Online Flipbook - Tyler Mohr

Health Science Flipbook

Integumentary System Key terms: derm/o, dermat/o- Skin kerat/o- hard, horn-shaped, tissue xer/o- dry xanth/o- erythr/o- red pedicu/o- onych/o- nail myc/o- fungus pil/o- hair; hair follicle lip/o- fat rhytid/o- wrinkle albin/o- fat Function: The function of the Integumentary system is to provide protection, maintain body temperature, excretion, and perception of stimuli. Vocabulary: subcutaneous layer- The deepest layer of the skin. Below the dermis. Gland- a cell or group of cells that secretes select substances within or out of the body. Sweat gland- Tiny, coiled glands located in the dermis. Lipids- Group of organic compounds that consist of fat, are greasy to the touch, and insoluble. Hair follicles- tiny secretory cavities where hair grows. Collagen- Fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Dermis- Lies directly below the epidermis. Nail root- The area of the dermis on which the nail rests. Cuticle- A narrow band of epidermal tissue attached to the surface of the nail. Nail plate- The hard, translucent part of the nail.

Integumentary System Healthcare careers: Dermatologist- A physician who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatologists also perform surgery. To become a dermatologist you will need to complete four years of college, four years of medical school, and depending on dermatological specialty, three to eight years in internship and residency programs. Dermatology technician- A specialized medical assistant who works in the skin-eare field. Their duties include recording a patient's medical history, taking patient's vital signs, and preparing patient's examinations and clinical procedures. Diseases/Disorders: Acne- Inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produces pimples on the skin. Ulcer- An open sore or an erosion of the skin or lining of a mucous membrane. Nevus- Highly Pigmented lesion of the skin that is flat or raised; mole. Eczema- Acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by erythema, itchiness, and edema, or swelling.

Integumentary System

Musculoskeletal System Key terms: mylo- muscle myelo- bone marrow, spinal cord oste/o- bone cost/o- crani/o- skull -pexy: chondr/o- cartilage arthr/o- joint -plegia: paralysis kinesi/o- movement Function: Skeletal- Support, Protection, Mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Muscular- Allowing for movement, and providing a protective covering for organs. Diseases/Disorders- Arthritis- Inflammation of joints; usually accompanied by pain and, frequently, structural changes in bone and cartilage. Ankylosis- A stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)- Disorder marked by pain, burning, and itching or tingling due to inflamed median nerve and tendons on the wrist. Muscular dystrophy- Genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration. Healthcare careers- Chiropractor- Treat illness and injury of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They treat patients primarily manual manipulation or adjustment of parts of the body, especially the spinal column. Doctorates degree and state license and a chiropractor program of four years. Certified fitness trainer- A leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps people achieve and maintain a healthful lifestyle. This career path demands a passion for being physically active, healthy, and fit. Employed in gyms, resorts, hospitals, etc.

Musculoskeletal System Vocab: Skeletal Muscle- Voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control. Smooth muscle- Type of involuntary muscle, meaning it is not controlled by conscious thought processes. Fascia- Band or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles. Elasticity- The ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed. Excitability- The ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting. Axial skeleton- Consists of bones along the axis, or central line, of the human body. Appendicular skeleton- Contains the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton. Flat bone- Protect vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment. Epiphyseal plate- Represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new, bony tissue as the bone grows. Hematopoiesis- The production of blood cells in the bone marrow.

Musculoskeletal System

Nervous System Key Terms: neur/o- nerve encephal/o- brain myel/o- bone marrow, spinal cord ambul/o- to walk -esthesia- feeling; sensation mening/o- meninges psych/o- mind concuss/o- shaken together Function- Sensory input, Integration, and motor output. Sensory input- any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Integration- During integration the CNS processes and interprets the information received through the sensory organs. Motor output- After swiftly processing and interpreting the sensory input, the CNS transmits messages to the effectors, which are muscles or glands in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output.

Nervous System Vocabulary- Neurons- The fundamental cells of the nervous system. Nucleus cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell body and protects the nucleus. Mitochondria- Specialized tissue cells that ingest, digest, and convert nutrients to energy for the cells of the body. Organelles- Specialized parts of a cell that perform specific functions for the body. Synaptic cleft- Microscopic gap between two neurons. Central nervous system (CNS)- receives, processes, and responds to impulses from all over the body. Cerebrum- The seat of high-level cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Frontal lobe- Control movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions. Cerebellum- Controls your body’s sense of balance and equilibrium, and it coordinates movement of voluntary muscles. Parietal lobe- Responsible for processing sensory stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Nervous System Disease/Disorders- Astrocytoma- Tumor of the neurological tissue. Alzheimer's disease- A form of dementia resulting from atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- A disease marked by muscular weakness and atrophy with involuntary contractions and excessive reflexes. Bell’s palsy- Unilateral paralysis of the nerves that control the facial muscles, causing one side of the face to droop. Healthcare careers- Physician anesthesiologist- A doctor who administers general anesthesia or an anesthetic to patients before surgery. Requires extensive education, starting with a pre-medical track in college. Four years of medical school and four years of residency. Neurosurgeon- A physician who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the nervous system. These include traumatic brain injuries, strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. Bachelor’s degree and medical degree required as well as an eight year residency program.

Nervous System

Special Senses Key Terms: irid/o- iris -cusis- hearing -opia- vision condition ot/o- ear tympan/o- eardrum ophthalm/o- eye -metry- process of measuring Function: Monitor stimuli, or changes in the external or internal environment. Diseases/Disorders: Amblyopia- Impared vision in one or both eyes resulting from a developmental deficiency in early childhood. Cataract- Clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual activity; caused by accumulation of protein in the lens. Entropion- Inversion of the eyelid, causing the eyelashes to irritate the surface of the eye; can potentially cause corneal abrasion. Glaucoma- Disease in which intraocular pressure causes damage to the retina and optic nerve, eventually producing blindness.

Special Senses Healthcare careers: Optometrist- Responsible for forming eye exams and diagnosing any injuries, impairments, or diseases of the eye. The tests optometrist perform can determine conditions such as cataracts, near- or farsightedness, color blindness, and glaucoma. Needs a bachelor’s degree. Optometry Admissions Test, to apply for a program to obtain a Doctor of Optometry. Opthamologist- Performs eye exams and diagnoses various eye diseases and impairments. Opthamologists also prescribe glasses, contact lenses, or medication to treat eye conditions. To become an Opthamologist, you must complete four years of medical school followed by a three- or four-year residency.

Special Senses Vocabulary: Conjunctiva- Clear, colorless mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eyeball. Sclera- Fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the eye’s shape and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue. Cornea- Transparent anterior portion of the sclera, protects the iris and pupil and provides most of the optical power of the eye. Iris- The pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupil. Pupil- The black circular opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. Lens- A clear, curved, flexible structure that focuses images on the retina. Aqueous humor- Cleanses the eye and provides nutrients to both the cornea and lens, which lack their own nutritive blood supply. Vitreous humor- Helps keep the retina in place. Rods- The eye’s black and white photoreceptors; they are not sensitive to color. Cones- The eyes’ color receptors; they are responsible for giving the eye its sensitivity to color or different hues.

Special Senses

Cardiovascular System Cardio/o- heart angi/o- vessel (blood) hem/o, hemat/o- blood Brady- slow Tachy- fast thromb/o- clot -emia: blood condition leuk/o- white erythr/o- red arteri/o- artery Function: Primary function is to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. Aneurysm- Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery. Agnia- Condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or pressure in the chest. Bradycardia- Slow heart rate. Tachycardia- Fast heart rate.

Cardiovascular System Apex- Lowest part of the exterior of the heart. Epicardium- a serous layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. Myocardium- A layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart. Endocardium- The innermost that lines the four chambers and covers the valves of the heart. Arterioles- Small arterial branches that led to fine blood vessels called capillaries. Veins- Carry oxygen-poor blood to heart. Superior vena cava- Receives blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities and empires the blood into the right atrium of the heart. Inferior vena cava- Receives blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the lower extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium. Purkinje fibers- Lines the ventricle walls. Systolic pressure- A measurement of blood pressure while the heart ventricles are contracting.

Cardiovascular System Cardiologist- A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases and conditions. Cardiologists order tests such as electrocardiography and sonographic imaging to aid in diagnosing patients and developing an appropriate course of treatment. Medical school is required as well as a residency. Cardiovascular technologist- Provides assistance to doctors on diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions. Cardiovascular technologists who specialize in electrocardiograms, Holter monitors, and stress tests are called cardiographic technicians or ECG technicians. Two-year and four-year training programs after graduation from high school. Typically training is acquired through a two-year community college program. Once done with your education you can earn your certificate.

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System Key Terms: bronch/o- bronchus; bronchial tube cyan/o- blue laryng/o- larynx; voice box -oxia- oxy- pleur/o- pleura; serous membrane that enfolds the lung pneum/o- lung; air pulmon/o- lung thorac/o- chest trache/o- trachea; windpipe Function: The functions of the Respiratory System are inhaling fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for life-sustaining oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and the bloodstream, and exhaling old, stale air. Healthcare Careers: Pulmonologist- A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the lungs and the cardiopulmonary system. The path to a career in pulmonary medicine is a bachelor’s degree, four years of med school, a three year residency program in internal medicine, and a minimum of two years of pulmonary training. They usually work as part of a group medical practice

Respiratory System Healthcare careers part two: Thoracic Surgeon- A medical doctor who performs surgical procedures on organs in the chest. Treat respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema. Training for a thoracic surgeon involves graduating from an accredited medical school, completing a five-year general surgery residency, and then successfully completing a two to three-year residency in a chosen specialty within thoracic surgery. Diseases and Disorders: Apnea- Temporary interruption of breathing. Bradypnea- Condition of slower-than-normal breathing. Hyperpnea- Condition of deeper-than-normal breathing Hyperventilation- Condition in which breathing is faster and deeper than normal.

Respiratory System Vocab: Lungs- The main organs of the respiratory system. Nasal cavity- filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air. External respiration- Involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. Internal respiration- Involves gas exchange at the cellular and tissue levels. Respiration- The process of gas exchange. Respiratory rate- the number of breaths that a person takes in a minute. Upper respiratory tract- responsible for the inhalation and humidification of air. Pharynx- The passageway through which air, food, and liquids travel. larynx- The voice box, is located in the neck. The larynx is composed of semirigid, fibrous plates made up of cartilage and connected by muscles and ligaments. Trachea- Commonly called the windpipe. The trachea is a ciliated mucous-membrane tube protected by a C-shaped ring of cartilage.

Respiratory System

Digestive System Key Terms: cholecyst/o- gallbladder enter/o- intestines (usually the small intestine) col/o, colon/o- colon; large intestine hepat/o- liver gastr/o- stomach or/o- mouth -pepsia- digestion chol/o- gall; bile proct/o- rectum; anus Function: Ingestion- The intake of food and liquids into the body. Digestion- The breakdown of food. Absorption- valuable nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the blood supply. Elimination- solid waste collects in the large intestine and is excreted through the anus. Healthcare Careers: Gastroenterologist- a physician who specializes in diseases and conditions of the digestive system. A gastroenterologist is an internal medicine doctor. Education and training include a four-year college degree, four years of medical school, and a three-year residency in internal medicine followed by a three-year fellowship in gastroenterology.

Digestive System Healthcare Careers: A dentist specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions and diseases of the mouth and gums. In addition, dentists educate patients about the proper care of the teeth and the gums. Most dental schools require students to hold a bachelor’s degree. All states require that dentists hold a license to practice. Licensing qualification involves graduation from an accredited dental school and successful completion of both written and practical exams. Diseases/Disorders: Appendicitis- Inflammation of the appendix, caused by a blockage that results in infection. Cholecystitis- Inflammation of the gallbladder. Hernia- Protrusion of an organ or structure through the muscle that normally contains it. Periodontal disease- Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

Digestive System Vocab: teeth - Teeth are the organs of chewing, which is also known as mastication. Teeth cut, tear and grind food in the mouth, enabling it to be mixed with saliva (from the salivary glands) effectively and therefore swallowed more easily. The actions performed by teeth are all a form of mechanical digestion. Saliva - A watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion. It contains water, mucus, and enzymes. Tongue - A muscular organ in the mouth that can taste and mix food with saliva, and push the food into the esophagus. Esophagus - A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Stomach - A muscular sac that physically and chemically breaks down food. Duodenum - The first part of the small intestine. It is involved in both the chemical digestion of food and its absorption into the bloodstream. small intestine - A winding tightly folded tube about 7m long that connects the stomach to the large intestine. Most of the food a person consumes is digested and absorbed in this organ. large intestine - About 2 m long and twice the diameter of the small intestine. This organ accepts food remains from the small intestine, removes water, and stores and removes waste from the body. Rectum - A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated. salivary glands - A group of glands found under and behind the tongue and beneath the jaw that releases saliva continually as well as in response to the thought, sight, smell, or presence of food.

Digestive System

Urinary System Key Terms: -cele- hernia; swelling; protrusion -lysis- breakdown; seperation; loosening cyst/o- cyst; fluid sac; bladder nephr/o- kidney ren/o- kidney -uria- urination; condition of urine -pexy- surgical fixation -ectasis- dilation; dilatation; widening pyel/o- renal pelvis Function: Filtration, waste storage and excretion, hormone production, and homeostasis maintenance. Healthcare Careers: Urologist- A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases and conditions. Urologists order tests such as electrocardiography and sonographic imaging to aid in diagnosing patients and developing an appropriate course of treatment. Medical school is required as well as a residency.

Urinary System Healthcare Careers: Urinary specialist- Provides assistance to doctors on diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions. Urinary specialist specialize in electrocardiograms, Holter monitors, and stress tests are called cardiographic technicians or ECG technicians. Two-year and four-year training programs after graduation from high school. Typically training is acquired through a two-year community college program. Once done with your education you can earn your certificate. Diseases/Disorders: - Inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produces pimples on the skin. Ulcer- An open sore or an erosion of the skin or lining of a mucous membrane. Nevus- Highly Pigmented lesion of the skin that is flat or raised; mole. Eczema- Acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by erythema, itchiness, and edema, or swelling.

Urinary System Vocab: renal capsule- a smooth transparent membrane the adheres tightly to the external aspect of the kidney, outside layer; connective tissue keeping substances inside. adipose capsule- fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall renal cortex - the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules renal medulla - Inner tissue layer of the kidney, contains loops of Henle and collecting tubules; contains pyramids medullary pyramids - striped, or striated, appearance of triangular pyramid of segments of the medulla Apex - the highest point, tip renal columns - areas of tissue which segregate and dip inward between the pyramids, columns between renal pyramids renal pelvis - a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter Calyx - cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules renal artery - an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters

Urinary System

Reproductive System Key Terms: Cervic/o: neck; cervix (neck of uterus) Salping/o: eustachian (auditory) tube; fallopian tube ov/o: ovum (egg) orchid/o: testis; testicle oophor/o: ovary men/o: menses; menstruation mamm/o: breast gynec/o: female; woman colp/o: vagina prostat/o: prostate gland Function: Male Reproductive System: Facilitate conception, or fertilization of the ovum by a sperm. Female Reproductive System: The female reproductive system is uniquely designed to produce new life. All of the organs and structures of the female reproductive system have individual purposes that contribute to this greater goal.

Reproductive System Vocab: Scrotum: Sac-like pouch of the skin that hangs between the male’s thighs and encloses, protects, and supports the testes. Testes (testicles): The male gonads. Gonads: The glands responsible for producing gametes. Testosterone: a hormone responsible for the male secondary sex characteristics. Epididymis: a large tube that supports the testis. Follicle Stimulating hormone: Stimulates ova production and the release of estrogen during menstruation. Luteinizing hormone: Plays a role in ova production and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Fallopian Tubes: extend from the lateral ends of the ovaries to the top of the uterus. Fundus: The top of the uterus, where the fallopian tubes connect. Cervix: The lower portion of the uterus.

Reproductive System Diseases/Disorders: Anorchia: congenital absence of one or both testes. Azoospermia: Absence of the sperm in the semen, leading to infertility. Breast Cancer: Malignant tumor of the mammary gland. Candidiasis: Infection of the skin or mucous membrane caused by a species of Candid. Healthcare careers: Surgical technician: Assists physicians and nurses in the operating room. Surgical technologists work under the direction of the surgeon, who is ultimately responsible for the work performed by the technician.To become a surgical technician, you will need a high-school diploma and will need to complete a one- to two-year training program. Ultrasound technician: Ultrasound techs are not specific to the practice of obstetrics and gynecology, yet they often are part of the routine prenatal care of a woman and her unborn child. The ultrasound technician is an allied health professional who is trained to operate the sonography equipment, which involves the use of ultrasonic sound waves to generate images of the fetus. Training to be an ultrasound technician usually takes two years.

Reproductive System