REFERENSI http://bacaan-indo.blogspot.com the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Re- Spence, K. W. (1960). Behavior theory and learn- view, 24, 86-97. ing: Selected papers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Skinner, B. F. (1956). A case history in scientific method. American Psychologist, 11, 221-233. Spence, K. W. & Lippitt, R. (1940). “Latent” learn- ing of a simple maze problem with relevant needs Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood satiated. Psychological Bulletin, 37, 429. Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sperry, R. W. (1961). Cerebral organization and Skinner, B. F. (1958). Teaching machines. Science, behavior. Science, 133, 1749-1757. 128, 969-977. Sperry, R. W. (1964). The great cerebral commis- Skinner, B. F. (1960). Pigeons in a pelican. Ameri- sure. Scientific American, 210, 42-52. can Psychologist, 15, 28-37. Spooner, F., Jordan, L., Algozzine, B., & Spooner, Skinner, B. F. (1967). In E. G. Boring & G. Lindzey M. (1999). Student ratings of instructions in dis- (eds.), A history of psychology in autobiogra- tance learning and on-campus classes. Journal of phy. New York: Naiburg. Educational Research, 92, 132-140. Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. Springer, S. P. & Deutsch, G. (1985). Left brain, New York: Knopf. right brain (rev. ed.). San Francisco: Freeman. Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New Spurzheim, G. (1834). Phrenology, or the doctrine York: Knopf. of mental phenomena. Boston: Marsh, Capen, & Lyon. Skinner, B. F. (1984). The shame of American edu- cation. American Psychologist, 39, 947-954. Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocam- pus: A synthesis from findings with rats, mon- Skinner, B. F. (1986). What is wrong with daily life keys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99, in the Western world? American Psychologist, 143-145. 41, 568-574. Staddon, J. (1995). On responsibility and punish- Skinner, B. F. (1987). Upon further reflection. En- ment. Atlantic Monthly, February, 88-94. glewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Staddon, J. E. R. (1988). Learning as inference. In Smedslund, J. (1961). The acquisition of conserva- R. C. Bolles & M. D. Beecher (eds.), Evolution tion of substance and weight in children: I. In- and learning (pp. 59-77). Hillsdale, NJ: Law- troduction. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, rence Erlbaum Associates. 2, 11-20. Staddon, J. E. R. (1991). Selective choice: A com- Spence, K. W. (1936). The nature of discrimination mentary on Herrnstein (1990). American Psy- in animals. Psychological Review, 43, 427-449. chologist, 46, 793-797. Spence, K. W. (1937). The differential response in Staddon, J. E. R. & Cerlutti, D. T. (2003). Operant animals to stimuli varying within a single dimen- conditioning. Annual Reviews of Psychology, sion. Psychological Review, 44, 430-444. 54, 115-144. Spence, K. W. (1942). The basis of solution by Stanovich, K. E. (2001). How to think straight chimpanzees of the intermediate size problem. about psychology (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 257- Bacon. 271. Stanton, P. K. (1996). LTD, LTP, and the sliding Spence, K. W. (1952). Clark Leonard Hull: 1884- threshold for long-term synaptic plasticity. Hip- 1952. American Journal of Psychology, 65, 639- pocampus, 6, 35-42. 646. Staubli, U. & Lynch, G. (1987). Stable hippocam- Spence, K. W. (1956). Behavior theory and condi- pal long-term potentiation elicited by “theta” tioning. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 537
THEORIES OF LEARNING: EDISI KETUJUH http://bacaan-indo.blogspot.com pattern stimulation. Brain Research, 444, 153- Thorndike, E. L. (1906). The principles of teach- 158. ing: Based on psychology. New York: Seiler. Stevens, S. S. (1951). Psychology and the science Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New of science. In M. H. Marx, Psychological the- York: Macmillan. ory: Contemporary readings. New York: Mac- millan. Thorndike, E. L. (1912). Education, a first book. New York: Macmillan. Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1973). Constraints on rein- forcement. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde Thorndike, E. L. (1913a). Educational psychology: (eds.), Constraints on learning. New York: Aca- Vol. 1. The psychology of learning. New York: demic Press. Teachers College Press. Stewart, J. & Kolb, B. (1994). Dendritic branching Thorndike, E. L. (1913b). Educational psychology: in cortical pyramidal cells in response to ova- Vol. 2. The original nature of man. New York: riectomy in adult female rats. Brain Research, Teachers College Press. 