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Currriculum4. hg;fªl\\ Vos nfefz+ , h'g nfdf] ;do;Dd pknAw x'g g;Sg] ljZj cg'ejn] kd| fl0ft Development Centreu/;] ss] f] 5, cfufdL ltg rf/ bzs;Dd pknAw x'bF } 5 . 5. pkofu] xg' } g;s]sf tyf sd pkof]u eO/x]sf efl} ts tyf cGo k\"jf{wf/ pkofu] ug]{ cj;/ 5 . 6. xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ Ifq] df ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd kl| tkmn lng ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . 7. cfly{s ¿kn] ;lj|mo hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;ª\\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fdb' flos k|0ffnLdf cfab\\w ePsf] 5 . 8. ;xsf/L / lghL bj' } If]q k|jwg{ ug{] ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkofu] ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cflys{ ¿kn] ;db[ w\\ agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k/\" ssf] e\"ldsf lgjfx{ ug{ tTk/ 5g\\ . 9. u/} cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnufotaf6 j}bl] zs nufgL jm| dzM cfslift{ eO/xs] f 5g\\ . 10. l5ds] L d'n'sdf ›t' lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] dWod juL{o hglx:;fn] gk] fnsf] ko{6g, j}b]lzs nufgL, lgoft{ Pjd\\ sltko ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt 5 . !!= j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Laf6 kf| Kt l;k, k'FhL / pbo\\ dzLntfaf6 gk] fnnfO{ afx\\o hutaf6 1fg, k|ljlw / k'hF L kl/rfng ug{ yk cj;/ kb| fg eO/x]sf 5g\\ . lj|mofsnfk != sG] bd| f of]hgf th{d' f s;/L ul/G5 < ;f]wvfh] / cjnfs] g u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf of]hgfx¿n] cfzf u/]cg'¿k nIo xfl;n ug{ g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] xf]nfg\\ < kTtf nufO{ 5nkmn ugx' f;] \\ . #= g]kfndf ljsf; ofh] gfsf dV' o r'gft} Lx¿ pNn]v u/L /fli6o« of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lr7L nV] g'xf;] \\ . $= tkfOF{sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;db' fodf of]hgf tof/ kfbf{ ;dfj]lztfsf] kIfnfO{ slTtsf] Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < ;db' fosf JolSt;Fusf] e6] 3f6 / kfl/jfl/s cg'ej;dt] nfO{ ;d6] ]/ k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{x' f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ ofh] gf eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ ofh] gf lgdf0{ fsf pb\\bZ] ox¿ pNnv] ug'{xf];\\ . -u_ rfn' ofh] gfsf ljzi] ftfx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < -3_ ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ubf{ cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \\ . -ª_ rfn' of]hgfsf kf| yldstf / /0fgLltx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ofh] gf lgdf{0f kl| j|mof s;/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 < cWoog cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ / sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \\ . 194 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M bO' { ko6{ g pbo\\ fu] , dxTTj / ;Defjgf dflg; :jefjn} ] lh1f;' xG' 5 . pm gofF gofF ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/L lng OR5s' / nfnflotCurrriculum x'G5 . To;}n] ljleGg 7fpFx¿sf] ed| 0f u/L dgf/] ~hg lng / snf, ;:+ sl[ t, ji] fe\"iff, efiffDevelopment Centre cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ pm 3d' lkm/ ul//xG5 . pm Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF / Ps bz] af6 csf]{ b]zdf hfG5 . o;/L ljleGg pbb\\ ]Zon] Pp6f b]zsf gful/s b]zleq jf cGo bz] df ed| 0f ug]{ kl| j|mofnfO{ ko6{ g elgG5 . ko{6snfO{ ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpg ;~rflnt Jojl:yt Joj;fonfO{ ko6{ g Joj;fo elgG5 . ko{6snfO{ ;l' jwf kb| fg ug{ Jofj;flos pb\\ofu] :yfkgf x'g] xg' fn] o:tf pbo\\ fu] x¿ ;]jf pb\\of]u xg' \\ . o:tf pbo\\ f]udf dgf]/~hg, Jofkf/, kbofqf, kjt{ f/fx] 0f, bZ[ ofjnf]sgnufotsf Ifq] k5g{ \\ . jtd{ fg ofh] gfdf ko{6g rf}wfF} of]hgf -@)&#÷)&$–@)&%÷)&^_ n] ko6{ g ljsf;sf nflu gk] fnnfO{ ljZjs} pTs[i6 ko{6sLo :ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ko6{ g kj| w{gdfk{mt ko6{ ssf] ;ª\\Vof / /fli6«o cy{tGqdf jb[ \\lw ug]{ pbb\\ ]Zo /fvs] f] 5 . lghL Ifq] sf] ;xsfod{ f ko{6g k|jw{g ug],{ yk ko{6sLo uGtJosf] ljsf; ug]{ / u|fdL0f ko6{ gdfkm{ t /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{] o; of]hgfsf] nIo 5 . o;sf ;fy} ko6{ g kj| w{g ug{ l5d]sL tyf cGo dn' s' x¿nfO{ s]lGbt| u/L Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{] /0fgLlt lnOPsf] 5 . o; ofh] gfn] cfGtl/s ko6{ snfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ub{} ko6{ gsf] lbuf] ljsf;df hf8] lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ko6{ g pb\\ofu] sf] dxTTj gk] fnsf] ko{6g pbo\\ f]u /fi6« ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ cfwf/ xf] . sn' ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] sl/a b; kl| tzt of]ubfg ko{6g pbo\\ f]usf] /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g pbo\\ f]usf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M != ljb]zL db' |f cfhg{ sf] ;|f]t @= /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg #= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pbo\\ f]usf] ljsf; $= /fh:jdf j[b\\lw %= Jofkf/ tyf snf ;:+ s[ltsf] k|jwg{ ^= ljZjdf /fi6s« f] k|rf/ k|;f/ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 195

Currriculumg]kfndf ko6{ g pb\\of]usf] ;Defjgf Development Centregk] fn ko6{ sLo bl[ i6sf]0fn] pkoS' t uGtJo dflgG5 . oxfF /xs] f snf, ;+:s[lt, e\"ufn] , hfthflt, wd{, efiff cflb ljljwtfn] o;nfO{ pko'St ko{6sLo uGTfJo agfPsf 5g\\ . g]kfndf ko{6g Joj;fosf] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M != u|]6 lxdfnog 6n]« ( G r e a t H i m a l a ay n T r a i l ) s~rghª3\\ fb]lv ;}kfn lxdfn;Ddsf] Ifq] nfO{ u]6| lxdfnog 6«n] elgG5 . o;cGtut{ k\"jL{ g]kfndf s~rghª3\\ f ;+/If0f Ifq] , dsfn' j?0f /fli6o« lgs'~h tyf ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs'~h k5{g\\ . dWoIf]qsf nfª6fª, uf;] fOsF 0' 8 / uf}/Lzª\\s/ lxdfnL Ifq] nfO{ klg o; 6n]« cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;u} /L klZrdsf dgfª, d':tfª, d'u,' 8fN] kfsf ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿ o;cGtut{ k5{g\\ . o; 6«n] sf] ko{6gaf6 kfrF xhf/ ld6/dflysf] Ifq] df lxdfnL hgfj/ / jg:kltx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fn ko6{ g af8] n{ ] o; Ifq] nfO{ ko6{ sLo uGtJosf ¿kdf l;kmfl/; u/s] f] 5 . o; Ifq] sf] kr| f/ k;| f/sf] sdLn] ubf{ ljbz] L ko6{ ssf] cfudg cfzf ul/Pcg¿' k kf| Kt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . @. kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tf gk] fn k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf bl[ i6sf0] fn] cToGt cfsifs{ /fi6« xf] . oxfsF f lxdfnL zª[ v\\ nfx¿, dgf]/d kxf8L :ynx¿, ljleGg ks| f/sf e\";tx, u'kmf, em/gf, tfn tyf gbLx¿n] ljb]zL ko6{ ssf] dg nf]Eofp5F g\\ . To;n} ] o:tf 7fpFx¿sf] cjnfs] g ugs{ f nflu 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ko6{ sx¿ g]kfn cfpF5g\\ . cGo k\"jf{wf/ a9d] f of] ;ªV\\ of cem a9\\g ;S5 . #. Pl] txfl;s tyf wflds{ :ynx¿ gk] fn Pl] txfl;s tyf wflds{ :ynsf nflu kl| ;b\\w 5 . nl' DagL, hgsk/' , dl' Stgfy, :juå{ f/L, l/8L, pu|tf/f, dgsfdgf, kzk' ltgfy, s[i0f dlGb/, rfugF' f/fo0f cflb oxfsF f d'Vo wfld{s :ynx¿ xg' \\ . o;}u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf k|frLg b/af/x¿ ko{6sLo uGtJosf b[li6sf]0faf6 196 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumdxTTjk\"0f{ dflgG5g\\ . oxfF k|of]u ePsf sfi7snf tyf jf:ts' nf P]ltxfl;s clåtLo j:t'x¿ Development Centrex'g\\ . o:tf wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿n] ko6{ sx¿nfO{ ;xh} cfsif0{ f u5g{ \\ . $. ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf g]kfndf leGg ;+:sl[ t / k/Dk/f ePsf !@% hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5g{ \\ . kT| os] hfltsf] cfcfˆg} dfl} ns k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, /Llt l/jfh tyf dN\" o dfGotf 5 . oxL ;f+ :sl[ ts ljljwtf cjnfs] g ug{ klg 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf ljb]zLx¿ gk] fn cfp5F g\\ . %. xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf g]kfn xfjfkfgLsf bl[ i6sf0] fn] klg ljljwtf k\"0f{ 5 . oxfFsf] blIf0fL efudf pi0f, dWoefudf ;dzLtf]i0f tyf pTt/L efudf 7G8f ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;a} ko{6ssf nflu pkoS' t xfjfkfgL 5gf]6 ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5 . To;n} ] gk] fnsf ;a} ef}ufl] ns kb| ]zdf ko6{ g pbo\\ f]usf] ;Defjgf 5 . ^. ;fxl;s ko{6g g]kfndf ;fxl;s ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ko{6g kj| wg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . pTt/L If]qaf6 tLj| ju] n] aUg] gbLx¿df ¥ofkm\\l6ªsf] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf ;fy} lxdfn cf/fx] 0f, Kof/fUnfOl8ª tyf a~hL hlDkª h:tf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L g]kfndf ;fxl;s ko6{ gsf] kr| '/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . &. k|fs[lts jg:klt / jGohGts' f] ljljwtf xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ g]kfndf jg:klt tyf jGohGtd' f klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . bz] sf] ljleGg efunfO{ lgs~' h, cf/If0f / ;/+ If0f If]qsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg nf]kfG] dv' kh| fltsf hgfj/ tyf r/fr'?ªu\\ L kz| :t kfOg] xg' fn] o:tf hgfj/ tyf r/fr?' ª\\uLsf] cWoog cjnfs] g ug{ 7n' f] ;ª\\Vofdf ko6{ s g]kfnkl| t cfsli{ft x'G5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk != g]kfn ko6{ g af]8n{ ] ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ultljlw ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 < vf]hL u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\\ . @= tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo :t/df s] s:tf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ 5g\\ < ltgLx¿sf] ljz]iftf n]vL sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\\ . #= u]6| lxdfnog 6]«nsf] ofqf dfu{ / o;af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] dgf/] ~hgnfO{ ;d6] L Ps /fli6o« b}lgs klqsfsf nflu ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ . $= g]kfndf s] s:tf ;fxl;s ko6{ sLo ultljlwsf] ;Defjgf 5 < ;Defjgfsf] vfh] L u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 197

%= tnsf] tflnsfnfO{ cnu cnu j[tlrqdf bv] fpg'xf];\\ M pbb\\ ]Zosf cfwf/df ko6{ ssf] ;ªV\\ of b]zcg';f/ ko6{ s cfudg dgf]/~hg M %)=!)% ef/t M !$% kbofqf / kj{tf/fx] 0f M !@=#% rLg M !@% Jofkf/ M #=!% >Lnªs\\ f M *% sfof{no ko| fh] g M $=!% cdl] /sf *% wfld{s M !@=^% a]nfot M ^% ;ef ;df/f]x M !=&% k|mfG; M #% cGo M !^=@% hfkfg M #% hd{gL M @% c:6]l« nof M #% cGo M $!% cflys{ ;j{I] f0f M @)&@/@)&# Currriculum Development Centre cEof; -s_ ko6{ g pbo\\ fu] egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf kmfObfx¿ rrf{ ug{'xf];\\ . -v_ …g]kfndf wflds{ ko{6gsf] k|r/' ;Defjgf 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\\ . -u_ gk] fndf ko{6g Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 < pNnv] ug{x' f;] \\ . -3_ ko{6ssf] ;ª\\Vof j[b\\lw ug{ s] s] sbd rflng'k5{ < abF' fut ¿kdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . -ª_ ko6{ g ljsf;sf nflu ko{6g Joj;fo, ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo txsf] el\" dsf aFb' fut ¿kdf rrf{ ug{'xf;] \\ . -r_ ko6{ g pb\\of]uaf6 kf| Kt cfDbfgL :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf;sf nflu vr{ ul/gk' 5{ eGg] egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug{] sf/0fx¿ abF' fut ¿kdf k:| t't ug{'xf;] \\ . -5_ g]kfnsf] jtd{ fg cflys{ ofh] gfdf ko6{ g ljsf;sf nflu ;dfjz] ul/Psf /0fgLltx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo :t/df xf6] n, oftfoft, xf]d:6] cflb ;~rflnt ePsf xf]nfg\\ . ToxfF xg' ] ultljlwsf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;d'bfo s;/L nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\\ < vf]hL u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . 198 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M ltg pmhf{sf] dxTTjk\"0f{ ;f| ]t — hn;|f]t ks| l[ tdf kfOg] sfO] nf, bfp/f, Uof;F , k6] f« l] nod kbfy,{ hn ljbo\\ t' ,\\ cf0fljs / e66\\ Laf6 kf| Kt xg' ] zlStnfO{ pmhf{ elgG5 . pmhf{ dflg;nfO{ geO{ gxg' ] j:t' xf] . vfgf ksfpg, oftfoftsf ;fwg / sn sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{ cflbsf nflu pmhf{ clt cfjZos k5{ . gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f k/Dk/fut / Jofj;flos u/L pmhfs{ f bO' { cf6] f ;f| t] x¿ 5g\\ . k/Dk/fut ;f| t] cGtut{ bfp/f, sl[ ifhGo cjzi] f cflb k5g{ \\ . Jofj;flos ;f| t] cGtut{ k6] f« l] nod kbfy,{ sfO] nf, ljbo\\ t' \\ cflb k5g{ \\ . g]kfndf /x]sf kf| sl[ ts ;DkbfdWo] hn;f| t] dxTTjk\"0f{ ;Dkbf xf] . e\"kl/jl] i7t eP klg oxfF ;txL / el\" dut u/L b'j} k|sf/sf ckf/ hn;f| t] pknAw 5 . oxfF aUg] clwsf+z gbLx¿ lxdfno kj{t >]0fL eP/ blIf0ftkm{ aU5g\\ . o:tf gbLx¿df a;e}{ l/ kfgL x'G5 . 7f8f] 9fnoS' t hldg ePsf] k|fs[lts :j¿k / :yfoL hn k|jfx xg' ] gbLx¿ k|z:t ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF hn ljbo\\ t' \\ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf w]/} 5 . hn;f| ]tsf] plrt ko| fu] ug{ ;sd] f k6] «f]lnod kbfy{kl| tsf] k/lge{tf 365\\ / bz] df e'StfgL ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ ;xof]u kU' 5 . hn ljb\\o'ta\\ f6 b]zleq g} sn sf/vfgf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos pmhf{ h6' fpg ;lsG5 . jg hª\\un kmF8fgL lgoGq0f x'G5 / ljbo\\ 't\\ lgof{t u/]/ j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} o;af6 oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] ljsf; x'G5 / /f]huf/L kj| wg{ eO{ b]z ljsf;df 6]jf k'U5 . s[lifdf cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf klg ofu] bfg k'U5 . Currriculum Development Centre dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hn ljb\\ot' \\ cfof]hgf g]kfndf pknAw gbLgfnfaf6 *#,))) d]ufjf6 ljb\\o't\\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] cgd' fg 5 . of] ljZjsf] hn ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbgsf] @=@^% xf] . t/ cflys{ tyf k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 sl/a $@,))) d]ufjf6 ljbo\\ 't\\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . hn ljb\\ot' \\ pTkfbgsf b[li6n] sf];L, u08sL, s0ffn{ L / ltgsf ;xfos gbLx¿nfO{ dxTTjk0\" f{ dflgG5 . hn ljb\\o't\\ pTkfbgsf ;Defjgf tyf pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ lgDg lnlvt tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 199

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ljm| ofsnfk != pmhfs{ f k/Dk/fut tyf Jofj;flos ;|f]tx¿ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . @= g]kfndf ljb\\o't\\ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf;lxt ljb\\ot' \\ ljsf;sf nflu u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ nufgL ug{ cfux| ub{} Ps lr7L n]Vg'xf];\\ . #= …hn ljb\\ot' \\ pmhf{ ;ªs\\ 6 ;dfwfgsf nflu pTtd pkfoÚ eGg] zLif{sdf jSt[TTj snf k|ltofl] utf cfof]hgf ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ hn;|ft] sf] plrt ko| fu] af6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ ab'F fut ¿kdf pNnv] ug'{xf];\\ . -v_ …g]kfndf hn;|f]tsf] ckf/ ;Defjgf 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{x' f];\\ . -u_ g]kfndf hn;f| t] sf] ljsf; xg' g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < pNnv] ugx{' f];\\ . -3_ g]kfndf hn ljbo\\ 't;\\ uF ;DalGwt tYofª\\snfO{ :tDelrqdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \\ . -ª_ hnljbo\\ 't\\ ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul/g'knf{ < pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . -r_ gk] fnn] ljbo\\ t' \\ lgof{t u/]/ ljbz] L d'bf| cfhg{ ug{] ;Defjgf 5 jf 5g} < cfˆgf ljrf/ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfOFs{ f] :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gfsf] cjnf]sg u//] kf| Kt ;r\" gf tyf tYox¿sf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f];\\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 201

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kf7 M 5 ljTtLo lzIff ;fdfGtof ljTt eGgfn] wgdfn jf hfohy] f eGg] a'lemG5 . cfly{s sf/fa] f/;uF ;DalGwtCurrriculum ultljlw g} ljTt xf] . o;cGtut{ ljz]if u//] d'bf| sf] sf/f]af/ k5{ . g]kfndf clwsfz+ dflg;x¿Development Centre u|fdL0f Ifq] df a;f]af; u5g{ \\ . pgLx¿sf] cflys{ sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;ª3\\ ;+:yf;Dd oy]i6 kx'Fr kU' g ;ss] f] 5}g . kT| os] JolSt;uF ePsf] cflys{ jf ljTtLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L / ldtJooL pkofu] xg' 'k5{ . o;/L ljTtsf] dxTTj a'emL ToxL cg;' f/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ 1fgnfO{ ljTtLo lzIff elgG5 . ljTtLo lzIffn] k};fsf] dxTTj ae' mg\\ , To;sf] ;xL ;bk' of]uaf6 cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;/' Iff kb| fg ug{ tyf 3/fo;L cfoJoonfO{ Jojl:yt kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL c+z art ug],{ ljbz] af6 kf| Kt ePsf] /sdnfO{ ;dl' rt / pTkfbgdn\" s pkof]u ug]{ h:tf ljifodf ljTtLo lzIffn] hfgsf/L lbG5 . ljTtLo ;fIf/tfnfO{ gk] fn ;/sf/n] ljz]if dxTTj lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljTtLo k0| ffnL xfn gk] fndf ljTtLo k|0ffnLcGtu{t sG] b|Lo aª} \\s, jfl0fHo aª} s\\ , ljsf; a}ª\\s, ljTt sDkgL / n3' ljTt ljsf; aª} \\s k5{g\\ . ;fy} o;cGtu{t a}ª\\lsª sf/fa] f/ ug{] ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf n3l' jTtsf] sf/f]af/ ug{] u/} ;/sf/L ;ª\\3;+:yfx¿ k5g{ \\ . gk] fndf sfo{/t ljTtLo ;ª\\3;+:yfnfO{ s, v, u / 3 ju{df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fndf lj=;+= @)&# sf] tYofª\\scg';f/ …sÚ ju{sf jfl0fHo aª} \\sx¿ Pslt;, …vÚ ju{sf jfl0fHo a}ª\\sx¿ ;ft, …uÚ ju{sf ljTt sDkgLx¿ pgG;f7L / …3Ú jus{ f n3l' jTt sDkgLx¿ k}Flt; cf6] f /xs] f 5g\\ . o;/L cflys{ sf/fa] f/ jf d'b|fsf] sf/fa] f/ ug]{ ;ª\\3;:+ yfnfO{ ljTtLo ;+:yf elgG5 . aª} s\\ tyf ljTtLo ;:+ yfx¿n] lgIfk] sf ¿kdf art ;ªs\\ ng ug],{ shf{ k|bfg ug{] h:tf sfo{ u5g{ \\ . ;fy} ljki|] f0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg], ljbz] L d'b|f ;6xL ug{], ;/sf/L C0fkqx¿sf] sf/f]af/ ug,{] ;g' rfbF L shf{ lbg, a}ª\\s Uof/G] 6L a:g] h:tf cGo sfo{x¿ ub5{ g\\ . o;/L aª} s\\ dfkm{t lgIfk] ;ªs\\ ngnufot cGo sfos{ f] sf/fa] f/ ubf{ a}ªs\\ df vftf vf]n]/ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . aª} s\\ vftf aª} \\s tyf ljTtLo ;:+ yfn] ljTtLo sf/fa] f/ ug{sf nflu ;j;{ fwf/0f JolSt jf ;:+ yfsf] gfddf vftf vfl] nlbG5 . o;/L JolSt jf ;:+ yfsf] gfddf /x]sf] ljj/0f g} aª} \\s vftf xf] . a}ª\\s vftf vf]nk] l5 uf| xsn] ?lkofF hDdf ubf{ ef}r/ kfp5F g\\ . cfkm\" n] /fv]sf] /sd lemSg rs] a's / sf/f]af/sf] ljj/0f x]g{ aª} s\\ :66] d]G6;dt] pknAw xG' 5 . a}ª\\s tyf ljTtLo ;+:yfx¿n] lgDgcg;' f/ vftfx¿ ;~rfng u/s] f xG' 5g\\ M 208 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

CurrriculumrNtL vftf Development Centre cfk\"mn] rfxs] f] ;dodf rfxs] f] hlt /sd Ps lbgdf hltk6s klg /fVg / lemSg ;lsg] u/L vfl] nPsf vftfnfO{ rNtL vftf elgG5 . o:tf] vftfdf /fvs] f] k;} fdf Aofh kfObF g} . pb\\of]uL, Jofkf/L jf sfof{nosf nflu o:tf] vftf pkofu] L x'G5 . art vftf art vftfdf /sd hltk6s klg hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /x]/ /sd lemSg kfOG5 . o:tf] ;Ldf ;DalGwt a}ªs\\ n] tfS] 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] vftfdf aª} s\\ n] Aofh k|bfg u5{ . ;;fgf jrt stf{sf nflu o:tf] vftf pkofu] L x'G5 . db' b\\ tL vftf lglZrt ;dofjlw tfs] ]/ vftf vf]nL /sd hDdf ug{] vftfnfO{ db' \\btL vftf elgG5 . o:tf] vftf ltg dlxgf, 5 dlxgf, ! jif,{ @ jif{ jf o:t} lglZrt cjlw tf]s/] hDdf ul/G5 . o:tf] vftfdf hDdf ul/Psf] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf cl3 lgsfNg kfObF g} . o:tf] vftfdf Aofh klg a9L kfOG5 . tf]lsPs} cjlw cl3 /sd cfjZos k/]df db' \\btL vftfdf /sd hDdf u/]sf] k|df0f kq lwtf] /fvL shf{ lng ;lsG5 . a}ªs\\ df vftf vfN] gsf nflu gful/stfsf] kd| f0f kq, kmf]6f,] cfj]bg kmf/fd, cfjZos Gog\" td /sd / b:tvt gdg' f kmf/d h:tf sfhhft cfjZos k5{ . gfafnssf] xsdf eg] ;/+ Ifssf] xl} ;otn] cleefjssf] gful/stf, kmf]6f] / cfj]bg kmf/ddf b:tvt cfjZos k5{ . aª} s\\ df vftf vf]Nbf u|fxssf] klxrfg k0\" f{ ¿kdf emlNsg] u/L kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f, afa' afhs] f] gfd h:tf ljj/0f lbg'k5{ . jt{dfgdf ;r\" gf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] a}ª\\lsª tyf ljTtLo Ifq] df gofF k|ljlwx¿ ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . ljbo\\ t' Lo dl] ;gsf] ;xfotfn] kb| fg ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg lsl;dsf ljTtLo ;j] fnfO{ ljb\\ot' Lo aª} l\\ sª elgG5 . o;cGtu{t df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g6] a}ª\\lsª, P=6L=Pd cflb k5g{ \\ . o:tf k|ljlwaf6 a}ªs\\ vftf vfN] g / /sd /fVg] lemSg] ;l' jwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbo\\ t' Lo a}ªl\\ sªn] o; ;]jfnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . P=6L=Pd= ( A ut o m a t e d T e l l e r M a c ih en - A T M ) P=6L=Pd= sf8{ klg ljbo\\ 'tLo sf8{ g} xf] . sg' } klg a}ªs\\ jf ljTtLo ;+:yfdf vftf vfn] ]kl5 of] ;]jf ;~rfng u/s] f] a}ªs\\ n] u|fxsnfO{ P=6L=Pd= sf8{ pknAw u/fpF5 . o; sf8{af6 dl] ;gsf] ;xfotfn] /sd lemSg jf df}Hbftaf/] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . vftfdf ePhlt /sddfq lemSg kfpg] xg' fn] o;nfO{ 8l] a6 sf8{ klg elgG5 . a}ª\\sn] pknAw u/fpg] uf]Ko lkg gDa/sf] ;xofu] af6 cfˆgf] vftfdf ePsf] /sd lemSg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 209

Currriculumj|m]l86 sf8{ ( C r e id t c a r )d Development Centre cfˆgf ljZjfl;nf u|fxsnfO{ vftfdf cfjZos /sd dfH} bft gePsf] cj:yfdf klg j:t' tyf ;j] f vl/b ug{ ;sg\" \\ eg]/ a}ª\\sn] ljbo\\ t' Lo sf8{ pknAw u/fp5F , To;}nfO{ jm| ]l86 sf8{ elgG5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm;\" uF /sd ePsf] a]nf aª} \\snfO{ shf{ eS' tfgL u5g{ \\ . o;sf] k|ofu] klg 8l] a6 sf8{sf] h:t} xf] t/ /sd vr{ ug{] lglZrt ;Ldf tfl] sPsf] x'G5 . 8l] a6 sf8{ ko| fu] stf{n] of] ;'ljwf lnPafkt lglZrt /sd lghsf] df}Hbftaf6 36\\5 . P;=Pd=P;= aª} \\lsª ;j] f ( S M S B a nki ng S e r vi c e ) df]afOnaf6 ;Gbz] cfbfg k|bfg u/]/ klg ljTtLo sf/fa] f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . dfH} bft yfxf kfpg] c¿sf] vftfdf /sdfGt/ ug,]{ tf]lsPsf] lanx¿sf] eS' tfgL ug]{ h:tf sfo{ P;=Pd=P;= ;]jfdfkmt{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . art / o;af6 xg' ] kmfObf kfl/>lds jf cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] s]xL cz+ vr{ gu/L eljiosf] pkofu] sf nflu 5'6\\ofP/ /flvG5 . aª} \\s tyf ljTtLo ;:+ yfdf vftf vfn] ]/ hDdf ul/Psf] o:tf] /sdnfO{ art elgG5 . art JolStut cfly{s Jojxf/sf nflu ul/G5 . xfdLn] ;fdfGotf k'FhL lgdf{0f, ;DklTt vl/b, nufgL, b}lgs Jofjxfl/s vr,{ k/' fgf] shf{ eS' tfgLsf nflu art u5f}{F . o;sf cltl/St ;fdflhs Jojxf/x¿, h:t} M ljjfx, j|taGw, d[To' ;:+ sf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflbsf nflu klg art ul/G5 . -s_ cf}krfl/s ljTtLo ;:+ yfdf art M sG] b|Lo a}ª\\saf6 ljTtLo sf/f]af/ ug{ Ohfht kf| Kt aª} \\s tyf ljTtLo ;:+ yfx¿df vftf vfn] /] -v_ cw{ cf}krfl/s ljTtLo ;:+ yfdf art M ;xsf/L, cfdf ;d\"x, jg ;d\"x, pkefS] tf ;d\"xdf art u/]/ -u_ cgfk} rfl/s lgsfodf art M ;fx' dxfhg, ;fyLefO, 3/, u/uxgf cflbdf nufgL u//] . -3_ vq' s' ] art M ;fgf] sf7, kmnfd jf df6fsf] efF8fdf ;;fgf] /sd hDdf u/]/ o;/L /sd art ubf{ ;s];Dd cf}krfl/s ljTtLo ;+:yfdf art u/s] f] v08df a9L ;/' lIft xG' 5 . art ubf{ xg' ] kmfObfx¿ -s_ kF'hL lgdf{0f x'g] -v_ nufgL l;hg{ f xg' ] -u_ pb\\odzLntfsf] ljsf; x'g] -3_ cfh{g u/]sf] /sd ;'/lIft x'g] -ª_ Aofh k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] . 210 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

