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Currriculumljm| ofsnfk Development Centre!= kf7df pNn]v ul/PsfdWo] tkfO{Fn] gS;f agfpg s'g ljlw a9L k|ofu] ug'e{ Psf] 5 < sg' ljlw clxn];Dd ko| f]u ug{'ePsf] 5}g < @= gS;f lgdf0{ fdf ks| fz ljlw / :6l] G;n ljlw sd ko| f]udf cfpgfsf sf/0fx¿ ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\\ . #= :jtGq gS;fªs\\ g ljlw ckgfO{ k/' f k[i7 el/g] u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg'xf];\\ . $= kf7df pNnv] ul/Psf cfw'lgs Jofjxfl/s gS;f kl| jlwx¿dWo] tkfO{nF fO{ sg' ;|f]t a9L ljZj;gLo nfUof] / lsg < %= s] tkfO{Fn] uu' n cy{sf] ko| f]u ug{e' Psf] 5 < 7fpF kTtf nufpg o;n] s;/L ;xof]u u5{ < OG6/g6] sf] ;xfotfdf uu' n cy{ vf]hL sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= efu} fl] ns ;r\" gf k|0ffnL / ljZj cjl:ylt k0| ffnLlar tflTjs leGgtfx¿ bv] fpg'xf];\\ . cEof; -s_ gS;f lgdf{0fdf s] s:tf ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 < ltgLx¿sf] gfd atfpg'xf];\\ . -v_ sfa{g kk] / ljlw 6l]« ;ª ljlweGbf km/s ljlw xf,] lsg < -u_ gS;f ptfg]{ kmf6] f]skL ljlwnfO{ z\"Go bIftf ljlw elggfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ < cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVgx' f;] \\ . -3_ hL=kL=P;= gS;fn] s] s:tf ;\"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;xofu] ub{5 < -ª_ hL=cfO={ P;= ( G I S ) / hL=kL=P;= ( G P S ) gS;flar s] s:tf km/sx¿ 5g\\ < -r_ …OG6/g]6sf] ;xofu] n] gS;f sfon{ fO{ ;/ntf lbPsf] 5Ú eGg] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'x{ f];\\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfOF{sf] sIffdf w/] } ;fyLx¿;uF OG6/g]6sf] kxF'r ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . tLdWo] s;}n] ef}uf]lns ;r\" gf k0| ffnL / s;}n] ljZj cjl:ylt k0| ffnL ko| fu] u/L lnOPsf] g]kfnsf] gS;f sIffsf7] fdf Nofpg'xf;] \\ / pSt gS;f tyf k0| ffnLaf/] Jofks 5nkmn u/L kl| tj]bgsf ¿kdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \\ . 144 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M pGgfO; gS;f sfo{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf kY[ jLsf] s'g} klg v08 jf k'/} efusf] sf]l/Psf] jf sfuhftdf ptfl/Psf] cfsl[ tnfO{ gS;f elgG5 . gS;f ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf] k:| t'lt klg xf] . gS;fdf ;ª\\s]tsf] ;xfotfn] ljleGg tYo / tYofªs\\ x¿sf] ;xh 9ªu\\ af6 k:| tt' ul/Psf] xG' 5 . l;dfgf, efu} f]lns :j¿k, prfO, jg:klt, a:tL, vlgh, jg, df6f], hg;ª\\Vof ljt/0f, wfld{s :Yfn / ;Dkbfx¿, afnL / pTkfbg, ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ cflb gS;fsf cªu\\ x'g\\ . jt{dfg ;dodf efu} flns ;\"rgf / tYofª\\sx¿sf] k|:t'ltsf nflu gS;f agfpg] l;k ;as} f nflu cfjZos 5 . gS;f agfpg] l;knfO{ sf6fu]{ f| kmL ( C a r t gor a y)hp elgG5 . gS;fdf o;sf] zLif{s, pTt/ lbzf, ;ª\\s]t lrx\\gx¿, :sn] -cgk' flts gfkf]_ /fVg'k5{ . oL s/' fx¿lagf gS;f k0\" f{ x'Fb}g . jf:tljs hldgsf] cfsf/ / gS;f agfpg] sfuhlarsf] cgk' ft ldnfO{ :sn] /fVg'k5{ . o;af6 kj| flxt x'g] ;\"rgf tYofªs\\ / :s]nsf cfwf/df gS;fsf] ljefhg ul/G5 . gS;fdf k|ofu] ul/g] ;ª\\st] lrx\\gx¿ cGt/fl{ i6«o kr| ngdf cfPsf] xg' 'k5{ . gS;f agfpg ljleGg ljlw kl| jlwx¿sf] k|of]u xb'F } cfO/xs] f] 5 . ljutdf xft}n] :jtGq ¿kdf gS;fªs\\ g sfo{ ul/GYof] eg] jtd{ fgdf kl| jlw / pks/0fsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ k/Dk/fut z}nL lj:yflkt xg' ] cj:yfdf k'lu;ss] f] 5 . xft}n] :jtGq ¿kdf gS;f sf]g{] l;k ljsf; ug{ tn lbOPsf] ljlwnfO{ cEof; u/f}F . Currriculum Development Centre @ ;=] ld= @ ;]=ld= @ ;]=ld= @ ;=] ld= # ;=] ld= # ;=] ld= @ ;=] ld= != !) ;]=ld= nDafO / ^ ;=] ld= rf}8fOsf] Ps cfotfsf/ lvRg'xf];\\ . 7'nf] k[i7df agfpgk' /] o;sf] gfk lngx' f;] \\ cyf{t\\ @) ;]=ld= x !@ ;]=ld= sf] cfotfsf/ . @= @ ;]=ld= sf] km/s kf/L kT| o]s afs;sf] s'gfaf6 Pp6f /v] f tfGg'xf;] \\ . afs;sf] l7s laraf6 Pp6f 7f8f/] ]vf tfGgx' f;] \\ . oL /v] fx¿n] xfd|f] b]zsf] gS;fsf s'gfx¿ b]vfp5F g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 145

Currriculum#= !) ;=] ld= x ^ ;]=ld= eP ! ;=] ld= a/fa/ *) ls=ld= x'G5 t/ @) ;]=ld= x !@ ;]=ld= Development CentreeP ! ;]=ld= n] $) ls=ld= bv] fp5F . of] :s]n klg gS;fsf] Ps 5p] df nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= of] cEof; w]/} k6s bfx] f]¥ofpgx' f;] \\ . ljsf; If]qdf l;dfgf sfg] {'xf;] \\ . ljleGg ;x/, gbL, lxdfn cflbsf] ;xL cjl:ylt sxfF sxfF x'G5, bv] fpg'xf];\\ . tkfO{Fsf] cfˆgf] gu/kflnsf jf ufpkF flnsf sxfFg]/ k5{ < cgd' fg u/L b]vfpgx' f;] \\ . dflysf] ljlwaf6 7'nf] cfsf/sf] gS;fnfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/df / ;fgf] cfsf/sf] gS;fnfO{ 7n' f] cfsf/df abNg ;lsG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != kf7df lbOP h:t} cfotg lgdf{0f u/L gS;f lgdf0{ f cEof; ug{x' f;] \\ / cGTodf :jtGq ¿kdf gS;f agfO{ sIffdf k|bzg{ ugx{' f];\\ . @= tkfOnF{ ] klxnf] k6s gS;f agfpbF fsf cg'ejx¿ ;d]6L Ps cgR' 5]b n]Vgx' f;] \\ . #= s] gS;f agfpg snf rflxG5 < ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;dx\" sf] lgisif{ k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ gS;f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < /fdf| ] gS;fdf rflxg] tTTjx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < pNnv] ug'{xf;] \\ . -v_ sf6fu{] |fkm/ ( C a r t gro a peh r ) / sf6fu]{ f| kmL ( C a r t gor a y)hp sf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . -u_ gS;f sfon{ fO{ k0\" ft{ f lbg :s]n / ;ªs\\ ]t lrx\\gx¿sf] s:tf] el\" dsf /xG5 < 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug'{xf;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ cfˆgf] sIffnfO{ ltg ;dx\" df afF8g\\ 'xf];\\ . klxnf] ;d\"xn] g]kfnsf] /v] fªl\\ st gS;f, bf];f| ] ;dx\" n] k|b]z / t];f| ] ;dx\" n] c~rn b]vfpg] g]kfnsf] gS;f leGbfleGb} gS;fx¿ rf6{ k]k/df tof/ kf/L sIffsf7] fsf] leTtfdf 6fF:gx' f];\\ . 146 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

PsfO xfd|f] ljut & kf7 M Ps @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGt / lbNnL ;Demft} f Currriculumlj=;=+ !()# c;fh] @ af6 g]kfndf ;'? ePsf] hxflgofF /f0ff zf;g Development Centre !)$ jif{;Dd l6Sof] . hgtfsf] r]tgf :t/sf] sdLn] ;'?jftL ;dodf /f0ff lj/fw] L ultljlwx¿n] ult lng ;s]gg\\ . t/ la:tf/} lzIffsf] cªs\\ /' 0f / rt] gf jb[ l\\ w;uF } /f0ff lj/f]wL ultljlw ;ªu\\ l7t ¿kdf lj:tf/ x'g yfn] . lj=;+= !(** df vfl] nPsf] …k|r08 uf/] vfÚ /f0ff lj/fw] L klxnf] ;ªu\\ 7g xf] . t/ o;sf lj|mofsnfkx¿ Tolt ke| fjsf/L xg' ;sg] g\\ . lj=;+= !((# h]i7 @) df sf7df8fF}sf] cf]daxfndf kfrF hgf JolStx¿sf] kxndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] k|hf kl/ifb\\ kf6L{ gk] fnsf] klxnf] /fhgLlts bn xf] . 6ª\\sk;| fb cfrfo{ -;efklt_, bz/y rGb lqej' g -pk;efklt_, /fdxl/ zdf{ -dxf;lrj_, wd{eSt dfy]df / hLj/fh zdf{ o;sf ;:+ yfks ;b:ox¿ x'g\\ . /f0ff lj/fw] L ultljlwdf o;n] tLjt| f lbPsf sf/0f !((& df3df rf/ hgf xfg] xf/ k|hftflGqs ofb] \\wfn] ;xfbt kf| Kt u/s] f lyP . ptf /fhf lqej' g klg /f0ffx¿af6 hgtf hlTts} kt| fl8t lyP / pgL klg /f0ff lj/fw] L ultljlwnfO{ ufK] o ¿kdf cflys{ tyf gl} ts ;dyg{ uy{] . lj=;=+ @))# df gk] fnL /fli6o« sfªu\\ ;]| / @))^ df gk] fn sDol' g:6 kf6Ls{ f] :yfkgfn] /f0ff lj/fw] L] ki[ 7el\" dnfO{ yk dnhn u¥of] . o;sf ;fy} ltgwf/f ;:+ st[ kf7zfnfdf cWoog/t ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿n] @))$ h7] df g} æhot' ;:+ st[ d\\ cfGbfn] gÆ ;?' u/s] f lyP . o;n] ;j;{ fwf/0f hgtfdf /f0ff lj/fw] L efjgfnfO{ kr| /' dfqfdf lj:tf/ u/s] f] lyof] . @))& ;fn j|mflGtsf sf/0fx¿ /f0ffx¿sf] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] /f0ffx¿larsf] cGofo / :yfkgf / cfGbfn] g cfGtl/s snx bdgk0\" f{ Jojxf/ @))& ;fnsf] hgtfdf ul/aL / jm| flGtsf sf/0fx¿ /fhgLlts a]/f]huf/L rt] gf clejb[ \\lw låtLo ljZjob' w\\ / ljZjJofkL kh| ftGqsf] c;/ ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 147

Currriculum;z:q jm| flGt / dV' o 36gfx¿ Development Centre gk] fnL sfªu\\ |;] sf] c;f]h !!—!@, @))& ;fndf a}/ulgofdf ePsf] ;Ddn] gn] /f0ff zf;g lj?b\\w ;z:q jm| flGt ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . @! sflts{ @))& df j|mflGtsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . o;} ;dodf /fhf lqej' gn] klg o; j|mflGtnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ u/L sflt{s @# ut] ;kl/jf/ ef/tLo ljdfgåf/f lbNnL k|:yfg u/] . tfTsfnLg /f0ff kw| fgdGqL df]xg zdz]/n] lqej' gsf rf/ jifLo{ dflxnf gflt 1fg]Gbn| fO{ ub\\bL cf/fx] 0f u/fP . To; 36gfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/df dfx] g zdz/] sf] cfnf]rgf eof] . g]kfnL sfª\\u;|] n] u7g u/]sf] /fhgLlts b:tf d'lSt ;g] fn] ;?' df lj/f6gu/nufot kj\" L{ kxf8L Ifq] sAhfdf lnof] . jL/u~hdf ly/ad dNn / k'/g l;x+ n] j|mflGtsf] g]tT[ Tj u/s] f lyP . ;z:q cfGbfn] gsf j|mddf ly/ad dNnn] jL/ult k|fKt u/] . klZrdL If]qdf 8f= s'jF / OGb|lht -s=] cfO{=_ l;x+ n] gt] [TTj u/]sf lyP . pgsf] g]tT[ Tjdf e/} xjfdf dl' St ;]gfn] 7'nf] ;kmntf xft kf/]sf] lyof] . k\"jL{ g]kfnsf] dfr] f{ ;Dxfns] f aL=kL= sf]O/fnf / ;'j0f{ zdz]/n] lagfo'bw\\ klg w/] } 7fpxF ¿ sAhf u/] . kj\" L{ Ifq] b]lv klZrd If]q;Dd w/] } :yfgx¿ d'lSt ;g] fn] dfx] g zdz]/ sAhfdf lnof] / tL 7fpxF ¿df hg ;/sf/ u7g ul/of] . /f0ffx¿nfO{ s/ gltg{ cfxj\\ fg ul/of] . o;n] /f0ffx¿sf] pkl:ylt sf7df8fdF} f dfq ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] . l:ylt eofjx / kl| tsn\" ePkl5 dfx] g zdz]/n] ef/tnfO{ dWo:ytf ug{ cg/' fw] u/] . jftf{sf nflu cfˆgf 5f/] f ljho zdz/] nfO{ lbNnL k7fP . tfTsfnLg ef/tLo kw| fgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf] dWo:ytfdf /f0ff, gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;]| / /fhf lqej' glar !@ km]ac|' /L !(%! -! kmfu'g @))&_ df lqkIfLo lbNnL ;Demft} f eof] . tTkZrft\\ /fhf lqe'jg kmfu'g $ df g]kfn kms{] / kmfug' & df k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;/L !)$ a;]{ /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eof] / kh| ftGq kf| Kt eof] . lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ;t{x¿ -s_ hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug]{ -v_ !) hgf -% gk] fnL sfªu\\ ];| / % /f0ffx¿_ ;b:o /x]sf cGtl/d dGqL d08n u7g ug]{ -u_ >L # df lglxt ePsf ;a} clwsf/ /fhfnfO{ ;'lDkg] / j}wflgs /fhf lqej' g g} x'g] -3_ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]sf afxs] c¿ /fhaGbLnfO{ lagf;t{ l/xf ug{] -ª_ cfGbfn] gsf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf xltof/x¿ ae' mfpg'kg{] / cfGbf]ng /f]Sg'kg]{ . 148 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

t/ 8f= s=] cfO={ l;x+ pSt ;Demft} fkl| t c;xdt eP . pgn] /f0ff zf;gsf] s'g} klg cjz]if /xg lbgx' bF' }g eGg] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP . klZrd sdf08 ;Dxfns] f l;+xn] ljbf| x] hf/L /fVg] pb3\\ f]if u/] . /fhf lqej' gsf] ;Gb]z / gj ;/sf/sf] jm| flGt aGb ug{' eGg] cfb]zkl| t s'g} Wofg lbPgg\\ . t;y{ pgnfO{ b]zb|fx] Lsf] d'b\\bf nufOof] . !) ;b:oLo cGtl/d dGqL d08n 8f= s]=cfO={ l;x+ /f0fftkma{ f6 != dfx] gzdz/] — k|wfgdGqL @= aa/zdz]/ — /IffdGqL #= r8\" f/fhzdz/] — jgdGqL $= g[khª\\u /f0ff — lzIffdGqL %= o1axfb/' a:g]t— :jf:YodGqL Currriculum Development Centregk] fnL sfª\\u;]| tkm{af6 != aL=kL= sfO] /fnf — u[xdGqL @= ;'j0fz{ dz]/ — cy{dGqL #= u0fz] dfg l;x+ — pb\\of]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqL $= eb|sfnL ld> — oftfoft dGqL %= e/tdl0f zdf{ — vfbo\\ tyf s[lifdGqL lj|mofsnfk != lbNnL ;Demft} f tfTsfnLg ;do ;Gbed{ f l7s lyof] jf a]l7s eGg] ;Gbed{ f sIffdf jfb ljjfb ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \\ . JoSt ul/Psf ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;Z+ ni] f0f u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . @= /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jftkZrft\\ k|of; ul/Psf /f0ff lj/f]wL lj|mofsnfk / 36gfx¿nfO{ tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . jm| =;= 36gf / ldlt lj|mofsnfk / k|efj #= @))& ;fnsf] jm| flGtn] hxflgofF zf;gsf] cGTo / csf{] lg/ªs\\ 'z zf;gsf] kf| b'ef{j u/s] f] lyof] . o; egfOsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k;] ug'x{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 149