654, 149-154. Thorndike, E. L. (1922). The psychology of arith- Suedfield, P. & Coren, S. (1989). Perceptual isola- metic. New York: Crowell-Collier and Mac- tion, sensory deprivation, and rest: Moving in- millan. troductory psychology texts out of the 1950s. Canadian Psychology, 30, 17-29. Thorndike, E. L. (1924). Mental discipline in high school studies. Journal of Educational Psychol- Sulloway, F. J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, ogy, 15, 1-22, 83-98. family dynamics, and creative lives. New York, Pantheon. Thorndike, E. L. (1932). The fundamentals of learning. New York: Teachers College Press. Symonds, P. M. (1960). What education has to learn from psychology: VII. Transfer and formal Thorndike, E. L. (1940). Human nature and the so- discipline. Teachers College Record, 61, 30-45. cial order. New York: Macmillan. Taylor, J. A. (1951). The relationship of anxiety to Thorndike, E. L. (1949). Selected writings from a the conditioned eyelid response. Journal of Ex- connectionist’s psychology. New York: Apple- perimental Psychology, 41, 81-92. ton-Century-Crofts. Terrace, H. S. (1963). Errorless transfer of a dis- Thorndike, E. L. & Woodworth, R. S. (1901). The crimination across two continua. Journal of the influence of improvement in one mental function Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 6, 223-232. upon the efficiency of other functions. Psycho- logical Review, 8, 247-261, 384-395, 553-564. Thomas-Ollivier, V., Reymann, J. M., LeMoal, S., Schuck, S., Lieury, A., & Allain, H. (1999). Thorpe, W. H. (1963). Learning and instinct in ani- Procedural memory in recent-onset Parkinson’s mals (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Dis- versity Press. orders, 10, 172-180. Tiger, L. (1979). Optimism: The biology of hope. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An New York: Simon and Schuster. experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Reviews [Monograph Timberlake, W. (1980). A molar equilibrium theory Supp.] 2, No. 81. of learned performance. In G. H. Bower (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. Thorndike, E. L. (1901). The mental life of the 14, pp. 1-58). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. monkeys. Psychological Review Monograph, 3(15). Timberlake, W. (1983). Appetitive structure and straight alley maze running. In R. Mellgren Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychol- (Ed.), Animal cognition and behavior (pp. 165- ogy (2nd ed.). New York: Seiler. 222). North Holland Press: Amsterdam. Timberlake, W. (1997). An animal centered, caus- 538
REFERENSI http://bacaan-indo.blogspot.com al-system approach to the understanding and Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior in ani- control of behavior. Applied Animal Behaviour mals and men. New York: Naiburg. Science, 53, 107-129. Tolman, E. C. (1938). The determiners of behav- Timberlake, W. (1999). Biological behaviorism. In ior at a choice point. Psychological Review, 45, W. O’Donohue & R. Kitchener (eds.), Hand- 1-41. book of behaviorism (pp. 243-284). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Tolman, E. C. (1942). Drives toward war. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts. Timberlake, W. (2001). Integrating niche-related and general process approaches in the study of Tolman, E. C. (1945). A stimulus-expectancy need- learning. Behavioural Processes, 54, 79-94. cathexis psychology. Science, 101, 160-166. Timberlake, W. (2002). Niche-related learning in Tolman, E. C. (1949). There is more than one kind laboratory paradigms: The case of maze behav- of learning. Psychological Review, 56, 144-155. ior in norway rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 134, 355-374. Tolman, E. C. (1959). Principles of purposive be- havior. In S. Koch (ed.), Psychology: A study of Timberlake, W. & Allison, J. (1974). Response a science (Vol. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill. deprivation: An empirical approach to instru- mental performance. Psychological Review, 81, Tolman, E. C. & Honzik, C. H. (1930). Introduc- 146-164. tion and removal of reward, and maze perfor- mance in rats. University of California Publica- Timberlake, W. & Farmer-Dougan, V. A. (1991). tions in Psychology, 4, 257-275. Reinforcement in applied settings: Figuring out ahead of time what will work. Psychological Tolman, E. C., Ritchie, B. F., & Kalish, D. (1946a). Bulletin, 110, 379-391. Studies in spatial learning. 1. orientation and the short-cut. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Timberlake, W. & Lucas, G. A. (1989). Behavior 36, 13-24. systems and learning: From misbehavior to gen- eral principles. In S. B. Klein & R. R. Mowrer Tolman, E. C., Ritchie, B. F., & Kalish, D. (1946b). (eds.), Contemporary learning theories: Instru- Studies in spatial learning. 