Science Outlook 2015

05 STI Enculturation

Science Outlook 2015

05 How Exciting and Meaningful is the Universe Today, a science website dedicated STI Agenda to the Society Outside to popularising science to the public, put itSTI Enculturation of the Science Community? succinctly, “Science is everywhere in today’s world. It is part of our daily lives, from The NPSTI in its introductory chapter cooking and gardening, to recycling and reported “an overarching goal of comprehending the daily weather report, establishing a scientifically advanced and to reading a map and using a computer. progressive society, one that is innovative Advances in technology and science are and forward-looking, which is not only a transforming our world at an incredible pace, consumer of technology but also a and our children’s future will surely be filled contributor to the scientific and with leaps in technology we can only technological civilisation of the future. It is imagine. Being ‘science literate’ will no imperative that STI be strengthened and longer be just an advantage but an absolute mainstreamed into all sectors and at all necessity. We can’t escape from the levels of national development agenda. significance of science in our world.” STI should be pervasive and touch the lives of every Malaysian.” In Malaysia, many policies and programmes were implemented in the past by The policy continues, “Inculcating a government and non-government bodies culture of STI at all levels is critical to alike to establish the significance and enhance the scientific, creative and promote the holistic purpose of “science”. innovative thinking among Malaysians. However, one of the initiatives dubbed as STI should be imbued naturally and the “Decade of Innovation”, announced by practiced. A strong commitment by the the Deputy Prime Minister on 5 November stakeholders is vital to promote, support 2012, in conjunction with the ‘World and popularise STI programmes.” Innovation Kuala Lumpur Forum’ in 2012, served as a spring board to gain a new The task at hand is to acknowledge that perspective on science in society. The “Science beyond Scientists” is not just a “Year of Science and the National school of thought but a philosophy that can Innovation Movement 2012” (SGI2012) was help Malaysia build a civilised society that is also launched with an allocation of RM100 sensitive to various aspects of development, million, accelerating efforts following other while the nation achieves its 2020 milestone national programmes such as Innovative of being a developed economy. In other Malaysia 2010 and the Promotion of Science words, enculturation of science in society is and Mathematics 2011. These programmes as critical as the application of science for garnered participation and contribution not development. Such a process begins with only from government agencies, but also the very basic understanding of how the private sector, schools, NGOs and the “science” is a part of everything that we public. do and live with. 97

The journey, however, began with the scientific evidence appropriately in justifying Has the STI Enculturation Process creation of a “mind-set”, an eco-system and their policy choice. Begun and If Yes, is it Sustainable a culture of “innovation” across all levels Enough to Create a Positive of industry and society. Towards this, the Despite all efforts (at both policy and Impact on the Society As well as government introduced various grants and grassroots levels), an important question for the Economy? schemes such as the Community Innovation debate is: beyond cursory appreciation of Fund (CIF), which was aimed at encouraging technology in their day-to-day lives, do the Since 2013, through the NPSTI, the transformation of knowledge or ideas into various aspects of STI excite or enthuse the Government has established the need for products, processes and services that will Malaysian society enough for greater the following four measures to popularise improve the socio-economic standing and participation in scientific endeavours? STI among the public: quality of life of communities. Many such funds and programmes (Further Reading 5-1) One of the major challenges faced by 1. Establish an advisory body to guide STI continue to be instrumental in the developing countries such as Malaysia is public awareness and promotions; enculturation of STI. making S&T an essential part of the culture of the people. Society must adopt the love 2. Expand and empower science centres to Overall, Malaysians were interested in STI of knowledge, especially science, among its popularise STI in society; and only a small percentage was unsure people (Bhola 1989). A country’s people and or did not know much about STI (MOSTI their histories, cultures, languages, habits 3. Promote STI among school children, 2014b). Compared to the 2008 findings, the and socio-economic needs must be taken professional bodies and science-oriented percentage of very interested responses in into account as well. What may work for a societies; and selected STI-related issues had more than developed country such as Finland may not doubled in 2014. However, in comparison be a viable solution in a developing country 4. Conduct outreach programmes to raise to the US and EU, Malaysian respondents like Vietnam or Malaysia. Lastly, we must also awareness on ethics and humanities in showed the lowest level of interest in STI review and understand the outcomes of the society. issues. On average, 78% of Malaysian 60:40 strategy, which was introduced by the respondents were interested in STI MOE to increase the take-up rate for science compared to 89% in the USA and 83% in the education as well as to popularise science EU (Further Reading 5-2). among the student population (Further Reading 5-3). In terms of the Malaysian public’s knowledge of STI, less than half of all respondents (46%) were able to correctly answer factual knowledge in the 2014 survey. The same trend has been observed over the past 16 years (since 1998 until 2014). The public’s lack of knowledge about STI may have far-reaching consequences. With fairly low STI literacy, the public might not be able to follow science news reports and participate in public discourse on STI-related issues. Where STI literacy is low, there is also a risk that policy makers might not be able to use98

While efforts are ongoing in each of these Estidotmy would have garnered a total however, only 4.33% of the population wasareas, STI Enculturation has so far produced readership of 99.75 million during those reached through PSN’s two branches in thesome positive results. To illustrate, the years. country.MEB offers an honest observation ofscience education in Malaysia. While it Although Estidotmy was a strong and In the same league is the Nationalacknowledges the various challenges, the impactful medium, it was discontinued due Planetarium, which promotes many outreachMEB also reaffirms the inherent potential for to lack of funding after 2012. Similarly, the programmes targeted at schools as well asMalaysia to emerge as a regional centre of science portal ScienceBuzz was launched in the general public. These include astronomyexcellence for quality human capital. This 2011 to bridge the gap between scientists workshops for teachers, an Earth Hour-Nightis evidenced by successful representation and society via simplified and practical at the Planetarium, public talks and anof young Malaysian talent in recent years in notions/knowledge on ‘science’ in and for interactive website for young childrenreputable global science-based events. the society. In 2004, ASM organised the complete with educational games and Nobel Prize Centennial Exhibition, aimed at content.Locally, the National Science Challenge producing Malaysian Nobel prize winners. In(NSC), Malaysia’s premier science 2013, ASM collaborated with the Nobel Another example of a common-interestcompetition for high school students, has Museum to organise Sketches of Science enculturation platform bridging thebeen successful in imparting science and Faces of Science, offering an Government, business communities and theknowledge as well as in enhancing science opportunity to the Malaysia public to be public is Petrosains, the Discovery Centre, aexploration, innovation and communication acquainted with Nobel Laureates and local science centre set up in 1999 by PETRONASamong children and professionals. scientists. in the heart of Kuala Lumpur to promote theAccording to demographic data collected oil and gas industry to the young. Petrosainsby ASM in 2014 (with respondents from 363 In addition to these targeted initiatives, the conducts extensive outreach programmesschools and almost 8,673 participants of the Government’s National Science Centre (including teachers’ programmes),NSC), learning science was acknowledged (Pusat Sains Negara – PSN) continues to national-level competitions and a scienceby at least 85% of the participants as attract public interest by creating an element festival benefiting communities nationwide.important to their daily lives and of “fun” in the learning of science through With a vision to “Create Wonder and Inspireresponsible for stimulating their thinking various interactive science exhibits, People” through engaging and imaginativeand problem-solving abilities. programmes and activities. PSN also Experiences’, Petrosains adopts strategic publishes S&T literature and acts as an and structured approaches to developIn fulfilling its multiple roles as an S&T adviser of informal science learning through interest and engagement in STEM. It servesadvisory body and think tank, ASM its social service initiative, the Community to arouse curiosity among futurecontinues to promote the STI agenda Programme. It also offers the Educator generations, inspire them to ask questions,through various platforms to engage and Programme which sensitises the teaching think critically and seek to discover answersconnect its fellows with media, industry community and Public Outreach Events such to the world’s intriguing mysteries via theas well as societies. For example, ASM (in as PSN at the Village Programme, Science study of science. Over the years, Petrosainscollaboration with MOSTI) had regularised On Wheels Programme, Science Wanderer has evolved into an exploratory scienceEstidotmy, a monthly science magazine Programme, Science Camp Programme and centre for children and adults, with over fivepublished by local media publication, Science On The Move Programme, amongst million visitors to date (Figure 5-1).Utusan Malaysia between 2002 and 2012. others. The positive impact of these Petrosains also operates and manages otherA total of 114 editions of Estidotmy were platforms on STI enculturation can be centres and organises travelling exhibitionspublished in the period. Assuming a gauged by the level of community and events with a further reach of over nine‘pass-along’ rate of about 2.5 readers, participation as well as its reach. Based on million visitors to date. the published PSN 2011 visitor statistics, 99

The Discovery Centre since 1999 science by creating excitement and arousing the Penang Science Cafes, which are local 4.59 million visitors and counting passion concerning the subject matter. science community centres accessible to the public. 4.07 million visitors An equally successful model was introduced by the Penang Science Cluster (PSC), which The good news is that many governmental PETRONAS Twin Towers Visit Operation is a home-grown, highly innovative science and non-governmental organisations education non-profit organisation created including private sector companies and 1.17 million visitors to promote the value of STI amid circles of individuals are actively promoting “science business leaders, schools, students and their for society” and for national development. In PETRONAS PlaySmart Centres parents. It aims to spark interest in S&T and many instances, these actors or proponents create a culture of innovation and of STI operate on their own, while seeking 1.29 million visitors entrepreneurship among the youth of the funding and resources from the science country. For instance, in collaboration with coterie. Details of some of the organisations PETRONAS StreetSmart business communities, the cluster introduced and programmes which are contributing to its pioneering TechMentor Program, which the critical phenomenon of STI enculturation 0.98 million visitors appoints a volunteering mentor (engineers in the country are listed below: from industry, parents and undergraduates) PETRONAS DinoTrek to some of the sponsored primary and • The Global Science and Innovation secondary schools for a period of six months. Advisory Council, chaired by the Prime 0.44 million visitors Minister Y.A.B. Dato’ Sri Mohd. Najib Apart from that, critical hardware and Tun Haji Abdul Razak, acts as a sounding Events & Programmes software are also installed (loaned) for a board for various stakeholders to Over, hands-on, inquiry based curriculum improve and optimise the country’s culminating in a project for the students. PSC capabilities in the field of science 12 million people reached since 1999 is a good example of how dedicated and innovation; teachers, business leaders and schools can Figure 5-1. Petrosains The Discovery Centre come together for the love of science. The • MOSTI, the apex STI ministry, annually Source: Petrosains Sdn Bhd 2014 cluster also illustrates the positive role and conducts numerous nationwide STI contribution of the business communities outreach programmes in tandem with Through Petrosains’ Volunteer Scheme in terms of knowledge transfer, skills and the national STI programme; (Further Reading 5-4), the Centre has been resources, as well as grants and financial able to establish a successful model to support outside of the Government system • The Association of Science, Technology engage not only science-based graduates for STI Enculturation. and Innovation (ASTI) is an association and professionals, but also school leavers of educators, scientists, industry and students from various fields to work Over the years, PSC has also institutionalised representatives and individuals with the young and teach them about the Penang International Science Fair (PISF), committed to advancing the role of science, while at the same time, gaining where industry and organisations not only the scientific community in inspiring the confidence to be better communicators and display their products but also demonstrate youth of the nation to join and excel in instilling an appreciation for science as science and technological aspects through the world of science. With culture and as a part of everyday life. fun workshops for students. Such workshops, approximately RM2 million in funds Through Petrosains and its creative meant for hands-on S&T learning or raised annually, ASTI spearheads many programmes, PETRONAS remains enculturation, are also promoted through outreach and educational science committed to educating the public about platforms such as the Young Inventors’ Challenge, Science Fair for Young100

Children, Creative and Critical Thinking Despite These Positive Efforts, Science Education as Enculturation: A Camps, etc. Is There Something Deeper, popular view is that science education can• In 2014, Wencomm, a NGO dedicated Something Cultural or Fundamental be seen as a process of enculturation. In to higher learning, commissioned a That is Impeding STI Enculturation in other words, certain policy issues related to column entitled, Scientific Malaysian, Malaysia? effective and efficient science education can in Nanyang Siang Pau, a leading local impede the popularisation of science. Chinese media publication. It was aimed A number of STI issues were surveyed and In a published paper on the Development at enhancing public orientation and the level of interest among the respondents of Science Education in Malaysia, it was interest in STI as well as to popularise varied throughout the years. Interestingly, suggested that the many deliberated STEM education. The column carries interest in space exploration, the use of changes in the education system may have thought-provoking feature articles on nuclear technology to generate power and contributed greatly in the decline of interest science and life, brief news branded as the use of computer technology, increased in STI and/or STEM disciplines (Loke 2000). Science Short Waves as well as science considerably relative to the other issues. Below is the development of Science quizzes, puzzles and activities; However, the following arguments suggest Education in Malaysia in brief:• Science publications, news and that such increased interest could be documentaries continue to be released ephemeral: 1960s: Science was taught in subjects such as by various industry experts, thought leaders, media and associations; • The heightened interest in space hygiene, gardening and nature studies. In 1961, the• Business FM (BFM) Radio’s “The Bigger exploration can be attributed to the National Education Policy was created, and science was Picture” often discusses developments “National Angkasawan Programme” based on the Cambridge Examination Syllabus. It was and issues related to social and life and Datuk Sheikh Muzaffar’s successful still very much influenced by the British curriculum, and sciences; spaceflight, which was given broad in 1969, the lower secondaryschools’ integrated science• Scientific Malaysian is a non-profit coverage by the media; syllabus was adapted from the Scottish Integrated initiative connecting Malaysian scientific Science Project. researchers across the world to • There has been a steady decline of deliberate on various research issues in interest in environmental pollution 1970s: Reviews of science education in Malaysian Malaysia and develop the networks issues, which is a cause for concern as it through collaborative undertakings; is a critical issue affecting the community schools were conducted. • Constellation, an online webzine and environment; and 1980s: Malaysian primary and secondary schools were published by the International Muslim • The interest in computer technology Association of Scientists and Engineers may be limited to its application as a introduced to new science curricula: Alam dan Manusia (IMASE), which aims at creating a forum necessity in the workplace and to (for Years 4 to 6, 1984), Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah for writers and academics where they increase social media networks for Menengah (KBSM) Science in place of Integrated can share Islamic perspectives on lifestyle and entertainment reasons. Science for Forms 1-3 and KBSM Kimia, KBSM Biologi scientific, societal and technological and KBSM Fizik for Forms 4 and 5. development through papers, opinion In conclusion, the data suggest that there articles, poetry, reports, etc.; and is a relatively high level of interest in S&T 1990s: Malaysia’s education underwent a • More than 30 science-based television amongst the Malaysian public. However shows are broadcasted on national and this interest seems to be temporal driven democratisation with science held at the highest by current issues, and does not translate priority to meet Vision 2020. Kurikulum Bersepadu satellite television to educate. into corresponding level of scientific literacy. Sekolah Rendah (KBSR) and KBSM were reviewed, This has resulted in a lack of basic S&T and science became a compulsory subject from knowledge and skills, which could also be Year 4 onwards. largely attributed to the education system. 2000 onwards: Science was being firmed as a subject for students to excel. The MEB strived to strengthen the national education system, narrow the education gap, improve the teaching profession and accelerate excellence. Yet there was a contentious moment when Science — previously taught in Bahasa Malaysia — was taught in English but this ruling was overturned in 2009. 101

Addressing enculturation of STI in education peer-reviewed research, videos, podcastsmay be a challenge, in view of the three and interactive graphs on various science-most fundamental questions: related subjects.1. Having well-qualified teachers may be In the paper Popularisation of Science: an influencing factor but is the teaching Historical Perspectives and Permanent community passionate about science Dilemmas by Massarani and Moreira (2004), and its benefits to the society as well as it has been noted that the public plays a role the nation? in legitimising science but all efforts will not prevail without the backing of the scientific2. Can successful Inquiry-Based Science community. The author emphasised that Education (IBSE) projects be replicated the popularisation of science is an activity nationwide for greater impact in a permanent process of (re)construction, (Further Reading 5-5)? involving research institutions, universities, governments and the players or talent,3. Can we attribute the student namely scientists, communicators, registrations for science subjects at journalists, researchers and students. the SPM level to their level of interest or orientation, rather than social or familial pressure, or even financial motivation such as scholarships, etc.?In exploring proven strategies forpopularising STI, a good country forMalaysia to emulate would be the US,where both the mainstream and socialmedia continue to play a huge role incommunicating the role and value of STIfor development. Through online platforms, public forums and mass discussions on the application of science in a person’s life, through stories on scientific theories and anthologies on science, and with many role models and celebrities in the STI space, science has permeated many levels of the industry as well as society. To illustrate, the mobile application called Science Population by the American Association for the Advancement of Science presents information on global population growth and its impact on critical areas such as lifespan, education, health and economics. It also features news articles and102

Way Forward: Enabling and Sustaining theProcess of STI Enculturation in the CountryThe establishment of a strategic, long-term STIEnculturation Plan: Institutions such as ASM canexpand its role on behalf of the sciencecommunity of Malaysia, to pool the resourcesand funds for a structured, sustainable andmeasurable STI Enculturation Plan, which willdefine the roles of multiple stakeholders andthe platforms for public engagement, thefrequency as well as the content to popularisescience amid non-science communities.The plan can include:1 2 high-quality science labs, pre-school orientation on STI and scientificEarly Exposure to Science in Schools Popularising Science to Society Through ambitions among students and aspiringEarly childhood orientation to science can Various Stakeholders, Influencers, professionals.help build a community of future STI Partners and Beneficiariesenthusiasts and professionals, who will ii. Role of Scientists: There is anfoster new growth in the STI space. In i. Role of Government or Ministries: opportunity for the Malaysian scienceaddition to Early Childhood Care and Their role is critical in introducing or community and its advocates toEducation Policy, there is a need to enhancing various informal science- engage with and influence adults tointensify efforts towards making science learning initiatives throughout the create a culture of science amonga popular fun topic for young children country. For instance, in Singapore, the the public. In Your Own Voice, an essaythrough innovation programmes. Science Centre is funded by its Ministry by actor Alan Alda for Science and The of Education, with a mandate for all the Media Report (published by the schools to regularly visit the centre and American Academy of Arts and participate in its programmes. Through Sciences in 2010), provides an various partnerships and initiatives with interesting perspective on how the private sector, schools and scientists can endear themselves to universities, the Government as well as the public. Alda sums it up with a the ministries can influence various simple solution – scientists should not policy measures to make possible dumb down their work, but speak as if highly qualified teachers, they are conversing with a friend or their child. Scientists in Malaysia can take a proactive role as “Communicators of the Cause of Science”, and meaningfully and sustainably engage the media as well as 103

the public outside of the science products such as the iPad, Macbooks corporate social responsibility (CSR) community. This in itself will publicise and iPhones. Social media is one of platforms. Such sustainable initiatives are and popularise research, scientific the main drivers of prosumer activity. helping to either promote greater endeavours and achievements, as It allows and encourages feedback and educational outcomes at the school level well as the socio-economic interaction among users and helps to or to create a ‘science culture’ in the contributions of STI in a credible build an audience. Further studies can country, which would greatly enhance manner. be conducted on the various products interest in STEM subjects, the and services acquired by prosumers to performance of students academically iii. Role of Prosumers: The producers, help understand the levels of acceptance and eventually the choices they will make who are also the consumers of or satisfaction, enabling future with regard to their career options technology, can assume greater partnerships between researchers and (Further Reading 5-6). Further studies responsibility as ambassadors of prosumers. need to be undertaken to understand science. For example, Phison the business nature of STI, by analysing Electronics Corporation manufactures iv. Role of Business: Outside the the demand and supply for STI and USB flash drives, memory cards and educational space, the business sector related jobs. solid-state drives (SSDs). The USB could also play an active role in the flash drives have become a marketplace to create touch points ubiquitous must-have for every through targeted programmes, allowing professional and student to store public access across age groups to gain their files. Facebook founder Mark exposure and interaction on various Zuckerberg has reinvented social aspects of STI. For instance, a growing media – creating a social media number of corporations are imparting website for billions of people and quality cience education, with the with he himself as a user. Another objective to bridge the gap between prosumer of technology is Apple, the the marginalised or underprivileged and makers of personal computer the mainstream society, through their104

3 encouraging the public to watch and Further Readings analyse concepts within science-fictionEngaging Public through Multiple films, thereby providing an understanding 5-1 pg. 179 Platforms (Mass Media, Online of science as a discovery process andand Forums): improving their attitudes towards science. Funds promoting enculturation of STIEncourage Malaysian scientificcommunities to popularise critical science 4 5-2 pg. 179 areas and share scientific theories andanthologies through online platforms, Establishing an STI Enculturation Index: Public Awareness on STIpublic forums and mass discussion. An STI Enculturation Index will help derive meaningful data, which can be used by 5-3 pg. 181 To illustrate, Yates (1998) in his paper, critical influencers (such as schools,Achieving Scientific Literacy through the educationists, parents, industry leaders) Strategy Report on achieving 60:40Mass Media and Other Communication to garner interest for STEM disciplines as Science / Technical : Arts StreamTechnologies: A NASA Perspective well as scientific initiatives. (60:40 Report)discovered that science educators reportedan undeniable connection between the 5-4 pg. 182 mass media and science teaching.However, this connection is not always PETROSAINS’ Volunteer Schemeused to its fullest extent. The impendingrole of Malaysian media in influencing and 5-5 pg. 183 promoting the success of the STI agendaamid various stakeholders needs to be Inquiry Based Science Education (IBSE)appreciated to tap into its power andpotential. For instance, one way of using a 5-6 pg. 183 public medium to popularise science is by Sustainable CSR initiatives 105

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06 Strategic International Alliance

Science Outlook 2015

06 Can Malaysia Tap into Global Sri Mohd. Najib Tun Haji Abdul Razak. Potential through Strategic The second wave will continue to attractStrategic International Collaborations in the STI Space? international enterprises and resources toAlliance Malaysia under various economic The need to enhance strategic international partnership agreements, with emphasis on alliances was not articulated or highlighted areas such as green/ emerging technologies in the initial S&T frameworks (at least, until and knowledge based high-income potential the current policy was introduced), as the industries. focus has been primarily on building and strengthening national capabilities and Resource Based Basic Input Factors: 1 MP capacity for research, technology and - Land 2 MP innovation. - Labour However, history has witnessed Malaysia’s Basic Input Factors: 2 MP commitment to collaborate, co-create and - Poverty eradication via 3 MP foster strategic partnerships for socio- economic growth through various MOUs, Industrialisation & Production Based smallholders scheme in agreements and treaties in the S&T Technology plantations cooperation with high-potential partner countries. For instance, the “Look East Innovation Basic Input Factors: 4 MP Policy” (LEP) of Malaysia, introduced by YAB Led Economy - Infrastructure Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad in 1982, - Collateralised risk-free 5 MP allowed the country to forge partnerships 6 MP with the likes of Japan and South Korea for capital 7 MP the exchange of capital (both human and - Labour 8 MP financial), goods and most importantly, a vision of a boundless future. Basic Input Factors: 9 MP - Aggressive 10 MP The very premise on which the LEP took flight i.e. strategic international cooperation Industrialisation continues to be instrumental in the cross- - Advanced technology pollination of people, products, processes, practices and principles of governance, while infrastructure helping to forge new business and trade collaborations, even in S&T space. Basic Input Factors: - Creativity Malaysia has come far on its chartered - High Income development path (Figure 6-1) and is now - Knowledge-economy well-positioned to strengthen bilateral - Technology relations with the region and the world - Market through the second wave of the LEP, under the leadership of Prime Minister, YAB Dato’ Figure 6-1. Malaysia’s charted development path Source: Akademi Sains Malaysia 2013 109

The NPSTI has defined specific KPIs to Cooperation (APEC). These partnerships cooperation in STI such as the MoU on attract more foreign investments to support have helped the country to participate in Science and Technology with Myanmar national STI aspirations, increase strategic various global policy deliberations, (2013), Mozambique (2012), Saudi Arabia collaborations in technology development positively impacting Malaysia’s position in (2011), the United States (2010) and Russia as well as in priority areas with identified the competitive marketplace (Ministry of (2003), as well as the MoU on Marine countries, build expertise and technological Foreign Affairs Malaysia 2014). Science with China (2009). Meanwhile, there capabilities to penetrate international are 87 scientific and technological markets through win-win partnerships, etc. One can see a pattern in the bilateral treaties cooperation agreements, which fall under This calls for the need to tap into Malaysia’s and MoUs established by Malaysia with the auspices of Umbrella Agreements which local, regional and global networks for 88 out of 119 countries in the form of focal point is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. human capital development, meaningful international collaboration for co-authorship, These agreements are mainly related to the exchange of knowledge and technology joint-publication, registration of overseas economic, scientific, technical and cultural as well as for cross-border R,D&C patents and COEs (which are on the cooperation between Malaysia and other opportunities. increase). To-date, 26 bilateral MoUs have countries (Table 6-1). been signed between the Malaysian How Active Has Malaysia Been in Government and other countries for Establishing Regional and International Cooperation? Table 6-1. Bilateral cooperation between Malaysia and foreign countries according to region The various prospective purposes for strategic alliance and collaboration help S&T Cooperation under the auspices of create interdependence between autonomous economic units, bringing new benefits to the partners in the form of Region Umbrella Specific S&T Total MoU/ intangible assets, obligating them to make Agreement1 Affairs 2 Agreement continuing contributions to the partnership. For instance, Table (a) in Further Reading 6-1 Americas 9 2 11 describes the various alliances that are Africa 26 5 31 practised globally, for various purposes. Asia 31 14 45 Europe 19 3 23 Malaysia, as a developing nation, has been Oceania 2 2 4 a member of a number of multilateral TOTAL 87 26 113 organisations including the United Nations (UN), Organisation of Islamic Conference Non-S&T-related Agreement 836 (OIC), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Total Bilateral Agreements 949 Commonwealth, ASEAN, Group of Seventy Seven (G77), Developing Eight (D8), Asia Note: Middle East Dialogue (AMED), Far East Asia 1 The focal point is MOFA. Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC), Indian 2 The focal point is MOSTI. Ocean Rim Association for Regional Source: MOSTI 2014; KLN 2014 Cooperation (IOR-ARC), Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) and Asia Pacific Economic110

Meanwhile, although Malaysia has signed for Malaysia to identify synergistic With active interest to participate in ASEAN108 multilateral treaties as published by the opportunities with BRICS and MIST economic collaborations, Malaysia alsoMinistry of Foreign Affairs, only 15.7% or 17 economies for mutual gains. gained access to one of ASEAN’s largestof the treaties are STI-related (Further trading partners – South Korea. Malaysia isReading 6-2 and 6-3). Similarly, under the ASEAN Framework expected to gain an advantage by tapping Agreement on Services (AFAS), Malaysia into South Korea’s competitive sectors suchIn comparison, with ASEAN and the has offered market-opening or liberalisation as engineering and ICT in the coming years.Emerging Economies (BRICS and MIST), measures in the form of allowing theMalaysia had the most bilateral treaties/ establishment of equity ownership and While Malaysia continues to prioritise theMoUs with BRICS (11 treaties) compared the presence of professionals from ASEAN rule-based multilateral trading system underto ASEAN (eight treaties) and MIST countries. Once again, this is an interesting the World Trade Organization (WTO), the(five treaties). This reflects huge potential opportunity for Malaysia to build its human country is also pursuing regional andfor future collaborations and mutually capital especially with the concessions under bilateral trading arrangements tobeneficial exchanges of skills, knowledge the AFAS Eight Package, which allows up to complement the multilateral approach toand expertise. 70% foreign equity in research and trade liberalisation. Malaysia has concluded, development services (Further Reading signed or implemented five bilateral FreeAnalysis of the socio-economic indicators 6-4). In the same league, ASEAN has also Trade Agreements (FTAs) with countries suchshows that Malaysia is on a par with MIST concluded a mutual recognition agreement as Japan, Pakistan, New Zealand, Chile andand BRICS, who are also members of the (MRA) on engineering services in 2005, which Australia. At the regional level, Malaysia andG20 and comprise a mix of the world’s helped create new opportunities for the its ASEAN partners have established thelargest advanced and emerging economies exchange of talent as well as expertise ASEAN Free Trade Area. ASEAN has also(Table 6-2). This provides an opportunity among the ASEAN MRA signatory countries. concluded FTAs with China, Japan, Korea and India, as well as AustraliaTable 6-2. Malaysia is on a par with MIST and BRICS and New Zealand.Indicators BRICS MIST MALAYSIA Malaysia and its SMEs (through the SME Corp. Malaysia) are represented at manyTotal GDP in trillion (2012) 14.6 3.9 0.3 international platforms with ASEAN SME 4.1% 5.6% Working Group, APEC SME Working Group,Average annual GDP Growth (2012) 4.3% 30 26 East Asia SME Round Table Meeting 65 18 (EARTM) and Standing Committee forPopulation Median age (2010) 30 55 24 Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organisation of the Islamic CooperationEase of Doing Business (2012 average rank) 102 (COMCEC) – all of them catalysing win-win partnerships. SME Corp. Malaysia has alsoEnabling Trade Index (2012 average rank) 83 been involved in various FTA negotiations with the intention to position growthSource: Corpart 2013; EIU 2014; United Nations Statistics Division 2014; appetite and potential of Malaysia’s SMEsThe World Bank 2012a; World Economic Forum 2012 (MATRADE 2011). Hence, there is an opportunity for Malaysian SMEs to recognise and build S&T capabilities and tap into greater global potential. 111

What Opportunities Exist for Malaysia can consider establishing linkages Economic Partnership Agreement MalaysiaMalaysia and Which Countries Should for development of capabilities with the 59 -Japan (JMEPA) benefited more than 15,000Malaysia Focus on for Strengthening economies which are either in transition from professionals and technicians in the countryLinkages and Establishing New the efficiency-driven stage of development (SME Corp. Malaysia 2013).Alliances? to innovation-driven (not unlike Malaysia) or which have matured and are already Meanwhile, looking at the network ofAll of the ASEAN countries except Singapore innovation-driven economies such as South collaboration through publications andare at Stage 1 to 2 of development (Table Korea and Singapore. Collaborations to patents in ICT and biotechnology – the two6-3). However, they all have high S&T enhance R, D&C and talent development top fields which dominated R&D allocationcapabilities, with collaborative opportunities could be established with these countries, in Malaysia over the past five years (Tablein many areas such as electronics, which have a high appetite for innovation as 2-1) – we can see that the Malaysian networkbiomedical science, food-biotechnology, well as for technological development. For of collaboration lacks international exposuremanufacturing technology, engineering, instance, in the past, the Economic (international collaborators), a factor thatinformation technology, material science, Partnership Training Program under the may limit its potential (Further Reading 6-5).mathematics, engineering and chemistry. Table 6-3. World Economic Forum’s stages of development by countries Subindex Pillars Economies Stages ASEAN MIST BRICS Cambodia India Myanmar Basic 1. Institutions Factor-driven Stage 1 Lao PDR requirements 2. Infrastructure (38 economies) Vietnam 3. Macroeconomic Environment 4. Health and primary education Transition Stage 1-2 Philippines Efficiency enhancers 5. Higher education and training Efficiency (20 economies) -driven 6. Goods market efficiency 7. Labour market efficiency Indonesia Indonesia China Thailand South 8. Financial market efficiency Stage 2 9. Technological readiness (31 economies) Africa 10. Market size Malaysia Transition Stage 2-3 Mexico Brazil (22 economies) Turkey Russia Innovation and 11. Business sophistication innovation Stage 3 Singapore South Korea sophistication factors 12. Innovation -driven (37 economies) Source: World Economic Forum 2014112

However, if we look at historical data in termsof research publication output, there is atrend of increasing collaborations betweenMalaysians and international researchersaccording to Thomson Reuters’ Web ofScience database (Figure 6-2). Prior to 2008,Malaysia collaborated mostly with China,and Japan and US remained amongst thetop five countries for many years. As of 2013,Malaysia’s top three country collaborators inindexed research publications are Australia,Iran and England (Figure 6-3). Figure 6-2. Malaysia’s indexed publication collaboration trend, 1981-2011 Source: Web of Science (Thomson Reuters 2014)Figure 6-3. Malaysia’s indexed publication collaboration by country, 2000-2013Source: Thomson Reuters 2014 113

Figure 6-4. Growth rates in the ASEAN regionSource: Grant Thornton 2012The regional integration of the 10 ASEAN and 2016, these economies are expected new thematic tracks of APASTI 2015 – 2020.member countries into a single market to expand by 10% per annum on average, The thematic tracks identified in the Krabiunder the ASEAN Economic Community which is double the rate of the global Initiative will be re-designated as strategic(AEC) in 2015 is another big opportunity for economy. This growth is expected to prospective initiatives under the expandedMalaysian companies to position themselves account for 6.5% of total global growth over APASTI themes.and their competencies. With a high the next five years, thereby increasing thepotential and yielding market created by share of global output for the ASEAN regionthe AEC that caters to a population of 600 to 3.9% in 2016 (Figure 6-4).million people, the prospects andopportunities for Malaysian industry As we move towards the formation of AECplayers seem promising. According to Grant 2015, 12 broad sectors have been identifiedThornton (2012), despite the slowdown in the for liberalisation by ASEAN member states.global economy as a result of the continuing These are expected to provide many STIsovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone, the opportunities (Table 6-5). It is alsoregion is expected to grow robustly in the recommended that the liberalised sectorsmedium-term. In the period between 2012 serve as a general guideline to realign the114

The ASEAN Community of Science and Table 6-4. AEC alignment to APASTI 2015 – 2020 and Krabi InitiativeTechnology (COST) Report (2014)highlights the various STI strengths of AEC 2015 APASTI 2015 – 2020 Krabi InitiativeASEAN countries along with their Liberalised Sectors Thematic Tracks Thematic Tracksnational innovation profiles, to reinforcethe opportunities available for Malaysia 1. Business Services 1. ASEAN Innovation • ASEAN Innovation for as the AEC takes shape (Further Reading 2. Educational Services Global Market6-6). 3. Tourism & Travel Related • Science and Innovation Beyond ASEAN, Malaysia must continue Services for Lifeto expand its footprint as well as business 4. Communication Services 2. Digital ASEAN networks with BRICS (Further Reading 5. Environmental Services • Digital Economy,6-7). In the past, there have been many 6. Recreational, Cultural and New Media &STI-related agreements between Malaysia Social Networkingand BRICS, as listed in Table 6-6. Sporting Services 3. Natural Resources 7. Construction and Related • Water Management 4. Infrastructure Engineering Services • Cross-cutting 8. Financial Services 5. Food Security 9. Transportation Services • Food Security 10. Distribution Services 6. Energy & Environment 11. Health Related and • Energy Security 7. Biodiversity Social Services • Biodiversity for 12. Other Services Health and Wealth 8. Green Technology • Green Technology 9. Human Capital • Cross-cutting 10. Medical Health • Cross-cutting 115

Table 6-5. Existing STI-related agreements between Malaysia and BRICSBrazil• Agreement Between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil On Scientific and Technological Cooperation.Russia• Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between Malaysia and USSR.• Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of Russian Federation on Science and Technology Cooperation.• Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Co-operation between Malaysia and USSR.India• Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology.• Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation.China• Agreement on Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation.• Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Marine Science and Technology.• Agreement on the Establishment of a Joint Economic and Trade Commission.South Africa• Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Malaysia and South Africa on Science, Technology, and Innovation Cooperation• Agreement Concerning Economic, Scientific, Technical and Cultural CooperationSource: KLN 2014 What are Some of the Positive Private and public universities are strong case of STI-enabled companies from Developments or Trends that increasingly updating and expanding their the identified NKEA sectors with R&D Will Help Forge Malaysia’s international STI networks for meaningful priorities, emphasising their collective International Alliances? exchange of knowledge, talent, resources, potential as well as capacity to enter into R&D outputs and commercialisation strategic international alliances. Moving The government has introduced various opportunities. However, the role of forward, public and private sector players reward/incentive mechanisms for high- universities will need to be emphasised will have to join forces to actively promote/ potential Malaysian companies from priority especially in garnering global interest in communicate their STI capabilities or sectors with predetermined criteria, in the Malaysian STI endeavours as well as in appetite to create a “live” ecosystem ready form of funds to build infrastructure and creating and sustaining the STI talent pool to be at the forefront of new economic resources needed to forge international through strategic programmes and growth. alliances. This will gradually evolve into a partnerships. phenomenon that will help ‘internationalise’ the efforts and capabilities of the Malaysian During Government-to-Government (G2G) industry and ultimately position Malaysia as a and FDI negotiations, various government STI-powered economy. agencies and proponents are building a116

What are Some of the Issues in capacity is an option well considered by the migrant workers play an important rolethe Way of Achieving Success government, the local market or industry in several Asia-Pacific economies such aswith International Collaborations may not be intellectually stimulating or Malaysia and Singapore. Rising labourand Initiatives? competitive enough to sustain the interest migration will improve the region’s and employability of such a talent pool. labour markets and facilitate the flow ofAccording to MICCI 11th Malaysia Plan While there are programmes designed to remittances, trade and investmentSubmission (2014), despite all the FTAs, motivate the return of Malaysian scientists between different countries, thus havingthere is a need to establish a formal advisory from foreign markets, the issue of the local positive impacts on consumption andprocess for distributing information to STI ecosystem still exists, i.e. there are not economic growth.stakeholders regarding the benefits and enough opportunities or even a maturedopportunities arising out of such FTAs. environment to retain such talent. STI knowledge, competencies, infrastructureThere is also no evidence on how various and funds continue to pose challenges formultilateral agreements and MoUs are The development of knowledge and Malaysia in terms of forging internationalreaping benefits for Malaysia or its access to the front-edge of basic research alliances, establishing leadership or evendevelopment objectives related to STI and could be the outcomes of Malaysian achieving excellence in the field. Malaysia,other priority areas. Going forward, it is also researchers’ mobility in acquiring scientific represented by its industry with its lack ofpertinent that Malaysia focuses on and technological information. This would drives, may often fail to properly positionidentifying opportunities to establish positively affect the connection and its strengths and STI value proposition forstrategic international alliances to fuel the integration of Malaysian talent with the it to be considered as a potential partneridentified NKEA sectors with quality STI international S&T community. Government by other countries. There may be a need totalent, R,D&C funding, private sector -sponsored talent sent overseas to acquire improve the overall image of Malaysia bypartnerships and trade opportunities. STI knowledge and skills must be nurturing STI ambassadors in the local encouraged to return to serve the STI industry, ambassadors who are able toThe submission also suggests that Malaysia agenda of the country. identify, recommend and establish strategicshould project itself as the “Employer of international alliances to promote theChoice” to attract high quality global talent According to Euromonitor International national STI agenda. Thus, strategic alliancesto supplement the local workforce. (2010), while the majority of Asia-Pacific should not be established at the cost ofHowever, one of the key issues in the migrants traditionally went to the West and undermining local capabilities, products andacquisition of foreign talent, as highlighted the Middle East, the largest migration flows resources, but more to build their potentialin the submission, is addressing the are now within the region. Migration within through acquisition of new skills andschooling needs of the expatriates. While the Asia-Pacific region is characterised by knowledge and further their growthadditional licenses have been issued for the rising movement of workers from one aspirations.international schools, the Government country to another on short-term contractsshould conduct a careful study on the as the region’s labour markets have become What Lies Ahead for Malaysia in ademand requirements aligned to potential better integrated. Likewise, the rising Globalising World?foreign investment in order to develop intra-regional migration has been driven bysufficient international schools at an a growing demand for labour from the The nature of globalisation continuesaffordable price. region’s newly industrialised countries such to evolve and change. Technology continues as Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong to enable and enhance the flow of capital,While the exchange of STI talent or the Kong and Singapore. Workers emigrate in ideas and innovation in ways that arereturn of Malaysian STI experts residing search of higher income opportunities increasingly hard to anticipate. Theabroad to develop both capabilities and offered by these countries. Besides that, challenge for businesses is how to monitor, 117

evaluate and respond as rapidly and Irrespective of the country and its size,effectively as possible, to a dynamic by identifying synergies with technologicallyenvironment that cannot be dealt with simply advanced, innovation powered andwith an “off the shelf solution” (EY 2013). scientifi cally superior (in terms of knowledge and infrastructure) economies, strategicThe Globalisation Index has five international cooperation or collaborationsmeasurements to assess a country’s can be established to spur socio-economicindividual global ranking including: development (Further Reading 6-9).openness to global trade, global capitalmovements, global exchange of technology, With Malaysia’s liberalisation and regionalglobal labour movements and cultural integration for business and trade, strategicintegration. The Index suggests that international alliances will become extremelyglobalisation advancement will continue to critical to further national interests andbe driven primarily by technology and the achieve the country’s aspiration to emergecross-border flow of ideas. It also highlights as a developed economy. The successfulthe improved globalisation scores in the last implementation of our progressive policies12 months for medium sized rapid growth will be determined by our ability to breakmarkets like Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand and all barriers of trade and the extent to whichthe Philippines as well as smaller European Malaysian industry is able to establishcountries including Belgium, Slovakia and international partnerships to gainHungary. competitive advantages in local, regional and global marketplaces.Looking at the published scores of theGlobalisation Index Data Score 2014(Further Reading 6–8), we can benchmarkMalaysia’s overall competitive positioningwith the likes of Taiwan and South Koreaand more developed nations such asSingapore and Hong Kong, with highpotential opportunities for cross-border andcollaborative trade, business, talent andknowledge exchanges. For instance, HongKong’s main strength lies in the exchangeof technology and ideas (5.45 points higherthan the global average). Similarly, Belgium’sscore on exchange of technology and ideashave also improved significantly, mainly dueto a deepening broadband penetration andan increase in the number of Internetsubscribers.118

Way Forward: Identifying andEstablishing Practical Models forStrategic International Alliances1 access to funding and bureaucracy), there iv. Scientists as Torch Bearers is a need to define development The scientific world is becoming increasinglyIncrease STI-focused International strategies for Intra- ASEAN collaborations. interconnected, with internationalAlliances to Gain Better Benefits Namely, through the setting of ambitious collaboration on the rise. International ori. Individual Country (Inter-Ministries) targets for the eight thematic tracks multilateral collaborations bring significant identified under the Krabi Initiative to be impacts that enhance the quality and The success of any STI initiative within met in tandem with AEC 2025 (Global efficiency of scientific research. The famed a country will depend very much on the Market, Digital Society, Green Technology physicist Stephen Hawking once said, respective ministries of STI in engaging Food Security, Energy Security, Water “Scientists have become the bearers of with other ministries to effect change. Management, Biodiversity, Science and the torch of discovery in our quest for Based on the observations and analysis, Innovation for Life) knowledge.” Indeed, such knowledge can it is proposed to partner with respective reside anywhere globally, which connects ministries from various countries and iii. International (ASEAN-Rest of World) the science community and their develop a comprehensive engagement The ready availability of ICT infrastructure endeavours. Therefore, there is a need to plan. The intra-ministry engagement has led to the rapid development of establish linkages and partnerships with plan will serve as a starting point for open-source and crowd-source solutions research institutions, technology houses, internal stakeholder education on the in many areas. These include inventions, innovation hubs, STEM talent and experts benefits of STI and how the ministry of innovation and problem solving sitting in different parts of the world. STI can assist in the development of techniques. As part of the development Considering the multi-polar scientific world, those initiatives alongside the identified of international alliances with the ASEAN The Royal Society UK emphasised on the ministry. – Rest of World, development of importance of multilateral collaborations in comprehensive ICT and mobile their book titled, “Knowledge, Networks andii. Intra-ASEAN – engagement platforms will allow the Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in MOSTI to MOSTI equivalent ASEAN scientific community to efficiently the 21st Century” (Further Reading 6-10). Similarly, in keeping with the three and effectively engage with STI primary inhibitors of STI development as stakeholders in Malaysia. faced by ASEAN (availability of human 119

2 • An investment with clear economic Further Readings benefits for the stakeholders involved;Target Strategic Partners and Improve 6-1 pg. 184 Image of Malaysia’s STI Capabilities • CSR; and/orCollaborative partnership is a key factor • A technology transfer programme Types of STI centric internationalin the growth of any countries. A partner strategic alliancecan provide capital, share resources or (as part of a larger trade deal).supplement one another’s expertise and 6-2 pg. 186 strengths for their mutual benefits.Collaborative partnerships may also create List of STI-related multilateral treatiessignificant obstacles in terms of the level adhered by Malaysiaof STI strengths, skilled and expert workersor different industry capabilities. Hence, it 6-3 pg. 187 is important for Malaysia to target strategicpartners such as ASEAN, BRICS and MIST, A summary of multilateral treaties bywhich will eventually improve Malaysia’s regionsimage in STI capabilities. 6-4 pg. 188 Similarly, collaboration with the privatesector is typically limited to areas that are ASEAN Framework Agreement onof economic interest to them as investors. Services (AFAS) and Mutual RecognitionBeyond this, cross-border alliances with Agreements (MRAs)private sector to promote STI initiativescan be pushed as: 6-5 pg. 188 Network of collaboration in publications and patents in ICT and biotechnology 6-6 pg. 191 ASEAN -Areas of strength in STI issues, challenges and advantages for Malaysia to explore alliances 6-7 pg. 197 Malaysia’s focus outside of ASEAN 6-8 pg. 199 Globalisation index data score 6-9 pg. 199 Malaysia’s potential STI collaborators 6-10 pg. 200 Reasons for Malaysia to focus on multilateral collaborations compared to bilateral120

Further Readings

STI Governance goals. Alternatively, a policy is deemed Policy Map Description ‘implicit’ when statements regarding STI as All of the 81 national policies examinedFurther Reading 1-1 a vague or general goal of the policy. are clustered according to science and Wherever available, the implementation technology, social, sports, youth, economy,Analysis of existing national policies period is identified and relevant policies are governance, industry, agriculture, energy, IP, clustered according to similar themes, e.g. automotive, natural resources and foreignIntroduction social policies or economic policies. The themed policies (Table (b)). The timeline isIn general, STI policies are divided into: keywords used in the search are both in arranged in chronological order from 19881. Policies written for STI; and English and Bahasa Malaysia with selected until 2014 with milestones marked according2. The use of STI for policies. samples in Table (a). to the Malaysia Plans (Rancangan Malaysia).STI policies are written to deliver the support Table (a). Samples of data mining keywords usedfor a nation’s socio-economic transformationprogramme. The nation’s STI capacity and No Malay English capability will be strengthened in terms ofinstitutions, mandates, personnel, 1 Penyelidikan, selidik, Research, study,management, funding and linkages byintroducing STI policies that are formulated kajian, tinjauan Survey, R&D to strengthen education, research andcapacity building relevant to the needs of 2 Teknologi, pengetahuan Technology, knowledge the country. In STI for policy, its componentsare factored into the evidence based policy 3 Sains, saintifik, Science, scientific formulation process to bring about nationaltransformation. 4 Pemindahan teknologi, Technology transfer, Methodology pemindahan pengetahuan Knowledge transfer For the first part, 81 governmental policieswere studied using a human assisted text 5 Pembangunan Development based data mining algorithm and crosschecked by a research officer. All recurring 6 Komunikasi, perhubungan Communication policies and its updates/variation, e.g.Dasar Otomotif Nasional 2006, 2009 and 7 Inovasi Innovation2014, are assessed separately to identifyexplicit elements of S&T either as an Policy Summary / Dataobjective or means to achieve an objective.A policy is deemed ‘explicit’ if it covers the Legenduse of STI to achieve the objective of thepolicy, the presence of R&D component in Contains explicit mention of STIthe policy or proposes R&D to achieve policy Contains implicit or ambiguous information on STI Absence of STI information Inadequate information to sufficiently judge STI content122

Table (b). Policy Summary / Data Policies Pre-19881988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ongoing Science & Technology1st National Science and Technology Policy (STP 1) 19862nd National Science and Technology (STP 2) 2003National Biotechnology Policy 2005National Green Technology Policy 2009National Policy on Science, Technology & Innovation (NPSTI) 2013-2020 Social & Well-BeingBersih, Cekap dan Amanah Policy 1982National Culture Policy 1971National Population Policy 1982Look East Policy 1982National Education Policy 1961Policy of inculcating Islamic Values 1985National Policy for Women 1983First National Policy for the Elderly 1995Second National Policy for the Elderly 2010National Social Policy 2003National Welfare Policy 1990National Policy For Persons with Disabilities 2007National Child Protection Policy 2009National Child Policy 2009Halacara Baru Dalam Pembangunan Kampung dan Luar Bandar 1984Transformasi Pembangunan Luar Bandar 1994National Housing Policy 2011National Urbanisation Policy 2006First National Tourism Policy (1992-2002)Second National Tourism Policy (2003-2010)First Malaysian National Medicines Policy (2006)Second Malaysia National Medicines Policy (2012) ConsumerFirst National Cooperative Policy 2002-2010Second National Cooperative Policy 2011-2020National Consumer Policy 2002Fair Trade Practices Policy 2005 123

Pre-19881988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ongoing Sports SportsFirst National Sports Policy 1988Second National Sports Policy 20091 Student 1 Sport 2011 YouthFirst National Youth Policy 1985Second National Youth Development Policy 1998Third National Youth Policy 2014 EconomyNew Economic Policy 1971Vision 2020National Development Policy 1991-2000National Vision Policy 2001-2010New Transformation Policy 2011-2020 GovernanceDasar Pengurangan Beban Perbelanjaan Awam 1982Peningkatan Daya Pengeluaran Negara 1983Privatisation Policy 1983Malaysia Incorporated 1983Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP) 1979Sogoshosha Malaysia 1980-85The National Policy for Development and Implementation of Regulations 2013 IndustryNational Heavy Industrial Policy 1970First Industrial Master Plan for National Industrial Policy 1986Second Industrial Master Plan for National Industrial Policy 1995Third Industrial Master Plan for National Industrial Policy 2006The National Telecommunication Policy (1994-2020) AgricultureFirst National Agricultural Policy (NAP) 1984Second National Agricultural Policy (2NAP) 1992Third National Agricultural Policy (3NAP) 1998National Agro-Food Policy 2011-2020124

Pre-19881988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ongoing EnergyNational Petroleum Policy 1975National Energy Policy 1979National Depletion Policy 1980Four Fuel Diversification Policy 1981Fifth Fuel Policy 2001-2005National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan 2009National Biofuel Policy 2005 Intellectual PropertyNational Intellectual Property Policy 2007Intellectual Property Commercialisation Policy 2009 AutomotiveNational Automotive Policy 2006Automotive Policy 2009Automotive Policy 2014 ForeignAntartica 1994Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality 1971 Natural Resources & EnvironmentNational Forestry Policy 1978National Policy on the Environment 2002National Timber Industry Policy 2009National Water Resources Policy 2012National Policy on Climate Change 2010National Biodiversity Policy 1998First National Mineral Policy 1994Second National Mineral Policy 2009National Wetland Policy 2004Note: This list is not exhaustive.Sources: Bicquelet & Weale 2011; Conway 2006; Doubleday & Wilsdon 2013; Goodwin 2014; Grijzenhout et al. 2014; Henderson 2012; Johari et al. 1964; Kaptein & Marx 2010;Maffio 2002; Malaysia 1965; Malaysia 1971; Malaysia 1976; Malaysia 1981; Malaysia 1986; Malaysia 1991a; Malaysia 1991b; Malaysia 1996; Malaysia 2001a; Malaysia 2001b;Malaysia et al.1996; Malaysia et al. 2009; Malaysia et al. 2011; Malaysia & Kementerian Sains 1998; Malaysia & Kementerian Tenaga 2005; Malaysia & Prime Minister’sDepartment 1976; Malaysia & Unit Perancang Ekonomi 2006; Martin 2011; Marx 2009; Marx & Aders 2010; Onyimadu et al. 2014; Razak et al. 1971; Rozenberg & Martin 2011;Russo 2011; Russo & Wiberg 2010; Salah et al. 2013; Shaikha et al. 1989; Sheate & Partidário 2010; Smith 2013; van Kammen et al. 2006; White et al. 2010 125

Result summation post-1986 policies contains current termsThe policies are summarised in a graphical such as research and development that isform [Table (b)] to allow simultaneous absent from older policies. The post-1986visualisation of relevance, timeline and policies that do not possess any STIsimilarities. Analysis showed that: references are mostly non-technology such as the First National Tourism Policy1. 80% of early policies written before 1986 (1992 – 2002), the Second National Tourism do not explicitly state the use of STI, or Policy (2003 – 2010), the National Consumer STI as an objective. Policy 2002, the Second National Youth Development Policy 1998 and the Fair Trade2. Several post-1986 policies do not state Practices Policy 2005. The early STI policies explicit or implicitly on STI such as: were required to be entrenched into the a. First National Tourism Policy (1992–2002) Government system, by integrating the STI b. Second National Tourism Policy (2003–2010) objectives with various sectoral policies, c. National Consumer Policy 2002 under respective ministries and agencies. d. Fair Trade Practices Policy 2005 The analysis suggests that prior to 1986, the e. National Youth Policy 1985 governance paradigm does not include STI f. National Youth Development Policy 1998 perspective but early and rapid adoption of STI occurred in drafting government policies,3. 59% of the policies explicitly states STI accelerated by the launch of the first NSTP. as an objective or means to achieve an objective [Table (c)].ConclusionThough Malaysia has had STI policies sincethe 1980s, most policies that predate the1986 NSTP do not have explicit referenceto STI. A policy is only deemed ‘explicit’ ifit covers: i. The use of STI to achieve the objective of the policy; ii. The presence of research and development component in the policy; or iii. Proposes R&D to achieve policy goals.As such, only 20% of pre-1986 policieshave STI reference compared to 91% ofgovernmental policies announced after1986 [Table (d)].This suggests a paradigm shift in policydesign that may be attributed to the launchof the first NSTP in 1986 as most of126

Table (c). Examples of STI related statements in policiesNational Women Strategi Pelaksanaan: Memajukan dan Menyedari hakikat bahawa kurangnya data dan maklumat mengenai kedudukan wanita sebenarnya,Policy 1989 Menyelaras Penyelidikan Mengenai Isu Wanita maka kerajaan hendaklah menggalak dan membantu penyelidikan dan kajian mengenai wanita. National Policy Strategi: Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Menggalakkan pelaksanaan kajian mengenai warga tua bagi tujuan pengumpulanfor the Elderly maklumat untuk kegunaan perancangan program pembangunan warga tua.2010National Teras hala tuju dan strategi: Teknologi dan Industri automotif kini sedang bergerak ke arah industri hijau atau pembangunan mampan bagiAutomotive kejuruteraan mengurangkan kesan terhadap alam sekitar dari segi penggunaan tenaga dan juga pemanasan global.Policy 2014 Oleh itu, aktiviti R&D dalam bidang teknologi hijau perlu bergerak seiring dengan pasaran dan permintaan industri automotif.National Teras 4: Peningkatan Penyelidikan dan R&D akan dapat dipertingkatkan melalui:Mineral Pembangunan (R&D) • penyediaan sumber kewangan dan insentif yang mencukupi;Policy 2009 • penggalakan kerjasama serantau dan antarabangsa; • perlindungan hakmilik harta intelek dan pengkomersialan hasil penemuan R&D • pengukuhan perkongsian pintar dan memupukkan kerjasama antara kerajaan, industri dan institusi-institusi pengajian tinggi; dan • penubuhan badan penyelaras yang berkesan seperti Lembaga Pembangunan Mineral Malaysia.Table (d). Analysis of STI elements in Malaysian national policiesPolicy Description Total With STI elements Without STI elements Number % Number %Pre-1986 25 5 20% 20 80%1986 and beyond 56 51 91% 5 9%Total policies 81 56 69% 25 31% 127

Further Reading 1-2The focus areas and objectives of Malaysia’s STI policies over the yearsAgriculture-based Economy 1MP (1966-1970) 1970s 3MP (1976-1980)1960s S&T was first articulated in national 2MP (1971-1975) Malaysia entered into heavy agenda in Rukun Negara (1970). industries by setting up ofBefore 1MP Dedicated Ministry of Science HICOM (1980) for the production Tin and rubber was the main export (1973) and National Council for of commercial vehicles; PROTONSTI-related activities conducted commodity followed by palm oil, Scientific Research and (1983), PERODUA (1993) andwere to fulfil public missions (food, cocoa, forestry, minerals, pineapple Development (1975) were MODENAS (1995).water, health, infrastructure) and for and tobacco later on. At one point established. Prior to this, thethe production and improvement of in time, Malaysia was the world management of STI wascommodities (rubber). This can be largest producer of tin and rubber done ad-hoc.observed through the establishment (tin and natural rubber marketof Institute for Medical Research collapsed in early 1980s). MPOB Malaysia ventured into oil and gas(1900), Department of Agriculture was established in 1974. when PETRONAS was established(1905), Forest Research Institute (1974) and National PetroleumMalaysia (1926), Rubber Research Malaysia became a member of Policy (1975) was launched.Institute (1926), Department of ASEAN in 1967.Irrigation and Drainage (1932) and In 1974, the Green Book ProgrammeDunlop Research Station (1910), Investment Act (1968) was set out to diversify crops.Chemara Research Station (1920) enacted to promote investments.and Prang Besar Research Station Export-related incentives were SIM (1974), now known as SIRIM,(1921). Smallholders’ scheme in given. Free Trade Zones, i.e. FIZ was established to promoteplantations was for poverty Bayan Lepas was established in industrial standards and quality.eradication, FELDA (1956). 1972.Foreign technology was adopted. MARDI was established for agricultural research in 1969.The Pioneer Industry Ordinance(1958) was introduced as an initiativeto replace foreign imports withdomestic production (import-substituting industries).Roads and ports facilities weredeveloped to service the exportindustry.128

Production-based Economy 5MP (1986-1990) 1990s 7MP (1996-2000)1980s The first chapter on S&T in Malaysia 6MP (1990-1995) The Review of National Science Plan. STI component was factored and Technology Policy I (2000) was4MP (1981-1985) into the national development plan Industrial Technology Development: conducted. resulting in a significant increase in A National Action Plan (1990 – 2001)The Privatisation Policy and Master research funding — IRPA fund was was launched.Plan (1983) and the Malaysia launched in 1988.Incorporated Policy (1983) were Composites Technology Research Business incubators such aslaunched, resulting in today’s Light The National Science and Malaysia Sdn Bhd was established Technology Park Malaysia (1996),Rail Transit, Kuala Lumpur Technology Policy (1986–1989) for Malaysia to manufacture Kulim High Tech Park (1996), andInternational Airport, TNB, TM was launched. composite products in 1990. Cyberjaya (1997) were established.(enablers of STI). Explicit policies and institutions to Vision 2020, launched in 1991, The Special Economic Zone andPejabat Cap Dagangan dan promote technology development described the goal for Malaysia to the Multimedia Super CorridorJaminhak/Paten, now known as were evident in Industrial Master become a scientific and progressive were established in 1996 andMyIPO, was established for Plan 1 (1986-1995); which laid the society. became the hub for ICT.intellectual property protection foundation for the manufacturingin 1983. sector. Malaysia’s 1st Internet Service The first satellite MEASAT for data Provider, JARING, was launched in transmission was launched in 1996.The First Science Advisor to the 1992.Prime Minister was appointed in1984. The National Science Centre was MASTIC was established as the set up for public awareness of STI national STI information resourceIn 1985, MIMS now known as in 1986. centre in 1992.MIMOS was established. The National Vocational Training MTDC was established to promote Council was established for the development of technology technical skills development in 1989. businesses in 1992. Malaysia became a member of The Malaysia Industry Group For APEC in 1989. High Technology (1993) and ASM (1995) were established. The National Telecommunications Policy (1994–2020), among others, encouraged R&D to facilitate the absorption and application of new IT and upgrade telecommunications facilities and services. SMIDEC, now known as SME Corp, was established for SME support in 1996. 129

Innovation-led Economy 2010s 10MP (2011-2015)2000s NSRC which was dormant since 2006 was 9MP (2006-2010) reactivated as inter-governmental platform in8MP (2001-2005) Formation of Halal Industry Development formulating national STI strategic plan in 2011. Corporation in 2006 indicated Malaysia’sThe Second National Science and Technology commitment to become a Global Halal Hub. The Global Science and Innovation AdvisoryPolicy and Plan of Action (2002 – 2010) was 20 Halal Parks, state and private-driven were Council was established in 2011 and becamelaunched. established. among the STI advisory bodies in Malaysia.The Knowledge-based Economy Master Plan JARING’s spinoff, CyberSecurity was established The National Policy on Science, Technology(2002) was launched. for safer cyberspace in 2007. and Innovation (2013–2020) was launched.Innovation became an important focus for Mathematics and Science in English policy was In PISA (2012), Malaysia ranked 52 of 65Malaysia with the formation of the National reversed in 2009. countries in maths, science and reading.Innovation Council (2004), and Agensi InovasiMalaysia (2010). ‘New’ agriculture and biotechnology were National Science Year was launched in 2012. highlighted in 9MP.Five Regional Economic Corridors were Mathematics and Science in English Policydeveloped with heavy focus on STI . Nanotechnology Statement (2010) indicated was reverted to Bahasa Malaysia in 2012. Malaysia’s commitment to venture into the fieldMalaysia focused on biotechnology when of nanotechnology. The MOSTI Commercialisation Year wasNational Biotechnology Policy (2005-2020) launched in 2014.was launched. Biotech Corp (2005), Targets for higher value-added manufacturingAgro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (2006), were set.IPharm (2006) were among institutions formed. NEAC was formed to formulate NEM (2010).National Space Agency (ANGKASA) (2002) was Innovative Malaysia 2010 was celebrated.established. The first astronaut (2007) was sentto increase STI awareness. Malaysia signed the ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement (2007), East Asia Free Trade AreaIn 2006, several public universities were (2007), Australia-Japan Free Trade Agreementrecognised by the Cabinet as research (2008), ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreementuniversities, which later received significant (2010), ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Freeamount of research fund. Trade Agreement (2010).Mathematics and Science in English Policy wasintroduced in 2003 and was implemented instages.Malaysia signed ASEAN-China Free TradeAgreement in 2002.Sources: Akademi Sains Malaysia 2013; Economic Planning Unit 2006; Economic Planning Unit 2010; Economic Planning Unit 2012; Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia 2012;Jomo 2007; MASTIC 1998; MASTIC 2014; MOE 2004; MITI 2008; MITI 2010; MOSTE 1986; MOSTE 2003; MOSTI 2013; NEAC 2010; National Science and Research Council 2013;OECD 2013; OECD 2014; The Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia 2014; Parlimen Malaysia 2014; PEMANDU 2012; Rahman 2013; Wong 2011; Yusoff et al. 2000130

Further Reading 1-3 Hansard data mining and analysis to measure the STI awareness of Members of Parliament in MalaysiaIntroduction parliamentarians and political circles. The of narrative where the essence is not onlyParliaments have a long tradition of aims of this analysis are: to gauge the STI what is said, but also by who and to whompublishing their records by transcribing awareness among the Members of (Kaptein & Marx 2010).parliamentary debates of politicians in Parliament; to determine the top sectorsparliament. Countries have now made discussed in STI; to assess the intensity of These sequential exchanges betweenavailable recent transcripts as well historical discussions and quality of discussions based individuals are often centred on sensationalcollection as citizens often have a legal right on the content discussed during the debate. aspects of topics originated from questionsto inspect them and is considered to be a Specific exchanges that are policy related by parliamentarians to ministers. Thevital part of a healthy democracy (Marx & such as recommendations, international Malaysian parliamentary proceedingsAders 2010). The availability of these partnerships, talent and R&D to improve STI come in the form of long documents indocuments allows the general public to potential for the country are of great interest. PDF form containing the notes of onegauge their politicians’ views and is whole day similar to most countries withuseful for social science research, e.g. Methodology modern parliamentary systems (Europe,political science. Analysis of debates has The Hansard is a highly structured transcript Commonwealth). The documents are long,allowed the proponents of evidence based of exchanges between Members of with at least 100 pages, in single columnpolicy making measure effectiveness in Parliament in the august house. It is named and can reach up to 252 pages long as inknowledge brokering, advocacy and after the publisher Thomas Curson Hansard, the case of the Hansard for 19th April 2012.constituency focus (van Kammen, de who printed the first proceedings of theSavigny et al. 2006; Sheate & Partidário British Parliament. Parliamentary debates are Every document is broken down into its2010; Martin 2011). a nation’s legacy, thus are uniform in format constituents; basic information and the with very little modifications throughout natural units of retrieval. The basicThese debates are often the reflection of the history, making it suitable for semantic data information needed is the date, numberparliamentarians capabilities to deal with mining efforts. Currently in most modern of attendees, politician names, parliamentarypublic policy problems involving cutting democracies, it is common to transcribe constituency and ministries, whose dataedge S&T. It has been proposed that there everything that is being said, keeping the is typically listed in the early section of theis a risk where scientific literacy is low, content but making it grammatically correct document. The natural units of retrieval arepolicy-makers are more likely to be swayed and easy to read (Marx 2009). Hence, the questions, speeches, interruptions andby weak evidence, dogmatic party positions Malaysian Hansard is available in PDF files, interjection that are marked with definedand media scaremongering and unable separated according to sessions, and are textual demarcation. For example, “Tuanto weigh scientific evidence properly in available for download from the official Chua Tian Chang @ Tian Chua [Batu]”justifying their policy choices (Henderson parliamentary portal (<http://www.parlimen.gov. denotes the speaker and the parliamentary2012; Goodwin 2014). A strong scientific constituency. The constituency Batu withintraining background would have provided my/hansard-dewan-rakyat.html?uweb=dr&arkib=yes>) the square brackets is defined as thethe acumen and equips parliamentarians to demarcation point separating differentmake rational, evidence-based decisions All the transcribed exchanges are individuals within the daily exchangesfor both science and non-science based downloaded according to parliamentary [Figure (a)].legislation. Hence, the measure of interest sessions from 2008 to 2013. Transcripts ofon STI or related themes would gauge the parliamentary exchanges are a document The hierarchically nature of the corpussituational awareness amongst genre characterised by a unique sequence allows partitioning of the exchanges by each 131

identifiable person even to the minutiae ofcommon interruptions (e.g., sarcasm, ironyand digression) that most often do not haveillegible verbal transcription. This allowsidentification of every word in the corpus isspoken by who, from which party, has certainfunction or role while speaking (e.g.chairman, minister of X, spokesman of partyX, and the type of exchange etc.).Parliamentary questioning is a compulsory, Figure (a). Exemplar on the use textual markers, e.g. square brackets to demarcate different parliamentariansubiquitous sometimes banal act that exists and other information such as name, constituency, ministerial post and time stampin all form of parliamentary democracy.As the accountability of the executive to Result and Discussionthe parliament is one of the definitive STI Awareness: Top sectors discussed in STIcharacteristics of a parliamentary democracy, Various STI sectors and their correspondingthe widespread institution of parliamentary S&T constituents surfaced throughout thequestioning is also present in all parliaments parliamentary debated from 2008 to 2012,(Russo & Wiberg 2010). Its function is as listed in Table (a).commonly intended to influence thegovernment or to raise awareness of aspecific issue. For the purpose of this study,exchanges within the day are catalogued todetermine the STI topic and to differentiatebetween soalan (question), soalan tambahan(additional question) and jawapan (answer).The data mining process uses specific STIrelated keyword and semantic search inEnglish and Bahasa Malaysia. English wordsare immediately and compulsorily followedwith dengan izin or with permission. Usinga library of STI associated keywords, eachdocument is mined. The identified units ofretrieval are then catalogued before beingclustered into similar topics or themes. EachHansard has information on nonverbalcontent or actions such as the list memberspresent and absent. The description ofactions like applause by party members,sentiments and non-verbal nuances arenot taken into account.132

Table (a). Sectors or themes related to STI discussed in parliamentary debates from 2008 to 2012 in no particular orderEnvironment Medical and Security S&T Nation Alternative Agriculture Communication Energy R&D Climate Government(2012) Health (2008, and Safety Building Energy (2008, (2009, 2010, Change Service / 2011, 2012) Global 2009, 2011) 2011, 2012) GovernanceLynas (2012) Biometric positioning Angkasawan Broadband Coal Research Effect of Tuberculosis System system (2008) Nuclear Veterinary Funding Climate GovernmentBiodiversity Energy Science Mobile Petroleum Change e-services Communication Research (El Nino)Pollution HIV/AIDS Illegal Multimedia Science Hybrid car Fishery Ministry Infrastructures Automated Immigrants ICT Education Agencies (KETTHA) Flooding EnforcementWaste Acute (2008) (SKMM) Agencies (2009) SystemManagement Gastroenteritis Cybersecurity Electricity (MDEC, etc). (AES) (AGE) Biotechnology Development Biodiesel Food Short Power WaterRadioactive Advanced Nanotechnology Corridors Security Messaging and Intellectual SupplyWaste Adenovirus Passenge DNA Solar Services (SMS) Generation Property Epidemic Screening Community Energy AgenciesMarine Park System Development (MARDI)Conservation Renewable National Transportation Capacity Energy SeaweedSustainable Enforcement Building FarmingForest and Radio Frequency ElectricManagement Registration Identification Program Vehicles Aquaculture System Technology Galakan Sains dan Teknologi Bioethanol Cloning of Sports plants Science Knowledge (rubber, timber Transfer and cocoa) Government PoliciesNote: The top sectors discussed in their corresponding year are denoted by brackets or highlighted,e.g. Angkasawan (2008). The S&T components are listed at the bottom of each sectors or themes.The sectors or themes on: (1) medical and epidemics (Leptospirosis, Acute Lipis and Batu Gajah, their queries arehealth; (2) agriculture; and (3) alternative gastroenteritis (AGE) and adenovirus), consistent with current ‘hot’ issues at theenergy are of high interest among the governance (Automated Enforcement time, constituencies dependent on natureparliamentarians. On average, more than System (AES)) and politics (DNA sampling or in response to questions posed to them60% of the questions would come from associated with Anwar Ibrahim’s trial). due to their ministerial posts, thus does notnon-ruling parties (PKR, PAS and DAP), Overall, non-ruling parliamentarians pose transcend into ex-ante questions.whereas the answers are from ministers more STI related questions than thefrom respective portfolios. Certain sub government backbenchers. Notable Quality of the questionsthemes generated significant interest and parliamentarians between 2008 and 2012 Parliamentary questions are classified intowould dominate the exchanges such as that are considered to possess STI many different criteria. Based on proceduralAngkasawan Project (2008), Flooding (2009), awareness from the ruling coalition are that features of questioning, the natural startingscience education (2008) and Lynas (2012). of the Ledang and Rembau districts, while point (soalan) can be deduced along withThese sub-sectors are amplified by the the non-ruling coalition member is from Hulu subsequent questioning (soalan tambahan)media and thus would garner attention of Langat district. While there are other along the line of the original question. Thethe politicians. Other less significant media parliamentarians that regularly show STI questions can also be classified according toamplified sub-themes include national awareness such as Pontian, Kinabatangan, two dimensions; the first distinguishes 133

between those tools having the aim at (i) Quality of the discussion: and government performance datainfluencing future actions (ex-ante Toeing the party line (Doubleday & Wilsdon 2013). Thus,oversight instruments) and those which Previous work showed that Members of parliamentarians need to be intellectualare concerned with past actions (ex-post Parliament with a scientific background enough in making sure issues areoversight instruments) (Maffio 2002). would not behave differently from their approached using evidence and useEx-ante questionsare used as a means to peers that do not have any scientific effective problem-solving methods toinfluence future actions of the government training (Goodwin 2014). The allegiance to make rational decisions.or to modify its future behaviour, while their respective parties or coalition shallex-post questions is mainly aimed at prevail in every case and they would toe (ii) Quality of the discussion:reviewing the past conduct of the the party line. (Henderson 2012). The Topical according to mediaexecutive (Russo & Wiberg 2010). analysis showed that neither the The line of questioning of a particular STIExamination of the type of questions government nor non-government related theme is regularly biased byassociated with STI revealed that majority Malaysian Members of Parliament would topical themes that have beenof the questions is ex-post questions, raise an issue during the debate that sensationalised by the media. Forsuggesting that parliamentarians play a would jeopardise or go against the grain instance, the Lynas issue dominated thepassive role in charting the STI direction of their party or coalition. Compounding news in 2012 [Figure (b)]. In 2008, theof the nation. Question posed are either the problem is the actual dearth of Teaching of Science and Mathematicsin response to an issue at hand or following Malaysian Members of Parliament who are in English (PPSMI) and the Angkasawana line of questioning subsequent to a trained in S&T. Within the myriad of Programme dominated the discussions.ministerial response. The analysis showed information and multiple types ofthat parliamentary members either in knowledge currently available, decision iii) Quality of the discussion:ministerial posts or appointed senators making may need to take account many Constituency focusonly engaged in debate by answering different types of information provided Parliamentarians differ widely in thequestions and did not participate strongly by a different group of experts. These degree to which they devote attentionin debates on STI. The proportion of STI include: evidence about policy, public to their constituency’s geography.questions debated in the Parliament from opinion, dynamics of party or parliament Although they are expected to champion2008 until 2013 that contribute to the tary mood; intelligence, whether human or issues at the federal level, it appears thatnation’s development are listed in Table (b). signals; statistics; economics; history; some of them still spend time and effort knowledge about civil service capacities; to champion the interest of theirTable (b): Development versus constituency (Russo 2011). ThisNon-Development STI Questions phenomenon is discernible in this analysis. A majority of the rulingYear 08 09 10 11 12 13 Note: (a) Examples of Development Topics: Jurang Digital, Kajian Penyelidikan, Kelajuan Internet,Total STI topics 849 214 344 405 193 202 Kemudahan Kesihatan, Capacity Building, Education, Green Technology, Industri (rumpai laut), Industri Minyak Sawit, Tenaga Alternatif, Tenaga Arang Batu, Tenaga Biomass, Tenaga BolehSTI topics related 633 163 188 183 109 108 Diperbaharui, Tenaga Suria, Akuakultur, Automotif, Bioteknologi, Biodiesel, Biofertiliser, Biomass to the nation’s Energy, Jalur Lebar/ Komunikasi development (b) Examples of Non-development Topics: Agri-food, Ammonia urea, Ancaman biodiversiti,Percentage (%) 75% 76% 55% 45% 56% 53% Ancaman Siber, Angkasawan, Arteriosklerosis, Automated Enforcement System (AES), Bio- security/Kuarantin, CFC, CT Scan, DNA, e-Syariah, e-voting, Flying Doctor Service, GM Mosquito, GMO , GPS134

parliamentarians would pose questions Further Reading 1-4 moved on to more sophisticated aircraft biased towards their constituencies to after that. Today, Brazilian aerospace STI has ministers, which most often comes Review of STI regime in select countries advanced to the point that it is on par with from the same political coalition. Canada as the third largest manufacturer of These questions, most often posed by United States aircraft in the world, after US and Europe. parliamentarians from East Malaysia, The key features of the STI regime in the commonly focused on technologies and US are as follows: Given the small scale and size of some pertinent industries that may bring government research institutions, clustering development to their constituencies. • While there are national priorities, which the institutions would be a viable option to Most of the questions can be categorised translate into funding, planning is pool resources and expertise. For example, as rural, community and development, decentralised and the emphasis is on a EMBRAPA, a successful agricultural research as well as on development corridors bottom-up approach. This is facilitated by institutional innovation in Brazil. This public such as SCORE and SDC. In contrast, a mechanism that is dynamic and corporation features very distinct non-ruling parliamentarians would participatory; characteristics and a model organisation, dominate the queries by asking ex-ante with a scale of operation at national level questions regarding STI related sectors • Support exists to inform decision-makers which is spatial decentralisation. It has that affect the nation as a whole. The in legislature and judiciary branches specialised research units, enhanced training participation of ruling parliamentarians of government; and and remuneration of human resources and a into similar ex-ante exchanges are limited vision of agricultural success based on STI. to passive participation in the form of • An agency that provides competitive Some of the successful features of EMBRAPA answers given by the ministers of their funding has a systematic national database are as follows: respective portfolios. of experts who perform national S&T evaluation. 1. Continuous support from the FederalFigure (b). A Screenshot from Google Trend analysis Government: in terms of budget and byshowing the peak of interest by the public with respect Latin America recognising EMBRAPA as a strategicto sensational topic, e.g. the Lynas issues are reflected Outside of Brazil, STI planning in most Latin organisation;in the interest of parliamentarians to include its American states is still at its infancy stage.discussion in their debates. However, with the liberalisation of trade and 2. Diversified R&D portfolio: EMBRAPA always political links, and the success of the had priority on short-term goals coupled with Brazilian STI, the regional growth of STI is attention to the dissemination of existing expanding with the primary mechanisms results; such as: 3. Timing and social support: There was enough • Increased participation by various actors in pressure and understanding to reform public the STI system; and research in agriculture; a typical case of institutional reform; • Introduction of coordinating structures. 4. Option for a public corporation model: Brazil’s investment in aerospace STI would Bold decision of the government in 1972 to be an instructive example that should shape release EMBRAPA from the bureaucratic rules Malaysia’s own approach. Brazil began practised in the public administration. It investing in aerospace STI in the 1940s provides the flexibility to administer resources and 50s. Despite numerous political and personnel, to plan, assess performance, changes in the country, the imperative implement the budget, disseminate results was undiminished, and in 1969, the and achieve transparency; Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica (Embraer) was created as a government-owned corporation. The company began with an assembly of single engine turboprops, and 135

5. Scale, interactivity and decentralisation: The 9. Independent reviews and evaluations of The EU STI mandate has also not floundered success of a national R&D organisation would impact. Over the years EMBRAPA has used on the artificially contrived boundary depend on its size, diversity of talents and level diversified set of instruments to demonstrate between basic and applied research. of decentralisation. EMBRAPA established its its importance in the modernisation of There has been an appreciation that presence throughout the national territory, agriculture and the agribusiness sector in applied research is not possible without developed a network with a critical mass of Brazil. The independent reviews and understanding of the basic sciences. A case researchers capable to engage in active evaluation are publicised to the public. in point has been the construction of the cooperation with universities, State research Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s institutes, private sector and overseas 10. Communication with society: EMBRAPA largest and most powerful particle collider, organisations; adopts strategies to communicate effectively built by the European Organization for with the society. It also demands talents to Nuclear Research from 1998 to 2008. The 6. A concentrated organisation model for the establish links between media and the LHC was built in collaboration with over research units: EMBRAPA research units are organisation. EMBRAPA invests in 10,000 scientists and engineers from over spread throughout the nation and are professionals who are able to create strong 100 countries, as well as hundreds of specialised in products, resources and themes. ties with the media, making its results universities and laboratories, at a price tag Farmers and other stakeholders know where well publicised, both in Brazil and abroad. of €7.5 billion. to go for information and results, giving them ownership of the centre, providing help to the 11. Foresight and institutional flexibility: Middle East and Africa political leadership and the economic EMBRAPA invests heavily in foresight, STI does not have a long history in the management of the government; strategic planning and institutional processes. Middle East and Africa, where poverty, During its 36 years of existence, the political instability and entrenched religious 7. Human resources: HR policy is based on several organisation experienced three different and cultural traditions have pre-empted factors, among them: the establishment of a models of R&D management, in response investment in the area. However, some career that stimulates the desire to study and to changing times, innovation trends and countries such as South Africa, are progress; a salary that allows the researcher to methods. exceptions to this rule, while oil-rich nations live comfortably; a retirement plan, voluntary such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia have membership; a health plan paid by EMBRAPA Europe begun allocating substantial funds to STI. and the employees; opportunities and stimuli A major feature of the European model is for all employees to accumulate knowledge the presence of the European Commission South Africa invested heavily in STI during and experience; a system of a merit-based (EC), which has enabled a regionalisation of the apartheid years in reaction to global promotion, focused on individual, group and strategies, where member states translate isolation. STI was a national imperative, research unit´s performance; a training European Union (EU) targets to national although the focus was on several major programme at post-graduate and post-doctoral strategies, following cohesive actions in areas including defence, water management, levels that meets the interests of the politics and trade. High performers in S&T, medicine and food production. The corporation and researchers; among others; attributed to structured top-down system investment has paid off and the country is with a coordinator. now a global STI hub in several fields such 8. Professional relations and co-existence with as: power: Politicians represent Brazilian society However, this has not discouraged and EMBRAPA considers it important that they innovation at a local level, even where • The world’s first heart transplant was in take part in the organisation´s activities, there is a significant level of institutional South Africa, and the country continues to especially in aspects related to definition of fragmentation. For instance, the absence lead in biopharmaceuticals; priorities for research and institutional of a single dedicated ministry/department development. Hiring its top managers by an does not hinder S&T progress in the case • South Africa manufactures among the most open selection process became an instrument of Finland. sophisticated field cannon and radars in the promoting co-existence and professional relations with the political power. Therefore, STI strategies in Europe are future-oriented EMBRAPA has been able to develop productive to maintain socio-economic competitiveness. relations with the political world, while safeguarding its independence and retaining competent leaders;136

world. When the radar system in Subang Asia Summary was destroyed by fire a few years ago, it was Japan, India and China have a long standing South African field radar that was used to tradition in STI development stretching Current regional trends point to the resume and sustain flight operations; and back to the early part of the 20th century. following: • South Africa continues to lead in In Japan, STI was a central tenet in the biodiversity and ecological research. administration of the Meiji Emperor (1852 • A greater autonomy of universities and - 1912). The half-century of STI meant that research institutes to pursue technology andOther African countries have a less Japan still had sufficient resources to bounce research goals;impressive resume, though Kenya has made back after the devastation suffered duringsignificant advances in anthropology, World War Two to become a global • National research institutes dedicated tohominid palaeontology and lake ecology. technological power. cottage industries and national specialities;However, although these representimportant scientific advances, they have not China has had a similar history where its • Policy goals towards increasing GERD andbeen translated into innovative modalities STI development was interrupted by World strengthening basis of collaborations;that have wealth creation dimensions. War Two, the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. However, in recent • Institutionalisation of basic research;The key constraints to STI in the region are years, massive investments were channelled • National strategies that emphasises theas follows: into STI, resulting in major innovations in defence, space, railway engineering and development of creativity industry as a • Although a coordination body has been renewable energy. source of wealth creation; and established, there is little pooling of • Popularisation of S&T law to promote the resources or sharing of information among enculturation of S&T from the top. various countries, even where there is an ethnic, linguistic or religious similarity Sources: Lopez & Arcuri 2010; OECD 2012 (such as in the Middle East). India has also seen investments in STI from • Because of the newness of STI, the focus has the early 20th century, particularly in been on catching-up with major STI players medicine and agriculture. Consequently, with emphasis on research mobility. This India became one of the world’s largest means that much of the current funding is producers of pharmaceuticals. Current STI channelled into developing the necessary focuses on IT and the country ranks as one human and physical STI infrastructure. of the leading software producers in the world. The sustained development effortsAs a consequence of these constraints, in STI in South Korea and Taiwan since thethe STI ecosystem is maturing gradually. 1960s made both countries leaders in consumer electronics, agriculture (Taiwan) and automobiles (South Korea). 137

Further Reading 1-5 National STI policies evolution and achievementsSTI Landscape Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measuresbefore NSTP NSTP (1986–1989) under NSTP NSTP2 (2002-2010) under NSTP2 NPSTI (2013-2020)STI Governance The NSTP was A dedicated chapter The NSTP2 targeted The knowledge–based The NPSTI aims to: incorporated into the on S&T appears in the to strengthen the Economy Master PlanSubstantial institutional 5MP. The Malaysian subsequent Malaysia institutional framework (2002) was launched. • Formulate and enhancebase already existed, Industrial Master Plan 1 Plans. for S&T and monitor of The National Council STI Act forsuch as the Ministry of (1986-1995) was also the implementation of for Scientific Research implementation of theTechnology, Research launched. NSTP calls To illustrate, MASTIC this policy. and Development national agenda in 2013;and the Local for S&T to be fully (1992), MIGHT (1993), which ceased toGovernment (1973), integrated into national and ASM (1996) were The NSTP2 aimed at operate in 2006 was • Transform existing S&TNational Council for development plans established. However, strengthening MOSTE reinstated in 2011. information centres toScientific R&D (1975). and other policies. there is a lack of by endowing it with become more effective;The first Science resource devoted to necessary resources The National e.g. MASTIC; andAdviser to the Prime It also emphasised on S&T policy analysis and to review the role Innovation CouncilMinister was appointed the need to collect and diffusion of of National Council for (2004), National • Provide greaterin 1984. There were data on S&T in and responsibilities through Scientific Research and Innovation Agency autonomy to public and71 academies outside Malaysia for the government bodies Development. (2010), five Regional private IHLs and PRIs toestablished globally analysis and policy Economic Corridor spur industryprior to NSTP. planning. NSTP Also, the management (2006) were collaboration and encouraged the of intellectual property established. The NEM entrepreneurship. establishment of a rights including patent (2010), National Centre of Excellence advisory, trademarks, Biotechnology Policy like ASM. and industrial designs (2005) and was to be enhanced. Nanotechnology Statement (2010) were launched.138