Currriculum$= lbNnL ;Demft} fsf] Pp6f ;t{ …hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt ljwfg ;efn] ;l+ jwfg thd'{ f ugÚ]{ eGg] Development Centrelyof] . t/ Tof] @)&@ cl3 slxNo} k'/f ul/Pg . lsg To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf];\\ . %= @))& ;fnsf] kh| ftGq 3fi] f0ffkl5 s] s:tf kl/jt{gx¿ b]vf k/] < ;f] pNn]v u/L tkfO{Fsf] sIffsf Ps hgf ;fyLnfO{ Odn] k7fpgx' f];\\ . ^= k|hftGq lbj; ;DaGwL Ps kf:] 6/ tof/ kf/L sIffdf 6f:F+ g'xf;] \\ . cEof; -s_ lbNnL ;Demft} f egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/L j0f{g ug{x' f;] \\ . -u_ lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] lbNNfL ;Demf}tfnfO{ tkfOF{ s;/L dN\" ofª\\sg ugx'{ 'G5 < -3_ s] 8f= s=] cfO{= l;+xnfO{ b]zb|f]xLsf] db' b\\ f nufpg' hfoh lyof] < lsg < -ª_ lbNnL ;Demft} fsf dV' o a'bF fx¿ s] s] lyP < -r_ k|hftGq :yfkgfdf /fhf lqej' gsf] el\" dsfnfO{ d\"Nofª\\sg ugx{' f];\\ . 150 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M b'O{ kh| ftflGqs /fhgLltsf] Ps bzs -@))&—@)!&_ @))& ;fn kmfu'g & df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ kh| ftGq :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnL sfª\\u];| / gk] fn sDol' g:6 kf6L{sf] gt] T[ jdf bnLo /fhgLlt k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;nfO{ bnLo Pjd\\ k|hftflGqs Currriculum Development Centre/fhgLltsf] Oltxf; elgG5 . /f0ff / sfª\\u|;] sf] ;o+ S' t dGqL d08nn] @))& ;fn rq} !& ut] gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t u¥of] . o;n] hg kl| tlglwd\"ns zf;g k|Tofe\"t ug{] Joj:yf;lxt /fHosf gLlt lgb{z] s l;bw\\ fGtx¿ klg pNnv] u¥of] . o;l} ar @))* ;fndf ljb\\ofyL{ g]tf lrlgofF sfhLsf] xTof eof] . To;df lrlgof sfhL /f0ff / sfª\\u|]; lardf Pscsfd{ f bf]iff/fk] 0f xg' k'Uof] . csfl{ t/ /f0ff / sfªu\\ |;] sf dGqLx¿df k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} dt leGgtf 5Fb} lyof] . v's/' L bnn] cfˆgf /fhgLlts ;ª3\\ ifn{ fO{ tLj|tf lbof] . o:t} sf/0f / ki[ 7e\"lddf tfTsfnLg u[xdGqL aL=kL= sfO] /fnfn] df]xg zdz/] dGqL d08ndf /x;] Dd k|hftGq cfpg g;Sg] dGtJo lbP . pgn] /]l8ofa] f6 efif0f k;| f/0f u/L jm| flGtsf] jf:tljs pb\\b]Zo /f0ffx¿ ;Ttfdf /x];Dd ck\"0f{ /xg] 5 egL c;Gt'li6 ;fj{hlgs u/] . sflt{s @%, @))* df gk] fnL sfªu\\ ];sf tkm{af6 kl| tlglwTj ug]{ kfFr hgf dGqLx¿n] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf k;] u/] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 kw| fgdGqL dfx] g zdz/] n] klg afWo eO{ kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP / ;+oS' t dGqL d08nsf] ljlwjt\\ ¿kdf lj36g x'g kU' of] . g]kfnL sfª\\u|];sf] Psdgf dGqL d08n M ;o+ S' t ;/sf/sf] lj36gkZrft\\ /fhf lqej' gn] g]kfnL sfªu\\ ;|] sf] g]tT[ Tjdf @))* dª\\l;/ ! ut] Psdgf dGqL d08n 3fi] f0ff u/] . !$ ;b:oLo pSt dGqL d08nsf] gt] [TTj dft[sfk;| fb sfO] /fnfn] u/] . of] dGqL d08nsf lgDg lnlvt pb\\bZ] o lyP M -s_ :jtGq Gofo ljefu v8f ug{] -v_ nf]s;]jf cfofu] sf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fdf| ;] uF nfu' ug]{ -u_ ;se/ @))( ;fnleq ljwfg ;ef v8f ug{] lsl;dn] lgjf{rg u/fpg] -3_ hgtfsf gful/s clwsf/x¿ lglZrt ug]{ . hgtflGqs ;+oS' t df]rf{ / ;jb{ nLo ;/sf/sf] dfu M gk] fn k|hf kl/ifbn\\ ufot cl:tTjdf /xs] f cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿ / ljleGg ;ª3\\ ;+:yfx¿ ldnL hgtflGqs ;+o'St df]rf{ u7g eof] . o; dfr] fn{ ] ;jb{ nLo ;/sf/ u7g ug{ bafa lbof] . ptf kw| fgdGqL dfts[ fsf cfˆg} efO aL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] klg bfh'sf] lj/fw] u/s] f lyP . kf6L{ cWoIf / / kw| fgdGqL Pp6} JolSt x'gx' 'Gg eGg] pgsf] dt lyof] . 8f= s=] cfO{= l;x+ n] t dft[sf ;/sf/ lj?b\\w ljbf| x] g} ;?' u/] . t;y{ pgnfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 151

Currriculum8fFs' 3fl] ift u/L s8f kx/fsf ;fy l;x+ b/af/df sb} ul/of] . @))* df3 * / ( ut] /flt Development Centre8f= s=] cfO{= ;dy{s ljbf| x] L ;]gfn] l;+xb/af/ cfj|md0f u/L pgnfO{ hn] dS' t agfP . kmn:j¿k rf/l} t/af6 3/] faGbLdf k/]sf] pSt ;/sf/ c;kmn eof] . k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ u7g M >L % lqej' gn] k/fdz{ bft[x¿sf] ;Nnfx lnP/ cfkmF} kT| oIf zf;g ug]{ pbb\\ Z] on] hg/n sz] / zdz]/;lxt kfFr hgf ;b:o /x]sf] k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ lj=;=+ @))( >fj0f #) ut] u7g u/] . kfrF hgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fhfkl| t pTt/bfoL x'g'kg]{ / a}7ssf lg0fo{ Pjd\\ sfof{ Gjogsf nflu /fhfsf] :jLsl[ t clgjfo{ xg' ] Joj:yf ul/of] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] o;sf] lj/f]w u/] . ;/sf/L k|zf;g /fdf| ];Fu rNg ;sg] . j}bl] zs x:tIfk] tLj| eof] . gk] fnsf] kj\" L{ Ifq] df g]kfnL sfªu\\ ;]| sf] gt] T[ Tjdf ls;fgx¿sf] ljbf| ]x eof] . cGttM lj=;=+ @)!) ;fn c;f/ @ ut] of] ;/sf/sf] lj36g eof] . /fli6o« kh| f kf6Ls{ f gt] f dfts[ fk;| fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf Psnf6} L ;/sf/ M gk] fnL sfªu\\ |]; km'6fP/ dfts[ fn] /fli6o« kh| f kf6L{ gfds /fhgLlts bn vf]n]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)!) c;f/ @ ut] pgsf] gt] T[ Tjdf /fhf lqe'jgn] kfFr ;b:oLo dGqL d08n 3fi] f0ff u/] . ef/tLo ;]gf xltof/;lxt g]kfn k|j]z ug,'{ sf;] L ofh] gf ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]w x'g', eLdbTt kGtsf] ljbf| ]x / lj=;+= @)!) efb| & ut] 88]Nw'/fdf pgsf] xTof x'g' cflb sf/0fn] of] ;/sf/ ktg pGdv' eof] . cGttM lj=;=+ @)!! kmfug' !( ut] dft[sfn] /fhLgfdf lbP . /fhf dxG] b|sf] kT| oIf zf;g sfn / zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/ M lj=;+= @)!! kmfu'g #) ut] /fhf lqe'jgsf] dT[ o' eof] . rq} $ ut] dx]Gb| bz] sf] /fhf ag] . lj=;=+ @)!@ j}zfv ! ut] ;/bf/ u~' hdfg l;+xsf] ;+ofh] sTjdf kfFr hgf ;b:o /x]sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/ u7g eof] . pgLx¿sf] /fo ;Nnfxdt' flas /fhf dx]Gb|n] kT| oIf zf;gsf] ;?' jft u/] . of] ;/sf/ df3 !@ ut;] Dd ;~rfng eof] . 6ª\\sk|;fbsf] g]tT[ Tj tyf 8f=s=] cfO{= l;+xsf] g]tT[ Tjdf dGqL d08nx¿ u7g M lj=;+= @)!@ df3 !# df kh| f kl/ifbs\\ f cWoIf 6ªs\\ k|;fb cfrfos{ f] gt] [TTjdf ;ft ;b:oLo dGqL d08n u7g eof] . r/d cfly{s ;ª\\s6, kq klqsfdf /f]s nufpg] ko| f; / cfd r'gfj u/fpg g;Sbf pgn] klg kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbgk' ¥of] . lj=;+= @)!$ c;f/ #! ut] pgsf] ;/sf/ lj36g eof] . tTkZrft\\ rLgdf lgjf{l;t hLjg latfO/xs] f 8f= s=] cfO={ l;x+ nfO{ afn] fO{ /fhf dxG] bn| ] l;+xsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf lj=;+= @)!$ >fj0f !! ut] !! ;b:oLo dGqL d08n 3f]if0ff u/] . t/ ljljw sf/0fn] @)!$ sflts{ @( ut] 8f= s=] cfO{= l;+xsf] ;/sf/nfO{ x6fOof] . ;'j0f{ zdz/] sf] cWoIftfdf dGqL d08n M lj=;=+ @)!$ sflts{ @( b]lv lj=;+= @)!% h]7 @ ;Dd /fhf dxG] bn| ] kT| oIf zf;g rnfP . h7] @ ut] g} ;'j0f{ zdz/] sf] cWoIftfdf sfd rnfp 5 ;b:oLo dGqL d08n u7g eof] . lj=;=+ @)!$ rq} # uts] f lbg eujtLk;| fb l;x+ sf] cWoIftfdf sx] L ljbz] Lx¿;dt] ;+nUg /xs] f] kfFr ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg d:ofb} f ;ldlt u7g eof] . 152 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

o;n] tof/ u/]sf] ;l+ jwfg lj=;+= @)!% kmfug' ! df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!% sf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/of] . lj=;=+ @)!% kmfu'g & af6 !)( Ifq] sf nflu klxnf] cfd r'gfj eof] . lj=;+ @)!^ h7] @ ut] of] ;/sf/nfO{ eª\\u ul/of] . k|yd cfd lgjf{rg / aL=kL= sfO] /fnfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf k|yd hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ M klxnf] ;;+ bLo cfd lgjf{rgdf s'n !)( l;6df k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] lyof] . o; lgjf{rgdf hDdf gf} cf6] f /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;xefuL ePsf lyP . @)!^ j}zfv @* ut] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff eof] . kl/0ffdcg';f/ &$ l;6df gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;|] ljhoL eof] . o;kl5 @)!^ h]i7 !# df aL=kL= sfO] /fnfsf] kw| fgdGqLTjdf pGgfO; ;b:oLo dGqL d08n u7g ul/of] . s[i0fk;| fb e66\\ /fOn{ fO{ ;efdv' df lgjf{lrt ul/of] . of] ;/sf/n] @)!& k'; ! ut];Dd lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] . Currriculum aL=kL= sfO] /fnf Development Centre lsofsnfk != …@))& bl] v @)!& ;Ddsf] Ps bzssf] cjlw /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] ;do lyofÚ] . o;af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ l6kf6] ug{x' f;] \\ . @= /fhf dx]Gb|n] bO' { k6s k|ToIf zf;g u/] . o;/L pgdf kT| oIf zf;g ug{] OR5f a9\\gfsf sf/0fx¿ hf8] L hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f];\\ . #= eLdbTt kGt sf] lyP < lsg pgn] ljbf| ]x u/]sf lyP < pgsf of]ubfg;d]t k:| t't ug{x' f];\\ . $= 6ª\\sk|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ lsg lhpFbf] ;lxb elgPsf] xf] < ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog ug{x' f];\\ / tYo k'li6 ug{x' f];\\ . %= @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf d'Vo ldlt / /fhgLlts 36gf jm| dx¿nfO{ pNnv] u/L ;do /v] fdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; -s_ 8f= s]=cfO={ l;+xnfO{ lgjf;{ gaf6 af]nfO{ lsg k|wfgdGqL agfOPsf] xf]nf < -v_ cfd lgjfr{ g egs] f] s] xf] < ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / cfd r'gfjlarsf leGgtfx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pSt ;/sf/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f];\\ . -3_ cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& / gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf bO' { b'O{ cf]6f d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ nV] g'xf];\\ . -ª_ …@))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf] cjlwdf gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf a9L j}b]lzs rf;f] /xs] f] kfOG5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ugx{' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 153

Currriculumkf7 M ltg k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f / /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw Development Centre æhgtfsf] lk/, dsf{ / afwf h:tfsf] t:t} /xo\\ f] . o;af6 b]zsf] zflGt vNalnPsf] dfq xf]Og ls gk] fn /fi6«sf] dfl} ns Pstf / ;fj{ef}ldstfdf klg cf3ft kU' g] cfzªs\\ f b]vf kg{ uof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿ /fi6s« f] :jfy{nfO{ 5f8] /] JolStut / kf6L{ut :jfy{df lnKt eP, cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw lalu|of,] e|i6frf/ df}nfof] .Æ plNnlvt 3f]if0ff;Fu} hgtfsf] /ut, kl;gf / alnbfgLaf6 k|fKt axb' nLo k|hftGqnfO{ /fhf dx]Gbn| ] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP . lj=;+= @)!& k;' ! ut] ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffn] hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfl} ns clwsf/ vfl] ;P . o; lbgnfO{ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df sfnf] lbgsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿k|lt Oªl\\ ut ul/Psf] of] 3f]if0ff;Fu} gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] bkmf %% k|ofu] u/L dxG] b|n] ;;+ b\\ lgnDag u/] . pgn] /fhgLlts kf6Lx{ ¿dfly kl| taGw nufP . zfxL 3fi] f0ff x'g'eGbf rf/ 306f cufl8 lgjfl{ rt kw| fgdGqL aL=kL= sf]O/fnfnufot ;Dk\"0f{ dGqLx¿nfO{ zfxL ;g] fn] 3/] faGbL u/L lx/f;tdf lnPsf] lyof] . k'; ! ut] /fltb]lv kT| o]s /ft /fhb/af/ cufl8 sˆo'{ nufOPsf] lyof] . ;x/df ;}lgs u:tL nufpg] / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cftª\\lst agfpg] sfo{ eO/xs] f] lyof] . o;s} f] lg/Gt/tf :j¿k k'; @@ ut] lg/ª\\sz' bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% wf/f %%= ;ª\\s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ >L % sf] :jljjs] df s'g} uDeL/ ;ª\\s6 ljbo\\ dfg eO{ h;af6 gk] fnsf] ;Dk\"0f{ jf sg' } efusf] ;'/Iff jf cflys{ hLjg o'bw\\ n] jf aflx/L cfjm| d0fn] jf cfGtl/s pkb|jn] ;DtK[ t 5 eGg] nfus] f] 5 eg] df};'kmaf6 df;} k' ms} :jljj]sdf b]xfoadfl] hd ug{] u/L 3fi] f0ff ug{ ;lsaS;g] 5 . o; ;l+ jwfgsf] pkaGwsf] kr| ngnfO{ k\"0f{ jf cfl+ zs dfqfdf lgnDag ug]{ Joj:yfx¿nufot 3f]if0ffsf] pb\\bZ] o sfofl{ Gjt ugs{ f nflu df;} 'kmaf6 cfjZos jf jf~5gLo ;lDemaS;s] f] k|f;ªl\\ us / cfg;' fª\\lus Joj:yfx¿ o:tf] hg' ;'s} 3fi] f0ffdf /xg ;Sg] 5g\\ M -s_ 3fi] f0ffdf tf]lsP;Dd df};'kmsf] sfo{x¿ df};'kmaf6 :jljjs] df ul/aS;g] u/L -v_ ;+;b\\ jf cGo sg' } ;/sf/L lgsfo jf clwsf/Ldf lglxt jf ltgLx¿åf/f k|ofu] xg' ] ;a} jf sg' } clwsf/ df;} k' mn] g} ux| 0f ul/aS;g] u/L . k|Zgx¿ -s_ wf/f %% df plNnlvt Joj:yfkl| t tkfOsF{ f] d\"Nofª\\sg / wf/0ffx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ hgtfsf] alnbfgaf6 k|fKt kh| ftGq Pjd\\ ;+;bLo /fhgLltdf s] o:tf] ;l+ jwfg aGg' / kf| jwfgx¿ l:jsfg'{ plrt lyof] < nV] gx' f;] \\ . 154 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum@))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf ;fdflhs / cflys{ pknlAw Development Centre @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfnsf] j}wflgs zf;gcGtu{t ax'bnLo zf;g k0| ffnLsf] ;'?cft eof] . 5f6] f] ;dofjlwdf klg cgs] fF} pNnv] gLo pknlAwx¿ k|fKt ePsf lyP . kh| ftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL nfu' xg' k' j\" { b'O{ kl| tztdf /xs] f] ;fIf/tf ;Gtf]ifhgs b/df jb[ l\\ w ePsf] lyof] . ;fdflhs pknlAw -s_ ljleGg /fi6«x¿;Fu dq} L Pjd\\ s'6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf eof] . -v_ b]ze/ ljb\\ofnox¿ :yfkgf eP, cª\\u]|hL lzIffsf ljbo\\ fno tyf snh] x¿ vn' ] . -u_ lqe'jg ljZj ljbo\\ fno -@)!^_ :yfkgf eof] . -3_ cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o« xjfO{ p8fg ;?' eof] . -ª_ 6l] nkmfg] / cfsfzjf0fL -T e l e rg a m ) ;?' eof] . -r_ lj=;+= @)!@ -!$ l8;D] a/ !(%%_ df gk] fn ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:o /fi6« aGof] . -5_ sf7df8f}F gu/kflnsfsf] rg' fj eof] . -h_ lghfdtL ;j] f Pg] , @)!# nfu' eof] . -em_ x]6fF}8f sf7df8fF} /f]kj] lj:tf/ eof] . -`_ sf];L ;Demf}tf -@)!! j}zfv !@_ / u08s ;Demft} f -@)!^ dª\\l;/ !(_ eP . -6_ ;Dk0\" f{ hªu\\ nx¿nfO{ /fli6«os/0f ul/of] . -7_ oftfoft ljsf;sf nflu /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fsf] yfngL ul/of] . -8_ :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo Joj:yf nfu' eof] . -9_ ;:+ s[lt ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu g]kfn ;f+ :s[lts kl/ifbs\\ f] :yfkgf ul/of] . -0f_ @)!# cflZjg @^ df gk] fn ljZj xn' fs ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:o /fi6« aGof] . cflys{ pknlAwx¿ -s_ @))* >fj0fdf ;jk{ |yd gk] fndf ah]6 k|:t't tyf ks| fzg ul/of] . -v_ @)!# efb| !& df e\"ld ;DaGwL 3fi] f0ff hf/L eof] h;n] df]lxofgL xssf] Joj:yf u¥of] . -u_ @)!@ cflZjg @@ df k~rjifLo{ ofh] gfsf] 3f]if0ff eof] / of] ofh] gf @)!# af6 nfu' eO{ of]hgf ab\\w ljsf;sf] ;?' jft eof] . -3_ @)!# jz} fv !$ ut] g]kfn /fi6« a}ªs\\ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . -ª_ sl[ ifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/of] / Jofkf/ k|jw{gsf] sfo{ ;'? ul/of] . -r_ gofF s/ Joj:yf nfu' ul/of] . -5_ latf{ pGdn\" g Pg] , @)!^ k';df nfu' ul/of] . -h_ db' f| k|rngdf Ps¿ktf NofOof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 155

lj|mofsnfk != /fhf dx]Gb| dxTTjfsfªI\\ fL /fhf lyP eGg] egfOsf kIfdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k;] ug'{xf;] \\ . @= /fhf dxG] bn| ] bnx¿dfly kl| taGw nufpbF f lgDg lnlvt ljifox¿df s] k|;ªu\\ p7fPsf lyP < pTt/ n]vL tflnsf k/' f ug'{xf];\\ M If]q k|;ªu\\ / ;Gbe{ -s_ /fhgLlts bn ;Ttfdv' L, kf6Ld{ v' L ePsf] Currriculum Development Centre-v_ cflys{ l:ylt -u_ jb} ]lzs ;DaGw -3_ /fli6«otf -ª_ hghLljsf #= @)!& k;' ! utn] fO{ lsg sfnf] lbg dflgPsf] xf] < sf/0fx¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f];\\ . $= lj=;=+ @)!# af6 k~rjifL{o ofh] gf nfu' ePkZrft\\ xfn;Dd lzIff, :jf:Yo / /fh] uf/ ;DaGwdf s] s:tf kl/jtg{ x¿ ePsf 5g\\ < cfˆgf cleefjs jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L klqsfsf nflu n]v tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . %= olb tkfOF{ @)!& k;' ! ut] kf6Ld{ fly k|ltaGw nufpg] ;dodf xg' x' GYof] eg] Ps gful/ssf] x}l;otn] s] kl| tljm| of lbg'xG' Yof] < Tof] sbd lj?bw\\ s] s:tf sfo{jm| dx¿sf] cfofh] gf ug{'xG' Yof] < vfsf agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ bnx¿dfly /fhfn] kl| taGw nufpgfsf s] s:tf pb\\b]Zox¿ lyP < -v_ @))& bl] v @)!& ;Dd lsg ljsf; b/ tLj| x'g ;s]g < sf/0fx¿ lbgx' f];\\ . -u_ @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd lzIff Ifq] df kf| Kt ePsf] pknlAwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL bO' { ;fyLlarsf] ;+jfb tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ . -3_ latf{ pGdn\" g egs] f] s] xf] < tTsfnLg ;dodf of] lsg cfjZos dx;'; eof] < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf k'/fgf /fhgLlt1 xg' 'x'G5 xf]nf, pxfnF fO{ e6] \\gx' f];\\ . lj=;+= @)!& bl] v @)#^ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf s] s:tf sfox{ ¿ ePsf lyP < ;f]Wgx' f];\\ . k|ZgfjnL lgdf0{ f u/L hjfkm l6Kgx' f;] \\ . To;sf cfwf/df Ps kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 156 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M rf/ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv lj=;+= @)$^ ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ gk] fnL /fhgLltn] @)!& k'; @@ af6 lt; a;{] lgb{nLo Joj:yfsf] ;fdgf ugk{' ¥of] . /fhfCurrriculum dx]Gbn| ] k~rfot l6sfpg / alnof] k0| ffnL agfpg k~rfot dGqfno tyf ljefu u7g ugs{' fDevelopment Centre ;fy} bz] nfO{ rfw} c~rn / krxTt/ lhNnfdf ljefhg u/] . k~rfotnfO{ sfg'gL j}wtf lbg @)!( k;' ! ut] g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg, @)!( 3fi] f0ff u/L nfu' u/] . s]xL dxTTjk\"0f{ 36gf j|mdx¿ -s_ hgsk/' ad sf08 M @)!* ;fn df3 ( ut] /fhf dxG] b| k\"jL{ ed| 0f k'/f u/L hfgsL dlGb/sf] bzg{ df uP . bz{g u/L /ª\\ue\"ldtkm{ kmls/{ x]sf] cj:yfdf bu' f{gGb emfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf c/ljGbsd' f/ 7fs'/nufot k~rfot lj/fw] L oj' fx¿n] pgL ;jf/ uf8Ldf ad k|xf/ u/] . bu' f{gGb emf, c/ljGbsd' f/ 7fs/' / bnl;x+ yfkfnfO{ dT[ o'b08sf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . @)@) df3 @% ut] bu' f{gGb emfnfO{ kmf;F L lbOof] eg] afsF L b'O{ hgfnfO{ hGds}bsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . -v_ emfkf ljbf| x] / ;v' fgL xTofsf08 M lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf tfTsfnLg g]=s=kf -dfn]_ n] emfkfaf6 ljb|f]x ;'? u¥of] . ;fdGtLx¿sf] ;kmfof / ul/ax¿sf] d'lStsf nflu egL cfGbfn] g ul/of] . tfTsfnLg /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:o wd{k|;fb pkfWofosf] xTof u/s] f] cleof]udf ljbf| ]xdf ;+nUg oj' fx¿ /fdgfy bfxfn, gf/fo0f >i] 7, s[i0f sOF' sn] , gq] k|;fb l3ld/] / lj/g] /fhj+zLnfO{ tfTsfnLg ;/sf/n] kj|mfp u¥of] . pgLx¿nfO{ Onfdsf] ;'vfgL eGg] 7fpFdf nuL lj=;+= @)@( kmfu'g @! ut] ufn] L xfgL xTof ul/of] . o; 36gfnfO{ ;'vfgL xTofsf08 egL lrlgG5 . -u_ xjfO{ hxfh ckx/0f sf08 / l;+xb/af/ cfunfuL M lj=;=+ @)#) h7] @% ut] lj/f6gu/af6 sf7df8f}sF f nflu p8]sf] ljdfgnfO{ ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHosf] kmf/la;uGhdf ha/h:tL cjt/0f u/fOof] . To;df /x]sf] #) nfv ef=?= sAhfdf lnO{ hxfhnfO{ 5fl8of] . of] gk] fnsf] klxnf] ljdfg ckx/0f 36gf lyof] . k~rfot lj/f]wL pSt ultljlwn] k~rfotL zf;sx¿nfO{ g/fd|f] wSsf lbPsf] lyof] . c;f/ @% df ePsf] l;x+ b/af/ cfunfuLn] /fi6«sf dxTTjk0\" f{ sfuhftx¿ gi6 eP . ;f] 36gfsf sf/0f k|wfgdGqL sLltl{ glw lji6n] g}ltstfsf cfwf/df /fhLgfdf lbP . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 157

Currriculum-3_ l6Da/' af]6] sf08 M lgb{nLo k~rfotsf] cGTo u/L kh| ftGqsf] kg' M:yfkgf ug]{ pb\\bZ] on] Development Centreoj' fx¿ j|mflGt ug'{k5{ egL ;ª\\ul7t x'g] j|md tLj| eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;} jm| ddf lj=;=+ @)#! ;fndf cf]vn9'ªu\\ f sAhf ug]{ ofh] gf agfOPsfdf uK' tr/dfkmt{ ;/sf/nfO{ pSt s/' fsf] hfgsf/L eof] . To;kl5 cfv] n9ª' u\\ fsf] l6Da'/af6] l] :yt o'jfx¿sf] lzlj/df ;]gfn] cfjm| d0f u¥of] . /fd, nId0fnufotsf o'jfx¿sf] j|m'/tfk\"j{s xTof ul/of] . o;} sf08df kj|mfp k/]sf SofK6]g o1axfb/' yfkf / eLdgf/fo0f >i] 7sf] lj=;+= @)## ;fndf kmf;F L lbO{ xTof ul/of] . -ª_ /Tgsd' f/ afGtjf xTofsf08 M tfTsfnLg ;zSt hfu?s sDol' gi6 g]tf /Tgs'df/ afGtjf /fO{nfO{ k~rfotL zf;sx¿n] Onfdsf] Odfª -bp] dfO{ gbL glhs}_ df @)#% r}q @& ut] ufn] L xfgL xTof u/] . k~rfot sfndf g} Clif/fh b]jsf6] f -cfhfb_ / houfl] jGb zfxnfO{ klg dfl/Psf] lyof] . -r_ hgdt ;ªu\\ |x @)#^ M lj=;+= @)#^ ;fndf ljb\\ofyL{ cfGbf]ngaf6 ;?' ePsf] k~rfot lj/f]wL cfGbfn] gdf hgtfn] klg ;dy{g u/] . To;kl5 afWo eO{ /fhf jL/G] b|n] @)#^ h7] !) ut] hgtfnfO{ 5fGg bO' { ljsNkx¿;lxt hgdt ;ª\\ux| sf] k:| tfj 3fi] f0ff u/] . ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf jf axb' nLo zf;g Joj:yf eGg] ljsNkx¿ vn' f u/fO{ lj=;+= @)#& ;fn j}zfv @) ut] hgdt ;ª\\ux| eof] . kl/0ffdcg';f/ ;w' fl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yfn] !) kl| tzt a9L dt NofO{ ljhoL eof] . lj=;=+ @)#* ;fndf /fli6«o k~rfotsf] r'gfj eof] . -5_ lk:s/ xTofsf08 M /fli6«o k~rfotsf] r'gfjkl5 ;o\" a{ xfb/' yfkf kw| fgdGqL eP . l;Gwk' fNrf]s lhNnfsf] lk:s/ dxfbj] :yfgdf @)$) df3 ! ut]sf lbg k~rfot lj?b\\w hg r]tgf hufpg] pbb\\ ]Zon] ;f:+ s[lts sfo{j|md cfofh] gf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;} sfo{jm| ddf kx| /Låf/f ufn] L rnfO{ s}of}F afn aflnsfsf] xTof / bh{gfF} JolStx¿nfO{ kjm| fp u/L oftgf lbOof] . o;} sf/afxLnfO{ lk:s/ sf08 elgG5 . o; sf08kl5 ;o\" a{ xfb'/nfO{ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj NofO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fOof] . -h_ ;Tofux| / adsf08 M gk] fnL sfªu\\ ];| n] @)$@ hi] 7 !) af6 k~rfot lj?b\\wsf] eb| / zflGtk0\" f{ cfGbfn] gsf ¿kdf ;Tofu|x ;?' u¥of] . of] cfGbfn] g rln/xs] f] cj:yfdf u0ftGqjfbL gt] f /fd/fhf k;| fb l;x+ sf] g]t[TTjdf c;f/ ^ ut] sf7df8f}sF f] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/nufot bz] sf dxTTjk0\" f{ ;x/x¿df Ps;fy ad k8\\sfOof] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/åf/f u0ftGqsf] dfu /fvL ul/Psf] pSt ad sf08sf gfosx¿ /fd/fhfk;| fb l;+x, nId0fk;| fb l;x+ , kd]| axfb'/ ljZjsdf{nufotsf JolStx¿nfO{ d[Tob' 08sf] 3f]if0ff /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+x ul/of] eg] ;Tofu|x cfGbf]ng :yug eof] . 158 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