11. Place learning mental conditioning theory and the impact of versus response learning. Journal of Experimen- biological constrains on learning (pp. 237-275). tal Psychology, 36, 221-229. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains Timberlake, W. & Silva, K. M. (1995). Appetitive the present: Emotional adaptations and the behavior in ethology, psychology, and behav- structure of ancestral environments. Ethology ior system. In N. Thompson (ed.), Perspective and Sociobiology, 10, 29-49. in ethology (pp. 211-253). New York: Plenum Press. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992). Psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cos- Timberlake, W. & White, W. (1990). Winning isn’t mides, & J. Tooby (eds.), The adapted mind (pp. everything: Rats need only food deprivation not 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press. food reward to traverse a radial arm maze effi- ciently. Learning and Motivation, 21, 153-163. Underwood, B. J. & Keppel, G. (1962). One-trial learning? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Tippett, L. J. & Farah, M. J. (1998). Parallel distrib- Behavior, 1, 1-13. uted processing models in Alzheimer’s disease. In R. W. Parks & D. S. Levine (eds.), Fundamentals Vakil, E. & Herishanu-Naaman, S. (1998). De- of neural network modeling:: Neuropsychology clarative and procedural learning in Parkinson’s and cognitive neuroscience (pp. 319-415). Cam- disease patients having tremor or bradykinesia bridge, MA: MIT Press. as the predominant syndrome. Cortex, 34, 611- 620. Vanderwolf, C. H., Kramis, R., Gillespie, L. A., & 539
THEORIES OF LEARNING: EDISI KETUJUH http://bacaan-indo.blogspot.com Bland, B. G. (1975). Hippocampal rhythmical Inhibition and learning. New York: Academic slow activity and neocortical low voltage fast Press. activity: Relations to behavior. In R. L. Isaacson & K. H. Pribram (eds.), The hippocampus. Vol. Walker, E. L. (1969). Reinforcement-”the one 2. Neurophysiology and behavior. New York: ring.” In J. T. Tapp (ed.), Reinforcement and be- Plenum Press. havior. New York: Academic Press. Verplanck, W. S. (1954). Burrhus F. Skinner. In Estes Walter, W. G. (1953). The living brain. New York: et al. (eds.), Modern Learning Theory (pp. 267- Norton. 316). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Walters, G. C. & Grusec, J. E. (1977). Punishment. Voeks, V. W. (1950). Formalization and clarifica- San Francisco: Freeman. tion of a theory of learning. Journal of Psychol- ogy, 30, 341-363. Watson, J. B. (1908). Imitation in monkeys. Psy- chological Bulletin, 5, 169-178. Von Senden, M. V. (1932). Raum-und gestaltauf- fassung bei operierten blindgeborenen vor und Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist nach der operation. Leipzig: Barth. views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177. Vyas, A., Mitra, R., Rao, S., & Chattarji, S. (2002). Watson, J. B. (1925). Behaviorism. New York: Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of Norton. dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amy- galoid neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, Watson, J. B. (1926). Experimental studies on the 22, 6810-6818. growth of the emotions. In C. Murchison (ed.), Psychologies of 1925. Worcester, MA: Clark Wagner, A. R. (1961). Effects of amount and per- University Press. centage of reinforcement and number of acquisi- tion trials on conditioning and extinction. Jour- Watson, J. B. (1936). John B. Watson. In C. Murchi- nal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 234-242. son (ed.), History of psychology in autobiogra- phy (Vol. 3). Worcester, MA: Clark University Wagner, A. R. (1963). Conditioned frustration as a Press. learned drive. Journal of Experimental Psychol- ogy, 64, 142-148. Watson, J. B. & McDougall, W. (1929). The battle of behaviorism. New York: Norton. Wagner, A. R. (1969). Stimulus selection and a “modified continuity theory.” In G. H. Bower & Watson, J. B. & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned J. T. Spence (eds.), The psychology of learning emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental and motivation (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Psychology, 3, 1-14. Press. Watson, R. I. (1978). The great psychologists (4th Wagner, A. R. (1971). Elementary associations. In ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. H. H. Kendler & J. T. Spence (eds.), Essays in neobehaviorism: A memorial volume to Ken- Weimer, W. B. (1973). Psycholinguistics and Plato’s neth