STI Landscape Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measuresbefore NSTP NSTP (1986–1989) under NSTP NSTP2 (2002-2010) under NSTP2 NPSTI (2013-2020)Research, Development, and CommercialisationScientific research The NSTP The intensification of The NPST2 targeted to Malaysia recorded an The NSTPI aims to:started in the 1900s by emphasised on R&D Research in Priority increase the GERD to estimated GERD/GDPR&D institutions such and technology Areas was initiated in at least 1.5% of GDP by of 0.79% in 2008 and • Increase GERD to atas IMR (1900), DOA development for 1988. MyIPO and SIRIM 2010. 1.07% in 2010. least 2.0% of GDP by(1905), FRI (1926), & RRI agriculture, health were corporatised. 2020; and(1926). Plantation and others. It also It also targeted to Setting a GERD/GDPhouses were also targeted for research In 2000, the GERD/ invest in upgrading target closer to the • Enhance theestablishing research management system GDP for Malaysia was infrastructure for S&T OECD average of 2.3% performance of publicinstitutions. and research 0.5%. So the target was development including was suggested in the private R,D&C funding.Pejabat Cap Dagangan infrastructure to be not achieved. establishment of new MASTIC Indicatorsdan Jaminhak/Paten established. major research/ Report 2013.(now MyIPO) (1983) Increasing GERD/ technologyand the Malaysian Computerisation, GDP to 2% by 2010 developmentInstitute of technology transfer was recommended by institutions/facilities/Microelectronic and incentives for ASM in the Strategic initiatives, e.g. theSystems (now SIRIM) industry to encourage Policy Architecture and Biovalley Initiative in(1985) were established R&D were promoted Recommended Policy the Multimedia Superbefore the NSTP was in the NSTP. The NSTP Instruments Report Corridor. Research andlaunched. also mentioned that (2000). technologyIn 1980s, the GERD/ the Government will developmentGDP for Japan was increase the allocation programmes includingmore than 2.5%, UK of GERD gradually to basic research in themore than 2%, US 1.5%. new and emergingmore than 2.5%. In technologies were to1994, GERD/GDP for be prioritised regularlyMalaysia was 0.33% vs. through initiatives likeSingapore 1.13% and Technology Foresight/Japan at 3%. Technology Mapping. 139

STI Landscape Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measuresbefore NSTP NSTP (1986–1989) under NSTP NSTP2 (2002-2010) under NSTP2 NPSTI (2013-2020)STI Talent The NSTP targeted In 1989, 13,605 The ratio of RSEs per MASTIC Indicators The NSTPI aims at: training, appropriate personnel, either full or 10,000 workforce was Report 2013, shows the • Increasing the ratio ofIn the 1970s, several environment for R&D, part time were involved to be increased to at RSEs per 10,000universities were incentives and awards in R&D activities. A least 60 by 2010. number of RSEs tripled workforce to at leastestablished to that are appealing to total of 5,537 were from 2008 to 2011, which 70 by 2020;undertake research be given and skilled research scientists and A 60:40 ratio of is 58.2 researchers per • Developing higher orderwhich resulted in the workers to be retained the rest were students for S&T to 10,000 labour force. cognitive skills,rising enrolment and in the public sector. supporting staff. The non-S&T was to begraduation from the MASTIC Indicators adopted at SPM level The target ratio was analytical, creativelocal universities in Long term manpower Report 2013 recorded and university. and innovative skillsscience and planning needs to be a ratio of 15.6 per achieved in 2011 but still among school children,engineering. There was formulated and 10,000 workforce in The NSTP2 targeted to lower to the average of tertiary level studentsan increase of science examined periodically 2000. 32.4% of students increase the number of and teachers;and engineering to increase human graduated in S&T post-graduate students OECD countries, which • Promoting STI amonggraduates trained resource in fulfilling in 2000 from public in science to at least is 76 RSEs per 10,000abroad. national S&T educational institutes, 10% of undergraduate labour force. school children, requirement. short of the desired population by 2005. professional bodies andHowever, there were 60%.constraints in funding The education system Students enrolment in science-orientedfor both teaching and also gives attention to societies;research, shortage the application of new science at the SPM level, • Enhancing talentof experienced staff approach to the increased yearly. Yet, the management systemand low enrolment scientific field with to track human capital;in graduate studies. advancement in registration for scienceStudent enrolments in modern S&T, including • Promoting theScience degree course consideration on dipped from 2008 to participation of womenhas increased by 400% morale, ethical and 2011 for STPM. at all levels and sectors;within duration of 15 social implications.years (2,408 students in The report also shows and1970, 12,505 students that the ratio 60:40 was • Increasing skilled andin 1985). competent technical not met. The percentage workforce to handle of post-graduates in highly specialised science over equipment including undergraduates reached infrastructure. 16.5% in 2005. The number of PhD holders surged from 7,001 (2006) to 33,272 (2011) and those with Master’s soared from 5,337 (2006) to 24,691 (2011). Two out of 10 Malaysians with degrees migrated to OECD nations or Singapore in the last 20 years. (The World Bank 2011)140

STI Landscape Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measuresbefore NSTP NSTP (1986–1989) under NSTP NSTP2 (2002-2010) under NSTP2 NPSTI (2013-2020)Energising Industries The NSTP targeted The MTDC (1992), Private sector Private sector R&D The NSTP aims to: investment in R&D investment (BERD/Pioneer Industry for private sector Technology Park Malaysia development was to GERD) decreased from • Maintain a minimumOrdinance (1958), be stimulated through 84.9% in 2006 to 70.5% of R&D expenditureInvestment Act (1968) involvement in R&D (1996), Kulim High Tech various means, e.g. in 2008 to 56.7% in between public andwere enacted to enlarged allocations 2011. private sector of 30:70;promote investments. activities to increase, Park (1996), and Cyberjaya for industry grantExport-related schemes, e.g. Industry • Stimulate and facilitateincentives and the and collaboration and (1997) were established. R&D Grant Scheme the private sector toestablishment of Free (IGS), MGS and DAGS. undertake R,D&C; andTrade Zones (1972) consultation betweenwere introduced. • Initiate extensive review the government and The Industrial Technology of fiscal and financial incentives to promote the private sector to be Development: A National industry innovation. enhanced. Transfer of Action Plan (1990–2001) technology (including was launched. foreign) and development of The Special Economic indigenous technology Zone and Multimedia were to be introduced Super Corridor (1996) and promoted actively. were established. The R&D Expenditure Survey (1990) shows a low level of R&D spending and innovation among domestic firms supported by Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers Manufacturing Survey 1989/90. Since the Asian Financial Crisis (1997-1998), Malaysia experienced a major change in aggregate investment trends. While nations such as Indonesia recovered in its investment levels, Malaysia’s aggregate investment levels as a percentage of GDP continued to dip. This contraction was mostly due to a decline in private investments. 141

STI Landscape Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measures Achievements Policy Measuresbefore NSTP NSTP (1986–1989) under NSTP NSTP2 (2002-2010) under NSTP2 NPSTI (2013-2020)STI Enculturation Approach to be taken Contests such as the The NSTP2 aimed at On the GCI 2011-2012, The NPSTI aims to: to educate and expose national science essay, rising S&T Malaysia ranked 23rd onThe National Science the public to the poetry and fiction writing, awareness and innovation and 25th on • Establish advisory bodyCentre was established importance of science quizzes, new inventions, appreciation by competitiveness out of to guide STI publicin 1986. as a discipline and a computer software and introducing S&T 144 countries. Innovative awareness and way of life. graphic designs were culture in the Malaysia 2010 was promotions; promoted among education system launched. The teaching students as part of the through initiatives like of Maths and Science in • Expand and empower annual National S&T introducing research English policy was science centres to Week. grants to schools, reversed in 2009, MOSTI popularise and sensitise redesigning the and its partners STI in society; and The National Planetarium syllabus and increasing continued to lead and was set up in 1994 due to S&T language implement programmes • Conduct outreach lack of awareness of S&T. competence to to stimulate innovation programmes to raise In 2000, the public’s facilitate the flow of and creativity. awareness of ethics and perceived knowledge of information. humanities in society. S&T continued to drop from 2.29 (1996), to 2.23 (1998) and 2.18 (2000) with the index scale of four as the maximum.Strategic International AllianceMalaysia became a An independent and Malaysia is a member The NSTP2 targeted to Malaysia has signed a The NPSTI aims to:member of ASEAN in enhance exposure number of MoUs in S&T • Develop partners, allies(1967) continuous mechanism of various organisations to international cooperation and FTAs on developments in the bilateral and multilateral and channels in key to assess the progress and has participated in new technologies, and levels. It includes 152 STI destination countries; exploit of foreign related agreements and and of technology transfer, many forums at regional research expertise memorandums with 88 • Intensify domestic and where necessary. nations such as ASEAN & international networks especially on the foreign and international levels Korea Free Trade for research Agreement (AKFTA) collaboration, strategic companies’ role and the such as the UNESCO, (2007), ASEAN & Japan partnerships and Free Trade Agreement business relationship. local firms capability to APEC (1989). (AJFTA) (2008), Science and Technology Policy absorb new technology Asian Network (STEPAN), and Federation of Asian will be introduced. In the Chemical Societies. process, requirements for the transfer will be prioritised, e.g. scanning, evaluation and appraisal of the technology to be developed. Sources: Day & Muhammad 2011; MASTIC 1998; MASTIC 2014; MOE 2004; MITI 2008; MOSTE 1986; MOSTE 2003; MOSTI 2010; MOSTI 2013; NEAC 2010; NSCRC 2013; OECD 2010; Rahman 2013; World Economic Forum 2014142

Research, Development • Low average participations by individuals. Russel group of universities • GLCs and foreign corporations tend to commercialisation impact assessmentand Commercialisation provides variety of lessons about concentrate on large-cap blue chip commercialisation efforts.Further Reading 2-1 companies, sidelining smaller-cap companies. The lessons include:Challenges in commercialisation and • Commercialisation involves various stages,impact assessment and funding is concentrated more at the end • Universities can benefit the economy by stage, value realisation stage, due to the exploiting research through licences andVarious interviews conducted suggest risk-averse nature of the funding institutions, spin-off companies.that commercialisation activities of the e.g. banks and others.universities and research institutions are • Professional knowledge transfer, staff andweak due to: Government processes within universities are critical to Corporations create benefit for the economy. • TTO established in each of the respective Banks institutions is weak given the lack of Pension Fund • Many of the highly successful licences and expertise, resources and is mainly managed Private Individuals spin-off companies are from the long-term by academics. Figure (a). Malaysian VC Funding is dominated by curiosity driven research. the government • Resources are limited due to the fragmented Source: ScienceSnap 2014 • Successful commercialisation requires arrangements where each university and sustained long-term investment in research, research institution undertakes its often over many years or even decades. It commercialisation efforts on its own. A took 8.5 years for revenue generation after consortium approach would better pool all a license is granted and an average 17 years the limited resources to be utilised in a more for research to realise its first commercial effective manner. return.Other challenges in commercialisation • It is misleading to consider the impact ofinclude the existing weaknesses of the technology transfer only through its directVenture Capital (VC) industry, among and quantifiable economic impact, e.g.others comprise of: commercialisation. In many cases the evidence is found to benefit the wider • The VC industry is predominated by society. Positive effects are reflected on government funding whereas in Australia, policy-making, healthcare, the environment, Thailand, and Japan, private sectors and improvements in quality of life. participation is high as shown in Figure (a). • Commercial exploitation of research often • A recent study on 39 VC-backed companies involves long-term, strategic partnerships shows that only nine of these companies and collaborations with business and manage to perform well in the Malaysian industry. stock exchange. A combination of lack of human capital and the requisite VC practice • TTO played significant role and having (risk-taking environment) has restricted VC effective TTO is important. industries to advance entrepreneurial activities. The lessons suggest that the definition of commercialisation should be expanded and • Low institutional involvement, e.g. pension viewed as a long-term strategy that requires funds – in Asia Pacific, those funds account continuous support and linkages, especially for an average of 17% of VC investment. with industry. Effective patenting strategy is required to ensure that money is not wasted on inventions that have no potential. Source: Russel Group Papers 2010 143

Further Reading 2-2 Governance of R,D&C Source: EPU 2012144