-em_ lj=;=+ @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbfn] g M hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/ / dfl} ns xsx¿ k~rfot zf;gn] vf;] s] f] lyof] . t;y{ gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;]| / ;o+ S' t jfddfr] fn{ ] ;o+ S' t ¿kdf hg cfGbfn] g ug{] lg0fo{ u/L ;jd{ fGo gt] f u0fz] dfg l;x+ sf] gt] T[ jdf @)$^ kmfug' $ af6 hg cfGbfn] g ;?' u/] . cGttM axb' nLo Joj:yf kg' M:yfkgf eof] . Currriculum u0fz] dfg l;+x ;xfgf k|wfg Development Centre g]tf, gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;|] g]tf, ;o+ S' t jfd df]rf{ ljm| ofsnfk != k~rfot zf;gsf] ;?' cft;uF } lsg w]/} xTofsf08x¿ eP < sf/0fx¿ lbg'xf] ;\\ . @= hgdt ;ªu\\ |x egs] f] s] xf] < hgdt ;ª\\u|x lsg ePsf] lyof] < j0fg{ ug'{xf;] \\ . #= hgdt ;ªu\\ x| sf] lgDg lnlvt kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t eO{ jT[ tlrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ M -s_ ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL k0| ffnL @$,##,$%@ dt -v_ axb' nLo zf;g Joj:yf @),)&,(^% dt -u_ ab/ dt ;ªV\\ of #,&@,)^( dt $= kf7df pNnv] ul/Pafx]s k~rfot sfndf cGo /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ klg ePsf 5g\\ xf]nf . ;fw] vfh] u/L lbOPsf] tflnsfadf]lhd 36gfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\\ M 36gf j0f{g aL=kL=sf] dn] ldnfk gLlt @)## cEof; -s_ hgsk'/ sf08 eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ lj=;+= @)!& bl] v lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] Ps ;do /v] f lgdf0{ f ug'{xf];\\ . -u_ ;Tofu|x s:tf] cfGbfn] g xf] < Tof] cfGbf]ng lsg :ylut ugk{' /]sf] lyof] < -3_ /Tgsd' f/ afGtjf sf] lyP < pgnfO{ cfh;Dd klg lsg g]kfnL /fhgLlt sdL{x¿n] ;lDemG5g\\ < -ª_ gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf /fd/fhfk|;fb l;x+ sf] s] e\"ldsf 5 < ;fdb' flos sfo{ ;d'bfosf h]i7 gful/snfO{ e6] L ;db' fodf @)!& b]lv @)$^ ;Dd 36s] f dxTTjk\"0f{ 36gfx¿ / To;n] ;d'bfodf kf/]sf] k|efjaf/] ;fw] k5' ugx{' f];\\ . To;}sf cfwf/df ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f agfpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 159

Currriculumkf7 M kf“r k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿ Development Centre ->L zflGt pRr dfWolds ljbo\\ fnodf sIff !) sf ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿n] k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / To;kl5 b]zdf 36]sf /fhgLlts 36gf jm| d ;DaGwdf cGt/lj|mof sfoj{ m| dsf] cfof]hgf u/] . :yfgLo Oltxf; ljbn\\ fO{ lgDtf ul/Psf] pSt sfo{jm| ddf ljbo\\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf, lzIfsx¿ / sIff !) sf ljb\\ofyLx{ ¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{j|md ;~rfns dG' gL rf}w/Ln] sfoj{ m| ds} l;nl;nfdf ljifo kj| ]z u/fpg' eof] ._ dG' gL rf}w/L M æk~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿Æ ljifos cGt/ljm| of sfo{j|mddf kfNgx' 'g] ;an} fO{ :jfut u5'{ . ca Oltxf; ljbH\\ on\" fO{ k~rfotL Joj:yf pbosf] ki[ 7el\" d / sf/0fx¿ ;DaGwdf ks| fz kfl/lbg'x'g cg'/fw] u5{' . Oltxf; ljb\\ M ;jk{ |yd t dnfO{ cfˆgf cg'ej atfpg] cj;/ lbge' Psfdf oxfFx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ca d cfˆgf egfOx¿ /fVg rfxG5' . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgf;uF } Pp6f sdhf]/L ePsf] lyof] . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo t ul/of] t/ hgtfn] k\"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt u/g] g\\ . o;n] /fhtGq¿kL csf{] hxflgofF Joj:yfnfO{ j}wflgstf lbO{ To;nfO{ alnof] agfof] . ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug]{ / lbNnL ;Demft} fsf] sfofG{ jog ug]{ sfo{ ul/Pg . /fhfx¿ cfkm\" alnof] xg' ] / hgtfnfO{ e'ne'no} fdf kfg{] sfddf g} a9L sl] Gb|t eP . /fhgLlts bndf klg cge' jsf] sdL / ckl/kSjtf lyof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k /fhf dxG] b|df zlStzfnL /fhf x'g] dxTTjfsfªI\\ ff a9\\g yfNof] . pgnfO{ cfkm\" o'j/fh xb'F fsf] ;dob]lv g} kh| ftGqkl| t ljZjf; lyPg . csf{]lt/ ;;+ bLo Joj:yf gof“ xg' ,' /fhgLlts bnx¿lardf km'6 xg' ' h:tf sf/0fn] k~rfotL Joj:yf pbo x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . hgtfdf rt] gfsf] sdL lyof] . clzIff JofKt lyof] . jb} ]lzs rf;f] / x:tIf]k a9g\\ yfns] f] lyof] . ei| 6frf/ / l9nf;':tL a9b\\ } uof] . log} kl/l:yltsf] cf8df /fhf dxG] b|n] @)!& k'; ! df k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f u/] / k;' @@ df bnljlxg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . d'GgL rf}w/L] M Oltxf; ljb\\Hon\" fO{ wGojfb . ca k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTosf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ /flvlbg' xg' ljb\\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf Pjd\\ xfdf| ] ;db' fosf hi] 7 gful/s >L emljGb|axfb'/ v8\\sfHon\" fO{ xflbs{ cg/' f]w u5'{ . emljGb| M wGojfb dG' gL gfgL . ca d cfˆgf egfO /fVg rfxG5' . d cfkm}F klg k~rfotL Joj:yfdf oxL ufpF k~rfotsf] kw| fgk~r x'“ . d/] f] cge' jdf k~rfotL Joj:yf sG] b|af6 ;~rflnt k\"0f{ PsfTds sG] bL| st[ zf;g Joj:yf lyof] . To;a]nf dflyaf6 cfPsf] lgb{]zgnfO{ xa' x' lz/f]wfo{ ugk'{ Yof{] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;a}eGbf v/fa kIf egs] } lg/ª\\sz' tf xf] . of] 160 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Joj:yfdf hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/, dfl} ns clwsf/ / :jtGqtf sl' 07t ePsf] bv] /] cflht eO{ d}n] kw| fgk~raf6 /fhLgfdf;dt] lbP“ . To;kl5 d k~rfot lj/f]wL cleofgdf ;+nUg eP“ . @)$^ ;fndf xfdL] b]zdf kh| ftGq kg' M:yfkgf ug{ ;kmn eof“} . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo x'g'sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\\ . ;/sf/sf g/fd|f sfdsf] lj/fw] ug{]x¿nfO{ bdg ul/GYof] . hgtfdf lzIff / rt] gfsf] :t/ a9\\b} uPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf o:tf sfo{af6 hgtfx¿ cfjm| f]l;t ePsf lyP . To; Joj:yfsf ;~rfnsx¿ cfˆgf :jfys{ f nflu b'O{ v]dfdf ljeflht eP . hgtfsf lxt / b]zsf] ljsf;kl| t eGbf ;Ttf s;/L kf| Kt ug{] eGg]tkm{ pgLx¿ lj|mofzLn lyP . e|i6frf/ a9b\\ } uPsf] lyof] . csf{tkm{ ljleGg 6j' m| fdf ljeflht sDol' g:6x¿n] ;+o'St jfddfr] f{ u7g u/L Psh'6 ePsf lyP . o;l} ar k/:k/ ljk/Lt /fhgLlts ljrf/ afs] ]sf bnx¿ g]kfnL sfªu\\ ];| / sDol' Gf:6x¿ k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?b\\wdf ;o+ S' t cfGbfn] g ug{ ;xdt eP . kmn:j¿k /fhgLlts bnkl| t hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9o\\ f] . @)$^ kmfu'g & af6 hg cfGbfn] g ;?' eof] . htftt} aGb x8\\tfn eP . k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?b\\wdf hgtf sˆo'{ tf]8b\\ } ;8sdf plqP . cGTodf @)$^ rq} @^ ut] /ftL !! ah] /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 /fhf jL/]Gb|n] k~rfotL Joj:yf x6]sf] / kh| ftGq kg' MaxfnL ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;/L k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . olt eGb} d/] f egfO oxL“ 6'ªU\\ ofp5“ ' . wGojfb . dG' gL rfw} /L] M wGojfb, cWoIfHo\" . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] Oltxf;sf 36gfsf af/]df w]/} hfgsf/L lbge' of] . Currriculum Development Centreljm| ofsnfk != k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿ tflnsf agfO{ abF' fut ¿kdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ M pbosf sf/0fx¿ cGTosf sf/0fx¿ != != @= @= #= #= @= lj=;=+ @)!& bl] v @)$^ ;Dd lg/ª\\s'z k~rfotL zf;g sfod lyof] . To; a]nf s]xL pNn]vgLo sfo{x¿ klg ePsf lyP . k:' tsfno, OG6/g6] / ;d'bfosf JolStx¿;“usf] cGt/lj|mof cflbsf dfWodaf6 tL sfox{ ¿sf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 161

Currriculum#= g]kfnL hgtfn] lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv kf| Kt u/]sf] k|hftGq k6s k6s ;ªs\\ 6df k/s] f] Development Centre/ ud' ]sf] bl] vG5 . lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < cfk;df 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\\ . ca To;/L kh| ftGq u'Dg glbg / bz] nfO{ cfly{s pGglttkm{ cl3 a9fpg s] s] ugk'{ nf{ < a'Fbfut ¿kdf nv] L sIffdf k:| t't ugx' f];\\ . $= k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfb{} cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] g'xf;] \\ . cEof; -s_ k~rfotL Joj:yf egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ k~rfotL zf;gsf] lsg cGTo eof] < -u_ k~rfotL Joj:yfdf ePsf ljsf;fTds sfox{ ¿ s] s] lyP < ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOF{ cWoog/t ljb\\ofnosf] efl} ts Pjd\\ zl} Ifs ;w' f/ ;DaGwdf Ps cGt/ljm| of sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugx{' f];\\ . ljleGg lj1 JolStx¿nfO{ jStfsf ¿kdf lgdGq0ff ugx{' f];\\ . cGt/ljm| ofaf6 kf| Kt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\\ . 162 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M 5 lj=;+= @)$^ bl] v @)^@ ;Ddsf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|md lj=;+= @)$^ r}t @^ ut] bndflysf] kl| taGw x6o\\ f] . hgtfx¿ v';Ln] ;8sdf plqP . cfGbf]ng/t bnx¿af6 rt} @& ut] sf7df8fFd} f ljho hn' ;' / ljzfn ljho ;efsf] cfofh] gf eof] . si[ 0fk|;fb e66\\ /fO{ k|wfgdGqL /x]sf] cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g ul/of] . o; ;/sf/df cfGbf]ng/t bnsf kl| tlglwx¿, /fhfaf6 dgfl] gt JolStx¿ / :jtGq JolStTj ;xefuL ePsf lyP . pSt ;/sf/nfO{ ax'bnLo k|hftGq cg'sn\" sf] ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{ / cfd rg' fj u/fpg d'Vo b'O{ lhDdj] f/L ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . Currriculum Development Centre hg cfGbfn] gsf] efjgfcg¿' k ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ f ug{ ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]u u7g eof] . pSt cfof]un] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/L /fhfnfO{ ae' mfof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 @)$& ;fn sflts{ @# ut] gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& 3fi] f0ff eof] . ;fx] L lbgaf6 ;+jw} flgs /fhtGq;lxtsf] pSt ;+ljwfg sfofG{ jogdf cfof] . ;f] ;l+ jwfgcg';f/ cfd lgjf{rg klg ;DkGg eof] . To; r'gfjdf gk] fnL sfªu\\ |];n] axd' t k|fKt u¥of] . lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf b]zsf k|wfgdGqLdf lgoS' t eP . bnleqsf] cfGtl/s åGåsf sf/0f of] ;/sf/n] si[ 0fk;| fb e66\\ /fO{ dgdfx] g clwsf/L k/' f cjlw sfo{ gu/L ;;+ b\\ lj36g ug{ k'Uof] . @)%! sflt{sdf ;+;b\\sf] dWofjlw lgjf{rg eof] . o; lgjfr{ gdf s'g} klg bnn] axd' t Nofpg ;s]g . lgjfr{ g kl/0ffdkZrft\\ 7'nf] bnsf gftfn] g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf cWoIf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] kw| fgdGqLTjdf ;/sf/ u7g eof] . To;kl5 ;/sf/ aGg] / eªu\\ x'g] jm| d rln/xo\\ f] . ;+ljwfgsf] lj/f]w / /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug'k{ 5{ eGg] dfu;lxt tTsfnLg g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL_ n] @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! uta] f6 ;z:q ;ª\\3if{ ;'? u¥of] . @)%* h]7 !( ut] tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] bs| f] j+zgfz x'g] u/L gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08 eof] . o; 36gfn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ gofF df]8 lbof] . jL/]Gb|sf dflxnf efO 1fgG] b| zfx /fhf eP . lj=;+= @)%( c;fh] !* ut] /fhf 1fgG] bn| ] hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt kw| fgdGqL z]/axfb/' bp] jfnfO{ kbdS' t u/L ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . lj=;=+ @)^! df3 !( ut] 1fg]Gbn| ] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 163

/fhgLlts bnsf d'Vo gt] fx¿nfO{ gh/aGb u/L sfos{ f/L clwsf/ cfkmd\" } lglxt ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u/] . 1fgG] b|sf] of] sbdaf6 /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfj|mfl] ;t eP . ptf ;z:q ob' \\wdf /xs] f] kf6L{ dfcfj] fbL klg /fhfsf] sbdaf6 yk cfj|mfl] ;t eof] . ;ft /fhgLlts kf6L{ / g=] s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ lardf /fhfsf] sbdsf] lj?b\\wdf zflGtk0\" f{ hg cfGbf]ng ug{] egL lbNnLdf !@ abF' ] ;Demf}tf eof] . To;}cg;' f/ @)^@ r}q @$ bl] v bf;] |f] hg cfGbfn] g k|f/De eof] . cfGbf]ngn] ;a} If]qnfO{ k|efljt ug{ yfNof] . hgtfn] ;8sdf lgl:sP/ ax[ b\\ kb| zg{ u/] . /fhtGqn] 3F'8f 6]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . pGgfO; lbg;Dd b]ze/ ;/sf/ / /fhfsf] lj/f]wdf cfGbf]ng eof] . cfGbfn] gsf] ¿knfO{ dWogh/ ub} tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gbn| ] @)^# j}zfv !! df /fi6«sf] gfddf ;Dafw] g u/] . ;Daf]wgsf jm| ddf æhgtfsf] gf;f] hgtfnfO{ g} lkmtf{ u/]“Æ eGb} cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf dfu k'/f u/] . ljutdf lj36g ul/Psf] hg lgjfl{ rt kl| tlglw ;ef klg k'gM:yfkt eof] . Currriculum Development Centresx] L dxTTjk0\" f{ 36gf jm| dx¿ ldlt 36gfx¿ @)$& jz} fv ^ s[i0fk|;fb e6\\6/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf P3f/ ;b:oLo cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7g @)$& h7] !^ gofF ;l+ jwfg d:ofb} f ug{ ;jf{R] r cbfntsf GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ;l+ jwfg ;w' f/ ;e' mfj @)$& sflts{ @# cfofu] u7g @)$* jz} fv @( /fhf jL/G] b|af6 gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)$& hf/L . ky| d ;+;bLo cfd r'gfj ;DkGg / lul/hfk;| fb @)%! sflt{s @( sfO] /fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g @)%! dª\\l;/ !# ky| d dWofjlw rg' fj ;DkGg g]=s=kf= Pdfns] f cWoIf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf @)%@ ebf} @% cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ u7g @)%@ kmfug' ! z/] axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf ;o+ S' t ;/sf/sf] u7g @)%^ j}zfv @), h]7 # g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ af6 ;z:q ;ª\\3if{ ;?' @)%* h7] !( ;+;bLo cfd lgjfr{ g gf/fo0flx6L b/af/df /fh kl/jf/ xTofsf08 -jL/]Gb|sf] jz+ @)^! df3 !( ljgfz_ @)^@ dª\\l;/ & /fhf 1fgG] b| zfxåf/f zf;g ;Ttf xftdf lnPsf] ;z:q ob' \\w/t g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL / ;ft ;+;bLo /fhgLlts bnlar k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] kg' M :yfkgfsf nflu cfGbfn] g ug{ !@ abF' ] lbNnL ;dembf/L . 164 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

lj|mofsnfk != kf7df lbOPsf] /fhgLlts 36gf j|mdnfO{ tnsf] h:t} ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf;] \\ M @= g]kfndf lj=;+= @))& b]lv @)^@ ;Dd rf/ k6s 7n' f cfGbfn] g / bO' { k6s ;z:q ;ª\\3if{ ePsf] /x]5 . oL cfGbf]ngsf pknlAw hf]ufP/ cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ca s] s] ug'{knf{ < #= pGgfO; lbg] hg cfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# sf kd| 'v 36gfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L Ps rf6{ tof/ ug'x{ f;] \\ / sIffdf 6f:F g'xf];\\ . $= lj=;+= @)$^ / lj=;=+ @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwsf lardf ;dfgtf / leGgtfnfO{ ab'“ fut ¿kdf pNn]v ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ cGtl/d dGqL d08n egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 ul7t cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfo{x¿ s] s] lyP < -u_ lj=;=+ @)$^ kl5sf] /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ sf rf/ cf6] f ;an kIfx¿ pNnv] ug{x' f];\\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 165

Currriculumkf7 M ;ft lj=;=+ @)^@÷)^# b]lv xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gf j|md Development Centre nfs] tGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf ePkl5 lj=;+= @)^# j}zfv !% ut] kl| tlglw ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:of] . To;kl5 lul/hfk|;fb sfO] /fnf gofF ;/sf/sf] kw| fgdGqL eP . h]7 $ ut] k'gM:yflkt kl| tlglw ;efsf] a}7sn] lgDgfg';f/sf] Pl] txfl;s 3fi] f0ff u¥of] M @)^# h]7 $ ut] ePsf] kl| tlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ff zflGtk\"0f{ ;o+ 'St hg cfGbfn] gdf g]kfnL hgtfn] u/s] f] alnbfg, hLjg pT;u{ / ;xeflutfk|lt pRr ;Ddfg ub{}, :jtGq / ;fje{ fd} ;Ttf ;DkGg g]kfnsf] /fHozlStsf] ;|f]t hgtf /x]sf] / g]kfnL hgtfn] sx] L ;docl3 zflGtk\"0f{ ;o+ S' t hg cfGbfn] gåf/f ;fj{ef}d ;Ttf / /fHozlStsf] ;f| t] hgtf dfq ePsf] ;TonfO{ :yflkt ug]{ pTs6 clenfiff ks| 6 u/]sf] tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}, jt{dfg hg cfGbfn] gdfkmt{ cleJoSt ePsf] hg efjgf Pjd\\ cfGbf]ng/t ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] u7aGwgsf] dfu{lrqsf cfwf/df 166 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumd'n'sdf hf/L lx;+ fTds åGånufot ;du| ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ @)^# j}zfv !! Development Centreuts] f] /fhfsf] 3f]if0ffdf hg cfGbf]ngsf] andf :yflkt kl| tlglw ;ef ;fje{ fd} clwsf/ ;DkGg /xs] f] :jLsf/ ul/Psf,] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k\"0f{ nfs] tGq :yfkgfsf] lbzfdf cu;| / x'g] lhDd]jf/L u|x0f ug{ csf{] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf geP;Dd ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/x¿ k|of]u ugs{ f nflu of] k|ltlglw ;ef ;fj{ef}d ;Ttf ;DkGg ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u5{ / /fHozlSt oxL k|ltlglw ;efdfkmt{ ko| f]u x'g] ePsfn] bx] fosf] 3f]if0ff u5{ M != g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/ kl| tlglw ;efåf/f k|of]u ul/g] 5 . @= g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk0\" f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\df lglxt /xg] 5 . æ>L % sf] ;/sf/ÆnfO{ ca pk|fGt æg]kfn ;/sf/Æ elgg] 5 . #= æzfxL gk] fnL ;g] fÆ sf] gfd kl/jtg{ u/L æg]kfnL ;]gfÆ /xg] 5 . $= /fhkl/jf/sf] cfo / ;Dkltdfly s/ nufOg] 5 . k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3fi] f0ffkZrft\\ gk] fnsf] /fHo Joj:yfdf 7n' f] kl/jt{g eof] . @)^# dªl\\ ;/ % ut] ;z:q åGå/t g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL_ / g]kfn ;/sf/lar ax[ t\\ zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eof] . pSt a[xt\\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf tkma{ f6 k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] x:tfIf/ eof] . o; ;Demft} fn] b; a;]{ hgob' \\wsf] cGTo / zflGt :yfkgfsf] af6f] vfN] of] . @)^# df3 ! ut] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] b:tfjh] sf ¿kdf gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg, @)^# hf/L ul/of] . lj=;+= @)^$ rq} @* ut] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] r'gfj ;DkGg eof] . o; rg' fjdf g=] s=kf= dfcf]jfbLn] w]/} l;6 k|fKt u¥of] . @)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut] a;s] f] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ u0ftGqfTds /fHo 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . o;/L ;lbofbF} l] v rNb} cfPsf] /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . /fhf 1fgG] b|n] gf/fo0flx6L b/af/af6 ;fj{hlgs ;Dafw] g u/L zflGtk\"0f{ ¿kdf :j]R5fn] ub\\bL Tofu u/] . To;kl5 ;;+ b\\sf ¿kdf ;d]t sfd u/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;fdfGo hgtfsf 5f/] f 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjnfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fi6k« ltsf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt u¥of] . @)^% ebf} @ df g]skf dfcfj] fbLsf cWoIf ki' ksdn bfxfn -kr| 08_ k|wfgdGqL ag] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 167

@)^^ h]7 !! df dfwjsd' f/ g]kfn / @)^& df3 @# df emngfy vgfn kw| fgdGqL eP . zflGt kl| j|mofnfO{ lgisifd{ f k¥' ofpg oL ;/sf/x¿sf] el\" dsf dxTTjk0\" f{ /xo\\ f] . @)^* ebf} !@ df 8f= afa/' fd e66\\ /fO{ kw| fgdGqL eP . pgL k|wfgdGqL ePsf] cj:yfdf @)^( h]i7 !$ ut] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g eof] . ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu rf/ jif;{ Ddsf] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdlt, ;xsfo{ / Pstfsf] k|of; lg:ke| fjL /x\\of] . ;a} bnsf] ;xdltdf tfTsfnLg kw| fg GofofwLz lvn/fh /U] dLsf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)^( r}q ! df r'gfjL ;/sf/ u7g eof] . of] ;/sf/ bf;] |f] k6s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg ;kmn eof] . Currriculum Development Centre lj=;+= @)&) dªl\\ ;/ $ ut] bf];f| ] k6s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] rg' fj ;DkGg eof] . gk] fnL sfª\\u;]| n] ;a}eGbf w]/} l;6 k|fKt u/s] fn] To; kf6L{sf ;efklt ;z' Ln sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf @)&) df3 @& ut] ;/sf/ u7g eof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;e' mae' m, Pstf / /fi6«kl| tsf] ;dk0{ fsf sf/0f ;l+ jwfgsf] lgdf{0f sfon{ ] tLjt| f kfof] . o;/L lj=;=+ @)&@ c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg ;efdf /fi6k« lt /fdj/0f ofbjaf6 g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg 3fi] f0ff ul/of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv kvfO{ df /x]sf hgtfn] cfˆg} kl| tlglwx¿åf/f lnlvt ;l+ jwfg k|fKt u/] . of] ;l+ jwfgcg;' f/ g]kfn ;ª3\\ Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'gfn] ;l+ jwfg ;efnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\\df ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . ;+ljwfg 3fi] f0ff nuTt} gk] fnn] c3f]lift gfsfaGbLsf] ;fdgf ug'k{ ¥of] . To;kl5 v8u\\ k;| fb cfn] Lsf] g]t[TTjdf c;f]h @$ ut] gof“ dGqL d08n u7g eof] . g]kfndf lj=;=+ @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ / @( ut] uPsf] zlStzfnL es\" Dkn] /fi6s« f !$ lhNnfdf a9L c;/ u¥of] . of] ljkt\\sf] 38Ln] klg g]kfnL /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfk;L cGtlj{/fw] la;{]/ pb\\wf/ / kg' M lgdf0{ fsf nflu Ps} 7fpd“ f a:g'kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; eof] . o; kl/l:yltn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu Psh6' xg' ] jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] lyof] . @)^# kl5sf d'Vo /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ ldlt -lj=;+=df_ 36gfx¿ @)^# df3 ! gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / cGtl/d ;;+ bs\\ f] 3fi] f0ff @)^$ r}q @* klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf nflu r'gfj ;DkGg @)^% h7] !% g]kfn u0ftGqfTds /fHo 3f]if0ff @)^% ;fpg ^ 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fi6k« ltsf ¿kdf Joj:yflksf ;+;ba\\ f6 lgjfl{ rt 168 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum@)^% ;fpg #! g=] s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf ki' ksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ sf] g]t[TTjdf Development CentregofF ;/sf/ u7g @)^^ h7] ( g]=s=kf=Pdfns] f g]tf dfwjsd' f/ gk] fnsf] gt] [TTjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g @)^& df3 @) g]=s=kf=Pdfn]sf cWoIf emngfy vgfnsf] gt] T[ Tjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g @)^* ebf} !! P=g=] s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf pkfWoIf afa'/fd e66\\ /fOs{ f] gt] [TTjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g @)^( h7] !$ klxnf] ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] lj36g @)^( rt} ! k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d rg' fjL ;/sf/ u7g @)&) dª\\l;/ $ bf];f| k] 6s ;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfj ;DkGg @)&) df3 @& g]=sf= ;efklt ;z' Ln sfO] /fnfsf] gt] T[ Tjdf ;+oS' t ;/sf/sf] u7g @)&@ j}zfv !@, zlStzfnL e\"sDk, 7'nf] wghgsf] Iflt @( @)&@ c;f]h # /fi6k« lt /fdj/0f ofban] bf];f| ] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lgld{t gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg 3f]if0ff @)&@ c;f]h @$ g=] s=kf=Pdfns] f cWoIf v8u\\ k;| fb cf]nLsf] gt] [TTjdf gofF ;/sf/ u7g @)&@ sflts{ !! ljb\\ofb]jL e08f/L /fi6k« lt kbdf lgjf{lrt @)&# ;fpg !( g=] s=kf= -dfcfj] fbL sG] b|_ sf cWoIf ki' ksdn bfxfnsf] gt] T[ jdf dGqL d08n u7g ljm| ofsnfk != @)^# b]lv xfn;Ddsf dV' o dV' o /fhgLlts 36gfx¿nfO{ pkoS' t :s]nsf] ko| fu] u/L ;do /v] fdf b]vfpgx' f;] \\ . @= bf;] |f] hg cfGbfn] g kl5sf] /fhgLlts cj:yf c:tJo:t /x\\of] . o;sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd ;DaGwdf ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \\ . #= lsg k|wfg GofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] lyof] < ;Gbe{ ;fduL| x¿sf] cWoog u/L pSt ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf ePsf pknlAwx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; -s_ ;l+ jwfg ;ef eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] lyP < pNnv] ug{'xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 169

-u_ bf;] f| ] hg cfGbfn] g x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ ;\"rLab\\w ug{x' f;] \\ . -3_ s] bf];f| ] hg cfGbfn] gkl5 hgtfsf OR5f cfsfª\\Iffx¿ k'/f eP < cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \\ . -ª_ gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;+ljwfg Ps ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h xf] . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{x' f];\\ . -r_ g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgfsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ugx{' f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ Currriculumk:' tsfno jf OG6/g6] sf] k|of]u jf /fhgLlt hfgsf/ JolStx¿;u“ s/' fsfgL u/L bf;] f| ] hg Development Centre cfGbf]ng / o;kl5sf pknlAw Pjd\\ hgtfsf ljrf/ ;DaGwdf ;fw] vf]h ugx'{ f];\\ . tkfOs{F f cfˆgf /fo Pjd\\ kf| Kt u/s] f ljrf/;dt] ;d]6L lgDg lnlvt pkzLifs{ x¿df cfwfl/t eO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ zLif{s -v_ kl/ro -v_ pb\\bZ] o -u_ ljlw -3_ kTtf nfus] f s'/fx¿ -ª_ lgisif{ / ;e' mfj 170 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

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kf7 M b; ky| d ljZjo'b\\wsf kl/0ffdx¿ ky| d ljZjo'bw\\ cl3 dfgj ;x+ f/sf] ljeT; ¿k dfgj hut\\n] slxNo} bV] g Pjd\\ efU] g k/s] f] lyPg . o;sf] kl/0ffd eofjx lyof] . o;sf] Ifltkl\" t{ ljZjn] nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] . != 7n' f] wghgsf] Iflt M o; o'bw\\ df nueu tl] Tt; s/f8] ;f7L nfv c/a kfpG8 vr{ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . olt /sd ljsf; sfod{ f nufgL ePsf] eP ;fob ljZjdf ul/aL pGdn\" g x'g] lyof] . o; o'b\\wdf csNkgLo ¿kdf ;DklTt / ef}lts kj\" fw{ f/x¿ gi6 ePsf lyP . o'/fk] n] L /fi6x« ¿ cflys{ 9s' '6L ;dfKt eO{ 6f6 kN6s] f lyP . 7'nf] ;ª\\Vofdf dflg;x¿ xtfxt ePsf lyP . sl/a ^ s/f]8 %) nfv dflg; ob' w\\ df efu lnPsfdf sl/a (@ nfv dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP eg] @ s/f]8 () nfv dflg;x¿ 3fOt] jf ak] Ttf ePsf lyP . @= e;l]{ nh ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ M @* hg' !(!( df ldq /fi6«x¿ / hdg{ Llar km| fG;sf] /fhwfgL kl] /;sf] e;{l] nh b/af/df ePsf] ;lGw g} e;l{] nhsf] ;lGw xf] . o; ;lGwn] ky| d ljZjob' w\\ nfO{ cGTo u/s] f] lyof] . hdg{ L lj?bw\\ PskIfLo / ckdfghgs tl/sfn] yfk] l/Psf] ;lGw ePsfn] o;n] gsf/fTds ke| fj kf¥of] . o; ;lGwdf hdg{ Ln] hDdf ee\" fusf] !# kl| tzt hldg ud' fpg' k¥of] . ;lGwsf] wf/f @#! cg;' f/ hdg{ Ln] ob' w\\ sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] Iflt :jLsf/ ugk{' ¥of] . gl} ts ¿kdf klg hdg{ LnfO{ ljZj;fd' gªU\\ ofOPsf] lyof] . hdg{ L lj?bw\\ ;lGwsf kf| jwfgx¿ Currriculum Development Centreo'b\\w ck/fw /fHosf] Iflt;}lgs k|ltaGwcfly{s Ifltk\"lt{ hdg{ Ln] ;a} — cN;]; / — /fOgNofG8 ;Ldf — ldq /fi6«x¿nfO{ ks| f/sf] nf]/g] km| fG;nfO{ Ifq] af6 ;g] fx¿ !) Psd'i6 ^^ s/f]8 o'bw\\ sf] Ifltsf] u'dfpgk' ¥of] ls=ld= j/} /fVg'kg{] kfpG8 Ifltk\"lt{ pTt/ bfloTj — o'/k]g / dfnd8L / !% jif{;Dd ldq ltgk{' g]{ :jLsf/ a]lNhodnfO{ lbOof] /fi6s« f] clwgdf — ;x/L If]qdf ug{k' ¥of] . — pTt/L :n;] lju /fVg'kg]{ /xs] f] sf]Onf vfgL 8]gdfs{nfO{ lbOof] — ;g] f Ps nfvdf !% jif{sf nflu — kfl] n; sf]l/8f]/ / emfg{k' g]{ / gofF ;}Go km| fG;nfO{ lbgk' g{] 8flGhª kf]NofG8nfO{ etL{ ug{ gkfOg] lbOof] — 5 cf]6feGbf a9L — hd{g pklgj]z ldq o'b\\wkft] /fVg /fi6«x¿nfO{ aflF 8lbg] gkfpg] lg0f{o lnOof] 178 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

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sDkgL ;/sf/af6 k|ltjif{ !) nfv ?lkofF kfpg] eof] . jL/tf kb| z{g u/]afkt w]/} g]kfnL kmfh} n] ljZj ljVoft leS6fl] /of j|m; / ldln6/L j|m; h:tf ;Ddflgt kbs cªu\\ ]|h ;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/] . To;n} ] t g]kfnL jL/x¿sf ;DaGwdf hd{g ;df| 6\\ s}h/ ljlnod låtLon] o;f] egs] f lyP æd d]/f ;g] fnfO{ ljZjsf h'g;s' } ;g] f;uF n8\\g k7fpg ;S5', t/ uf/] vfnL ;}lgssf] gfd ;'Ggf;fy d/] f] d'6' ys{G5 .Æ lj|mofsnfk != tn lbOPsf] tYofª\\s k|yd ljZjob' \\wdf ;}lgsx¿sf] d[To'sf] ;ªV\\ of xf] . o;sf cfwf/df :tDe lrq lgdf0{ f ug{x' f];\\ M Currriculum Development Centre/fi6«;}lgs d[To' ;ª\\Vof O6fnL ^,%),))) hdg{ L !&,&#,))) a'Nu]l/of *,&%,))) cdl] /sf !,!^,%!^ /f]dflgof #,#%,))) @= ky| d ljZjo'bw\\ kl5 pbo ePsf clwgfosjfbL zf;sx¿ -D i c t a t or s _ sf ;DaGwdf kq klqsf jf I nt e r en t df vf]hL kmf6] f] ;ª\\sng ug{x' f];\\ . k|To]ssf] 5f]6f] hLjgL klg tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . #= …abnfsf] efjgfaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xg' ;Sb}gÚ eGg] s'/f k|yd ljZjob' w\\ sf 36gfaf6 s;/L kd| fl0ft ugx{' 'G5 < k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . $= ky| d ljZjo'b\\wdf 36s] f k|dv' 36gfx¿ / ldlt pNn]v u/L ;do /v] f lgdf{0f ugx{' f];\\ . %= e;{l] nhsf] ;lGwn] hd{gLdf abnfsf] efjgf s;/L aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] lyof] < b'O{ ;fyLlar 5nkmn u/L sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug'x{ f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ ky| d ljZjob' w\\ df gk] fnL jL/x¿n] s:tf] e\"ldsf v]n]sf lyP < pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ clwgfosjfb eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ ky| d ljZj o'bw\\ sf kl/0ffdx¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ ug{'xf;] \\ . 180 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M P3f/ bf];|f] ljZjo'b\\w / o;sf sf/0fx¿ ky| d ljZjob' \\wsf] 3fp k/' f ;'Sg gkfpFb} l7s la; jif{ gf} dlxgfkl5 csf]{ ljZjob' w\\ ;'? eof] . ky| d ljZjob' w\\ df k/flht /fi6«x¿sf] dgdf leqleq} u'lD;/xs] f] k|ltzf]wsf] HjfnfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] e\"ldsf sdhf]/ /xo\\ f] . kmn:j¿k of] låtLo ljZjo'b\\w xg' kU' of] . låtLo ljZjob' w\\ sf k|dv' 36gfx¿ / ;DalGwt ldlt tn tflnsfdf pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\\ M Currriculum Development Centrejif{dlxgf / 36gfx¿ -;gd\\ f_ ut] !(#( ;K] 6D] a/ ! hd{gLåf/f kf]NofG8dfly cfjm| d0f / låtLo ljZjob' \\wsf] ;'?cft !($) ;]K6]Da/ # a]nfot / k|mfG;åf/f hd{gLsf] cfj|md0fsf] lgGbf / hd{gL lj?b\\w !($! ob' \\wsf] 3fi] f0ff clk|n ( hd{gLåf/f 8g] dfs{ / gjd]{ fly cfj|md0f !($@ clkn| #) hfkfg w/' L /fi6«sf tkm{af6 o'bw\\ df ;fd]n ePsf] 3f]if0ff !($# d] !) hdg{ Låf/f al] Nhod, g]b/NofG8 / nSh]Dau{ dfly cfjm| d0f / sAhf !($$ d] !& hdg{ Låf/f k|mfG;dfly cfjm| d0f hg' !) O6fnLsf d;' fn] fg] Låf/f a]nfot / k|mfG; lj?bw\\ o'bw\\ sf] 3f]if0ff h'nfO{ !) a]nfotåf/f o'bw\\ kf| /De cS6fa] / @* O6fnLåf/f lu|;df cfjm| d0f clkn| ^ hdg{ Låf/f ou' f]:nfleof / lu;| dfly cfj|md0f clkn| @! lu|;åf/f cfTd;dk0{ f h'g @@ ;lGwsf] aj] f:tf ub{} hdg{ Låf/f ?;dfly cfjm| d0f l8;]Da/ & o'b\\wdf t6:y /xL kn{ xfj/{ df cfˆg} 9ª\\uaf6 al;/x]sf] cd]l/sL ;]gf /xs] f] kfgL hxfhdf cgfo;} hfkfgåf/f xjfO{ hxfhaf6 ufn] f af?b jiff{ ub{} cfj|md0f l8;D] a/ * cd]l/sfåf/f w'/L /fi6x« ¿ hfkfg, hd{gL / O6fnL lj?b\\w ob' w\\ sf] 3fi] f0ff / cd]l/sf låtLo ljZjo'bw\\ df ;fdn] k]ma'|c/L @& hfefdf ;fd'lb|s ob' w\\ d] $ sf]/n -C or a l _ ;fdl' b|s ob' \\w ;K] 6]Da/ * O6fnLåf/f ;j{ky| d cfTd ;dk0{ f cu:6 @% an] fot, ?;, k|mfG;nufotsf ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] ;o+ S' t kmfh} n] hdg{ Ln] sAhf u/]sf] kl] /;nfO{ d'St u/L :jtGqtf k|bfg / hdg{ Lsf] 7n' f] Iflt ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 181

!($% hgj/L !& ?;åf/f kf]NofG8 jf;fd{ fly clwsf/ clk|n !@ cdl] /sL /fi6k« lt km| fªs\\ lng 8L ?haN] 6sf] d[To' / x]/L P;= 6«Fdg] /fi6k« lt lgjfl{ rt clkn| @* O6fnLsf zf;s d';f]nfg] Lsf] xTof clkn| #) hdg{ Lsf zf;s lx6n/ / pgsL >LdtL Oef a|fpgåf/f cfTdxTof d] & k|mfG;sf] l/ddf hdg{ Låf/f cfTd ;dk{0f cu:6 ^ cdl] /sfåf/f hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df ;x/df F a t m a n gfds P6d ad k|xf/ cu:6 ( cdl] /sfåf/f hfkfgsf] gfuf;fsL ;x/df L i t t l e byo gfds csf]{ P6d ad k|xf/ ;]K6]Da/ !@ hfkfgåf/f cfTd ;dk{0f / ^ jif{ !! lbgkl5 bf;] |f] ljZjob' w\\ sf] cGTo Currriculum Development Centre ob' w\\ sf sf/0fx¿ != hdg{ Låf/f e;{l] nhsf] ;lGw pNnª3\\ g M e;]l{ nhsf] ;lGwn] o'/fk] sf] /fhgLltdf k|ltzfw] sf] efjgf aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] lyof] . of] ckdfghgs 9ª\\uaf6 Psnf6} L ¿kn] hdg{ L lj?bw\\ nflbPsf] ;lGw lyof] . ;lGwsf] kfng ul//xg' hdg{ Lsf /fi6«eStx¿sf nflu c;x\\o ePsf] lyof] . cgk]lIft ¿kdf 5f]6f] cjlwdf hdg{ Ldf lx6n/sf] pbo eof] . pgn] ;}Go zlSt lj:tf/ u/] . ob' \\w ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug{] pb\\ofu] x¿sf] :yfkgf u/] . ;g] fnfO{ ;g\\ !(#^ df /fOgNofG8 lkmtf{ k7fP . oL ;a} ultljlw e;n]{ sf ;lGw ljk/Lt lyP / oxL g} bf;] f| ] ljZjo'bw\\ sf] sf/0f aGof] . @= /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] c;kmntf M /fi6« ;ª\\3sf :yfoL ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;+:yfs} wHhL p8fpg] sfd u/] . ;j{ky| d t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] gLlt Pjd\\ l;bw\\ fGt ljk/Lt hfkfgn] ;g\\ !(#! df lrgsf] dGrl' /ofdfly cfj|md0f u/L sAhf u¥of] . ;g\\ !(## df hfkfgn] /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf Tofu u¥of] . O6fnLn] ;g\\ !(#^ df Olyofl] kof dfly cfj|md0f u/L sAhf hdfof] . hdg{ Ln] /fi6« ;ª\\3;Fu ;DaGw ljR5b] u/L cl:6«ofdfly ;g\\ !(#* / r]sf:] nfe] flsof dfly ;g\\ !(#( dfr{df clwsf/ hdfof] . ?;n] lkmgNofG8dflysf] clwsf/ kf| Kt u¥of] . o:tf pNnª3\\ gsf sfo{x¿ eO/xFbf /fi6« ;ª\\3n] g t /fi6«x¿nfO{ sf/afxL ug{ ;Sof] g t lgoGq0f g} . of] klg bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\\wsf] sf/s aGg kU' of] . #= clwgfosjfbLx¿sf] pbo M hdg{ Ldf P8Nkm lx6n/, O6fnLdf a]lg6f] d;' f]lngL, :k]gdf hg/n km| flG;:sf] km| fGsf] cflbsf] pbo eof] . pgLx¿n] clwgfosjfb / lg/ªs\\ 'z tj/n] /fh ug{ yfn] . al] g6f] d';f]lngL P8Nkm lx6n/ 182 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumltgLx¿n] …h;sf] zlSt p;sf] elStÚ cg¿' k cfGtl/s /fhgLlt u/] eg] afxo\\ /fi6x« ¿nfO{ Development Centrert] fjgL / rg' ft} L lbg ;l} gsLs/0f Pjd\\ xft xltof/ kb| zg{ ug{] sfon{ fO{ tLjt| f lbP . olt dfq xfO] g pgLx¿n] pu| /fi6j« fbsf] gf/f lj:tf/ u/] . lx6n/n] ;l+ jwfg g} lgnDag u/L ;Dk0\" f{ zlSt cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . pgn] hdg{ Ldf oj' fx¿nfO{ ;G} o ;j] f clgjfo{ agfP . o;n] ubf{ ljZjdf kh| ftGq sdhf/] aGof] / csf]{ ljZjob' w\\ sf] cfwf/ aGg uof] . $= /fi6«x¿sf] ckljq u7aGwg M ky| d ljZjo'bw\\ df ldq /fi6a« f6 ob' \\w n8]sf hfkfg / O6fnLn] w'/L /fi6s« f] g]t[TTj u/]sf] hd{gL;uF j|mdzM ;g\\ !(#^ / !(#& df hfl] 8g k'u] . o;nfO{ /f]d aln{g 6fl] sof] u7aGwg elgG5 . of] u7aGwgn] sDo'lg:6 lj/f]wL ;lGw ( A tn i C mo m iun s t ap c t _ u¥of] . pgLx¿n] ?;sf] a9b\\ f] sDol' g:6 zlSt / o;sf] rLgdf k/]sf] k|efj /f]Sg rfxGy] . csf{lt/ k|mfG;, an] fot, /fd] flgof, ou' f]:nfleof Pjd\\ cdl] /sf;dt] sf] csf{] u6' lgdf0{ f ePsf] lyof] . kl5 o;df ?; klg ;fdn] eof] / låtLo ljZjob' w\\ x'g k'Uof] . %= ;fDojfbsf] qf; / t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt M ky| d ljZjo'bw\\ rln/xFbf ?;df ;g\\ !(!& df jm| flGt ;DkGg eof] / ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf eof] . ?;n] ;f] Joj:yfcGtut{ 5f]6f] cjlwdf w/] } k|ult u/]kl5 o/' f]ksf cGo /fi6«x¿n] klg To;sf] l;sf] ug{ yfn] . kmn:j¿k ?;sf] k|efj lj:tf/ eof] . t/ a]nfot / k|mfG; o;af6 leqleq} c;Gt'i6 lyP . a]nfotnfO{ cfˆgf] k|e'Tj ;dfKt xg' ] 8/ lyof] . t;y{ hdg{ Lsf] u7aGwgn] ?;df cfj|md0f u/f];\\ / ?;sf] zlSt xf| ;\\ xf];\\ eGg] rfxgf :j¿k p;n] t'i6Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u¥of] . o; sfod{ f k|mfG;n] klg ;fy lbof] . ^= :kg] sf] u[xob' w\\ M :kg] df ;g\\ !(#^ df u[xo'b\\w eof] . hg/n k|mfGsf]n] cfGbf]ng bafpg ;g] f kl/rfng u/] . O6fnL / hdg{ Ln] pgnfO{ ;dyg{ lbP . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;}GozlSt / xft xltof/sf] Ifdtf ko| f]u ug{] ;'gf}nf] cj;/ kfP . kmn:j¿k k|mfGsfn] ] lht] / hdg{ Lsf] u'6df ;fd]n xg' tof/ eP . o;n] hd{gLnufot w'/L /fi6x« ¿sf] dgfa] n a9\\of] / bf];|f] ljZjo'b\\w x'g kU' of] . &= cflys{ ;ªs\\ 6 M ky| d ljZjo'b\\wn] ljZjJofkL r/d cfly{s ;ª\\s6 l;hg{ f u/s] f] lyof] . o;af6 pTkGg si6k\"0f{ hLjgn] dflg;x¿df c;Gtfi] f / lg/fzf a9\\b} uof] . sl[ if pTkfbg klg sd eof] . pbo\\ fu] sn sf/vfgfx¿ aGb kf| oM lyP . csf{lt/ ;g] f / ;z:qLs/0fdf a/] f]huf/ oj' fx¿ ;n+ Ug eP . o;n] ubf{ bf];f| ] ljZjob' w\\ lglDtof] . *= tfTsfnLg sf/0f M ;g\\ !(#( df lx6n/n] e;l]{ nhsf] ;lGwdf kfN] ofG8n] k|fKt u/s] f] e\"ld 8flGhª / kfl] n; sfl] /8f/] lkmtf{ ug{ dfu u¥of] . oL Ifq] x¿ eP/ hd{gL aflN6s ;db' ;| uF k'Ug rfxGYof] . t/ kfN] ofG8n] lkmtf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . o;} ;dodf lx6n/n] ?;;Fu ( N a z i S oiv e t N -on A gr e s s i no P a c t _ gfds ;lGw u/] . To;} lbg @# cu:6 !(#( df ?; / hdg{ Ln] !) jif{;Dd Ps cfk;df cfj|md0f gug{] / kfN] ofG8nfO{ sAhf u/L p;sf e\"efu Ps cfk;df af8F ]/ lng] ;xdlt u/] . cGTodf ! ;]K6]Da/ !(#( df hd{gLsf ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 183

Currriculumlx6n/n] kf]NofG8dfly hldg / cfsfz b'jl} t/af6 cfj|md0f u/] . of] cfsl:ds cfjm| d0f Development CentreePsfn] hd{gLdf \" B l i t z kr e i g\" / cªu\\ |h] Ldf ‘ L i ght e in gn W a r ' elgof] . To;kl5 bf];f| ] ljZjob' w\\ sf] 3df;fg n8fOF ;?' eof] . ljm| ofsnfk != k|yd ljZjo'bw\\ df ldq /fi6«af6 ;xefuL hfkfg / O6fnL bf];|f] ljZjo'bw\\ df 3/' L /fi6«df lsg ;fd]n ePsf xf]nfg\\ < I tn e r en t sf] ;xfotf jf cGo ;|f]tx¿ vf]hL sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f];\\ . @= cd]l/sL t6:ytfsf] gLltn] s;/L bf];f| ] ljZjo'bw\\ xg' kU' of] < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\\ . #= lx6n/, d';f]nfg] L / k|mfGsfs] f] clwgfosjfbL rl/q k|:6 kfg]{ u/L sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar el\" dsf af8F \\gx' f;] \\ / clego k:| t't ug{'xf];\\ . clwgfosjfbn] s;/L bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\\w eof] < 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . $= j}1flgs cNj6{ cfOG:6fOgn] Ps cGtjft{ f{df …xltof/sf] k|;ªu\\ df t;] f| ] ljZjob' w\\ df s] s:tf xltof/ ko| fu] xG' 5g\\ eGg] yfxf 5}g t/ rfy} f] eof] eg] 9ª' \\ufsf xltof/ k|of]u xg' ] 5gÚ\\ egL k|ltlj|mof lbPsf lyP . tkfO{F pSt egfOkl| t ;xdt x'g'x'G5 < x'g'x'G5 eg] lsg / s;/L < ts{x¿ k;] ug{x' f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ …olb e;l]{ nhsf] ;lGw lgikIf xF'bf] xf] t bf];f| ] ljZjo'b\\w x'g] lyPgÚ eGg] egfOnfO{ tkfOF{ s;/L k'li6 ug{x' G' 5 < -v_ ti' 6Ls/0fsf] gLlt eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ ;fDojfb / ;fdf| Hojfbdf s] cGt/ 5 < -3_ cflys{ ;ª\\s6n] s;/L bf;] |f] ljZjo'b\\w x'g kU' of] < -ª_ låtLo ljZjob' w\\ lx6n/sf sf/0faf6 l;lht{ o'bw\\ lyof], s;/L < kd| f0fx¿;lxt kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \\ . a]nfot, ?; / km| fG; s;/L bf;] f| ] ljZjo'b\\wsf bfi] fL /fi6x« ¿ xg' \\ < kT| os] sf] sf/0fx¿ klg k]; ug'{xf];\\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ gk] fn cª\\u|h] o'bw\\ df cª\\u|]h g]kfnLx¿sf zq' lyP . k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'bw\\ df ltgLx¿ g]kfnsf ldq eP . låtLo ljZjo'bw\\ df gk] fnLx¿ hfkfg, hd{gL / O6fnL lj?bw\\ ob' w\\ d}bfgdf ;fdn] eP t/ cfh ltgLx¿ g]kfnsf 7n' f / lxti} fL ldqx¿ x'g\\ . t;y{ cfhsf zq' efl] nsf ldq x'g ;S5g\\ . o:t} 36gf kl/36gf tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfo jf kl/jf/df ePsf] x'gk' 5{ . o:tf] 36gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ Ps syf tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ / sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\\ . 184 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M af/ låtLo ljZjo'b\\wsf kl/0ffdx¿ / g]kfnsf] e\"ldsf laxfg %M#) ah], ! ;K] 6D] a/ ;g\\ !(#( df hd{gLn] kfN] ofG8dfly cfjm| d0f u/]kl5 låtLoCurrriculum ljZjo'b\\wsf] ;?' cft eof] . o;sf] ;'?cftL r/0fdf hdg{ Ln] rf}tkmL{ ljho xfl;n u¥of] . ;g\\Development Centre !($) sf] h'g dlxgf;Dddf hd{gLn] k|mfG;, kf]NofG8, 8]gdfs,{ gj],{ a]lNhod, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, gb] /NofG8 cflb /fi6x« ¿dfly sAhf u¥of] . otf Pl;ofdf klg hfkfg kj\" L{ Pl;ofnfO{ sAhf u/L blIf0f Pl;of ef/t;Dd cfOk'Uof] . t/ oL /fi6«x¿ dflysf] cflwkTo w/] } ;do;Dd l6Sg ;sg] . To;}a]nf ldq /fi6x« ¿sf] ;+o'St ;G} o an lgdf0{ f eof] . hd{gLsf ;g] fx¿ ldq /fi6«sf ;]gfx¿åf/f g/fd/| L k/flht eP . lx6n/n] cfTdxTof;d]t ugk{' ¥of] . hd{gL k\"j{ / klZrd u/L b'O{ /fi6«df 6l' jm| of] . hfkfgsf b'O{ 7n' f ;x/x¿ adåf/f Wj:t agfOP . !@ ;]K6D] a/ !($% df hfkfgn] cdl] /sf;fd' cfTd ;dk{0f u/k] l5 låtLo ljZjo'b\\wsf] ljlwjt\\ cGTo eof] . bf;] |f] ljZjo'bw\\ sf kl/0ffdx¿ != ckf/ wg hgsf] Iflt M låtLo ljZjo'b\\w cToGt ljgfzsf/L lyof] . o;df /f;folgs xft xltof/b]lv cTofwl' gs z:qc:qsf] k|ofu] ul/of] . o; o'b\\wdf sl/a b'O{ s/f]8 la; nfv dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf lyP eg] ltg s/f8] rfln; nfv dflg; 3fOt] ePsf lyP . P3f/ ;o v/a 8n/ o; ob' w\\ df vr{ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . ljsl;t ;x/x¿ Pjd\\ xhf/fF} sn sf/vfgf tyf pbo\\ fu] x¿ Wj:t eP . pj/{ sl[ ifofU] o e\"ld d?e\"lddf kl/0ft eof] . nfvfF} dflg;x¿ 3/af/ ljxLg eO{ z/0ffyLs{ f] hLjg lhpg afWo eP . @= b'O{ wj'| df ljeflht ljZj / zLtob' \\wsf] k|f/De M låtLo ljZjo'b\\wkl5 cd]l/sf / ?;sf] zlSt j[bl\\ w eof] . cGo /fi6x« ¿ cflys{ ¿kdf sdhf]/ eP / ;}Go Ifdtf klg u'dfP . t/ cd]l/sfn] o/' fk] ]nL /fi6x« ¿nfO{ ob' \\w ;fduL| lgof{t u/L cfly{s pGglt u¥of] . cGo b]zsf] tn' gfdf ;G} o Iflt cToGt} sd ePsfn] cd]l/sf ;a}eGbf zlStzfnL xg' k'Uof] . csfl{ t/ ?;;uF ;G} o zlSt a9L ePsfn] ?;sf] /fhgLlts zlSt ljZjdf a9\\b} uof] . t/ oL b'O{ /fi6«x¿sf] /fhgLlts tyf jr} fl/s dt leGgtf lyof] lsgeg] cd]l/sf k'FhLjfb dfGg] pbodfg /fi6« lyof] eg] o;sf] l7s ljk/Lt ?; ;fDojfbL /fi6« lyof] . t;y{ logLx¿ Pscsfn{ fO{ tLj| cfnf]rgf ug{ yfn] . ljZjsf /fi6«x¿ logLx¿sf] k'hF LjfbL / ;fDojfbL ;d\"x wj'| Ls[t xg' k'u] / ljZj b'O{ ;d\"xdf ljeflht eof] . Ps cfk;df efl} ts cfj|md0f geP klg bj' } ;d\"xx¿lar c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ cToGt} a9\\of] . ;DaGw lr;f] eof] / zLt ob' \\wsf] k|f/De eof] . t/ ;g\\ !(() df ;f]leot ;ª3\\ sf] cj;fgkl5 of] ;d:of sd xbF' } uof] . #= cfly{s k'gM lgdf{0fsf gfddf ljleGg k|lt:kwL{ ;:+ yfx¿sf] :yfkgf M ;fDojfbL ke| fjnfO{ /fS] g klZrdL o'/fk] ]nL /fi6x« ¿ / cd]l/sf ldn]/ ;g\\ !($( df pTt/L P6n\\ flG6s ;lGw ;ª\\u7g -NATO_ sf] :yfkgf u/] . o;s} f] hjfkm :j¿k ?;n] klg ;g\\ !(%% df ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 185

Currriculumkf]NofG8sf] /fhwfgL jf;fd{ f …jf;f{ ;lGw ;ªu\\ 7gÚ eGg] ;:+ yf :yfkgf u¥of] . ?;nufot kj\" L{ Development Centreo/' fk] sf /fi6x« ¿ o;df ;n+ Ug lyP . oL bz] x¿nfO{ cflys{ ;xfott kb| fg ug{ ?;sf ljbz] dGqL dfn] f6] fe] sf] gt] T[ Tjdf ?;n] Ps ;:+ yf :yfkgf u¥of] . o; ;:+ yfnfO{ C O M E C O N ( C o u n c i l f o r M u t u a l E c o n o m i c A s s i s t a n c e ) jf M o l o t o v P l a n elgG5 . csfl{] t/ cdl] /sf ;dlyt{ o/' fk] n] L /fi6x« ¿nfO{ cflys{ ;xofu] ug{ cdl] /sfn] ljbz] dGqL hh{ df;n{ sf] gt] T[ Tjdf ofh] gf agfP . o; ofh] gfnfO{ df;n{ ofh] gf ( M a r s t a l P l a n ) elgG5 . $= pklgjz] jfbsf] cGTo / /fli6«o cfGbf]ngx¿sf] pef/ M låtLo ljZjob' w\\ n] zlStzfnL o/' fk] ]nL /fi6«x¿ an] fot / k|mfG;sf] zlStdf IfoLs/0f u¥of] . an] fot lgolGqt pklgjz] x¿ :jtGq eP . oxL lgolt cGo ;fd|fHojfbL /fi6«x¿n] klg ef]u] . o;n} ] ubf{ ef/tnufotsf /fi6x« ¿ :jtGq eP . %= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] :yfkgf M låtLo ljZjob' \\w rNb} ubf{ o'b\\wsf g]t[TTj ug{] /fi6«sf k|dv' x¿n] ob' \\w /fS] gnfO{ w]/} ko| f; u/s] f lyP . a]nfotsf] nG8gdf en] f eO{ ldq /fi6x« ¿n] !@ h'g !($! df Pp6f 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u/] . o;nfO{ nG8g 3f]if0ff kq elgG5 . o;df ob' \\wsf] cGt / cGt/f{li6«o ;xofu] tyf zflGtsf nflu clkn ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] l7s ltg dlxgfkl5 !$ cu:6 !($! df ljZjzflGtsf nflu cdl] /sL /fi6«klt k|mofª\\slng 8]nfg] ?ha]N6 / a]nfotsf kw| fgdGqL ljG;6g rlrn{ n] cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] kfgL hxfhd} Ps 3f]if0ff kq tof/ kf/] . o;nfO{ P6nflG6s rf6{/ elgG5 . o:t} cGo ko| f;x¿ xF'b} ubf{ cGTodf @% clk|nbl] v @^ h'g !($% df ljZjsf %) cf6] f /fi6«x¿ ;lDdlnt ;fg\\ k|mflG;:sf] ;Dd]ng eof] . o;n] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbof] . cGTodf o; rf6/{ df kf]NofG8n] x:tfIf/ u/k] l5 o;sf ;b:o ;ª\\Vof %! kU' of] . tt\\kZrft\\ kfl/t ul/Psf] rf6{/nfO{ @$ cS6fa] / !($% df 3fi] f0ff u/L ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . låtLo ljZjob' w\\ / gk] fnLx¿sf] el\" dsf låtLo ljZjo'b\\wdf g]kfn k|ToIf ;xefuL geP klg ckT| oIf ¿kdf cfˆgf ;g] fx¿ k7fO{ an] fotsf] kIfaf6 ob' w\\ df ;fdn] lyof] . tfTsfnLg /f0ff kw| fgdGqL hb' w\\ zdz/] n] axfb/' zdz/] nufotsf] gt] T[ Tjdf hDdf @ nfv %) xhf/ gk] fnL kmfh} k7fPsf lyP . gk] fnLx¿ jL/tfsf ;fy ob' w\\ dfr] fd{ f n8] . gk] fnLx¿n] axfb/' ufv] fn{ Lsf ¿kdf uf/} j tyf ;Ddfg kf| Kt u/] . ljbz] df ePsf] ljsf; / ku| lt bv] /] gk] fnL ;l} gsx¿n] :jbz] df cfO{ kh| ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ;xofu] u/s] f lyP . gk] fnL kmf}hn] a]nfotsf tkma{ f6 hd{gL tyf hfkfg lj?bw\\ n8]sf] lyof] . ;fOk|;, lu;| , l;l/of, n]agfg\\, Kofn]:6fOg, O/fs, l;ªu\\ fk'/, dnfof tyf adf{df uO{ gk] fnL kmf}h n8s] f] lyof] . ob\\wdf hDdf ;xefuLdWo] &,%$$ g]kfnL o'jfx¿ dfl/P / @#,^%% hgf 3fOt] eP . o;/L o; o'bw\\ df gk] fn /fi6«n] klg 7'nf] oj' f zlSt ud' fpg kU' of] . gk] fn ;/sf/sf] ;xofu] af6 cToGt} v';L eO{ la|l6; ;/sf/n] hb' w\\ zdz]/nfO{ lal| 6; kmf}hsf] k\"0f{ cg//L hg]{n kbsf] pkflw lbPsf] lyof] . 186 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

;fy} # s/f]8 ## nfv Psdi' 6 cflys{ ;xof]u lbof] . k|yd ljZjob' w\\ kZrft\\ lbg] u/s] f] jflifs{ !) nfv ?lkofF klg lg/Gt/ lbg] kl| tabw\\ tf hfx/] u¥of] . o;sf cnjf w/] } g]kfnL jL/x¿n] a]nfotsf] ;jf{R] r kbs leS6fl] /of j|m; / ldln6/L jm| ; k|fKt u/] . lj|mofsnfk != ?; / hdg{ Llar Ps cfk;df cfj|md0f gug{] / ?; ;dlyt{ w'/L /fi6«df /xg] ;Demf}tfnfO{ tf]8L låtLo ljZjob' \\wdf tL /fi6«x¿ Ps cfk;df cfj|md0fdf plqgn' fO{ tkfOF{ s] eGgx' G' 5 < o;df s'g /fi6«sf] uNtL lyof] eGg] tkfOFn{ fO{ nfU5 < cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ nV] g'xf;] \\ . @= …hfkfgsf bO' { ;x/x¿ Wj:t xg' d' f ob' w\\ eGbf klg cf0flas c:qsf] ljsf; kd| v' sf/0f xf] .Ú o; zLifs{ df sIffdf jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \\ . o;sf nflu ;efklt, lg0ffo{ s ;ldlt, ;~rfns, jStf, cltlysf nflu ljbo\\ fyLl{ ar el\" dsf ljefhg ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ljZjsf] /fhgLlts gS;fdf låtLo ljZjo'bw\\ df ;n+ Ug /fi6«x¿, k|d'v 36gf ePsf :yfgx¿ eg{x' f];\\ / pSt gS;fnfO{ sIffsf7] fdf 6fF:g'xf;] \\ . $= …olb gk] fndf /f0ff zf;g x'bF }gYof] eg] ljZjob' w\\ x¿df g]kfnLx¿sf] ;xeflutf xg' ] lyPg . la|l6; ;fdf| Hojfb / /f0ffx¿sf] :jfy{¿kL sl;nf] ;fF7ufF7 lyof] .Ú o; egfOdf tkfOs{F f] s] s:tf] dt 5 < ljZni] f0f u/L nV] gx' f];\\ . %= ob' \\wsf sf/0f / ke| fj ;DaGwdf ky| d Pjd\\ låtLo ljZjob' \\wlar tn' gfTds cWoog ugx{' f];\\ / o;sf] tflnsf agfO{ k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \\ . Currriculum Development Centre cEof; -s_ zLtob' \\w egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ låtLo ljZjob' \\wkl5 ljZjsf t6:y /fi6x« ¿sf] Ps ;ªu\\ 7g lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] < Tof] s'g ;ª\\u7g xf] < ;f]wvfh] u/L k\"0f{ ljj/0f nV] g'xf;] \\ . -u_ ob' \\weGbf jftf{ / ;dembf/L a9L nfebfos x'G5, lsg < låtLo ljZjo'b\\wsf] k[i7e\"lddf o;nfO{ kl' i6 ug'x{ f];\\ . -3_ P6nflG6s rf6{/ eg]sf] s] xf] < -ª_ lx6n/n] lsg cfTdxTof u/s] f xfn] fg\\ < cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k;] ugx'{ f;] \\ . -r_ kn{ xfj/{ 36gf hfkfgsf nflu lsg kT| ok' fbs aGof] < ;fd'bflos sfo{ ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] jm| flGtkl5 zflGt / kg' Mlgdf0{ f ePsf] b[i6fGt kfOG5 . gk] fndf klg ljleGg sfnv08df hgtfn] jm| flGt u/]sf lyP . j|mflGtkl5 s] s:tf kg' Mlgdf{0fsf ofh] gfx¿ ag] / sg' xb;Dd sfofG{ jog eP < ;db' fosf h]i7 gful/s jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ To; ;DaGwdf ;f]Wg'xf;] \\ / kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 187

Currriculumkf7 M t/] P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd\\ :df/sx¿sf] vfh] L, klxrfg, Development Centre ;/+ If0f / ;+jw{g ;fdflhs cWoog u/]/ l;Sg], vfh] af6 jf:tljs 1fg k|fKt ug{], ;d'bfodf cGt/ljm| of ug]{ / ;dfofl] ht x'g] l;k ljsf; ug]{ h:tf lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t ljifo xf] . oxL dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ub{} afuZ] j/L df=lj= sf sIff !) sf ljbo\\ fyL{n] o; ljifocGtu{t Pl] txfl;s 7fpF n'lDagLsf] Ifq] ed| 0faf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L lgDgfg;' f/ k|ltjb] g k:| t't u/s] f 5g\\ M zLifs{ M nl' DagL M Ps Pl] txfl;s / g]kfnsf] kljq el\" d kl/ro afuZ] j/L df=lj=df cWoog/t sIff !) sf ;Dk0\" f{ ljbo\\ fyL{ / ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifo lzIfs;lxt cGo rf/ hgf lzIfssf] ;xeflutfdf $) hgfsf] e|d0f 6f]nL aGof] . o; 6f]nLn] c;f]h @) df P]ltxfl;s :yn n'lDagLsf] ed| 0f u¥of] . ljbo\\ fnoaf6 nueu @%) ls=ld= b/' Ldf /xs] f] of] 7fpF ^ 306fsf] ofqfdf k'luof] . g]kfnsf Pl] txfl;s tyf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg / ;/+ If0f ug{] ;Gbe{df kf7\\ojm| dn] /fv]sf] pb\\bZ] o k/' f ug{ of] ed| 0f to ul/Psf] lyof] . klZrd gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf dxTTjk0\" f{ of] :yn ljZjs} afb} \\w wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] tLy{:yn xf] . of] ;Dk\"0f{ gk] fnLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ klg xf] . zflGtsf cub| t\" uf}td ab' w\\ sf] hGd:yn /xs] f] o; 7fpFdf ljleGg :df/s, u'Daf, ljxf/ / kfv] /L /x]sf 5g\\ . pb\\b]Zo nl' DagL ed| 0fsf lgDg lnlvt pb\\bZ] ox¿ lyP M -s_ n'lDagLsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTTj kTtf nufpg' -v_ nl' DagL If]qdf /x]sf ljleGg ejg Pjd\\ :df/sx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] efl} ts cj:yf j0f{g ug'{ -u_ nl' DagL If]qsf] ;/+ If0f / ;+jwg{ ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfjsf ¿kdf k:| t't ug'{ . 188 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

cWoog ljlw kZ| gfjnL lgdf{0f / k|ofu] , cGtjf{tf{, cjnf]sg, ;|f]t ;fduL| cWoog k|fKt ljj/0f -s_ of] :yfg g]kfnsf] % gDa/ k|bz] cGtut{ t/fO{sf] ¿kGbx] L lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . -v_ a'bw\\ sf] hGd:yn /x]sf] o; :yfg ljZjzflGt tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« afb} \\w tLy{:ynsf ¿kdf k|l;bw\\ 5 . -u_ slknj:ta' f6 dfOtL bj] bx hfg] j|mddf o; 7fpdF f cfdf dfofjtLn] ab' \\wnfO{ hGd lbPsL lyOg\\ . -3_ O;fkj\" { @$( df cfˆgf] la;f}F /fHof/fx] 0fsf cj;/df ;d|f6\\ czf]sn] n'lDagLdf :tDe lgdf0{ f ug{ nufPsf lyP . o;nfO{ czfs] :tDesf] gfdn] lrlGfG5 . o; :tDedf pgn] a|fx\\dL lnlkdf …Obx a'b\\w hft]Ú -oxfF uft} d ab' w\\ sf] hGd ePsf] xf_] eGg] lznfnv] /fVg nufPsf lyP . -ª_ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf dxf;lrj pyfGt ;g\\ !(^& df gk] fn ed| 0f ubf{ n'lDagLsf] ;dt] cjnfs] g u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;xof]u /xg] k|ltabw\\ tf hfx/] u/]sf lyP . o;kl5 nl' DagLkl| t ljZjsf] Wofg cfs[i6 eof] . -r_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 tyf ef/t, DofGdf/, >Lnª\\sf yfONofG8, hfkfg, rLgnufotsf dn' 'sx¿n] oxfF cltly lgjf;, k':tsfno, /d0fLo u'Daf, ljxf/, kSsL ;8s cflb lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\\ . cGt/f{li6o« ljdfg :yn klg o;}sf] cf;kf;df aGGf nflu/xs] f] 5 . -5_ o; If]qdf dfofbj] Lsf] dlGb/ kg' lgd{ f0{ f u/L lj=;+= @)^) h7] @ af6 ;j;{ fwf/0fnfO{ v'nf ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] nDafO @*=$ ld6/, rf}8fO @#=* ld6/ / prfO !#=$ ld6/ /xs] f] 5 . o;} dlGb/ glhs k'isl/0fL gfds kljq kf]v/L 5 . hxfF dfofb]jLn] a'b\\wnfO{ hGd lbgc' l3 :gfg u/]sL lyOg\\ / a'bw\\ hlGd;s]kl5 a'bw\\ nfO{ klg klxnf] k6s o; kf]v/Ldf :gfg u/fOPsf] lyof] eGg] ljZjf; /lxcfPsf] 5 . -h_ n'lDagL ed| 0f jif{ @)!! dgfOPsf] lyof] . -em_ of] ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf ;\"rLs[t ePsf] 5 . -`_ jz} fv z'Sn kl\" 0fd{ fdf dgfOg] ab' w\\ hoGtLsf lbg oxfF 7'nf] hd36sf lar eJo sfo{jm| d cfof]hgf xG' 5 . Currriculum Development Centre oxfFsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\\ ;+jwg{ ug{' xfdL ;as} f] st{Jo xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg] of] cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/sf] ;Dkbf xf] . o;nfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\\ ;j+ wg{ ug{ lgDg lnlvt pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{k' 5{ M -s_ ab' w\\ sf] hGdel\" d nl' DagL xf] eGg] ljifonfO{ /fli6o« Pjd\\ cGt/fl{ i6o« txaf6 kr| f/ k;| f/ ug,{] -v_ k/' fg} 9fFrfdf ef}lts ;/+ rgf kg' M lgdf0{ f ug{] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 189

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PsfO cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk * kf7 M Ps rfn' of]hgf Currriculum Development Centre of]hgf abw\\ ljsf; s]Gb|Lst[ /fHo Joj:yfsf] pkh lyof] . o;n] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ u/]sf] x'Fbf cGo /fi6«x¿n] klg o;nfO{ ckgfP . lglZrt cjlwleq /fHon] cfˆgf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] lgolGqt / lgb]l{ zt 9ªu\\ n] hgtfsf] a[xTt/ lxt tyf ljsf;sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf jf vfsfnfO{ ljsf; ofh] gfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfly{s ofh] gf cfly{s ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt xG' 5 . of] ;/sf/åf/f cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl| tkmn k|fKt ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf abw\\ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk xf] . ;+;f/df ofh] gf abw\\ ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf] 5g} . ;g\\ !(@* df kj\" { ;f]leot ;ª\\3n] ;jk{ |yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;'?cft u/s] f] lyof] . pSt of]hgfn] ;fl] eot ;ª3\\ sf] ljsf;df dxTTjk0\" f{ of]ubfg lbPkl5 cGo /fi6x« ¿n] klg o;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ yfn] . gk] fndf @))& ;fndf k|hftflGqs Joj:yf nfu' ePkl5 /fHosf] Wofg ofh] gfab\\w ljsf;lt/ tflgof] . o;} j|mddf @)!# ;fnaf6 ofh] gf ab\\w ljsf;sf] ;?' cft eof] . ljutdf t/] f}F of]hgf;Dd sfof{Gjog eO;ss] f] 5 . clxn] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ bl] v cf=j=@)&%÷)&^ ;Ddsf nflu rfw} f}F ofh] gfsf] sfof{Gjog ;'? ePsf] 5 . ofh] gfsf] ljzi] ftfx¿ -s_ of] cfjlws x'G5 . -v_ ofh] gfsf] Pp6f lglb{i6 pbb\\ Z] o xG' 5 . -u_ ofh] gfdf nfs] sNof0fsf/L pb\\b]Zo lglxt x'G5 . -3_ ofh] gfsf ;a} cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ of]hgfdt' flas x'G5g\\ . -ª_ of]hgfdf /fHosf] ;f| t] ;fwgsf] ljt/0f ug]{ pb\\bZ] o x'G5 . rf}wf}“ ofh] gf -@)&#÷)&$—@)&%÷)&^_ k[i7el\" d rfw} f}F ofh] gf ;ª3\\ Lo :j¿ksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L eO{ To;df cGtlg{lxt cfly{s, ;fdflhs l;b\\wfGt sfofG{ jog ug]{ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] klxnf] of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgf @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e\"sDkn] k¥' ofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glgd{ f{0f ub}{ pGgltzLn gk] fnsf] lgdf0{ f nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} blIf0fL ;Ldf Ifq] df ePsf] cj/fw] af6 /fli6«o cfk\"lt{ Joj:yf c:tJo:t eO{ cyt{ Gqsf ljleGg kIfx¿df kg{ uPsf] c;/af6 kf7 l;Sb} cfufdL lbgx¿df :jfwLg / cfTd lge{/ cyt{ Gq lgdf0{ f ug'{kg]{tkm{ cled'v /xs] f] 5 . o;sf cltl/St ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 191

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