o;/L ljTtLo k|0ffnLdfkmt{ ljleGg cfly{s sf/fa] f/ ;~rfng ubf{ cfo cfh{gsf ;fy} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df klg 6]jf k'U5 . xfdLn] klg ;s];Dd sd vr{ u//] a9L art ug{] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != sg' } klg aª} s\\ jf ljTtLo ;+:yfdf vftf vfN] g k/' f ug'{kg]{ k|ljm| of 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f];\\ . @= xfdf| ] bz] df gf6] nfO{ ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ eGg] r]tgf sd 5 . gf]6 ;kmf /fVgk' 5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng ul/g] rt] gfdn\" s sfoj{ m| dsf] 9frF f tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ / sIffdf e\"ldsf clego u/L kb| z{g ug{x' f];\\ . #= tkfOs{F f] jl/kl/ jf :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt a}ª\\sdf P=6L=Pd= sf8{ lng cfjZos k|lj|mofsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lnO{ ;d'bfosf c¿ JolStnfO{ klg Pl6Pd\\ sf8{ lng k]|l/t ug'x{ f;] \\ . $= ljTtLo ;fIf/tfsf] pkof]lutf pNn]v u/L ;j+ fbsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . cEof; -s_ a}ª\\s vftfsf ks| f/x¿ pNn]v u/L aª} \\sdf vftf vf]Nbf xg' ] kmfObfx¿ nV] g'xf;] \\ . -v_ artaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ ;ª\\If]kdf rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ sg' k|sf/sf] a}ªs\\ vftf vf]Nbf pko'St x'G5 < rrf{ ug'{xf];\\ . -3_ P=6L=Pd=sf /fdf| / g/fdf| kIfx¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g\\ < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfO{sF f] cleefjsn] s'g aª} \\s jf ;/sf/L ;:+ yfdf s] s:tf vftf vf]Nge' Psf] 5 < ;fw] vf]h u/L vftf vfN] bf ckgfpg' k/s] f k|ljm| ofsf] ljj/0f;dt] pNnv] ub}{ Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 211

kf7 M ;ft ljTtLo pks/0fx¿ ljTtLo k0| ffnLdf cflys{ sf/f]af/df sx] L ljTtLo pks/0fx¿ k|ofu] ul/G5, h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/Currriculum k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 MDevelopment Centre != ;kmf gf]6 ng] b]g jf cGo s'g} klg sf/fa] f/sf nflu gf]6 cfjZos k5{ . cyf{t\\ gf]6nfO{ xfdL kqdb' f| klg eG5f}F . db' |fx¿ sfuhL / wft' u/L b'O{ ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ . ljZjdf k|foM sfuhL gf]6x¿ k|rngdf 5g\\ . gf6] lgisfzg tyf Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{ k|To]s b]zdf sG] bL| o a}ªs\\ n] ub5{ g\\ . xfdf| ] b]zdf gk] fn /fi6« aª} s\\ n] sG] b|Lo aª} \\ssf] lhDdj] f/L jxg u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn /fi6« aª} s\\ n] an] f an] fdf gofF gf6] hf/L u5{ . ;kmf gf6] rng rNtLdf Nofpg o;n] ;kmf gf]6 gLlt klg NofPsf] 5 . To;n} ] gf]6df hyfefjL n]Vg], l:6r nufpg,] RofTg], k6\\ofpg] ug'{ xb'F }g . o;n] gf6] sf] cfo' 36fp5F . gf]6x¿df gk] fnL /fli6«otf, ks| l[ t, ;:+ sl[ t / ;Eotf emNsfpg] ljifo, hgfj/ / ;+/rgf cª\\lst ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . To;}n] gf6] sf] htg / ;/+ If0f ug'{ xfdL ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . @= a}ªs\\ shf÷{ C0f sg' } klg pb\\od÷Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu ljTtLo ;f| t] cfjZos k5{ . kz'kIfL kfng ug,{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug,{ cfkt\\ k/]sf] a]nf vr{ ug,{ ;fdflhs sfo{ ug{ / lzIffbLIff kb| fg ug{ xfdLn] shf{ jf C0f lngk' 5{ . a}ªl\\ sª k0| ffnLdfkm{t cfjZos C0f lnP/ cfˆgf] uhf{] 6fg{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ lglZrt cjlwkl5 Aofh;lxt jf ;fjF fdfq lkmtf{ ug]{ ;t{df JolSt jf s'g} cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;+:yf;uF lnOPsf] /sd g} C0f jf shf{ xf] . o:tf shf{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\\ . o:tf ks| f/df rfn' khF' L shf,{ vl/b shf{, pkef]u shf,{ nufgL shf{nufot k5{g\\ . a}ª\\s jf ljTtLo ;+:yfaf6 lnOPsf] C0f ltg{ g;s]df Aofhafxs] klg xh{gf ltg{'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf lwtf] lnnfdL / sfgg' L sf/afxL klg xg' ;S5 . ;dodf C0fsf] ;fjF f Aofh ltg{ g;s]df ljTtLo ;+:yfsf] sfnf];r\" Ldf kg{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf cfFr cfp5F . To;n} ] ;xL sfdsf nflu C0fsf] pkef]u ug{] tyf ;dodf g} shfs{ f] ls:tf ae' mfpg] ;fr] /fv/] C0f lng' a9L a'b\\lwdfgL x'G5 . #= ljk]i| f0f Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpFdf k};f k7fpg] sfon{ fO{ ljk]i| f0f elgG5 . aª} \\s, ljTtLo ;:+ yf jf cg'dlt kf| Kt dlg 6«fG;km/ PhG] ;Lx¿af6 /sd :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] sn' ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @#% of]ubfg ljk]i| f0fsf] 5 . b]z ljb]zdf cfh{g u/s] f] /sd lghL Jofkf/L, kl| tlglw 212 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumjf btf{ gePsf ;:+ yfdfkm{t k7fpg] sfo{nfO{ xG' 8L elgG5 . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ u/} sfg'gL dflgG5 . Development CentreTo;n} ] cfk} rfl/s lgsfoaf6 /sd k7fpg] ugk{' b{5 . ljbz] af6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf] 7'nf] lx:;f cg'Tkfbs j:t' / pkef]udf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L pTkfbgdn\" s If]qdf nufgL ug'{k5{ . $= ljb]zL ljlgdo gk] fnafx]s cGo bz] sf d'b|fx¿ gk] fnsf nflu ljbz] L db' |f x'g\\ . s'g} klg bz] df ljb]zL db' f| sf] ;l~rtL hlt a9L eof] Tolt kmfObf x'G5 . c¿ bz] af6 j:t' tyf ;j] f cfoft ubf{ ljb]zL d'b|f eS' tfgL ug{'k5{ . g]kfndf ljb]zL d'b|f ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'G5 . gk] fnL sfdbf/n] ljbz] df k};f sdfP/ k7fPdf jf ljb]zL ;ª3\\ ;+:yfn] gk] fndf ;xofu] u/d] f ljbz] L d'b|f k|fKt x'G5 . ljbz] L ko{6s gk] fn cfpbF f klg ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g xG' 5 . gk] fnL d'b|f c¿ b]zsf] d'bf| ;uF ;6xL ug]{ b/nfO{ ljlgod b/ elgG5 . cGo b]zaf6 a9L j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] cfoft ug'{ k/]sfn] ljb]zL d'b|fsf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . o; k|jl[ Ttn] g]kfnL d'b|f sdhf/] agfpF5 . %= lwtf]kq ;/sf/ jf sg' } sDkgLn] cfk\"mnfO{ rflxg] /sd ;ª\\sng ug{ hf/L ul/Psf] ljTtLo cfh} f/nfO{ lwtf]kq elgG5 . o;cGtut{ ;/sf/L C0fkqx¿, l8aG] r/ af]G8, ;]o/ cflb k5{g\\ . s'g} klg Joj;fo j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos k'FhL ljleGg cz+ df ljeflht u/L ;ª\\sng ug{ lwtf]kq lgisfzg ul/G5 . lwtfk] qsf dfWodaf6 nufgL stf;{ Fu 5l/P/ /xs] f] art pbo\\ fu] wGbfdf kl/rflnt x'g uO{ bz] sf] ljsf;df ;xofu] kU' 5 . ;fdfGotof kl| tlsTtf ;]o/sf] cª\\lst dN\" o ?= !)) sfod ul/G5 . sDkgLsf] nfexfgLdf ;]o/ wgLsf] ;]o/ lsTtfadf]lhd lx:;f /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof ;o] /x¿ bO' { ks| f/sf x'G5g\\ M cu|flwsf/ / ;fwf/0f ;o] / . cu|flwsf/ ;o] / c¿ k|sf/sf ;]o/eGbf klxn] g} nfef+z kfpg] u/L lgisfzg ul/Psf ;o] /nfO{ cu|flwsf/ ;]o/ elgG5 . o:tf] ;]o/df nfefz+ sf] kl| tzt lglZrt x'G5 . o;cGtu{t cl+ zof/x¿n] sDkgLsf] a7} sdf efu lng] / dt lbg] clwsf/ xbF' }g . kF'hLdf hf]lvd p7fpg grfxg] JolStx¿n] o:tf] ;o] /df nufgL u5g{ \\ . ;fwf/0f ;o] / cuf| lwsf/ ;]o/nfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]kl5 afFsL dg' fkmfaf6 nfefz+ kfpg] u/L lgisfzg ul/Psf] ;o] /nfO{ ;fwf/0f ;o] / elgG5 . a9L hf]lvd p7fpg tof/ x'g] nufgL stf{sf nflu of] ;]o/ pko'St xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 213

Currriculum;o] /sf] kmf/d egs{ f nflu lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ M Development Centre-s_ gful/stfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk -v_ cfjb] ssf] 7u] fgf / afaa' fh]sf] gfd, ;Dks{ gDa/ -u_ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg cws{ 6\\6L / aª} \\s vftf -3_ xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kmf6] f] cflb . lj|mofsnfk != tkfOF{sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf gft]bf/ jb} l] zs /f]huf/df uPsf] x'g'k5{ . pxfnF ] k7fPsf] ljk]|if0f sg' sg' zLif{sdf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 < ;f]wk'5 u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\\ . @= ;]o/ lg:sfzg egs] f] s] xf] < ;]o/ sf/f]af/af6 s;/L cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 < ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn u/L n]Vgx' f];\\ . #= b}lgs ks| flzt jf kz| fl/t ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ;r\" gf ;ª\\sng u/L cfhsf] ljleGg /fi6s« f j}b]lzs d'b|f vl/b b/ tyf laj|mLb/nfO{ sIffsf] ;r\" gf kf6Ldf 6fF;L ;g' fpgx' f];\\ . cEof; -s_ gf]6 ;kmf gx'bF f x'g] c;/x¿ pNnv] ug'{xf];\\ . -v_ wftfk] q / shf{df leGgtf bv] fpgx' f];\\ . -u_ ;]o/af6 xg' ] s'g} kfFr cf]6f kmfObf pNn]v ug{'xf];\\ . -3_ ljki|] f0fsf dV' o ;|f]tx¿ s] s] x'g\\ < -ª_ x'G8L egs] f] s] xf] < lsg xG' 8LnfO{ u/} sfgg' L dflgG5 < -r_ ljb]zL ljlgodsf af/]df 5f]6f] cgR' 5b] n]Vg'xf;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ aª} \\sn] shf{ lbg] kl| j|mofaf/] hfGg tkfOsF{ f] kfos kg]{ aª} s\\ jf aª} \\lsª sf/fa] f/ ;DaGwdf hfgsf/ JolStsxfF hfgx' f;] \\ / shf{ ;DaGwL cfjZos ;r\" gf ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't ugx{' f];\\ . 214 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M cf7 ladf ljkt,\\ b3' {6gf, csfn dT[ o' h:tf ;ª\\s6n] dflg; tyf kz' kLl8t xG' 5g\\ . slxn]sfxLF v]taf/LdfCurrriculum nufPsf] afnL v8/] L, af9L, klx/f,] cgfj[li6 / cltj[li6n] gi6 u5{ . dflg;nfO{ o:tf ljleGgDevelopment Centre k|sf/sf ;ª\\s6af6 gfS] ;fg kg{ ;S5g\\ . o;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] x'g] xflg gfS] ;fgL jf hf]lvdsf] jxgnfO{ kT| ofet\" ug{] dfWod g} ladf xf] . ladf /sd tfl] sPsf] ;do / ls:tf aGbLdf a'emfpgk' 5{ . o;/L ladf ugf{n] laldt cjlwe/ ePsf] Ifltsf] e'StfgL x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ hfl] vd Gog\" Ls/0f xg' hfG5 / Joj;fo jf hLjgdf x'g ;Sg] xflg gf]S;fgLaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . hf]lvd x:tfGt/0f / Joj:yfkg ug{] Pp6f pkfo ladf xf] . ladf hf]lvd;uF ;DalGwt x'G5 . ladf ubf{ ladf sDkgL / OR5's JolSt lardf ;Demft} f ul/G5 . o;/L hfl] vd x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ladf sDkgLn] ladf z'Ns -P r e m i mu _ lnG5 . lads / laldtlardf xg' ] s/f/nfO{ ladfnv] elgG5 . ladf k|:tfjdf k:| tfjssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, hf]lvdsf] ljj/0f, ladf zN' s, ladf ul/Psf j:t÷' bfloTj÷JolSt, cjlw, ;t{ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xG' 5 . gk] fndf lj=;=+ @))$ c;f]h * ut] klxnf] ladf sDkgLsf ¿kdf g]kfn dfn rnfgL tyf ljTt sDkgL ln= :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/L :t/af6 eg] /fli6o« ladf ;+:yfg Pg] , @)@% cg;' f/ @)@% ;fn k;' ! ut] /fli6o« ladf ;:+ yfg :yfkgf eof] . ladf ;:+ yfgn] hLjg tyf lghLj{ g bj' } k|sf/sf ladfx¿ u5{ . xfn gk] fndf @% cf]6f ladf sDkgLx¿ sfo{/t 5g\\ . tLdWo] !^ cf]6f lghLj{ g ladf / gf} cf6] fn] hLjg ladf ;DaGwL sfd u5{g\\ . ladf ;DaGwL ultljlwnfO{ /v] b]v lgoGq0f ug{ ladf Pg] , @)$( cg;' f/ ladf ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :t/df :yfkgf ePsf] /fli6«o ladf ;:+ yfgn] ladf Joj;fosf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|jw{gdf dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf v]ns] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] lghL{jg ladftkm{ klRr; kl| tzt / hLjg ladftk{m krf; kl| tzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 . bz] sf ljleGg efudf zfvf sfof{no / ;Dks{ sfof{nodfkmt{ o;n] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . -s_ hLjg ladf xfdf| ] hLjg clglZrt 5, ljleGg b'3{6gfx¿ xg' ;S5g\\ / d[To' klg x'g ;S5 . kl/jf/df cfo cfhg{ ug]{ JolStsf] cfsl:ds d[To' ePdf cflys{ ;ªs\\ 6 pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s JolStn] hf]lvd lj?bw\\ cfly{s ;'/Iff kb| fg ug{ ladf ug'{k5{ . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ladfnfO{ hLjg ladf elgG5 . ladf Pg] , @)$( n] hLjg ladfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift u/s] f] 5 M …hLjg ladf Joj;fo eGgfn] sg' } vf; /sd lt/]df lghn] jf lghsf] xsbf/n] s'g} vf; /sd kfpg] u/L ul/g] s/f/gfdf ;DaGwL Joj;fo ;lDemgk' 5{ .Ú ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 215

CurrriculumhLjg ladf Pp6f s/f/gfdf xf] h;cGtu{t ladsn] cfˆgf] pd/] sf cfwf/df s'g} vf; cjlwdf Development Centreae' mfPsf] /sd pSt cjlw e'Stfg ePkl5 cfkmF}n] lkmtf{ kfp5F . cfhLjg ladfdf eg] ladf /sd dT[ ok' l5 OR5fOPsf] JolStn] kfp5F . hLjg ladf ug]{ JolSt !^ jif{ k'/f eO{ ^% jif{ ggf3]sf] x'g'k5{ . hLjg ladf klg ;fjlws bf]xf]/f] b'36{ gf nfe;lxtsf] ;fjlws, cfhLjg clu|d eS' tfgL, afnaRrfsf] lzIff tyf ljjfx, ;+oS' t, DofbL hLjg ladf cflb nufotsf 5g\\ . -v_ lghL{jg ladf 3/, k;n, sn sf/vfgf, s[lif If]qdf lgwfl{ /t cjlwdf b}ljs jf cGo sf/0fn] xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ladf nv] df tfl] sPsf] xb;Dd cflys{ gfS] ;fgLsf] Ifltk\"lt{ u/L laldtnfO{ efl} ts Iflt lj?bw\\ ;/' Iff kb| fg ul/G5 . 3/ k;ndf cfuf] nfUg ;S5, e\"sDkn] 3/ ejgdf Iflt k¥' ofpg ;S5 . klx/f,] e\"Ifo, cfFwLax] /L, cl;gf, lxpF, af9L, v8]/L cflbaf6 ls;fgn] nufPsf] afnL gi6 xg' ;S5 . ;8sdf u8' b\\ } u/]sf] uf8L b3' 6{ gf xg' ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Ifltu:| t ePsf ;DklTtx¿sf] dN\" ofª\\sg u/L laldtnfO{ cflys{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ lghLj{ g ladfsf] pbb\\ Z] o xf] . o:tf] ladf ;fdfGot Ps jif{sf nflu ul/G5 . of] cjlw k'/f ePkl5 k'gM gjLs/0f ugk'{ 5{ . gk] fn h:tf] sl[ if k|wfg b]zdf afnL ladfsf] cem dxTTj 5 . /fli6o« s[lif gLlt @)^! cg;' f/ s[lif dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf afnL tyf k|zf]wg ladf, @)^( hf/L ePsf] 5 . pSt Joj:yfcg;' f/ laldt /sdsf] ls:tfdWo] &%% ;/sf/ / @%% ls;fgn] a]xf]gk{' 5{ . laldt afnLsf] Ifltkl\" t{ eP ()% Ifltk'lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L cfkm\" n] kfn]sf] kz' d/]df klg ;'/If0f afktsf] /sd Ifltk\"lt{sf ¿kdf kfOG5 . ladf ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' f -s_ ladf ugs'{ f] pbb\\ Z] oaf/] :k:6 x'g'k5{ . -v_ ladfnv] df OR5fPsf] JolStaf/] :k:6 pNn]v ug{'k5{ . -u_ unt ljj/0f, hfgsf/L jf ;r\" gf lbg' x'Fbg} . -3_ tfl] sPsf] /sd a/fa/sf] ladf z'Ns, ladf cjlwel/df ltg{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsbF g} , Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . -ª_ ladf k|:tfj Wofgkj\" s{ k9g\\ 'k5{ . olb cfk\"mn] rfxc] g';f/sf] 5}g eg] ;DalGwt lads;uF ;Dks{ ug{k' 5{ . -r_ ladf clestf{ ladf ;ldltaf6 Ohfht kf| Kt xf] jf xf]Og yfxf kfpg'k5{ . -5_ ladf zN' s eS' tfgL u/k] l5 clgjfo{ ¿kdf gub ae' m]sf] e/kfO lngk' 5{ . -h_ ladf u/s] f] s'/f 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . -em_ ladfn]v gjLs/0fsf] ldlt Vofn u/]/ oyf ;do ladf z'Ns eS' tfgL ugk{' 5{ . -`_ ladf ;DaGwL ;Dk\"0f{ sfuhft ;/' lIft ;fy /fVg'k5{ . 216 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

ladfaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ -s_ clgjfo{ art -v_ hf]lvdsf] Ifltkl\" t{ -u_ ;'/lIft eljio -3_ nfefz+ k|fKt xg' ] -ª_ Psdi' 6 /sd pknAw eO{ nufgLsf] cj;/ kf| Kt xg' ] -r_ cK7o\\ f/f] k/s] f a]nf C0f lng ;lsg] . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO{F hLjg ladf ug{ pd]/ut xbn] of]Uo x'gx' 'G5 ls xg' 'xG' g < sIffdf 5nkmn u//] k:| t't ug{'xf;] \\ . @= tkfOsF{ f] 6fn] ;d'bfosf s'g} JolStn] ladf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L dfud] f s] hfgsf/L lbgx' 'G5 < ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ ljifo j:t' klxrfg ug{'xf];\\ . #= tkfOs{F f] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] hLjg ladf ug'e{ Psf] xf]nf . pSt ladfsf nflu ls:tf slt ltgk{' 5{ < ladf slt /sd / cjlwsf] xf] < s] s:tf ;'ljwfx¿ ladf sDkgLn] lbg] ;t{ pNnv] 5 < ;Dk0\" f{ tYox¿ vf]hL sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . $= lghLj{ g ladf lsg cfjZos 5 < g]kfn h:tf] sl[ if kw| fg bz] df o;sf] dxTTjaf/] sIffdf ;d\"x agfO{ 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ ladf egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ hLjg ladf / lghL{jg ladfdf s] leGgtf 5 < -u_ lghL{jg ladf eg]sf] s] xf] < -ª_ ladf ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ a'bF fut ¿kdf rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ glhssf] sl[ if sfofn{ odf hfgx' f;] \\ / AffnL ladf ;DaGwL cfjZos ;\"rgf ;ªs\\ ng u/L :yfgLo si[ fs;uF 5nkmn u/]/ k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 217

kf7 M gf} /fh:j / s/ c;n' L /fHon] ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfDbfgL k|fKt u5{ . o;/L kf| Kt xg' ] cfDbfgLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs cfo jfCurrriculum /fh:j elgG5 . o;/L ;/sf/n] /fh:j / u/} s/ /fh:jdfkm{t cfDbfgL k|fKt ub{5 . sfgg' adfl] hdDevelopment Centre ;/sf/n] hgtfaf6 k|fKt ug{] tyf sfgg' adfl] hd hgtfn] /fHonfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ltgk'{ g{] /sdnfO{ g} s/ elgG5 . s/ clgjfo{ eS' tfgL xf] . s/ ltg]{ JolSt jf ;+:yfn] s/ lt/]afkt s'g} klg nfesf] ckI] ff ub}{g . cyft{ \\ s/ nfesf] ck]Iff gu/L gful/såf/f ltl/g] clgjfo{ eS' tfgL xf] . s/ nufpg' jf p7fpg' /fHosf] clwsf/ xf] eg] s/ ltg{' gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . s/ cfDbfgL s/ ;/sf/n] hgtfdf nufpg] clgjfo{ /sd xf] . s/ lt/a] fkt s/bftfnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf x'Fbg} . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] k|dv' ;f| ]t dflgG5 . eG;f/ dx;'n, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]udf nufOg] s/x¿, hUufs/, btf{ z'Ns, ;DklTt, gfkmf / cfos/ cflb s/ cfDbfgLcGtut{ k5{g\\ . kT| oIf s/ s/ ltg]{ ef/ Pp6} JolStdf xG' 5 eg] To:tf] s/nfO{ kT| oIf s/ elgG5 . s'g} JolStn] 3/ hUuf lsGbf lglZrt /sd s/sf ¿kdf ltg{'k5{ h'g /sd c¿nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsFbg} . cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, 3/hUuf s/ cflb kT| oIf s/sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\\ . o:tf] s/ cfjZostfcg';f/ 36a9 ug{ ;lsG5 . logLx¿ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t / ku| ltzLn xG' 5g\\ . o; k|sf/sf] s/n] d'bf| l:kmlt lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k¥' ofp5F . g]kfndf sn' /fh:jdWo] sl/a #) kl| tzt ofu] bfg k|ToIf s/sf] /xg] cgd' fg 5 . ckT| oIf s/ s/ ltg{] ef/ Ps kIfdf / s/sf] ke| fj csf]{ kIfdf k5{ eg] To:tf] s/nfO{ ckT| oIf s/ elgG5 . dfgf}F, tkfOFn{ ] sg' } xf]6ndf uP/ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/a] fkt s/;lxtsf] lan xf6] ndf ltgx'{ 'G5 . t/ pSt s/ xf6] njfnfn] /fHosf]ifdf bflvnf u5{ . To;}n] s/sf] ef/ xf6] n kIfdf k¥of] eg] s/sf] ke| fj pkefS] tfdf k¥of] . cGtMzN' s, eG;f/ z'Ns, d\"No clejb[ l\\ w s/ cflb ck|ToIf s/sf pbfx/0f xg' \\ . ckT| oIf s/ ;l' jwfhgs xg' 'sf ;fy} nfr] bf/ klg xG' 5 . o:tf] ks| f/sf] s/sf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] x'G5 / s/ 5Ng klg ;lsFb}g . lgDg cfo ePsf JolStn] pkefu] ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfdf sd s/ / dWod tyf pRr cfo ePsf JolStn] pkef]u ug{] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf a9L s/ nufOg] x'gfn] o:tf] s/ ;dGofodf cfwfl/t klg x'G5 . 218 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumu}/s/ cfDbfgL Development Centre s/afxs] cGo ;f| t] af6 kf| Kt xg' ] cfDbfgLnfO{ u/} s/ cfDbfgL elgG5 . o;cGtut{ pkxf/ tyf cgb' fg, zN' s, b08 tyf hl/jfgf, pTt/flwsf/L ljxLg ;DklTt, ;fjh{ lgs ;DklTtnufot k5g{ \\ . gk] fndf k|rlnt s/x¿ -s_ d\"No clejb[ \\lw s/ ( V A T - V a l eu A de d T a )x j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] ljleGg txdf x'g] d\"No clej[b\\lwdf nufOg] s/nfO{ dN\" o clej[b\\lw s/ elgG5 . of] s/sf] ;?' cft km| fG;af6 ePsf] xf] . s/ j:t' tyf ;j] fdf tfl] sPsf] b/df nufOG5 / s/sf] clGtd ef/ eg] pkef]Stfdf k5{ . gk] fndf dN\" o clejb[ \\lw s/ @)%$ ;fnaf6 nufpg ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . o:tf] s/ k0| ffnLdf tfl] sPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfdf s/ 56' sf] Joj:yf klg xG' 5 . o;}u/L sg' } Joj;foLn] @) nfveGbf a9Lsf] sf/f]af/ u5{ eg] clgjfo{ Eof6df btf{ ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j sfofn{ odf btf{ u//] k|df0f kq lng ;lsG5 . xfdLn] klg j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] vl/b u/]kl5 clgjfo{ Eof6 lan lng] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ . -v_ cGtMz'Ns b]zleq pTkfbg ePsf Pjd\\ cfofltt j:t' tyf ;]jfdf nufOg] s/nfO{ cGtMzN' s elgG5 . cGtMzN' s ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] csf{] dxTTjk0\" f{ ;f| t] xf] . ;'?df tf]lsPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] b]zleq x'g] sf/fa] f/df of] s/ nufOg] xg' fn] cGtMz'Ns elgPsf] xf] . cGtMzN' s dlb/f, r'/f]6, v'bf,] sTyf, rfprfp cflbdf kl/df0fsf cfwf/df / Knfl:6s, ;jf/L ;fwg, d'b|0f ;fdu|L, 6L=eL= cflbdf dN\" o kl| tztsf cfwf/df nufOG5 . o:t} cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'x¿nfO{ klg dlb/f ;dx\" , ;t' Lh{ Go ;d\"x / :jod\\ lgsf;L j:tx' ¿ u/L ltg ;dx\" df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . -u_ eG;f/ dx;'n ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/g] dfnj:t' / ljb]zdf lgof{t ul/g] j:t'x¿ jf cfoft lgoft{ ubf{ eG;f/ laGbd' f sfg'gadfl] hd lnOg] s/nfO{ g} eG;f/ dx;n' elgG5 . o;nfO{ klg /fh:jsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ ;f| t] dflgG5 . To;}n] k|To]s b]zx¿n] cfˆgf ;Ldfjlt{ If]qdf eG;f/sf k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿ :yfkgf u/s] f xG' 5g\\ . d'Vo gfsfx¿df dV' o eG;f/ / cGo :yfgdf 5f6] L eG;f/ :yfkgf u/s] f x'G5g\\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfs/le66\\ f, lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh, e}/xjf, gk] fnuGh cflb 7fpFdf dV' o eG;f/ / cGo 7fpdF f 5f6] L eG;f/ :yfkgf u//] dx;'n ;ª\\sng ul/Psf] 5 . cfos/ ;fdfGotof cfo jf cfDbfgLdf nfUg] s/nfO{ cfos/ elgG5 . o;nfO{ kf| rLg s/ k0| ffnL dflgG5 . o;sf] ;?' cft !@ cf}F ztfAbLdf an] fotaf6 ePsf] lyof] . kf| rLg ;dodf kz' kfng, s[lif, dT:o Joj;fodf nufOg] cfos/ clxn] Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL, gfkmf nufotsf ;a} If]qdf nufOG5 . gk] fndf of] s/ ;a} If]qdf nufOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ gfkmf gsdfpg] pb\\bZ] on] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 219

Currriculum:yfkgf ePsf ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfx¿, u}/ Jofj;flos v]ns'b ;+:yfx¿, lgjf{rg cfofu] df btf{ ePsf Development Centre/fhgLlts bnx¿n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] ljleGg cf7 k|sf/sf s/ c;'n ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g Pg] n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != :yfgLo lgsfon] p7fpg ;Sg] s/x¿ ;DaGwL :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfaf/] vf]hL u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\\ . @= tkfOs{F f] kl/jf/n] ltg'{ePsf] s/ s] s:tf sfo{j|md ;~rfngsf nflu pkof]u xg' ] u/s] f] 5 < ljleGg bnsf /fhgLlts kl| tlglwx¿;uF 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f];\\ . cEof; -s_ /fh:j eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < s/ cfDbfgL / u/} s/ cfDbfgLlar leGgtf b]vfpgx' f];\\ . -v_ gk] fndf k|rlnt s/ k0| ffnLsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\\ . -u_ s/ /fh:jsf] ljz]iftfx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \\ . -3_ k|ToIf s/sf kmfObf / ak] mfObfx¿ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf;] \\ . -ª_ ckT| oIf s/sf kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf] ;\"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ . -r_ …cGtMzN' s ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] d'Vo ;f| t] xf] .Ú kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . -5_ eG;f/ dx;'n egs] f] s] xf] < gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f o;sf] dxTTj pNnv] ug{'xf];\\ . -h_ cfos/sf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \\ . -em_ cfos/sf ks| f/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ :yfgLo lgsfodf s'g sg' k|sf/sf s/x¿ nufOG5 < ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf uP/ cfjZos ;r\" gf ;ªs\\ ng u/L Ps ljj/0f tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ / ljb\\ofnosf] ;r\" gf kf6Ldf 6f:F g'xf;] \\ . 220 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M b; pkef]Stf clwsf/ JolStut ko| f]hgsf nflu j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pkef]u ug{] JolStnfO{ pkefS] tf elgG5 . t/ sg' }Currriculum j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u stf{ dfq pkef]Stf geO{ cGo j:t' tyf ;j] fsf pTkfbs, cfk\"lt{ stf{Development Centre tyf laj|mt] f;d]t x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pTkfbs ;f] j:t' tyf ;j] fsf nflu ljj]m| tf eP klg cGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf nflu pkef]Stf klg xg' \\ . t;y{ j:t' ;]jfsf] pkefu] ug]{ ;a} JolSt, ;+:yf, sDkgL cflb klg pkef]Stf x'g\\ . pkefS] tf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;:+ yf C nos mu e r I tn e r na t i noa l n] pkef]Stfleq ;du|df xfdL ;an} fO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # wf/f $$ df pkef]Stf clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|Tos] pkef]StfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f kf| Kt ug]{ xs x'g] 5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo dGqfnon] pkefS] tfnfO{ ahf/df k|fKt xg' ] j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pkefu] tyf ko| f]u ug]{ JolSt jf ;d\"x eg/] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pkef]Stf ;/+ If0f P]gsf] bkmf @ s n] sg' } klg j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] pkef]u ug{] JolSt jf ;+:yf pkef]Stf xf] egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pkef]Stf clwsf/ eGgfn] pkefS] tfn] pkof]u ug{] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;/+ If0fsf nflu ljleGg ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;DaGwL sfgg' ;j{ ky| d ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 ;?' eO{ ;g\\ !(^# dfr{ !% df nfu' ul/of] . To;n} ] k|Tos] jif{ dfr{ !% nfO{ cGt/f{li6o« pkef]Stf lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . pSt wf/fdf u0' f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;j] f kf| Kt ug]{ xs x'g] 5 / pkefS] tfnfO{ u'0f:t/xLg j:t' tyf ;j] faf6 Iflt ku' s] f JolStnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk\"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3n] ljleGg * cf6] f clwsf/nfO{ pkef]Stf clwsf/sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;/+ If0fsf nflu gk] fn ;/sf/n] @)%% ;fn jz} fv ! ut] pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] , @)%$ hf/L u/s] f] lyof] . pSt Pg] n] pkefS] tfnfO{ lgDg lnlvt clwsf/ kb| fg u/s] f] 5 M != lhp Hofg, :jf:Yo tyf ;DklTtdf xfgL k'¥ofpg] pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lajm| L ljt/0faf6 ;/' lIft x'g] clwsf/ @= cg'lrt Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfkaf6 ;/' lIft xg' sf lglDt pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dN\" o, u0' f, kl/df0f, zb' w\\ tf cflbaf/] ;;' \"lrt xg' ] clwsf/ #= k|lt:kwfT{ ds d\"Nodf j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] 5gf6] ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ $= pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;/+ If0fsf nflu pkoS' t lgsfoaf6 ;'gj' fO x'g] s/' fdf ljZj:t xg' ] clwsf/ ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 221

Currriculum%= cg'lrt Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfkaf6 pkef]Stfx¿df x'g] zfi] f0f tyf dsf{ lj?bw\\ ;'g'jfO / Development CentreIfltkl\" t{ kfpg] clwsf/ ^= pkef]Stf lzIffsf] clwsf/ . P]gdf sg' } klg pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf lgDg lnlvt s/' fx¿ ;dfj]z ugk'{ g{] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5M -s_ pTkfbssf] gfd, 7u] fgf / btf{ gDa/ -v_ vfbo\\ kbfy{ / cfi} fwL h:tf pkef]Uo j:t'df pSt j:t'sf] ld>0f, kl/df0f / tf}n -u_ u'0f:t/ lgwf/{ 0f ePsf] j:td' f ;f] j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ -3_ pkefU] o j:t' pkef]u ug{] tl/sf / ;f] j:t' pkefu] ubf{ kg{] k|efj -ª_ pkef]Uo j:ts' f] dN\" o, Aofr gDa/, pTkfbg ldlt / Dofb ;lsg] ldlt -r_ ljbo\\ t' Lo ;fdfuL| , xf8j{ ]o/ tyf oflGqs ;fdfu|L ePdf Uof/]G6L, Uof/]G6L ldlt, cGo cfjZos s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ;Dab\\w kIf -5_ kH| HjngzLn, b'36{ gfhGo tyf ;lhn} 66' km'6 x'g] kbfy{ jf pkefU] o j:t'sf] ;'/Iff . pkef]StfnfO{ cfkm\" n] pkef]u ug{ rfx]sf] jf pkefu] u/]sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf cfkm\" 7luPsf] jf u0' f:t/ xLg ePsf] nfud] f ph/' L ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pkefS] tf :jod\\ jf pkef]STfjfbL ;ª3\\ ;:+ yf dfkm{t ph'/L lbg ;lsG5 . u'0f:t/ xLg kbfy{sf] k|ofu] af6 pkef]StfnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf Ifltkl\" t{ lbg] Joj:yf klg 5 . pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] cg;' f/ jfl0fHo ljefu, lhNnf kz| f;g sfof{no, glhssf] kx| /L rfs} L jf ;DalGwt ljefu jf dGqfnodf ph/' L lbg ;lsG5 . pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ lg/LIf0f clwst[ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lg/LIf0f clwst[ nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;u} /L pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] n] pkef]Stf lzIff ;DaGwL Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t pkef]StfnfO{ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] ;DaGwdf ;l\" rt u/fpg] tyf u'0f:t/ gePsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|of]u ubf{ To;sf] k|efj hfgsf/L u/fpg kf7\\oj|md tof/ kfg'{ kg{] Joj:yf 5 . To;}cg¿' k ljbo\\ fno txdf pkef]Stf lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfuL| x¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . pkef]Stf lzIffaf6 x'g] kmfObfnfO{ lgDg lnlvt a'bF fdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M != o;n] pkefS] tfnfO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] 5gf6] sf] df}sf k|bfg u5{ . @= j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] vl/b ubf{ pkefS] tfn] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] ;d:ofsf af/]df hfu?s agfpF5 . #= pkefS] tf lzIffn] pkef]StfnfO{ ahf/sf af/d] f k0\" f{ ;r\" gf kb| fg u5{ . o;n] ubf{ pkef]Uo j:t' vl/b ug{ ;3fp k'U5 . $= pkefS] tfnfO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] u0' f:t/ yfxf xG' 5 . 222 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum%= pkefS] tfnfO{ ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf Pg] lgodaf/] yfxf xG' 5 . kl/0ffd :j¿k cfkm\" n] vr{ Development Centreu/]sf] /sdaf6 clwstd ;Gt'li6 kf| Kt x'G5 . pkefS] tf clwsf/ hfGgsf nflu lzIff / rt] gf cfjZos k5{ . pkefS] tf lzIfflagf clwsf/sf] 1fg x'bF g} . pbo\\ f]uL tyf Jofkf/Ln] ug]{ u}/ sfgg' L sfo{ yfxf kfpg pkefS] tf lzIffsf] cfjZostf k5{ . pkef]Stf lzIffdfkm{t g} pkef]Stfsf] clwsf/af/] hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != sfnf]ahf/Ln] pkef]Stfsf] clwsf/ s;/L sl' 07t u5{ < sIffdf ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L lgrf8] lgsfNgx' f;] \\ . @= pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/ xgg ePdf s] s:tf] sfgg' L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf 5 < ljifo lzIfs;Fu 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\\ . #= pkef]Stfsf] clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ljb\\ofnodf cfdGq0f u/L r]tgfdn\" s sfo{jm| d cfof]hgf ug'{xf;] \\ . pSt sfoj{ |mddf :yfgLo /fhgLlt sdL{ tyf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpg'xf;] \\ . $= pkef]StfnfO{ rt] gf hufpg] Pp6f uLt jf sljtf /rgf ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; -s_ pkef]Stf clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf] < o;cGtut{ kg{] clwsf/x¿sf] ;r\" L agfpg'xf];\\ . -v_ pkefS] tf P]gn] s'g} klg pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf s] s:tf s/' fx¿ ;dfjz] ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < pNnv] ug{'xf;] \\ . -u_ pkef]Stf clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf ko| f;x¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . -3_ pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ kofK{ t 5g\\ jf 5}gg\\ < pNnv] ug{x' f;] \\ . -ª_ pkefS] tfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ u7g ePsf] sg' } Pp6f ;+:yfsf] ultljlw pNnv] u/L ;drf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ . -r_ ljbo\\ fno txdf pkef]Stf lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfu|Lsf] pkofl] utf pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ pkef]Stf clwsf/ sdLx{ ¿;Fu pkef]Stf clwsf/sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/]/ cfjZos ;r\" gf ;ªs\\ ng u/L kl| tj]bg tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 223

PsfO xfd|f] cGt/f{li6o« ;DaGw / ;xofu] ( ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ / cªu\\ x¿ kf7 M Ps Currriculum Development Centre bf;] |f] ljZjob' \\wsf] ;?' cft;uF } o'b\\w /f]Sg'kg]{ cfjfh p7g\\ yfn]sf] lyof] . o;sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;ª\\u7gsf] lgdf0{ f ugk{' g{] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . o;} j|mddf ;g\\ !($! hg' !@ df ldq /fi6«x¿sf] ;dx\" n] zflGt / ;xof]u :yfkgf ug]{ ljifonfO{ hf8] lbbF } nG8gdf Ps ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . oxL ;Ddn] gn] zflGt :yfkgfdf hf8] lbbF } cGt/;DaGw 3fi] f0ff hf/L u¥of] . cd]l/sfsf tfTsfnLg /fi6«klt Pkm=8L= ?hj]N6 / a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL lj:6g rlr{nn] cfGw| dxf;fu/df o'b\\wkft] dfly a;/] cu:6 !@ df Pp6f ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/] . o;nfO{ P6n\\ flG6s rf6/{ elgG5 . pSt ;Demft} fsf] d'Vo pb\\b]Zo bf;] |f] ljZjo'b\\w cGTo u/L zflGt sfod ug'{ lyof] . oxL jm| ddf d:sf] 3f]if0ff, tx] /fg 3f]if0ff, 8Daf6g{ 3f]if0ff, ofN6f 3f]if0ff cflbn] ljZjJofkL ;ªu\\ 7g lgdf{0f ug{ dxTTjk\"0f{ el\" dsf v]ns] f lyP . !($% clk|n @% df cdl] /sfsf] ;fg\\ k|mfG;l;sf]df cfof]lht ;Dd]ngn] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 u7g ug{] k|:tfj u¥of] . ;'?df %) bz] / kl5 kf]NofG8n] klg ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ :yfkgf ug{] k|:tfjdf x:tfIf/ u¥of] . pSt bz] x¿n] a8fkq -ljwfg_ nfO{ cgd' fb] g u/]kl5 ;g\\ !($% cS6fa] / @$ tfl/vdf ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ljlwjt\\ :yfkgf eof] . o;} lbgnfO{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 . xfn o;sf ;b:o /fi6« !(# /x]sf 5g\\ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkqdf !( cWofo / !!! wf/f 5g\\ . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no cd]l/sfsf] Go'ofs] d{ f 5 . o;df cªu\\ ]h| L, k|m]Gr, lrlgof,F ?;L / :kl] g; efiffx¿n] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} cflwsfl/s efiffsf] dfGotf kfPsf 5g\\ . ;g\\ !(&# df c/]laog efiffnfO{ klg cflwsfl/s efiffsf ¿kdf yk ul/Psf] lyof] . 224 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] :yfkgfsf] dV' o pb\\b]Zox¿ cGt/f{li6o« zflGt ;/' Iff sfod ug,{] /fi6x« ¿lar dq} L ;DaGw sfod ug]{, dfgj clwsf/sf] k|jw{g ug{n] ufot 5g\\ . ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;b:otf kf| Kt ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/x¿ k'/f x'gk' 5{, h:t} M -s_ zflGtlko| /fi6« xg' 'kg]{, -v_ a8fkqnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'gk' g]{, -u_ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf kfrF :yfoL ;b:o;lxt gf} ;b:on] cgd' fb] g u/]sf] x'gk' g{], -3_ dxf;efåf/f bO' { ltxfO ;b:on] cg'dfb] g ug'{kg]{ cflb . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf cªu\\ x¿ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] a8fkqsf] wf/f & df ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf cª\\ux¿sf] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dV' o cªu\\ x¿ / ltgLx¿sf sfo{nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M Currriculum Development Centrecª\\ux¿sf] ljj/0f sfo{ != dxf;ef ( T eh G e en r a l A s s e m lb )y - cGt/fl{ i6«o zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljrf/ a8fkqsf] wf/f (−@@ df dxf;ef ;DaGwL Joj:yf ljdz{ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] Joj:yflksf - ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\ / cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt klg dflgG5 . dxf;efsf] a7} sdf kT| o]s /fi6n« ] k|ltj]bgdfly ljrf/ ljdz{ ug{] % hgf kl| tlglw k7fpg] Joj:yf 5 . dxTTjk\"0f{ - ;b:otf hf/L ug{] lg0fo{ b'O{ ltxfOn] / cGo lg0fo{ ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 - jflifs{ ah6] kf; ug{] kfl/t x'g] Joj:yf 5 . k|To]s clwjz] gsf nflu - ;/' Iff kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df Ps hgf cWoIf / !& hgf pkfWoIf lgjf{lrt dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lSt ug]{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . dxf;efsf] sfd Jojl:yt ug{ - ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/ifbs\\ f ljleGg % cf]6f ;ldlt xG' 5g\\ . dxf;efsf] a}7s ;b:ox¿ lgjfl{ rt ug{] kT| o]s jif{ ;K] 6D] a/ dlxgfsf] t];|f] dªu\\ naf/ ;?' - cGt/f{li6o« Gofofnox¿sf xG' 5 . GofofwLzx¿ lgjf{lrt ug{] . @= ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ ( T eh S e c ur i t y C onuc i l ) - cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{] a8fkqsf] wf/f @#–%) ;Dd ;/' Iff - goFf ;b:o /fi6s« f] kj| ]zsf nflu kl/ifb\\;uF ;DalGwt Joj:yf 5g\\ . o;df kfFr l;kmfl/; ug]{ :yfoL / b; c:yfoL ;b:o /fi6x« ¿ xG' 5g\\ . - cfjZostfcg';f/ zflGt ;g] f kl/rfng c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ ljleGg efu} fl] ns If]qx¿, h:t} M ug]{ . ckm| fP] l;ofaf6 ^, Nofl6g cd]l/sfaf6 @, k\"jL{ - dxf;lrjsf] lgol' Stsf nflu o/' fk] af6 ! / cGo /fi6a« f6 @ ;b:o u/L @ jifs{ f dxf;efnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ nflu lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ . :yfoL ;b:onfO{ le6f] - cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ª\\3if{df x'g ;Sg] ljjfb clwsf/ xG' 5 . g]kfn klg c:yfoL ;b:odf @ jf l:yltsf] cg';Gwfg ug{] . k6s lgjfl{ rt ePsf] lyof] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 225

#= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\\ ( T eh - cGt/fl{ i6o« ¿kdf cflys{ , z}lIfs, E c nom i c a dn S co i a l C ncuo i l ) ;fdflhs cflb Ifq] df cWoog u/L wf/f ^! b]lv &@ ;Dd o; kl/ifb\\sf] Joj:yf kl| tjb] g k;] ug]{ 5 . o;df dxf;efaf6 # jif{sf nflu lgjfl{ rt - dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns xssf] %$ ;b:o xg' ] Joj:yf 5 . kT| o]s jif{ Ps kfngf / clejb[ \\lwsf nflu l;kmfl/; ltxfO ;b:osf] kbfjlw ;lsg] xg' fn] Ps ltxfO ug{] ;b:o lgjfl{ rt x'g] / ef}ufl] ns If]qcg';f/, - ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6o« h:t} M Pl;ofaf6 !!, clk|msfaf6 !$, Nofl6g ;Ddn] g cfof]hgf ug{] cd]l/sfaf6 !), k\"jL{ o'/f]kaf6 ^, klZrd o'/fk] af6 - dxf;efn] lbg] s'g} klg lhDdj] f/ @ / cGo /fi6a« f6 !# ;b:o lgjfl{ rt xG' 5g\\ . kfngf ug{] . Currriculum Development Centreo;cGtut{ gf} cf]6f cfof]ux¿ 5g\\ . $= lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb\\ ( T he T r su t e e s hi p cGo /fi6s« f] pklgjz] af6 :jtGq jf :jtGq /fi6x« ¿ cfkmF} zf;g rnfpg C cnou i l ) c;Ifd /fi6x« ¿nfO{ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ofU] o / ;Ifd agfpg ;xofu] wf/f *^−(! ;Dd lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifbs\\ f] ug]{ . Joj:yf 5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf kfrF :yfoL ;b:ox¿ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . %= cGt/f{li6o« Gofofno ( T he I nt e r an t i noa l - cGt/fl{ i6«o ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ C uor t fo J us t i c e ) - /fi6« ;ª3\\ / o;sf lgsfox¿nfO{ wf/f (@−(^ ;Dd cGt/fl{ i6o« Gofofno ;DaGwL sfg'gL ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf 5 . pSt Gofofnodf !% hgf GofofwLz - ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] cy{ :ki6 kfg]{ xg' ] / kbfjlw gf} jifs{ f] xg' ] Joj:yf 5 . GofowLzx¿ - sfgg' L zAbsf] JofVof ug]{ . ;/' Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] l;kmfl/;df dxf;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt xg' ] Joj:yf 5 . % hgf GofowLzx¿ kfrF :yfoL ;b:o /fi6a« f6 / afF sL b; hgf ;a} dxfbz] ;d6] g\\ ] u/L lgoS' t xG' 5g\\ . GofofwLzdWoa] f6 kd| v' GofowLz 5flgG5g\\ . o;sf] sG] bL| o sfofn{ o gb] /NofG8sf] xu] df cjl:yt 5 . cGt/fl{ i6o« Gofofnosf] cflwsfl/s efiff cªu\\ h]| L / km| G] r xf] . 226 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

^= ;lrjfno ( T he S e c r e a t a r i a t ) - cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbdf dWo:ytf ug{] wf/f (&−!)! ;Dd ;lrjfno ;DaGwL Joj:yf - zflGt sfod ug{] ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng 5 . of] ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] k|zf;sLo PsfO ug{] . ljZjJofkL dxTTjsf ljifodf xf] . dxf;lrjsf ;fy} ljz]if1, k|fljlws Pjd\\ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] g cfof]hgf ug{] k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L klg xG' 5g\\ . kd| v' k|zf;sLo - k|ltjb] g ks| fzg tyf ljt/0f ug{] clws[tsf ¿kdf dxf;lrj x'G5g\\ . o;sf] - ljZjsf ;dfrf/ hutn\\ fO{ /fi6« ;ª\\3sf Currriculumlgol' St ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] l;kmfl/;df dxf;efaf6 ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] . Development Centre xG' 5 . dxf;lrjsf] kbfjlw % jif{sf] xG' 5 / cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps sfo{sfn yKg ;lsG5 . lj|mofsnfk != ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] dxf;ef a7} saf/] ljleGg ;r\" gf ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . @= sIffsf ljb\\ofyL{x¿ ;lDdlnt eO{ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ dxf;ef a}7s a;]sf] el\" dsf clego ugx{' f];\\ . #= dxf;efsf sfox{ ¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;drf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . cEof; -s_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] :yfkgfsf] Pl] txfl;s 36gf j|mdsf] ;ªI\\ f]kdf pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ jtd{ fg ;Gbe{df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] e\"ldsf cem dxTTjk\"0f{ 5 eGg] egfOk|lt tkfOF{ ;xdt x'gx' G' 5 < cfˆgf] b[li6sf0] f k|:t't ug{x' f];\\ . -u_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf ultljlwx¿sf] cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL ugx{' f];\\ . -3_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3 cfˆgf] pb]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eof] jf ePg < cfˆgf] bl[ i6sf0] f k:| t't ug{'xf;] \\ . -ª_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] ;fgf tyf ul/a b]zx¿sf] xs clwsf/ ;/' lIft /fVg s] e\"ldsf vN] g ;S5 < k|:6 kfgx'{ f];\\ . -r_ ljZjdf zflGt sfod ug{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] vn] ]sf] el\" dsfsf] ;ªI\\ fk] df rrf{ ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 227

kf7 M b'O{ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfx¿ != vfb\\o tyf sl[ if ;ª\\u7gCurrriculum Development Centre o;sf] :yfkgf !($% cS6fa] / !^ df ePsf] xf] . ;g\\ !($^ df of] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yf aGof] . o;sf pb\\b]Zo sl[ if pTkfbgdf j[bl\\ w u/L ljZjsf hgtfsf] :t/df j[b\\lw ug,'{ vfbo\\ ljt/0fsf] cj:yf ;w' fg'{ vfbo\\ ;/' Iffdf hf]8 lbg', ;/sf/x¿nfO{ vfb\\o gLlt tyf of]hgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx kb| fg ug{' cflb x'g\\ . o;sf] s]GbL| o sfof{no O6fnLsf] /fd] df 5 . k|To]s jif{ cS6fa] / !^ df ljZj vfb\\o lbj; dgfOG5 . @= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] zl} Ifs, j1} flgs Pjd\\ ;f:+ sl[ ts ;ª\\u7g o;sf] :yfkgf !($^ gfe] D] a/ $ df ePsf] xf] . of] !($& l8;D] a/ !$ df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yf aGof] . o;sf pbb\\ ]Zox¿ dfgj tyf lbuf] ljsf; kj| w{g ug,]{ kf| s[lts tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{,] ljZjsf /fi6x« ¿sf] z}lIfs, j}1flgs / ;f:+ sl[ ts ljsf;df ;xofu] ug]{ nufot k5g{ \\ . g]kfn ;g\\ !(^^ df o;sf] ;b:o aGof] . o;sf] sG] bL| o sfof{no km| fG;sf] kl] /;df /xs] f] 5 . #= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7g o;sf] :yfkgf !($* clkn| & df eof] . o;n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug,{] :jf:Yo Ifq] df k|fljlws 1fg k|bfg ug,{] /fu] lgoGq0f tyf pGdn\" gsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ / cfi} fwL pkrf/ ;DaGwL cg';GwfgnfO{ kf| ]T;fxg ug{] sfo{x¿ u/fp5F . g]kfnn] !(%$ df o;sf] ;b:otf kf| Kt u/s] f] xf] . o;sf] sG] b|Lo sfofn{ o l:j6\\h/NofG8sf] hg] ]efdf 5 . 228 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

$= cGt/f{li6o« kg' lgd{ f0{ f tyf ljsf; a}ª\\s o;sf] :yfkgf !($% l8;]Da/ @& df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ cGt/f{li6«o db' f| sf]ifsf] ;b:otf lng'kg{] clgjfo{ Joj:yf 5 . o;n] dWod cfo ePsf b]z tyf C0f lng of]Uo bz] x¿nfO{ ljlTto C0f pknAw u/fO{ ljsf; sfo{sf] nufgLdf kf| T] ;fxg u5{ . gk] fn ;g\\ !(^! df o;sf] ;b:o ags] f] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o cd]l/sfsf] jfl;ª6\\ g 8L=;L= df /xs] f] 5 . Currriculum Development Centre%= cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;ª\\u7g o;sf] :yfkgf !(^) ;]K6]Dj/ @$ df ePsf] xf] . o;n] clt ul/a /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df C0f k|bfg u5{ . o;n] lbuf] cfly{s j[b\\lwb/ / ljsf;nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg u5{ . g]kfn !(^# df o;sf] ;b:o aGof] . o;sf] kw| fg sfofn{ o cd]l/sfsf] jfl;ª6\\ g 8L=;L= df /xs] f] 5 . ^= cGt/f{li6o« db' |f sf]if cGt/f{li6«o db' f| sfi] f ( I tn e r na t i ano l M noe t a r y F udn) sf] :yfkgf !($% l8;]Da/ @& df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ cGt/f{li6«o dfl} bs| ;d:of ;dfwfg ug,{' ;6xL b/df :yfloTj Nofpg' / e'StfgL c;Gtn' g sd ug'{ xf] . g]kfn !(^! df o;sf] ;b:o aGof] . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o cdl] /sfsf] jfl;ª6\\ g 8L=;L=df /xs] f] 5 . &= cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\\8og ;ªu\\ 7g cGt/f{li6o« gful/s p88\\ og ;ª\\u7g ( I nt e r an t i oan l C i iv l A vi a t i on O r ag ni z a t i no) sf] :yfkgf !($& clk|n $ df ePsf] xf] . o; ;+:yfsf] dV' o pbb\\ Z] o gful/s p88\\ ogsf] If]qdf ;xofu] lj:tf/ ug',{ ;/' lIft xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ljsf; tyf xjfO{ ;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . o;sf] kw| fg sfof{no Sofg8fsf] dlG6«ondf 5 . *= cGt/fl{ i6o« b/\" ;~rf/ ;ª\\3 cGt/f{li6«o b/\" ;~rf/ ;ª\\3 ( I nt e r an t i ona l T e l e c mo m uni c a t i on A s s oc i a t i )on sf] ;g\\ !($& df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yf aGof] . o;sf] d'Vo pbb\\ Z] o cGt/fl{ i6o« b\"/ ;~rf/ ;j] fsf] ljsf; kj| w{g / cg';Gwfg ug'{ xf] . gk] fn !(%& df o;sf] ;b:o aGof] . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o l:j6\\h/NofG8sf] hg] e] fdf 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 229

Currriculum(= ljZj df;} d lj1fg ;ª\\u7g Development Centre o;sf] :yfkgf !(%) dfr{ @# df ePsf] xf] . o;n] df;} dsf] eljiojf0fL ug,]{ df};d ;DaGwL ;r\" gf cfbfg kb| fg ug]{ / hnjfo' ;DaGwL ultljlw clejb[ \\lw ug{] sfd u5{ . gk] fn ;g\\ !(^^ df o;sf] ;b:o aGof] . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o l:j6h\\ /NofG8sf] hg] e] fdf 5 . !)= ljZj af}b\\lws ;DklTt ;ªu\\ 7g o;sf] :yfkgf !(&) clkn| @^ df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] dV' o pbb\\ Z] o afb} l\\ ws ;DklTtsf] ;/+ If0f ug{' xf] . o;n] cfb} o\\ fl] us ;DklTt tyf kl| tlnlk clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ ub5{ . cfb} o\\ fl] us ;DklTtdf c:jLsf/, 68«] dfs,{ cfb} o\\ fl] us l8hfOg tyf pTklTtsf] clwsf/ k5g{ \\ . kl| tlnlk clwsf/df ;flxlTos, ;fªu\\ Llts, snfTds, kmf6] fu] f| kmL tyf >JobZ[ o ;fduL| x¿ k5g{ \\ . o;sf] kw| fg sfofn{ o l:j6h\\ /NofG8sf] hg] e] fdf 5 . !!= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ cfb} o\\ fl] us ljsf; ;ªu\\ 7g o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\\ !(^^ df ePsf] xf] . o;n] ljsf;fG] d'v /fi6«x¿sf] cfb} o\\ f]lus ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . ;fy} cf}b\\of]lus Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o cl:6«ofsf] leofgfdf 5 . !@= cGt/fl{ i6«o cf0fljs pmhf{ lgof]u o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\\ !(%& ePsf] xf] . o; lgofu] n] cf0fljs pmhfs{ f] zflGtk0\" f{ k|of]udf j}1flgs / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fp5F . o;sf] dV' o pbb\\ Z] o ljZjdf zflGt sfod /fVg cf0fljs xltof/ / ;}lgs zlStsf] k|of]uaf6 /fS] g] tyf ljsf;fG] dv' /fi6n« fO{ kf| ljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] xf] . o;sf] kw| fg sfofn{ o cl:6o« fsf] leofgfdf 5 . !#= ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo ljsf; sfo{jm| d o;sf] :yfkgf !(^^ gfe] ]Da/ @@ df ePsf] xf] . o; sfoj{ m| dsf] pb\\b]Zo lbuf] ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f h:tf If]qdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/L ljsf;fG] dv' /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥' ofpg' xf] . o;n] ljsf;sf nflu ;r\" gf k|ljlw, H I V A I D S lj?b\\wsf] n8fO, kf| s[lts ks| fk] tyf åGåsf] c;/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5F . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o cdl] /sfsf] Go'ofs] d{ f 5 . 230 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

!$= ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo afnsfi] f o;sf] :yfkgf !($^ l8;D] a/ ! df ePsf] xf] . o;n] ljZjsf afn aflnsfx¿sf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf nflu sfo{ u5{ . o;sf] kw| fg sfof{no cd]l/sfsf] Go'ofs] d{ f 5 . !%= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu\\ 7g o;sf] :yfkgf !((% hgj/L ! df ePsf] xf] . o; ;+:yfn] cGt/fl{ i6o« Jofkf/ ;DaGwL lgodnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . o;sf ;fy} Jofkf/, nufgL, /fh] uf/L / cfosf] jb[ l\\ w ug'{ klg o;sf pbb\\ Z] ox¿ x'g\\ . xfn !%# /fi6«x¿ o;sf ;b:o 5g\\ . gk] fnn] clkn| @))$ df o;sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfofn{ o l:j6\\h/NofG8sf] hg] ]efdf 5 . lj|mofsnfk != ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;:+ yfsf] ;\"rL tof/ kf/L :yfkgf ldlt / sfo{x¿ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\\ . @= U N H C R , U N E S C O ;DaGwL ultljlw / sfo{x¿ I nt e r ne t sf] dfWodaf6 kTtf nufO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf;] \\ . #= afn aflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfod{ f ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo afnsfi] fsf] ofu] bfg pNn]v u/L ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf agfpgx' f];\\ . cEof; -s_ gk] fndf sfo{/t sg' } rf/ cf]6f ljlzi6Lst[ ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf sfos{ f] ;r\" L agfpg'xf];\\ . -v_ ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ultljlw ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] ugk{' nf{ ;e' mfj lbg'xf];\\ . -u_ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf ljlzi6Lst[ ;:+ yfdWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L dxTTjk0\" f{ s'g xf] < tså{ f/f sf/0f kl' i6 ug{x' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOsF{ f] :yfgLo :t/df ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ePsf] xg' 'k5{ . pSt sfo{j|mdaf/] vfh] L u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 231

Currriculumkf7 M ltg ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3df gk] fnsf] e\"ldsf Development Centre ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ ljZjJofkL ;ª\\u7g xf] . o;sf !(# /fi6«x¿ ;b:o 5g\\ . bf];f| ] ljZjob' \\wkl5 g]kfnn] klg afxo\\ ljZj;Fusf] cfˆgf] ;DaGw lj:tf/sf nflu k|of; ;?' u¥of] . To;n} ] ;g\\ !($& df g]kfnn] an] fotl:yt bt\" fjf;dfkm{t ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ kxn u¥of] . ;g\\ !($* df g]kfnn] ;b:otfsf nflu cfj]bg lbO{ ;g\\ !(%% l8;D] a/ !$ df ;b:otf kf| Kt u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|flKtkZrft\\ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ljZj zflGt :yfkgf ug{] sfo{df dxTTjk0\" f{ ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt sfod ug{ zflGt ;g] f k7fP/ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;g\\ !(^(/ &) tyf ;g\\ !(**/*( df bO' { jifs{ f nflu ;/' Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] c:yfoL ;b:odf lgjf{lrt eof] . o;u} /L gk] fnsf kl| tlglw ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ cGtut{ ;'/Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] ;xfos dxf;lrjdf ;dt] lgoS' t ePsf 5g\\ . gk] fn ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;g\\ !(%*, !(^*, !(&), !(&$, !(&%, !(*#, !(*$, !(** / @))! df pkfWoIfdf lgjfl{ rt eof] . ljleGg ;dodf g]kfnn] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;ldltdf ;b:o tyf og' :] sfs] f] ;b:o h:tf kbdf /xL sfd ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\\ !(%^ df ;f]leot ;]gfn] xªu\\ /] Ldf u/s] f] x:tIf]k lj?b\\w g]kfnn] vn' ]/ lj/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . an] fotn] blIf0f clk|msfdf u/s] f] /ªe]b lj?b\\w bafa lbg cfu|x ub}{ /ªeb] lj/f]wL ;ldltdf g]kfn ;o+ fh] s eO{ sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\\ !(%^ df ld>dfly ePsf] cfj|md0fdf g]kfnn] cfjfh p7fof] . ;g\\ !(^& df Oh/fonn] c/adfly u/]sf] cfjm| d0fsf] lj/f]w u¥of] . ;g\\ !(&* df n]agfg ;ªs\\ 6sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] zflGt;]gfsf ¿kdf gk] fnL ;g] fnfO{ v6fOof] . ToxfF xfn;Dd klg g]kfnL ;g] f sfo{/t 5g\\ . o:t} ;g\\ !((@/(# df zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu sDaf]l8of / ou' f:] nfleofdf g]kfnL ;]gf tg} fy ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\\ !(($ b]lv g]kfnL ;g] fn] x}6Ldf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu sfd ul//xs] f 5g\\ . g]kfnn] lgMz:qLs/0fsf nflu klg ;lj|mo e\"ldsf lgjfx{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] e\"kl/j]li7t /fi6s« f] xslxtsf nflu cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] 232 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

ab' \\w hoGtLnfO{ zflGt lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] u/s] f] 5 . g]kfnn] ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3leq /x/] hlxn] klg ;fdf| Hojfbsf] pGdn\" g / pjlgj]zjfbsf] cGTosf nflu kxn tyf lj:tf/jfb, gj pklgjz] jfb, x:tIf]k cflbsf] ;bj} lj/fw] ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ev/{ } zflGt ;]gfdf vl6O{ lkmtf{ ePsf Ps hgf g]kfnL ;g] f jf ;f];DaGwL hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ e6] g\\ 'xf;] \\ . zflGt ;]gfn] s] s] sfox{ ¿ ug{k' 5{ egL pxfnF fO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\\ / hjfkmnfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \\ . @= ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\\3n] gk] fndf zflGt :yfkgfy{ s] s:tf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] < ;f]wk5' Pjd\\ cWoog u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\\ . cEof; -s_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ df g]kfnn] u/]sf] of]ubfgdfly rrf{ ugx'{ f];\\ . -v_ gk] fnL zflGt ;]gfsf af/d] f a]nf a]nfdf k|Zg p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cGo bz] sf dfdnfdf zflGt ;]gf k7fpg' pko'St 5 jf 5g} < cfˆgf] bl[ i6sf]0f k|:t't ug{x' f];\\ . -u_ ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3df g]kfnsf] el\" dsfkl| t tkfOF{ ;Gt'i6 x'gx' G' 5 jf xg' x' G' g, cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f aFb' fut ¿kdf k|:t't ugx{' f];\\ . -3_ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] ;b:otf kf| Kt ug{ gk] fnn] u/]sf] ko| f; pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . -ª_ ek\" l/jl] i7t /fi6s« f] xslxtsf nflu ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] e\"ldsfk|lt tkfOF{sf] cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f a'bF fut ¿kdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \\ . Currriculum Development Centre ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 233

Currriculumkf7 M rf/ gk] fndf ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf ultljlwx¿ Development Centre ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] gk] fnsf] ljsf;df dxTTjk0\" f{ ofu] bfg lbbF } cfPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ , efl} ts tyf ;z' f;gnufotsf Ifq] df o;n] ljzi] f el\" dsf vN] b} cfPsf] 5 . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] gk] fnsf] ljsf;df vn] s] f] el\" dsfnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M != ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo afnsf]if ( U in t e d N a t i sno E m e r ge cn y C hi l rd e n F ud)n ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo afnsfi] f afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf cfwf/df afn clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug]{ ;+:yf xf] . g]kfndf o; ;:+ yfn] ;g\\ !(^$ bl] v sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;+;f/df ;~rflnt o;sf ljljw sfoj{ m| dx¿df g]kfn klg d'Vo kf| yldstfdf k5{ . o; ;+:yfn] gk] fndf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfo;uF ldn]/ Affn tyf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g ug]{ / kfi] f0f, afn :ofxf/, :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0f lZfIff / H I V / A I D S ;Fu ;DalGwt sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{] cflb sfd u/]sf] 5 . @= sl[ if ljsf;sf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« sf]if ( I nt e r na t i o an l F nud f or A rg i c ul t ru e D e ev l mpo e tn ) g]kfnn] sl[ if If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/fl{ i6«o sfi] fsf] ;b:otf ;g\\ !(&* df k|fKt u¥of] . o; ;:+ yfn] ljleGg !@ cf6] f kl/ofh] gfsf nflu ;xof]u pknAw u/fpbF } cfPsf] 5 . o;n] u|fdL0f tyf kxf8L If]qsf] ljsf;df ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ul/a, el\" dxLg tyf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿ / dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{j|md ;~rfng u5{ . o; sf]ifn] ;/sf/;uF sf] ;xsfo{df C0f tyf cgb' fg ;xofu] pknAw u/fp5F . uf| dL0f Pjd\\ ljkGg dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ ;zStLs/0f u/]/ cfDbfgLdf jb[ l\\ w ug{ / vfb\\o ;/' Iffdf hf8] lbg' o; ;:+ yfsf d'Vo nIo xg' \\ . #= cGt/f{li6o« >d ;ª\\u7g ( I nt e r an t i ano l L a uorb O r ga ni z a t i on) gk] fnn] ;g\\ !(^^ df o; ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u¥of] . g]kfndf nfdf] ;dobl] v sfo{/t o; ;:+ yfn] /f]huf/L kj| w{g u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug],{ cfb} \\of]lus ;DaGw ;w' f/ / >d k|zf;g nfu' ufg,{] afn>d / aFwj' f dhb/' nfO{ :jtGq agfpg], >ldssf] sfo{:yndf ;'wf/ ug]{ cflb sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no l:j6h\\ /NofG8sf] hg] ]efdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfnfO{ ;g\\ !(^( df gfa] ]n zflGt k/' :sf/ kb| fg ul/Psf] lyof] . $= Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\\; ;DaGwL ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo sfoj{ m| d ( U in t e d N a t i ons P r org a m m e f or H I V / A I D S ) o; sfoj{ m| dcGtut{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo cfjf;Lo ;+of]hsn] ;/sf/ tyf cfGtl/s / afxo\\ ;ª\\3;+:yf;uF ldn/] sfo{ u5g{ \\ . o; ;+:yfn] Pr=cfO={ eL= /f]syfdsf nflu …zG\" o Pr=cfO={ eL 234 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculum;ªj\\ m| d0f, z\"Go ljeb] / zG\" o Pr=cfO={ eL=n] xg' ] dT[ oÚ' eGg] b[li6sf0] f k|:tt' u/L sfo{ ;~rfng Development Centreul//xs] f] 5 . %= ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo hg;ªV\\ of sfi] f ( U n i t e d N a t i nos P pluo a t i on F d)nu o; ;+:yfn] ;g\\ !(&! bl] v g]kfndf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn !* lhNnfdf o; ;:+ yfsf ultljlwx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\\ . o; ;+:yfn] :jf:Yo If]q, n}ªl\\ us lx+;f / 3/kl/jf/ tyf hgu0fgfsf Ifq] df ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 . ^= ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo k'h“ L ljsf; sfi] f ( U in t e d N a t i osn C a ip t a l D e ve l omp e nt F n)ud o; ;+:yfn] :yfgLo ljsf;df ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;xeflutfdn\" s bl[ i6sf0] f / kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] k|jwg{ ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . o;n] :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;:+ yfut Ifdtf clejb[ l\\ w ug{ ;3fp k¥' ofp5F . o;n] :yfgLo :t/df :t/Lo ;j] f k'¥ofpg dbt u5{ . &= ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo dfgj a;fa] f; sfo{jm| d ( U ni t e d N a t i sno H um a n S e t t l e m e nt P r gor a m m e ) o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\\ !(&* df ePsf] xf] . o;n] dfgj a;fa] f; ;DaGwL ljleGg 3fi] f0ffx¿sf] cfwf/df o; Ifq] df sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] pb\\bZ] o kmfx] f/] a:tLdf a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] cj:yfdf ;w' f/ Nofpg' xf] . o;n] @)^% ;fndf sf];L gbLdf cfPsf] af9Ldf kLl8tnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf sfox{ ¿ -s_ jsfnt, cg'udg / ;femb] f/L -v_ ;xefuLtfdn\" s ;x/L of]hgf, Joj:yfkg / Zff;g -u_ Jfftfj/0fLo b[li6n] pko'St k\"jf{wf/ / ;]jf -3_ ;'b9[ dfgj a:tL ljTt k|0ffnL . *= ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo :jod\\ ;j] s sfo{j|md ( U ni t e d N a t i son V lo tnu e e r s P r o - gr a m m e ) o; ;:+ yfn] ;g\\ !(&$ bl] v g]kfndf cfˆgf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;df ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo :jod\\ ;]jsn] gk] fndf ;j] f k|bfg u/s] f 5g\\ . (= ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ df dlxnf ( U N W mo e n) ;g\\ @)!@ df g]kfndf U N dlxnf sfofn{ o :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ;+:yfn] dlxnf lx;+ f lj?bw\\ , zflGt ;/' Iff, g]tT[ j Ifdtf / ;xeflutf, cfly{s ;zStLs/0f, /fli6o« of]hgf / ah6] sf If]qdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 235

Currriculum!)= ljZj vfbo\\ sfoj{ |md ( W ro l d F od P r ogr a m m e ) Development CentreljZj vfbo\\ sfoj{ |mdsf ultljlwx¿ xfn #@ cf6] f lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf 5g\\ . o;n] Ifq] Lo sfof{no bds, g]kfnu~h / 88]Nw/' fdf :yfkgf u/s] f] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] lgDg lnlvt Ifq] nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u/s] f] 5 M -s_ tLj| efs] d/Lsf] /f]syfd / cfsl:ds vfbo\\ fGg pknAw u/fpg] -v_ bL3{sfnLg vfbo\\ ;/' Iff -u_ k|efjsf/L vfb\\o tyf kf]if0f /0fgLlt -3_ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf . !!= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7g ( W ro l d H e a l t h P r rog a m ) ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gn] :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\\Vof dGqfno;uF ldn]/ ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng u5{ . o; ;+:yfn] :jf:Yosf If]qdf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fp5F . cfi} fwL pkrf/ ;DaGwL cg;' Gwfgdf ;xofu] u5{ . o;n] :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] kj| wg{ ug{,] kh| gg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u5{ . lj|mofsnfk tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo ;db' fodf ;~rflnt ljleGg sfoj{ |mddf ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3;Fu ;DalGwt s'g ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf 5 < vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . cEof; -s_ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo ljsf; sfo{jm| dn] s] s:tf sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 < ;r\" L agfpg'xf];\\ . -v_ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo dfgj a;f]af; sfoj{ |mdsf] ;fGbles{ tfaf/] rrf{ ug'x{ f];\\ . -u_ s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o« sf]ifn] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{jm| dnfO{ cem ke| fjsf/L agfpg s] ug{'knf{ < sg' } rf/ cf6] f ;e' mfj lbg'xf];\\ . -3_ g]kfndf sfo/{ t ljleGg cGt/fl{ i6«o u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;\"rL agfpgx' f];\\ . -ª_ sl[ if ljsf;sf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« sf]ifsf ultljlw k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox¿ ;dfjz] u/L pSt ;:+ yfsf] gk] fn sfofn{ onfO{ n]Vg] lr7Lsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ åf/f ;~rflnt sg' } cfofh] gfsf] e|d0f u/L s] s;/L ;~rfng ePsf] 5 < ;\"rgf ;ª\\sng ugx'{ f];\\ / ToxL cfwf/df k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ . 236 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

kf7 M kf“r ;d;fdlos 36gf / ltgsf] k|efj ;d;fdlos 36gf ljZjdf g} cflys{ , ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo / /fhgLlts k|efj kfg{] jtd{ fgCurrriculum ;dodf 36]sf 36gfx¿ x'g\\ . oL 36gf ax'kIfLo xG' 5g\\ . sg' } hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwtDevelopment Centre xG' 5g\\ t sg' } ljkt;\\ Fu . To:t} sg' } 36gf ob' \\w;Fu t sg' } zflGt / lgz:qLs/0f;uF ;DalGwt xG' 5g\\ . o:tf sx] L ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ tn k:| tt' ul/Psf 5g\\ M -s_ lbuf] ljsf; jftfj/0fnfO{ glauf/Lsg efjL k:' tf cyf{t\\ ;GtltnfO{ klg k|fs[lts ;f| t] sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ul/g] ljsf; lbuf] ljsf; xf] . of] cjwf/0ff ;g\\ !(() sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . o;sf] kd| v' nIo k[YjL / o;df lglxt ;|ft] Pjd\\ ;fwgsf] ;/+ If0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;g\\ @)!% df ljZjsf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] e]nfn] kh| ftGq, ;z' f;g tyf sfgg' sf] zf;gnfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfkb08 dfgs] f] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ug{ g;s] jftfj/0fLo x|f; / k|fsl[ ts ljklTt jf ;ª\\s6 l;hg{ f xG' 5 . ;fy} pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg l/lTtgfn] efjL k':tfn] o:tf ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ kfpFbg} g\\ . -v_ lg/:qLs/0f lgz:qLs/0f xft xltof/sf] ;Lldt k|of]u ug{] jf 36fpg] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;cGtut{ k/fDk/fut xft xltof/sf] ;Gt'lnt s6f}tL, k/df0f' adx¿sf] lj;h{g h:tf ljifox¿ k5{g\\ . ljleGg ks| f/sf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs xft xltof/sf] pTkfbgn] ljZjnfO{ q:t agfPsf] 5 . ljZje/df kT| os] jif{ sl/a @ ca{ 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;;fgf xft xltof/sf] j}wflgs Jofkf/ x'G5 eg] ! ca{ 8n/ a/fa/sf] cj}w cf;] f/kf];f/ x'g] u5{ . sltko xft xltof/x¿ a;f;F{} Dd klg ;lj|mo ¿kn] lj:kmf6] eO/xG5g\\ . ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] :yfkgf;Fu} cGt/f{li6o« zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{ lgz:qLs/0f / xft xltof/sf] ;Lldttfsf nflu ;ljm| o ¿kdf sfo{ eO/xs] f] 5 . o:tf xft xltof/sf] k|ofu] / cf];f/kf;] f/n] dfgj cl:tTjnfO{ ;ª\\s6df kf/]sf] 5 . -u_ cftª\\sjfb cftªs\\ jfb ljZjsf nflu csf]{ r'gft} L ePsf] 5 . sg' } klg /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf cGo pbb\\ Z] o k/' f ug{ hgdfg;df lx;+ fsf] k|of]u ug'{ g} cftªs\\ jfb xf] . dflg;x¿nfO{ eolet agfP/ :jfy{ k'/f ug{ o:tf cftª\\s kmN} ofpg] ;dx\" x¿ ;ljm| o xG' 5g\\ . cdl] /sfsf] Go'ofs] { tyf km| fG;sf] k]l/;df ePsf] 36gfnfO{ cftª\\ssf/L 36gf dfGg ;lsG5 . cftª\\sjfbL ultljlwn] l;l/of cfj|mfGt 5 . ckmuflg:tfg o;s} rk]6fdf 5 . o;af6 k|Tos] jif{ ljZjdf ;ofF}sf] ;ª\\Vofdf dflg;x¿ dg]{ u/]sf 5g\\ . ljleGg Ifq] Lo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3\\ ;+:yfx¿n] cftª\\sjfb cGTo ug{ kl| tabw\\ tf JoSt u/] klg cGTo x'g ;s]sf] 5g} . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 237

Currriculum-3_ af?bL ;?' ª Development Centre hldgd'lg cyjf ;d'b|leq /flvPsf] lj:kmf6] s kbfyx{ ¿ lj:kmf6] gsf sf/0f 7'nf] ;ªV\\ ofdf dflg;x¿n] Hofg ud' fpg'k5{ . o;/L lj:kmf]6gaf6 lgbf{]if dflg;sf] d[To' / cªu\\ eªu\\ x'G5 . cfw'lgs kl| jlw;uF } o:tf lj:kmf6] s ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;xh kxFr' k'us] f] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ lgbf]{if afn aflnsf, dlxnf / hgfj/x¿ o:tf lj:kmf6] sf] l;sf/ xg' ] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 ;dfhdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . To;n} ] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo Ph]G;Lx¿ tyf sfoj{ m| dx¿n] cfly{s tyf kf| ljlws ;xofu] u/L cfjZos ;r\" gf lbO/xs] f 5g\\ . xfdLx¿ klg o:tf ljifodf ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5 . -ª_ hg;ªV\\ of jb[ \\lw ljZj clxn] cgf}7f] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cj:yfaf6 ul' h/| x]sf] 5 . 36\\bf] kh| gg b/n] ubf{ !) jif{eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\\Vof a9L 5g\\ . clxn] ^$% a'9fkfsfx¿ sd ljsl;t Ifq] df a;f]af; u5{g\\ . o'/f]kdf ;a}eGbf sd / Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L a9' fkfsfx¿sf] hg;ªV\\ of /xs] f] 5 . To;}n] ;g\\ !(*@ sf] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] jb[ \\wx¿;uF ;DalGwt ^@ aF'b] 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] a'9\\of}nLnfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf glnO{ ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] ljifo dfg/] kf| yldstf lbg'kg]{ ts{ k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf j[b\\wj[b\\wfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfi] fcGtut{ lj=;=+ @)%! ;fnbl] v jb[ \\w eTtfsf] ;?' cft ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] klg a'9o\\ f}nLkl| t ;sf/fTds ;fr] ljsf; ug{' h?/L 5 . -r_ k/df0f' pmhf{ k/df0f' zlStsf] pTkfbg / ko| fu] csf]{ hl6n ;d;fdlos 36gfsf ¿kdf ljsf; xFb' } 5 . O/fg tyf pTt/ sf]l/ofn] o:tf pmhf{sf] pTkfbg / k|of]u ug{] u/s] fn] ljjfb ePsf] 5 . t/ k/df0fs' f] k|ofu] nfO{ x¥] ofF} eg] ;g\\ !($% df hfkfgsf v;flnPsf] P6d adaf6 ;'? x'G5 . To;n} ] k/df0f' zlStn] dfgj hLjgdf kfg{] ;d:of;uF h'Wg ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] kf/df0flas zlSt cfof]usf] :yfkgf u¥of] . k/df0f' pmhfn{ fO{ dflg;sf] hLjgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ sfo{sf nflu pkof]u ug{k' 5{ . -5_ ;ª\\j|mldt /f]ux¿ xfn dfgj :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ bv] f kg{ yfns] f 5g\\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf /fu] x¿, h:t} M Oaf]nf, P8;\\ , ;f;,{ df;{, :jfOg kmn\\ ,' lhsf efO/;, l;sn;n] Plgldof cflb hl6n ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿ hl6n aGb} uP/ dfxfdf/Lsf] ¿k lng yfln;s]sf 5g\\ . xfn;fn} a|flhnaf6 kml} nPsf] lhsf efO/;n] ljZjsf sl/a $@ bz] df ke| fj kfl/;ss] f] 5 . o;n] dfgj hLjgdf lhsf efO/; 238 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !)

Currriculumgsf/fTds k|efj kfGf's{ f ;fy} ;a}nfO{ ql;t klg agfPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu xfd|f] afgL, vfgkfg Development Centre/ ;ªu\\ tnufotsf Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{'k5{ . -h_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g jtd{ fg ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf hl6n / hNbfa] Nbf] ;d:of hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xf] . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljZjJofkL tfkdfg jb[ \\lw;uF hf]8/] xl] /G5 . vf;u/L dflg;x¿sf] ultljlwsf sf/0fn] g} o:tf ;d:ofx¿ bv] f k5{g\\ . jf:tjdf xfdLn] hlt sd xflgsf/s UofF;x¿ pTkfbg u5f},{F Tolt g} cf]hfg] txsf] ;/+ If0f xG' 5 . ljZjJofkL tfkdfgsf jb[ \\lwn] dflg;sf hLjg / h}ljs ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . lxpn] 9fs]sf ee\" fu sfnf kxf8 x'g uPsf 5g\\ . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] cDnLo jiff{ x'g] ljkbx¿ l;hg{ f eO{ ljleGg dxfdf/L cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] :jR5 jftfj/0f l;hg{ f, hl} js ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f, c;/ tyf o;nfO{ Go\"gLs/0f ug{ ;rt] x'g h?/L 5 . lj|mofsnfk != tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf slt hgf JolStx¿ ;f7L jife{ Gbf dflysf x'gx' 'G5 < pxfxF ¿n] s] s:tf ;d:of efU] gk' /s] f] 5 < 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . @= kq klqsf jf /]l8ofa] f6 kz| fl/t ;dfrf/x¿af6 ;d;fdlos 36gf ;ªs\\ ng ugx{' f];\\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\\ . #= g]kfndf k/df0f' pmhf{ ljsf; ul/gk' 5{ eg]/ s;}n] ts{ u/]df tkfO{F lsg v08g ugx{' G' 5 < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\\ . $= lj:kmf6] s kbfys{ f] ko| fu] af6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/ pNn]v u/L sg' } /fli6o« klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ . cEof; -s_ ;d;fdlos 36gf eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < jtd{ fg ljZjsf ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] ;\"rL agfpg'xf;] \\ . -v_ cftª\\sjfb egs] f] s] xf] < cftªs\\ jfb cGTo s;/L xf]nf < a'bF fut ¿kdf rrf{ ug'{xf;] \\ . -u_ lhsf efO/;sf] c;/ /fS] g] pkfox¿ af/d] f rrf{ ug'x{ f];\\ . -3_ cfh] fg] txsf] ljgfzaf6 xg' ] rf/ cf6] f c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\\ . -ª_ :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod ug{ g]kfndf s] ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ < ;\"rL lgdf{0f ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f, k|efj / /fS] g] pkfoaf/] :yfgLo ab' l\\ whLjL;uF cGt/ljm| of u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff !) 239

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