ gon?f 1914 cEk pS =fopx\u00b6[kd eaf *&D ,mppwf ywf iG f aq;ppaf q;rc_ ,H &l m ratmijfricf ahJ y? tb,af =umiqhf kd aomf use;f rma&;raumi;f I ool nf vuef urf sm;tm;uikd wf ,G Ef ikd rf nrf [wk af =umi;f \/ wukd cf ukd rf \/_ ppwf m0exf r;f aqmirf w_ iG f prG ;f tijfynphf EkH ikd rf nrf [wk af oma=umiyhf ,cf sjci;f ccH &hJ ygon?f yxrurmB pp}fu;D jzpyf mG ;ro_ nf [pwf vmtwuG f yxrq;kH t}urd wf ukd f cukd rf w_ iG yf g0i&f ef tciG thf a&;&\u00b1cdS ohJ n?f o\u2039ltaeEiS *hf smreoD nf Oa&myEikd if H rsm;xwJ iG f tjrijhfrwqf ;kH \/ titf m;t}u;D rm;q;kH Eikd if jHzpaf =umi;f ouaf ojy &mwiG f yg0iEf ikd af prnthf ciG thf a&;wcjkzpof n[f Il yi?f x\u2039kda=umihf bmAm&D ,ef (Bavarian) ppwf ywf iG f yg0ipf prf x_ r;f aqmi&f ef av#muvf m$ wicf yhJ g on?f 2 v =umoiwf e;f +y;D onahf emuf Ypres te;D wiG f [pwf vmEiS ohf l [email protected]&f i;f onf yxrO;D q;kH aom&iqf ikd wf udk yf uJG kd +Awd od #EiS bhf ,vf *f sD,ef wywf @kdjziqhf iEf cJG &hJ on?f ppyf aJG wmaf wmrf sm;rsm;wiG f cucf ucf cJ tJ ouf tE &W m,rf S vwG af jrmuvf mEikd cf ohJ jzihf ,i;f .&pJ rG ;f owudW *kd %k \u00f0f yaom Iron Cross qEk pS cf uk qkd wG cf ;l c+hJy;D wy=fuy}fu;D tjzpof @kd &mx;l w;kd jri\u2021 jhfci;f ccH &hJ -105-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; on?f o.l wy&f i;f rLS ;rS [pwf vm.prG ;f &nuf kd To@kdrwS cf sucf sa&;om;yg on\/f \u201ca&w\u203aS e;f xuG pf pwf ukd &f mrmS o[l mao;G at;at;e@JtEikd &f z@kd &&J &J ihf &ihf ppwf ukd cf ohJ jlzpyf gw,?f tE &W m,rf sm;wthJ ajctae=um;rmS quof ,G f a&;r&awmwh yhJ wd rf ad ewthJ csed rf mS awmif [pwf vm[m rarmwr;f e@Jr a=umuwf r;f bJ ta&;}u;D wohJ wi;f y@kdaqmirf j_ yKEikd cf whJ ,?f \u201d u|r;f usirf w_ yzf @JG Free Corps onf *smreED ikd if tH wiG ;f ueG jf rLep}f u;D xmG ; vmru_ kd umu,G wf ukd cf ukd af om vuef uuf ikd wf yzf @JGwpzf @JGjzpcf ohJ n?f \u201ai;f tz@JG0irf sm;onf ueG jfrLeprf sm; *smreuD 0kd iaf &muxf ed ;f csKy&f ef \u00f3u;d pm;ae onthf csed Ef iS hf wajy;wn;f wnaf xmixf m;jci;f jzpof n?f emZyD gwtD m; 0eaf qmirf a_ y;onphf pwf ytf aejzihf emZ.D A[ckd surf jzpaf om \\\"Brown Shirts\\\" (S.A)ppwf yuf kd wnaf xmicf yhJ gon?f pp+fy;D q;kH +y;D r=umryD if [pwf vmonf ppaf xmuvf rS ;f a&;wiG af e&m&&+dSy;D *smretf vyk of rm;rsm;ygwwD iG f O;D p;D O;D aqmirf j_yK&ef wm0eaf y;tyjfci;f c&H on?f TygwtD m; rrd .d Eikd if aH &;w;kd wu&f mo@kd y@kdaqmiaf y;onyhf gwwD pcf k jzpof n[f jkriof n?f *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;tay: rrd .d rek ;f w;D rr_ sm;onf Ttz@JGt pn;f .Eikd if aH &; twk jfrpwf pcf jkzpvf mon?f o@kdEiS hf ygw.D tpn;f ta0;rsm; ta=umi;f ukd Anti-Semitic owi;f pmrsm;wiG f aw\u2039Gvm&on?f 1919 cEk pS f atmuwf bkd mv 16 &uaf e@wiG f [pwf vmonf vtl rsm;.pwd uf kd !@kdap onrhf ed @fceG ;f ajym=um;jci;f tvyk wf pcf jk zpaf y:vmon?f [pwf vmonf trsm;.a'gorsm;jzpaf y:ap&eEf iS rhf rd td ay:ar#mvf ichf suf rsm;xm;&&dS ef tpn;f ta0;rsm;o@kd t+raJ emuuf sa&muaf v&h odS n?f piaf y: -106-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; odk@a&mufonfhtcg y&dowfrsm;.qlylr_rsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;onftxd apmiqhf ikd ;f +y;D rS red @fceG ;f pwiaf v&h odS n?f red @fceG ;f pajymonhf tapmyikd ;f tcsed f wiG [f pwf vmonf wek &f i+fy;D xptf aern?f aemuyf ikd ;f rwS jzn;f jzn;f t csed ,f +ly;D vu[f eaf jc[erf sm;jzirhf ed @fceG ;f ukd at;aq;pmG ajymavon?f x@kd aemuf jyi;f xeaf ompwd cf pH m;rj_zihf wjzn;f jzn;f touH s,vf mon?f red @f ceG ;f ajymonthf csed wf iG f ac|;rsm;xuG vf montf x\/d rsuEf mS jzLvmonxf d EiS hf rsuvf ;kH rsm;pxl uG vf monwhf ikd af tmif jyi;f jyaompwd cf pH m;rr_ sm;jzithf orH sm;utJG uvf montf xd red @fceG ;f ajymavon?f *smretD ay:rw&m;o jzijhfyKcohJ nrf sm;ukd [wd }fu;D [e=fu;D \/ a'gEiS ahf rmEiS rhf rd .d y&od wrf sm;tm; rek ;f w;D rr_ sm;jzpaf y:ap&ef red @fceG ;f ajymavon?f rrd .d red @fceG ;f +y;D q;kH omG ;onhf tcg y&od wrf sm;onf pwd af jcmucf sm;rr_ sm;jziuhf se&f pcf +hJy;D [pwf vmay; rnthf }utH Om%rf eS of r#ukd vucf ,H &l etf qiof ijhfzpjfy;D jzpof n?f [pwf vmonf red @fceG ;f ajym+y;D v#i+fy;D csi;f piaf y:rtS jreqf i;f +y;D y&od wjfrif uiG ;f raS ysmuuf ,G of mG ;on?f rrd od nf v#Kd\u20390uS qf e;f =u,of wl pOf ;D tjzpf rrd ud ,kd rf rd zd ewf ;D &ef &n&f ,G of nthf wuG af =umihf \\\"gwyf &kH ukd of nrf sm;ujkdii;f qeof n?f Ten;f jzihf rrd td m; \u201cu,wf i&f iS wf pOf ;D \u201d tjzpvf tl rsm;ryS rkd kd pwd f 0ipf m;vmap&eEf iS hf oal jymrnthf &mrsm;ukd vrl sm;vma&muef m;qif &ejfyKvyk jfci;f jzpof n?f ygw0D iwf @kd.tutl njDzihf tcsuf 25 csuyf gaomygwvD r;f pOuf kd r=lur;f a&; qcJG ohJ n?f \u201ai;f ukd 1920 azazm0f g&vD 24 &uaf e@wiG f pwd tf m;xuof ef onhf vxl Ek pS af xmiaf usmwf uaf &muaf om jynof @ltpn;f ta0;Y wijfy cyhJ gon?f Ttcsuf 25 csuxf wJ iG f Versailles pmcsKyuf zkd suof rd ;f jci;f \/ -107-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ppyf rJG tS usKd;&v'rf sm;ukd tm%mjziohf rd ;f ,jlci;f \/ ajr,mrsm;ujkdynef ,tf wuG tf o;kH jyK&ejfzpof nthf wuG f avsmaf =u;ray;boJ rd ;f ,jlci;f \/ *sL;vrl sKd; w@kd. vrl t_ ciG thf a&;rsm;ukd zsuof rd ;f jci;f EiS phf pyf +JGy;D aemuf *smreoD @kdajymi;f a\u00b6\u0152$ vmaom*sL;vrl sKd ;rsm;tm;EiS xf wk jf ci;f ponrf sm;yg0iyf gon?f [pwf vmonf owl @kd.ygwtD m; *smretf rsKd;om;q&kd ,S vf ptf vyk of rm; rsm;ygwjDzihf trnaf jymi;f vvJ ukd +fy;D teaD &mitf vEH iS phf =umwqH yd rf mS ygwD .oauwF jzpvf mcohJ n?f Eikd if aH &;qikd &f mred @fceG ;f a[m=um;rw_ iG f EpS tf awmrf sm;rsm;wiG f OayumQ jyKcH c&hJ aom[pwf vmonf ,ctk cgwiG rf ed @fceG ;f ajym=um;&mwiG f y&od wrf sm; tm; qaJG qmirf t_ jynthf 0jzihf em;axmi,f El ikd of nthf ajctaeo@kd a&mu\u00b6f dS vmcohJ n?f Eikd if aH &;tjctaermS vn;f ajymi;f voJ mG ;on?f *smreoD npf pf &;H_ cohJ nfh Eikd if wH Eikd if vH n;f jzpcf ohJ n\/f x@kda=umif Versailles pmcsKywf iG f *smreD tp;kd &rS T+ird ;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyuf kd twi;f t\\\"rvR urf wS af &;x;kd jci;f ccH &hJ +y;D rrd .d e,af jr 13 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f yg tq;kH \u00b6KHS;caH y;c&hJ ygon?f qvkd okd nrf mS rrd .d jynf ol 6 oe;f EiS Ehf ikd if xH uG uf ek =fur;f ypnP ;f (ooH wKW&ikd ;f 65 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f \/ ausmuf r;D ao;G 45 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f \/ oyG f 72 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f ) EiS hf pu\u00b6f kH 10 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f q;kH &KHS;cyhJ g on?f x@kdtjyif rrd .d vuaf tmucf uH vkd ekd ED ikd if rH sm;uvkd n;f vuvf wG qf ;kH &KHS;omG ;c&hJ on?f T Versailles pmcsKytf & pptf wiG ;f ysupf ;D q;kH \u00b6KHS;rr_ sm;t wuG f *smrerD S xyrf aH y;aqmi&f ao;on?f Tavsmaf =u;onf *smretD rsKd; om;OpmP \\\"ewezf ;kd aygi;f 38 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f ce@f&odS n?f Ttjzptf ysurf sm;a=umihf [pwf vmonf wpOf ;D wn;f tx;D ruseaf wmh ay? *smrepf pof m;rsm;vn;f o.l red @fceG ;f ajymonthf csed rf sm;wiG wf uf -108-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; a&muef m;axmi+fy;D \u201ai;f w@kdq;kH \u00b6KHS;c&hJ aomt&mrsm; xywf jlzpaf eonuf kd vucf cH =hJuon?f o@lay;aomowi;f tcsutf vurf sm;a=umihf ppof m; rsm;onvf n;f rrd wd \u0152kd tjyprf [wk af =umi;f vucf vH m=uon?f [pwf vm rS rrd wd @kd*smrevD rl sKd;pok nf ppyf wJG iG pf p\u00b6f KHS;cohJ nrf [wk af =umi;f \/ ppyf jJGzpaf y: &eaf wmvf eS af &;ta=umi;f udk a[majymaeaom *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;EiS hf Marxists vrl sKd;w@kd. opmP azmurf a_ =umiohf mjzpaf =umi;f To@kdajym=um;cyhJ gon?f 1923 cEk pS Ef 0kd ibf mv 8 &uaf e@wiG [f pwf vmonf jrLepbf ,D mce;f r aqmiYf jyevf npf pk n;f rw_ pcf jkyKvyk +fy;D awmvf eS af &;ukd xwk jfyeaf =ujimchJ on?f aemuwf ae@wiG f Bavarian tp;kd &tm;tm%mord ;f ,&l ef \\\"Brown- Shirts\\\" ppwf ytf itf m;EpS af xmirf #jzihf O;D aqmivf mcahJ omvf n;f [pwf vmtzr;f c&H +y;D Landsberg wiG af xmiuf scohJ n?f [pwf vmonf 5 EpS f axmi'f %tf jyppf &D icf sucf sccH &hJ aomvf n;f 9 vomaxmiuf scohJ n?f axmixf YJ &adS epOtf wiG ;f Mein Kampf pmtyk yf xrwuJG kd a&;om;c+hJy;D 'wk d ,twuJG rkd l 1927 wiG yf EkH ydS jfze@fa0cyhJ gon?f o.l pmtyk rf sm;ukd 'wk ,d urmB pppf wiof nthf csed tf xd tyk af &aygi;f 5 oe;f ce@fa&mi;f xwk Ef ikd fcohJ n?f Mein Kampf pmtyk xf wJ iG f [pwf vmonf rrd .d Eikd if aH &;taw;G tac: rsm; ukd xnohf iG ;f a&;om;xm;on?f *smrevf rl sKd;rsm;ukd(*smrevf rl sKd;rsm;ukd Aryan vrl sKd;prk sm;[k rmS ;,iG ;f pmG azmjfyxm;on)f tjcm;aomvrl sKd;prk sm; xuyf rkd jkdrihf jrwaf umi;f reG of n[f k \u201ai;f rTS o@kdazmjfyomG ;ygon?f \u201cu|ef awmwf @kdrsupf Ed iS ,hf ae@rjri&f ao;aom xi&f mS ;aomv@l,Oaf us;rt_ m;v;kH \/ tEyk nmrS xwk vf yk af omt&mreS of r#\/ oyd yH` nmEiS phf urf v_ urf y_ nmEiS hf qikd af om u|r;f usirf r_ eS of r#onf Aryan vrl sKd;w@kd. zewf ;D wxD iG jfci;f rwS qiqhf upf yjfy;D jzpaf y:vmcjhJci;f jzpof n[f ak jymqckd ohJ n?f \u201d -109-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; axmifrSv$wfvmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf [pfwvmonf tm%mudkt\\\"<r en;f EiS whf ukd cf ukd &f ,ol nthf pm; Eikd if aH wmzf @JGpn;f wnaf qmuyf tkH &tm %mord ;f ,&l ef q;kH jzwvf ukd of n?f 1930 cEk pS af &;G aumuyf wJG iG f [pwf vm .emZyD gwrD S 18 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f aomruJ kd tEikd &f \u00b6cdS ohJ n?f 1932 cEk pS wf iG f [pwf vmonf orwR ae&mtjzprf 0J iaf &mu,f OS jfyKdi&f mwiG f 30 &mcikd Ef e_ ;f aomrJ jzithf Eikd &f \u00b6cdS ohJ n?f 1937 cEk pS wf iG f pmtyk xf wJ iG rf rd ad &;om;cohJ ntf wikd ;f vuaf w@Gtaumif txnaf zm&f ef tqiof ijhfzpvf mon?f 1937 E0kd ibf mvwiG f xyd wf e;f ppf buqf ikd &f m tutl naD y;orl sm;uakd c:,+ly;D \\\"F\u00c5hrer nvD mc\\\"H wiG uf rmB uvkd r$ ;f r;kd tyk cf sKyEf ikd &f ef rrd ad &;qxJG m;aomtpOrf sm;u\u00b6kd iS ;f jycohJ n?f 4i;f tpD tpOuf kd qe@fusiof rl sm;uvdk n;f tvyk rf jSzKwxf wk yf pvf ukd of n?f t';kd z[f pwf vmonf *smreuD tkd yk cf sKyvf monhf 12 EpS tf awmtwiG ;f EiS hf 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f rS o.l jyKvyk rf a_ =umihf vol e;f aygi;f rsm;pmG aom v@l touqf ;kH \u00b6KHS;c&hJ +y;D ,i;f ukd orikd ;f a=umi;f wiG f vtl rsm;rek ;f w;D q;kH aomvl wpOf ;D jzpaf pcohJ n?f 1933 cEk pS wf iG f Eikd if tH }u;D tujJzp+fy;D aemuf z@JGpn;f ykH tajccOH ya'ukd zsuof rd ;f vukd jf y;D Eikd if aH &;qikd &f mtwukd tf cyH gwrD sm;ukd xad &mupf mG twi;f t\\\"rER rdS Ef iS ;f +y;D emZyD gwtD m;tm%mord ;f cohJ n?f *sL; vrl sKd ;rsm;\/ Gypsies EiS Ehf ikd if aH &;qe@fusiof rl sm;tm;owjfzw&f ef &upf uf =ur;f =uKwaf omv#Kd\u01520uS yf vk yd f (Gestapo) tz@JGEiS ahf xmipf ce;f rsm;*ukd wnf *ppof @kHye;f pce;f (ConcentrationCamp) onf Eikd if aH &;orm;rsm;EiS ahf c|;wyrf sm;zr;f q;D csKyaf EmS ixf m;&ma'orsm; 1939\u20131953 cEk pS 'f wk ,d urmB pprf wikd rf EDS iS 'hf wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f emZ*D smrerD sm;u *sL;vrl sKd;rsm;uTkd ppof @kHye;f pce;f rsm;wiG f zr;f q;D ni\u2021 ;f ye;f EydS pf ucf ohJ n?f -110-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; aqmuvf ukd +fy;D rrd .d pn;f rsO;f Oya'oprf sm;tm; vukd ef musiohf ;kH apcohJ n?f [pwf vm.tpeG ;f a&muf Eikd if jHcm;ral y:vprD sm;a=umihf 1939 cEk pS wf iG f 'wk d ,urmB pp}fu;D ukd jzpaf y:apawmoh n?f veG cf ohJ nphf pyf rJG sm;wiG f [pwf vm onf atmijfrirf r_ sm;&&cdS ahJ omvf n;f 1942 cEk pS wf iG f ppyf tJG ajctaeajymi;f vvJ mra_ =umiEhf iS hf 1945 cEk pS wf iG f r[mrwd pf pwf yrf sm; bmviuf wkd ukd cf ukd f &ef *smreoD @kdx;kd azgu0f iaf &muEf ikd cf ohJ n?f ppyf aJG wmaf wmrf sm;rsm;wiG f [pf wvm.touuf &kd ,&l etf }urd }furd }fuKd;yr;f c=hJuaomvf n;f ratmijfricf hJ ay? pp\u00b6f KHS;awmrh nthf vm;tvmay:vmonthf wuG af =umiEhf iS hf rrd .d 'Ak vkd f rLS ;}u;D rS rrd .d tred @fuvkd n;f veG qf evf monthf cg 1945 cEk pS {f +yvD 30&uf ae@wiG f [pwf vmonrf rd ud ,kd uf kd tq;kH p&D ivf ukd of n?f [pwf vmEiS thf wl ,i;f .tcsed af wmaf wm=fumwwd wf wd yf ek ;f r,m;jzpaf eonhf tAD mb a&mi(f e)f Eva Braun rmS vn;f oEl iS whf ygwn;f aoq;kH cyhJ gon?f -111-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ]]vlawG[mppfyGJawGudkpvkyfwmr[kwfbl;? tpdk;&awGuomjzpfw,f\/}} \u201cPeople do not make wars; governments do.\u201d ]]olwdkUudktvif;a&mifjywmrjrifbl;qdk&iftyl\u00bdSdw,fqdkwmcHpm;&atmifvkyfjyyg\/}} \u201cWhen you can\u2019t make them see the light, make them feel the heat.\u201d ]]oif\u00bdSmawGUwJhtaumif;qHk;vlawGeJUoifhudk0dkif;&Hxm;NyD;tmPmawGudk ay;a0umbmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrvkyfygeJU\/}} \u201cSurround yourself with the best people you can find, delegate authority, and don\u2019t interfere.\u201d a&mfe,f&D*if (1911-2004) a&mf e,(f v)f &*D i(f Ronald Reagan)onf \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS rf i;f om;wpaf ,mujfzp+fy;D u,f vzD ;kd e;D ,m;+rKd@0etf jzpof uwf r;f 2 ck wm0exf r;f aqmicf +hJy;D tar&ud ejfynaf xmipf .k t a,muf 40 ajrmuof rwR vn;f jzpcf ohJ n?f orwR wpaf ,mutf aeEiS hf o@lupkd paf t;ppyf &JG ypf aJ poEl iS hf tajctwiaf q;G aE;G p&m\u00b1odS nhf p;D ygG;a&;qikd &f may:v pcD srwS cf ohJ [l k trsm;uow&d =uon?f a&mef ,(f v)f 0vD qf i&f *D iof nf 1911 cEk pS af zaz:0g&vD 6 &uaf e@wiG xf ryf uD kd (Tampico)\/ atvED KGdi;f (Illinois) jynef ,wf iG af r;G zmG ;cohJ n?f o.l zcitf rnf rmS *su&f *D iEf iS rhf cd itf rnrf mS e,vf &D *D if [ak c:on?f a&mef ,(f v)f wiG f e;D (v)f [ak c:aom tpuf }kdu;D wpaf ,mu\u00b1f odS n?f o.l rbd rsm;u o@lukd \u201c'w(f cs)f \u201d [ak c:=uon?f tb,ahf =umiqhf akd omf o@lzciuf o@luykd yk 0k 0 'w(f cs)f trsKd;om;EiS whf al oma=umihf o@lukd 'w(f cs)f [ck sppf E;kd ac:=uon?f &*D irf od m;prk S airG sm;rsm;pm;pm;r\u00b1adS oma=umihfMidwest a'owpaf v#muf -112-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; wGiftvkyfrsm;\u00b1Smvkyf&if; &D*ifrSmvnf; wpfjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vm+yD; aemuqf ;kH atvED KGdi;f 'ppf ewf iG f tajccaH exikd =fucsed wf iG f 'w(f cs)f uav;rmS touf 12 EpS yf i\u00b1f adS o;on?f a&mef ,(f v)f u,kd wf ikd xf akd e&mwiG f ausmi;f +y;D +y;D txuwf e;f ausmi;f ukd tm;upm;buwf iG f x;l c|eof El iS hf (extracurr- -icular honors) w@kduykd g&\u00b1cdS ohJ n?f txufwef;ausmif;+yD;onfhaemuf &D*ifonf c&pfawmf.aemufawmf om;rsm; (Disciples of Christ) O;D aqmiaf omt&l uD maumvyd f (Eureka College) wiG f ynmquvf uof i=f um;cohJ n?f TwiG &f *D iof nf ausmi;f om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf ta\u00b1G;cs,fcH&onf? a&mfe,f(vf)trSwf aumi;f aumi;f r&aomvf n;f 1932 cEk pS wf iG f aumvyd af usmi;f ukd vrl a_ &; EiS phf ;D ygG;a&;'uD &rD sm;&\u00b1cdS ohJ n?f 1932 cEk pS f \u201cDepression\u201d [ak c:aomp;D ygG;a&;uyqf ukd af oma=umihf vrl sm; tvyk \u00b1f mS &ef tcutf caJ w@G&avon?f o@kdaomf &*D iuf tm;rav#myh tJ m; }uKd ;rmewf u}f uKd ;pm;cohJ n?f oal e&mwumo@kdomG ;I tvyk af v#mucf hJ aomvf n;f b,af e&mrmS rrS &acs? o@kdaomaf emuqf ;kH wiG f WOC a&',D tkd ovH i$ Xhf meY owi;f a=ujimotl jzptf vyk &f cohJ n?f ool nf =unnf Kd av;pm;z,G af umi;f +y;D pum;ajymcsKd omaoma=umihf Des Moines wiG \u00b1f dS aom WHO [ak c:aomXge}u;D qoD @kd &mx;l w;kd jri\u2021 jhfci;f c&H on?f 'u(f p)f rKdGi;f euwf iG f &*D iuf tm;upm;owi;f a=ujim+y;D a'ocwH uoU vkd af usmi;f . abmv;kH yrJG sm;EiS &hf puf vzD ;D vf (Wrigley Field) rcS suD m*ckd y(f b)f (Chicago Cubs) toi;f ponwf @kdtwuG af =ujimcohJ n?f oul owi;f a=ujim&m wiG af tmijfrirf &_ \u00b1odS jzihf ovl caumi;f aumi;f &+y;D emrnaf usm=fum;vmchJ onf? &*D iof nf 1937 cEk pS wf iG f avm(h p)f ted *f s,vf p+frKd@\u00b1dS a[mv;D 0'k Yf ri;f om; -113-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; jzp&f ef &n\u00b1f ,G cf sujfzichf &;D xuG cf ohJ n?f &*D iuf topH r;f oy\/f o\u00b1yk af qmijfy opr;f oyrf _ wpcf +ky;D wpcf vk yk +fy;D onahf emuf o@lu0kd g;emb&m;om;pw'l ,D kd (Warner Brothers Studios) roS @luukd ek uf sp&wd ef n;f aom \u201cB\u201d twe;f pm; \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS wf iG of \u00b1yk af qmi&f ezf wd af c:on?f oul \u201cWB\u201d.ur;f vrS ;f ru_ vkd ucf H +y;D xEkd pS wf iG xf wk vf yk af om \u201cLove is in the Air\u201d \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS xf rJ oS \u00b1yk af qmicf iG &hf cohJ n?f a[mv;D 0'k wf iG f EpS Ef pS tf wiG ;f \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS uf m;wpqf ,ihf g;um;\u00b1ukd cf &hJ on?f 'u(f p)f rKdGi;f euwf iG f emrnaf usm=fum;vmonof mru &*D iuf em rn}f u;D oxu}f u;D vm+y;D yIkd aumi;f aom\u00b1yk \u00b1f iS wf iG f o\u00b1yk af qmicf iG &hf chJ on?f o.l emrntf }u;D q;kH \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS uf m;EpS uf m;rS abmv;kH orm;a*sm(h \u00b1)fS up(f y)f (George Gipp) tjzpf Knute Rockne\/ All America EiS hf King\u2019s Row qokd n\u00b1f yk \u00b1f iS uf m;wiG f tu,'f r&D ravmujfzpcf ohJ n?f 'wk ,d urmB pptf wiG ;f &*D iuf yxrO;D q;kH \u00b1yk af &mtoyH gjri&f on\u00b1hf yk \u00b1f iS wf iG f o\u00b1yk af qmicf iG &hf c+hJy;D A;Hk }uaJ v,mOaf rmi;f orm;rsm; oiwf e;f ay;&etf wuG jfzpof n?f o.l \u00b1yk jfriof =Hum;\u00b1yk \u00b1f iS uf m;aygi;f 50 ausmuf \u00b1kd ukd cf ohJ n?f 1940 cEk pS wf iG f &*D iuf tu,'f rrD i;f or;D *sed ;f a0;ri;f (Jane Wyman) EiS hf vuxf ycf ohJ n?f ,i;f w@kdvuxf y+f y;D aemuf arm&f i;f EiS rhf ukd uf ,(f v)f qkd onohf m;or;D EpS af ,muxf eG ;f um;cohJ n?f (ww,d uav;rmS rvl raph apm ar;G ojziahf r;G +y;D uwn;f uyif aoq;kH cohJ n?f ) owl @kd\u00b1pS Ef pS tf =umtwl aec=hJu+y;D 1948 cEk pS wf iG uf mG \u00b1iS ;f jywpf cJ ohJ n?f x@kdaemuf 1952 cEk pS wf iG ef ef p'D g;Apf (Nancy Davis) qokd nrhf i;f or;D EiS vhf uxf ycf yhJ gon?f x@kdtwl a&m(f e)f (Ron) EiS zhf uxf &\u00b1D mS qokd nuhf av;EpS af ,mu&f \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f &*D iuf eepf ED iS thf ouxf uqf ;kH aygi;f oi;f aexikd =f uon?f 1940 cEk pS Ef iS hf 1950 twiG ;f &*D iuf tar&ud twiG ;f \u00b1udS eG jfrLep0f g'rD sm;EiS hf a[mv;D 0'k tf wiG ;f 0iaf &mupf uG zf uxf ;kd azmuof rl sm;[k xi&f aomol rsm;ukd &0J phH mG qe@fusiaf jymc&hJ i;f Eikd if aH &;avmuxJ pwi0f iaf &muvf mchJ -114-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; on?f 1940 cEk pS wf iG f o@lukd \u00b1yk \u00b1f iS of \u00b1yk af qmitf z@JGtpn;f .OuXU tjzpf a\u00b1;G cs,jfci;f c&H cohJ n?f Ttcsed tf wiG ;f &*D iuf vn;f rrd .d ygwuD kd 'rD ukd &uuf ae&yD wbf vpuf eof @kdajymi;f cohJ n?f &*D iuf 1966 cEk pS wf iG f u,vf zD ;kd e;D ,m;+rKd@awm0f etf jzpf 0iaf &mu,f OS +fyKdif ta\u00b1;G ccH +hJy;D o.l +yKd ibf uzf ubf a&mi;f (Pat Brown) utkd Eikd &f \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f +rKd@awm0f ewf paf ,mutf aeEiS hf tp;kd &.to;kH p&wd Ef iS thf ceG af umujfci;f w@kd tay: jzwaf wmujfci;f w@kdukd }uKd;pm;vyk af von?f 1969 cEk pS wf iG f Eikd if tH apmiwhf yof m;rsm;ukd umvzD ;kd e;D ,m;wuoU vkd .f Berkeley Campus o@kd omG ;+y;D trsKd;om;O,smOtf ay: qyl ql EjNyaeaomausmi;f om;rsm;ukd &yf we@f&eaf pvw$ cf ohJ n?f qyl ql EjNyaeaom ausmi;f om;rsm;ukd tapmiwhf yf ut=ur;f en;f o;kH I ErdS Ef iS ;f cohJ nthf wuG f ausmi;f om;rsm;'g%&f m&+y;D wpf a,mutf ouqf ;kH \u00b1;H_ cohJ n?f Tonrf mS &*D i.f EpS Ef pS of uwf r;f twiG ;f vyk cf ohJ nhf q;kd \u00b1mG ;on[f qk &kd rnhf vyk if e;f wpcf qk pkd &mom\u00b1odS n?f 1976 cEk pS wf iG &f *D iuf orwR wpaf ,mutf jzpf ta\u00b1;G c&H eqf ;kH jzwof n?f ool nf vu\u00b1f odS rwR u&J ,(f v)f azg(h ')f (Gerald Ford) ukd &yD wbf vpuf ef twiG ;f rpS ed af c:c+hJy;D aemuqf ;kH oul t\u00b1;_H EiS &hf iqf ikd cf &hJ on?f 1980 cEk pS wf iG f wpfzefjyefvm+yD; vpfb&,f&Dywfbvpfuefa*smh(\u00b1Sf)bk(\u00b1Sf)ESifh,SOf+ydKifcJh on?f x@kdaemuf a*sm(h \u00b1)fS b(k \u00b1)fS utkd Eikd &f +y;D ,i;f ukd 'wk ,d orwR taeEiS ahf e &may;cohJ n?f ,i;f w@kdEpS af ,murf S orwR m*sirf uD mwm (Jimmy Carter) (,ciuf azg'h uf kd 1976 cEk pS wf iG af tmiEf ikd of )l utkd Eikd &f \u00b1&dS e}fuKd;pm;av on?f 1981 cEk pS tf ouaf jcmuqf ,uf ;kd EpS tf \u00b1,G wf iG f &*D iuf okd rwR tjzpf a\u00b1;G cs,wf iaf jrm\u2021 ucf +hJy;D tar&ud eof rikd ;f wiG f toutf }u;D q;kH orwR jzpcf hJ onf? &*D iof rwR pjzpjf zpjf ci;f o@lu*kd |e[f ivhf D (John Hinckley) qokd ul 1981 -115-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; cEk pS rf wvf 30 &uaf e@wiG af oewEf iS yhf pcf ohJ n?f x;l jcm;onthf csurf mS [ihf voD nf &*D iuf Eikd if aH &;t&ypcf wjfci;f r[wk bf J i,\u00b1f ,G af om\u00b1yk \u00b1f iS rf i;f o r;D a*sm'zD @kd'pf wm (Jodie Foster) oabmusatmiof mjzpaf =umi;f ajzmihf csuaf y;cohJ n?f TuohJ @kd&*D iuf ta&;ay:cpJG wd rf c_ ,H +ly;D aemuvf yk if e;f ciG f o@kd jyevf n0f iaf &mucf ohJ n?f x@kdaemuf wpEf pS wf n;f twiG ;f =o*wk vf rmS yif &uD iof naf v,mOtf omG ;tvmxed ;f csKyaf &;ar#mpf itf vyk of rm;rsm; 13\u02dc000 ausmuf o@ltred @fuekd m;rcyH J qEjNycahJ oma=umihf tvyk rf xS wk yf pf vdkufonf? &*D i.f t\\\"ud ay:vprD mS z,'f &,tf p;kd &.t\u00b1,G tf pm;EiS whf m0e0f w&W m;ukd av#mch s&eEf iS hf o.l p;D ygG;a&;ay:vpjDzpaf om \u201cReaganomics*\u201d ay:vprD pS ;D ygG; a&;qikd &f mu|r;f usiof tl momvmzm (Arthur Laffer) . Supply\u2013side oD t&kd aD y:wiG tf ajccxH m;ygon?f 1990 cEk pS &f yD wbf vpuf e.f ygwtD wiG ;f ,OS +fyKdirf w_ iG f b(k \u00b1)fS u,i;f .otD &kd uD kd voodoo economice* [ak c:on?f t b,ahf =umiqhf akd omf tjcm;orl sm;uohJ @kd o,l =kHunof nthf csurf mS Tay: vpoD nwf u,vhf uaf w@GwiG f to;kH csEikd rf nrf [wk [f Il yi?f ,ae@p;D ygG; a&;u|r;f usiof rl sm;ub(k \u00b1)fS .tjritf ay: oabmwnl rD \u00b1_ =dSuon?f *&*D iaf emrpf (Reaganomics) qokd nphf um;v;kH rmS (Reagon &*D iEf iS hf economic\u2013p;D ygG;a&;) [Il jzp+fy;D ,citf ar&ud eof rwR a&me,(f v)f &*D irf S xwk af z:cohJ nphf ;D ygG;a&; r0l g'jzpof n?f &*D ipf ;D ygG;a&; r0l g'.t\\\"ud tcsuaf v;crk mS \u2013 \u2022 tp;kd &.jrirhf m;vmaomto;kH p&wd uf akd v#mch sjci;f \u2022 0iaf itG ay:tceG af umuaf =u;rsm;av#mch s&ef \u2022 p;D ygG;a&;tay:xm;\u00b1xdS m;aomtp;kd &.pn;f rsO;f pn;f ur;f rsm;av#mch s&ef \u2022 aiaG =u;oyd of n;f ru_ akd v#mch s&etf wuG af ixG wk af 0ru_ xkd ed ;f csKy&f ef Voodoo Economic on&f *D iaf emrp.f tjcm;emrnwf pcf jk zp+f y;D xpkd ;D ygG;a&;r0l g 'urkd }uKd uaf omorl sm;u A'l l (Voodoo) p;D ygG;a&;pep[f ak c:=uon?f Voodoo rmS atmuvf r;f ynm[tk \\\"yd g`,&f on?f -116-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; orwR &*D irf qJ ,G pf Ouf tp;kd &.to;kH tpuJG kd av#mch srn[f ak jymcahJ omf vn;f wu,wf iG rf ul mu,G af &;butf o;kH p&wd rf sm;ukd w;kd jri\u2021 ahf y;cohJ n?f &D*ifonf a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkppfwyf\/ vufeufypPnf;ud&d,m (\u00b1;kd \u00b1;kd jzpaf p\/ t%jkrLvuef u)f \/ en;f peprf sm;EiS ohf ak woejyKrr_ sm;twuG f to;kH jyKcohJ n?f o.l prD uH ed ;f rsm;jzpaf om SDI o@kdr[wk f pwm;0g; (Star Wars) prD uH ed ;f twuG f uek uf sp&wd wf pcf wk n;f rmS a':vmuak \u00cbu\u00cbk m ($ 1 trillion) ausm\u00b1f cdS ahJ omvf n;f aemuqf ;kH TprD uH ed ;f rmS wjzn;f jzn;f ysupf ;D omG ;cohJ n?f &*D iuf To@kdjyKvyk &f jci;f rmS 1940 cEk pS tf v,yf ikd ;f u tar&d uEiS phf paf t;ppyf qJG iEf cJG ohJ nhf qAkd ,D ujfynaf xmipf .k tar&ud etf ay:x;kd ppqf ivf mEikd zf ,G &f mtajctae\u00b1adS oma=umijhfzpof n?f TuohJ @dkppaf &; ppf &mjyiqf irf r_ sm;vyk af eapumrl qAkd ,D uaf cgi;f aqmirf aD c;(v)f uAkd macsm(h A)f .prG ;f aqmirf a_ =umihf tar&ud EiS qhf Akd ,D ujfynaf xmipf tk =um; quqf H a&;w;kd jri\u2021 vhf mcohJ n?f uAkd macsm(h A)f EiS &hf *D iwf @kdpmcsKyrf sm;pmG ukd vurf wS af &; x;kd c+hJy;D &*D i.f 'wk ,d ouwf r;f wiG f Eikd if EH pS Ef ikd if pH v;kH rS t%jkrLvuef uf xwk af 0ru_ akd v#mch sc=hJ uon?f qAkd ,D uEf iS qhf uqf aH &;aumi;f reG vf maomvf n;f &*D iuf urmB wpvf m$ ;\u00b1dS ueG jfrLeprf sm;ukd quvf uwf ukd cf ukd cf ohJ n?f 1982 cEk pS tf wiG ;f tar&ud ef w@kdruS &ief 'g (Grenada) Eikd if oH @kd usK;ausm0f iaf &mujfci;f tciG ahf y;c+hJy;D ueG *f &uuf o@lukd Tvyk &f ywf &m;r0i[f ok wad y;cohJ nwhf ikd f euD &mugG (Nicar- -agua) wGif\u00b1Sdaomqef@usifr_rsm;udkaxmufcHcJhonf? olorRwjzpfonfh ouwf r;f wiG f tar&ud r,S i;f .+ird ;f pm;wywf @kdukd vubf EeG of @kdy@kdaqmi+fy;D t=ur;f zuof rm;rsm;uakd xmucf oH nvhf pAf sm;Eikd if uH Akd ;kH }ucJ ohJ n?f 1984 cEk pS wf iG f wikd ;f ojlynof m;rsm;u &*D iuf tkd rd jfzLawmwf iG f aemuof uf wr;f wpcf tk vyk vf yk &f eaf \u00b1;G cs,cf ohJ n?f &*D irf rd .d +yKd ibf uaf 0gvwf mreG f -117-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; a';vuf tkd jywtf owtf Eikd &f \u00b1cdS ohJ n?f &*D i.f 'wk ,d ouwf r;f wiG f tcuf tcrJ sm;EiS jhfynEhf uS af e+y;D ,i;f utkd &D erf sm;xoH @kd vuef uaf &mi;f cs+y;D euD &m ugG\u00b1dS ueG jfrLepqf e@fusiof nthf z@JGrsm;tm; axmuyf jhHci;f qokd nhf pyG pf cJG suf a=umihf Iran\u2013countra t\u00b1y_ tf ax;G tay: ppkH r;f axmuvf rS ;f ru_ &kd iqf ikd af e& ygon?f &*D iof nf rrd .d ouwf r;f jyn+hfy;D aemuf 1989 cEk pS wf iG f a*sm(h \u00b1)fS b(k \u00b1)fS ukd orwR tjzpf a\u00b1;G cs,wf iaf jrm\u2021 ucf ohJ n?f x@kdaemuof ul o.l avmph tf ed ;f *s,vf p\/f b,(f v)f twJ iG \u00b1f adS om trd tf opwf iG of mG ;Iaexikd cf ohJ n?f 1992 cEk pS wf iG of ul Iran\u2013Contra t\u00b1KS ytf ax;G ta=umi;f oyd of r#ajym jyrn[f k uwad y;cohJ n?f o@kdaomf ppkH r;f axmuvf rS ;f orl sm;u o.l xuG f qckd surf sm;u\u00b1kd yk of rd ;f cohJ n?f tb,ahf =umiqhf akd omf &*D iwf iG twf wd Yf jzpf ay:onthf &mrsm;ukd jyeIf aumi;f aumi;f reG rf eG of wrd &awmah oma=umihf o\u00b1d dS onthf wuG jf zpof n?f r=umcif q&m0euf o@ltm; (Alzheimer\u2019s) a&m*guckd pH m;ae&onthf wuG f ,i;f .rwS Of m%uf kd xcd ukd af pon[f qk kd on?f &*D iof nvf rl sm;a\u00b1Y\u203aS 1994 cEk pS rf pS Iaysmuuf ,G of mG ;+y;D o.l Ze;D onef ef pED iS thf ouxf uqf ;kH aexikd of mG ;cohJ n?f &*D iof nbf ,(f v)f t\/J umvzD ;kd e;D ,m;\u00b1adS etrd Yf ZeG vf 5 &uaf e@ 2004 cEk pS Yf u,G vf eG of mG ;chJ onf? -118-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dvf}uD;rsm; ]]bmvdkU'Dudkvm&wmvJ\/ igwdkU&JhNrdKUzNzdKz&Juarmufurjzpf&wmrif;wdkUaMumifhyJ\/}} \\\"Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you.\\\" wifhum;vlom; (1989) wiuhf m;vol m; wiuhf m;vol m; (Tank Man) o\u0152kd r [wk tf rnrf oad wmvf eS af &;orm; u=kdum;z;l ygovm;? 1989 cEk pS Zf eG vf 5 &uaf e@w,D meri&f ijfyiqf EjNyyYJG ol uwiuhf m;rsm;a\u00b1w\u203aS iG &f yIf qEjNyae pOof @luukd irf &mrsm;\/ A'DG ,D wkd yd af crG sm;jzi\u00b1hf ukd uf ;l xm;+y;D owi;f Xgersm;wiG f jyocohJ jzihf o@luukd rmB w0rS ;f v;kH u o\u00b1d IdS emrnaf usm=fum;vmcohJ n?f Tta&;tci;f onf 1989 cEk pS Zf eG vf 5 &uaf e@wiG f Forbidden +rKd@o@kdomG ; aomvr;f jzpaf omw,D merif (Tiananmen) &ijfyiwf iG qf EjNyaeaomorl sm; ukd w\u00b1wk tf p;kd &u t=ur;f zuef n;f jziahf jz\u00b1iS ;f cahJ om aemuwf paf e@wiG f jzpaf y:cjhJci;f jzpof n?f xakd e@Y wiuhf m;rsm;onwf ,D meri&f ijfyi\u00b1f &dS mo@kd cswD uvf maepOf vwl paf ,muuf wiuhf m;rsm;a\u00b1w\u203aS iG of mG ;I &yaf e+y;D ol . vuwf pbf upf wD iG tf xyk wf pxf yk pf uD ukd ikd xf m;ygon?f wiuhf m;rsm;&yf omG ;onthf csed wf iG f xokd ol nwf iuhf m;rsm;xuG of mG ;&ef vujfzichf g,r;f ae onuf akd w@G&rn?f wc%t=umwiG f wiuhf m;yxrwppf ;D u o@luakd \u00b1mS if +y;D armi;f xuG of mG ;&m oul vn;f wiuhf m;omG ;onvhf r;f wiG yf iof mG ;I&yf aevukd of n?f wiuhf m;rsm;a\u00b1w\u203aS iG yf wd f q@kd&yaf e+y;D onahf emuf xvkd ul wihf um;tay:wGifwufoGm;I wifhum;armif;orm;ESifhoGm;Ipum;ajym on?f oal jymaompum;rsm;ukd owi;f pmrsm;wiG uf jJGym;pmG a&;xm;onf uakd w@G&rn?f ,i;f pum;rsm;rmS \u201cbmv@kd'uD vkd m&wmv?J igw@kd&+hJrKd@z\u00b1zdk &J uarmuuf rjzp&f wm ri;f w@kda=umiyhf ?J vmwvhJ r;f uvnS jhfye+fy;D igw@kdvl -119-","20 &mpk.emrnfausmfyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; awuG okd wjfzwjfci;f u&y=fuyg?\u201d wpcf sKd@uvJ \u201cxuG of mG ;yg\u201d [ok m\u00b1;kd \u00b1;kd a&;xm;on?f A'DG ,D xkd wJ iG f o@l&vhJ wl pcf sKd@u o@luvkd tl yk xf wJ iG qf aJG c:omG ; +yD; wifhum;rsm;onfvnf; a\u00b1S\u203audkqufvufxGufoGm;=uonfudkawG@& onf? o.l vy_ \u00b1f mS ;rr_ mS tcsed wf tkd wiG ;f r#omjzpaf omjf im;vn;f rnof nbhf m ompum;ajymaomorl q\/kd rnof nthf outf \u00b1,G rf q\/kd pmrzwwf wf aomorl sm;EiS hf armpf wD ;kH ta=umi;f wpcf grrS =um;z;l orl sm;yivf #if wiuhf m; vol m;.vyk &f yuf ekd m;vn=fuon?f we;f p&D yaf eaomwiuhf m;rsm;a\u00b1w\u203aS iG f vwl paf ,mu&f yaf eonohf wi;f yokH nf nwiG ;f csi;f rmS yif urmB tE@HS\u00b1odS wi;f =unohf rl sm;xaJ &mu\u00b1f odS mG ;on?f owi;f pm&maygi;f rsm;pmG wiG f xodk wi;f ukd owi;f pmEiS ohf wi;f pmr*Z~ i;f [email protected];f }u;D yikd ;f owi;f wiG f ygvm onuf akd w@G&rn?f x@kdtwul rmB t&y&f y\u00b1f dS owi;f Xgersm;wiG vf n;f xokd l ta=umi;f tovH i$ xhf m;onuf akd w@G&rn?f xokd @l\\\"gwyf ukH kd \u00b1ukd uf ;l aom \\\"gwyf okH rm;wpOf ;D on,f i;f yukH kd Life Magazine . \u201curmB uakd jymi;f vJ aom\\\"gwyf tkH ykH 100\u201d xwJ iG af z: jyxm;onuf akd w@G&rn?f 1998 cEk pS {f +yvD wiG f tar&ud Eikd if rH xS wk af 0aom \u201cTime Magazine\u201d rtS rnrf od aomawmvf eS af &;orm;ukd 20 &mptk wiG ;f vrl sm;tay:vr$ ;f r;kd r\u00b1_ adS omvl 100 a,muxf rJ S wpaf ,mutf jzpaf \u00b1;G cs,xf m;onuf akd w@G&rn?f -120-"]