W. Spence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice paradoxes of the Meno. American Psychologist, Hall. 28, 15-33. Wagner, A. R. (1978). Expectancies and the prim- Wertheimer, M. (1912). Experimentelle studien- ing of STM. In S. H. Hulse, H. Fowler, & W. fiber das sehen von bewegung. Zeitschrift Fiir R. Honig (eds.), Cognitive processes in animal Psychologie, 61, 161-165. behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Wertheimer, M. (1959 [1945]). Productive think- Wagner, A. R. & Rescorla, R. A. (1972). Inhibi- ing, enlarged ed. by Max Wertheimer, ed. Mi- tion in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a chael Wertheimer. New York: Harper & Row. theory. In R. A. Boakes & M. S. Halliday (eds.), Wertheimer, M. (1980). Gestalt theory of learning. In G. M. Gazda & R. J. Corsini (eds.), Theories of learning: A comparative approach. Ithasca. IL: Peacock. 540
REFERENSI Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics. New York: Wiley. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhi- bition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Wilcoxon, H. C., Dragoin, W. B., & Kral, P. A. (1971). Illness-induced aversions in rat and Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychol- quail: Relative salience of visual and gustatory ogy. New York: Henry Holt. cues. Science, 171, 826-828. Zeaman, D. (1949). Response latency as a function Williams, B. A., & McDevitt, M. A. (2002). Inhi- of the amount of reinforcement. Journal of Ex- bition and superconditioning. Psychological Sci- perimental Psychology, 39, 466-483. ence, 13, 454-459. Zener, K. (1937). The significance of behavior ac- Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969). Auto- companying conditioned salivary secretion for maintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking theories of the conditioned response. American despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal Journal of Psychology, 50, 384-403. of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 511-520. Zentali, T. R. (2003). Imitation by animals: How do they do it? Current Directions in Psychologi- Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new syn- cal Science, 12, 91-95. thesis. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. Zirkle, G. A. (1946). Success and failure in serial learning: I. The Thorndike effect. Journal of Ex- Wilson, E. O. (1988a). Consilience: The unity of perimental Psychology, 36, 230-236. knowledge. New York: Knopf. Zubek, J. P. (1969). Sensory deprivation: Fifteen Wilson, E. O. (1988b). On human nature. Cam- years of research. New York: Appleton-Century- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Crofts. Windholz, G. (1992). Pavlov’s conceptualization of learning. American Journal of Psychology, 102, 459-469. http://bacaan-indo.blogspot.com 541
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
- 280
- 281
- 282
- 283
- 284
- 285
- 286
- 287
- 288
- 289
- 290
- 291
- 292
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
- 299
- 300
- 301
- 302
- 303
- 304
- 305
- 306
- 307
- 308
- 309
- 310
- 311
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
- 321
- 322
- 323
- 324
- 325
- 326
- 327
- 328
- 329
- 330
- 331
- 332
- 333
- 334
- 335
- 336
- 337
- 338
- 339
- 340
- 341
- 342
- 343
- 344
- 345
- 346
- 347
- 348
- 349
- 350
- 351
- 352
- 353
- 354
- 355
- 356
- 357
- 358
- 359
- 360
- 361
- 362
- 363
- 364
- 365
- 366
- 367
- 368
- 369
- 370
- 371
- 372
- 373
- 374
- 375
- 376
- 377
- 378
- 379
- 380
- 381
- 382
- 383
- 384
- 385
- 386
- 387
- 388
- 389
- 390
- 391
- 392
- 393
- 394
- 395
- 396
- 397
- 398
- 399
- 400
- 401
- 402
- 403
- 404
- 405
- 406
- 407
- 408
- 409
- 410
- 411
- 412
- 413
- 414
- 415
- 416
- 417
- 418
- 419
- 420
- 421
- 422
- 423
- 424
- 425
- 426
- 427
- 428
- 429
- 430
- 431
- 432
- 433
- 434
- 435
- 436
- 437
- 438
- 439
- 440
- 441
- 442
- 443
- 444
- 445
- 446
- 447
- 448
- 449
- 450
- 451
- 452
- 453
- 454
- 455
- 456
- 457
- 458
- 459
- 460
- 461
- 462
- 463
- 464
- 465
- 466
- 467
- 468
- 469
- 470
- 471
- 472
- 473
- 474
- 475
- 476
- 477
- 478
- 479
- 480
- 481
- 482
- 483
- 484
- 485
- 486
- 487
- 488
- 489
- 490
- 491
- 492
- 493
- 494
- 495
- 496
- 497
- 498
- 499
- 500
- 501
- 502
- 503
- 504
- 505
- 506
- 507
- 508
- 509
- 510
- 511
- 512
- 513
- 514
- 515
- 516
- 517
- 518
- 519
- 520
- 521
- 522
- 523
- 524
- 525
- 526
- 527
- 528
- 529
- 530
- 531
- 532
- 533
- 534
- 535
- 536
- 537
- 538
- 539
- 540
- 541
- 542
- 543
- 544
- 545
- 546
- 547
- 548
- 549
- 550
- 551
- 552
- 553
- 554
- 555
- 1 - 50
- 51 - 100
- 101 - 150
- 151 - 200
- 201 - 250
- 251 - 300
- 301 - 350
- 351 - 400
- 401 - 450
- 451 - 500
- 501 - 550
- 551 - 555
Pages: