Body Systems Flipbook Lawren Starr 2A

Body Systems Flipbook Lawren Starr 2B #1 on work cited page

Integumentary System Function: sensory organ that protects deeper tissues underneath the skin, blocks UV rays, prevents infection from entering the body, regulates temperatur#e2o,npworrkecviteedpnagtes dehydration, makes Vitamin D from the sun, and excretes waste by sweating. Vocabulary: 1. Skin- Physical barrier that regulates temp, allows the sense of touch, and secretes. 2. Hair- Made of keratin; protects scalp from sunlight. 3. Nails-Grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells (nail root). 4. Keratin- Fibrous protein that is responsible for strength and the skin’s water resistance. #2 on work cited page 5. Dermis- Thickest layer of tissue (located under the epidermis). Dense,irregular connective tissue consisting of two regions; the papillary and reticular areas. 6. Epidermis- Outer and most superficial layer of the skin; replaced every 4-6 weeks. 7. Sweat Glands- Cools the skin's surface to decrease body temperature. 8. Subcutaneous Layer- Fat layer. 9. Eczema- Inflammatory skin disease with erythema (redness), pruritus (itching), and edmena. 10. Acne- Sebum and dead skin cells form plugs in hair follicles, trapping bacteria underneath skin.

Integumentary System (cont.) Key Terms: Diseases: ● derm/o, dermat/o skin 1. Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor ● kerat/o cornea circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. ● xer/o dry ● xanth/o yellow 2. Ecchymosis: a discoloration of the skin resulting from ● erythr/o red bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising. ● pedicul/o finger nail; toe nail ● onych/o nail 3. Alopecia: partial or complete absence of hair from areas of ● myc/o fungus body where it normally grows; baldness ● pil/o hair; hair follicle ● lip/o fat 4. Eczema: inflammatory skin disease with redness, itching, and ● rhytid/o wrinkle edmena. ● albin/o white Healthcare Careers: Anesthesiologist: Physicians who specialize in perioperative care and practice anesthesia. Plastic Surgeons: medical practitioner who performs surgery to reconstruct or repair different parts of the body by transferring tissue.

Musculoskeletal System Function: when functions of both the muscular system and the skeletal system work together providing support, protection, and overall movement for the human body. Vocabulary: 1. Prime Mover- Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement. #4 on work cited page 2. Antagonist- Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover. 3. Skeletal Muscle- Muscle tissue that is connected to bones and moves them in order to produce body movement. 4. Smooth Muscle-Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. 5. Tendon- Attaches muscle to bone. 6. Framework- bone structure 7. Fx- fracture 8. Sesamoid- bones that are embedded into tendons 9. Joint- A place where two or more bones meet 10. Tendon- connects muscle to bone #5 on work cited page

Musculoskeletal System (cont.) Key Terms: Diseases: ● my/o muscle 1. Osteoporosis: Weakened bones; leading cause is lack of ● myel/o bone marrow hormones. ● oste/o bone ● cost/o rib 2. Scoliosis: Sideways curvature in the spine. ● crani/o skull 3. Hypotonia: Loss of muscle tone. ● -pexy fixation 4. Muscular Dystrophy: Progressive weakness and deterioration ● chondr/o cartilage ● arthr/o joint of skeletal muscle. ● -plegia paralysis ● kinesi/o movement Healthcare Careers: Chiropractor: Trained healthcare professional that use an abundance of non-surgical methods in order to reduce joint/tissue/bone pain within patients. Rheumatologist: internist or pediatrician who detects and treats patients with any kind of of musculoskeletal disease and systemic autoimmune conditions commonly referred to as rheumatic diseases.

Nervous System Function: Three main functions that work together in an overlapping manner; the sensory input, integration, and motor output. Vocab: #6 on work cited page 1. Sensory input- Any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. 2. Integration- Central nervous system processes and interprets the info received through the sensory organs. 3. Motor output- After interpreting and processing the sensory input, the CNS transmits messages to the effectors. 4. Sensory organs- Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. #7 on work cited page 5. Effectors- Muscles or glands in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output. 6. Voluntary movement- Expression of thought through action produced by skeletal muscle. 7. Involuntary movement- Occurs when you move your body in an uncontrollable and unintended way. These movements can be anything from quick, jerking tics to longer tremors and seizures; produced within muscles and glands. 8. Stimuli- Changes in the external or internal body. 9. Neurons- Fundamental cells of the nervous system 10. Neuroglial Cell- Specialized cells that support vital functions of the nervous system.

Nervous System (cont.) Key Terms: Disease: ● neur/o nerve 1. Alzheimer's: Muscular weakness and atrophy with involuntary ● encephal/o brain contractions and excessive reflexes. ● myel/o spinal cord/bone marrow ● ambul/o walking 2. Astrocytoma: Tumor located in the glial tissue. ● -esthesia feeling/sensation 3. Bell’s Palsy: One-sided paralysis of the nerves that control ● mening/o meninges ● psych/o mind the facial muscles, causing one side of the face to drop ● concuss/o shaken together 4. Cerebral Palsy: Disorder affecting movement and muscle tone caused by trauma or a birth defect to the brain. Healthcare Careers: 1. Psychobiologist Biological Psychologist: Studies the neural basis of behavior. 2. Psychophysicist: Measures perceptual abilities.

#8 on work cited pageSpecial Senses Function: The special senses are involved in the nervous system function of sensory input; these senses monitor stimuli or changes in the external or internal #8onworkcitedpage environment. Vocab: 1. Eye- primary sense organ for vision. 2. Ear- divided into three major areas all working together to allow us to hear things. 3. Nose- strong ability to distinguish different odors. 4. Tongue- composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that extends across the floor of the oral cavity. 5. Skin- has specialized nerve fibers located in the dermis of the skin acting as sensory receptors for pain, temperature, pressure, and touch. 6. Pupil- allows for light to enter the eye. 7. Auricle- directs sound towards the auditory canal. 8. Olfactory Hairs- located inside of the nose.When stimulated by odor molecules dissolved on the mucous membrane, they generate neural impulses. 9. Taste buds- sensitive bulb like structures located on the tongue that allow you to distinguish different tastes and textures while eating. 10. Gustatory- detects the sense of taste (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami).

Special Senses (cont.) Key Terms: Disease: ● irid/o iris 1. Amblyopia: Impaired vision in one or both eyes resulting ● -cusis hearing from a developmental deficiency in early childhood. ● -opia vision condition ● ot/o ear 2. Cataract: Clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual ● tympan/o eardrum acuity; caused by accumulation of protein in the lens. ● opthalm/o eye ● -metry processing of measuring 3. Dacryocystitis: Blockage, inflammation, and and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac. 4. Glaucoma: Pressure within the eyeball causes damage to the retina and optic nerve, eventually producing blindness. Healthcare Careers: 1. Otolaryngology: Study and care of the ears, nose, and throat. 2. Rehabilitation: Serve to restore functionality part of the body.

Cardiovascular System #10 on work cited page Function: to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive. Veins deliver used blood from the body back to the heart. #11 work cited page Vocab: 1. Atria- Receiving chambers, blood comes into the heart 2. Ventricles- Bottom chambers that send out blood 3. Pulmonary Arteries- Carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. (Takes blood to the lungs) 4. Pulmonary Veins- Vein that brings blood back from the lungs to the heart 5. Aorta- the largest artery in the body that sends out oxygenated blood to the body 6. Coronary Arteries- Branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart 7. Valves- Prevent backflow of blood (contained in veins) 8. Superior Vena Cava- Where the veins draining from the head and arms empty into 9. Inferior Vena Cava- Where veins draining the lower body empty into (below the diaphragm) 10. Pulse- A pressure wave that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle

Cardiovascular System (cont.) Key Terms: Disease: ● cardi/o heart 1. Arrhythmia: irregular heartbeat. ● angi/o vessel (blood) 2. Aneurysm: localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, ● hem/o, hemat/o blood ● Brady- slow usually an artery. ● Tachy- fast 3. Cardiomyopathy: diseased heart muscle. ● thromb/o clot 4. Atherosclerosis: plaque buildup in the arteries. ● -emia present in the blood ● leuk/o white blood cell Healthcare Careers: ● erythr/o red blood cell ● arteri/o artery 1. Cardiac Physiology: Do important diagnostic work with patients who have suspected or known heart problems. They also analyse the test results and report to the patient’s physician. 2. Cardiac Nurse: key part of the cardiology team. They assist physicians in diagnosing heart conditions, arranging surgeries and other procedures, and providing expert aftercare to patients.

Respiratory System #13 on work cited page Function: The respiratory system has three crucial life sustaining functions. These functions consist of inhaling (breathing in) fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for life sustaining oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and bloodstream, and lastly exhaling (breathing out) stale/old air. Vocab: 1. Nasal Cavity- filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air. #12 on work cited page 2. Trachea- allows air to travel to and from the lungs. 3. Lungs- main organs of the respiratory system. 4. Bronchi- serve as passageways for air inside the lungs where fresh oxygen and harmful carbon dioxide are exchanged. 5. Ventilation- process by which air moves in and out of lungs. 6. Respiration- process of gas exchange. 7. Respiratory rate- number of breaths that a person takes in a minute. 8. Respiratory region- in charge of warming and humidifying air that passes through it. 9. Pharynx- (throat) passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel. 10. Oropharynx- second section of the pharynx located behind the oral cavity. Air, food, and liquids pass through it.

Respiratory System (cont.) Key Terms: Diseases: ● bronch/o bronchus; bronchial tube 1. Apnea: Temporary interruption of breathing. ● cyan/o blue 2. Dyspnea: Difficult or painful breathing. ● laryng/o larynx; voice box 3. Rales: Abnormal crackling sound heard during auscultation of ● -oxia oxygen ● Oxy- swift; sharpp; acid the lungs while patient is breathing in (indicates that ● pleur/o pleur; serous membrane that enfolds the fluid/mucus is blocking the airway). 4. Stridor: Harsh, high-pitched sound during respiration lung (indicates an airway obstruction). ● pneum/o lung; air ● pulmon/o lung Healthcare Careers: ● thorac/o chest ● trache/o trachea; windpipe 1. Pulmonologist: specializes in diagnosing and treating patients with lung problems and diseases. 2. Oncologist: treats people with cancer, explains the diagnosis, treatment, and stage of the cancer to the patient, manage the patient's pain, symptoms, and treatment side effects like constipation, nausea, and fatigue with the best care they can provide.

Digestive System Function: Also called the gastrointestinal tract, it ingest food, breaks it down chemically and physically turning them into nutrients and then draws nutrients from the food into the bloodstream. Vocab: 1. Ingestion- intake of food and/or liquid into the mouth. #15 on work cited page 2. Mastication- physical and mechanical breakdown of food by process of chewing. 3. Digestion- process by which food is broken down into smaller components. #14 on work cited page 4. Bile- fluid secreted by the liver to help break down fatty foods. 5. Duodenum- where absorption begins. 6. Absorption- nutrients leaves digestive tract and enter blood supply. 7. Elimination- solid waste that exits body. 8. Uvula- covers nose and throat preventing food/liquid to enter nasal cavity. 9. Gingiva- also called the gums; assist in chewing and holds teeth in place. 10. Amylase- secreted by salivary glands; aids in chemical digestion.

Digestive System (cont.) Key Terms Diseases: ● cholecyst/o gallbladder 1. Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder. ● enter/o intestines (usually the small) 2. Cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of stones in the gallader. ● col/o, colon/o colon; large intestine 3. Crohn's Disease: inflammation in the digestive tract. ● hepat/o liver 4. Esophageal Varices: swollen, twisted veins in the distal ● gastr/o stomach ● or/o mouth portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach. ● -pepsia digestion Healthcare Careers: ● chol/e gall; bile ● proct/o rectum; anus 1. Proctologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus. Proctology is a surgical subspecialty. 2. Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult) – a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool (feces). Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids.

Urinary System #17 on work cited page #16 on work cited page Function: Major filtration system for your body; aids cardiovascular system by cleansing blood of metabolic waste and flushes excessive fluids from the body. Vocab: 1. Filtration- kidneys separate metabolic waste products from your blood. 2. Urination- filtration of metabolic waste products. 3. Hormone production- produced by kidneys, these hormones contain a protein that stimulates red blood cell production in our bone marrow. 4. Kidneys- bean shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal cavity; filter metabolic waste products, ions, and excess water from blood forming urine which is discharged through urination. 5. Ureters- transport urine from renal pelvises of the kidney to the urinary bladder. 6. Urethra- transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. 7. Urethral sphincters- composed of muscle tissue and work together to control the flow of urine. 8. Urinary Meatus- where urethra exits. 9. Urinary Bladder- a hollow, muscular organ located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity 10. Nephron- responsible for process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion(forms urine).

Urinary System (cont.) Key Terms: Diseases: ● -cele hernia; swelling; protrusion 1. Dysuria: difficult or painful urination. ● -lysis breakdown; separation; loosening 2. Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine. ● cyst/o cyst; fluid sac; bladder 3. Polyuria: condition of excessive urine production. ● nephr/o kidney 4. Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder. ● ren/o kidney ● -uria urination; condition of urine Healthcare Careers: ● -pexy surgical fixation ● -ectasis dilution 1. Urologic oncologists deal with tumors in the urinary tract or ● pyel/o renal pelvis genital system. In this career, you diagnose cancers of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system. 2. Gynecologic oncologists are trained OB/GYNs, or obstetricians-gynecologists, who receive additional training in the detection and treatment of cancer, particularly cancer of women and their reproductive organs.

Reproductive System Function: produce egg and sperm cells, transport and sustain these cells, and nurture the developing offspring. #18 on work cited page Vocab: 1. Ovaries- oval-shaped organs filled with eggs located near the posterior pelvic cavities on the left and right side. 2. Ova- also known as eggs; these are the female sex cells. 3. Menstruation- monthly shedding of the innermost layer of the uterus. 4. Fallopian tubes- extend form the lateral ends of the ovaries to the top of the uterus. 5. Gestation- period of human development and growth in the uterus from conception to birth. 6. Sperm- male sex cell. 7. Testicles- male glands that produce sperm. 8. Spermatic cord- carries the sperm towards the pelvic region and the ejaculatory duct. 9. Erection- penis becomes enlarged and stiff, allowing for sexual intercourse. #19 on work cited page 10. Testosterone- hormone responsible for the male secondary sex characteristics.

Reproductive System (cont.) Key Terms: Disease: ● cervic/o neck; cervix 1. Azoospermia: absence of sperm; results in infertility. ● salping/o fallopian tube; auditory 2. Genital Warts: warts on the shaft of the penis caused by HPV. ● ov/o tumor 3. Cystocele: hernia of the bladder that bulges through the ● orcid/o testis; testicle ● oophor/o ovary vaginal wall. ● men/o menses; menstruation 4. Menorrhagia: excessively heavy menstrual bleeding; may lead ● mamm/o breast ● gynec/o female; woman to anemia. ● colp/o vagina ● prostat/o prostate gland Healthcare Careers: 1. Gynecologists: deal with the health of the female reproductive system.They can do anything from examine the vagina for vaginal cancer to give ultrasounds to help give birth. 2. Obstetricians: study of caring for women before, during, and after pregnancy. There are different types of people in this profession including obstetricians, midwifes, and nurse wives. Obstetricians see patients in a hospital setting and deliver and care for babies and their mothers in a hospital room.

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Work Cited #16 Molly Smith DipCNM, mBANT. “Urinary System Quizzes and Labeled Diagrams.” Kenhub, Kenhub, 31 Aug. 2020, www.kenhub.com/en/library/learning-strategies/urinary-system-quizzes-labeled-diagrams. #17 “ToxTutor - Urinary Excretion.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, toxtutor.nlm.nih.gov/13-002.html. #18 Harrison, Richard J. “Human Reproductive System.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 4 Feb. 2020, www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system. #19 Martinez, Vanessa. “Male And Female Reproductive Systems Harder To Label For Some Than Others [PHOTOS].” Medical Daily, 12 Mar. 2014, www.medicaldaily.com/male-and-female-reproductive-systems-harder-label-some-others-271039.