["Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 199 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u01a1n khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng trong 90 n\u0103m qua kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Nh\u1edd ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, t\u00ecm \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i..., \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u1eeba n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u00e3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.","200 M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A \u1ede VI\u1ec6T NAM - NH\u1eeeNG BI\u1ec2U HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1eb6C TR\u01afNG TRONG KINH T\u1ebe, CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca, V\u0102N H\u00d3A, X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I PGS.TS. NG\u00d4 TU\u1ea4N NGH\u0128A* 1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam - nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i Nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u1edf ch\u1ed7, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed sau lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac quanh co, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i, song xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. Trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1ch quan ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u00e1ch quan, _____________ * Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 201 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1991, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0: D\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. Do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no, t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap nhau c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang mong mu\u1ed1n. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a bao tr\u00f9m. Tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: \u201cBao nhi\u00eau l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec d\u00e2n. Bao nhi\u00eau quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c _____________ 1. Xem \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI, S\u0111d, tr.70.","202 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n... quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf n\u01a1i d\u00e2n\u201d1. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, bao tr\u00f9m, chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng: D\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. X\u00e9t trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chung m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n. Tuy v\u1eady, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0u song n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh; c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh song ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. _____________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.232.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 203 2. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ri\u00eang c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng chung, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng","204 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed, nh\u01b0: N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3; n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ki\u1ec3u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng g\u1ed3m: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. H\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, kinh doanh. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kinh doanh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, kinh doanh, v\u1eeba tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf,","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 205 trong m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1edbi tinh hoa qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh doanh lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. V\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kinh doanh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Hai l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, song, s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. L\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n. V\u1edbi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ba l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do","206 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. V\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, c\u00f3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba tinh hoa, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n. Tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tinh hoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u01b0u, ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 207 gia kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Khi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ch\u0103m lo. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m lo trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean tho\u00e1t ngh\u00e8o b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh; s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o, v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ghi nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a","208 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n. 3. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong s\u00e1ng, mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu. \u0110i xa h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 209 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin c\u00f2n d\u1eabn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m minh ch\u1ee9ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c... L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tu\u1ed9t. C\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac quanh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 tri th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c hay ch\u01b0a. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang hay c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Th\u1eadt ti\u1ebfc cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 do con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 hy sinh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vong \u01a1n, b\u1ed9i ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Hai l\u00e0, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u0169y tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. V\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc n\u00e0y? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e0n kh\u00f4n m\u00e0","210 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201ch\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i v\u00f4 nhai\u201d (bi\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 b\u1edd), th\u00e0nh ra khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u00ec h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00fang t\u00fang v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3u C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng v\u1eady, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do ki\u1ec3u M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 duy gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. S\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang n\u00e0y do h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea7m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.","211 T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH - S\u1ef0 V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN TRONG \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG VI\u1ec6T NAM GS.TS. M\u1ea0CH QUANG TH\u1eaeNG* 1. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Trong nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn sang m\u1ed9t \u00fd l\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00eau t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, cho r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau cao ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f2i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin1; r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi tr\u1ecdng V.I. L\u00eanin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng C. M\u00e1c l\u1eafm, v\u1edbi \u00fd l\u00e0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh (n\u0103m 1927), H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh C. M\u00e1c \u201cl\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh\u201d2 k\u00e8m theo v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng C. M\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 _____________ * H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. 1. Xem b\u00e0i \u201cB\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3\u201d, in \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011, t.1, tr.500-520. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n: \u201cXem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d (tr.510). 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.284.","212 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u201cnh\u01b0 c\u00e1i c\u1ea9m nang th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3\u201d1 (\u201cc\u1ea9m nang\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf\u201d2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: C. M\u00e1c, V.I. L\u00eanin, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, Gi\u00easu, Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni, T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean..., nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi soi s\u00e1ng\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00ed kh\u00f4n\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d cho con t\u00e0u \u0111i. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m c\u1ed1t, trong \u0110\u1ea3ng ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh d\u1eabn \u00fd c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u00e0m g\u00ec? nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb\u201d cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng... Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec1n phong, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ti\u1ec1n phong\u201d3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a L\u00eanin\u201d4; ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh vi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 v\u00e0 L\u00eanin\u201d5. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u201ctr\u00ed kh\u00f4n\u201d _____________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.15, tr.588. 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.714. 3, 4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.279, 289. 5 . H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.304. M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C. M\u00e1c.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 213 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam (\u201cb\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d) cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a - \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7: \u201cThay cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u0169, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ee3p, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cao c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1eefa. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, l\u00e0m cho l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; hai l\u00e0, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n) \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u201cD\u0129 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng v\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn\u201d; ba l\u00e0, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cL\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111em th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong kinh _____________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.628.","214 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI nghi\u1ec7m, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, xem x\u00e9t, so s\u00e1nh th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111em n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i kim ch\u1ec9 nam, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ch\u00fang ta trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u00fang t\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u0111i\u201d1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee7 quan, k\u00e9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u201cm\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i b\u1ec7nh khinh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn\u201d2, \u201cc\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft m\u1edd\u201d3, \u201cv\u00ec k\u00e9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, cho n\u00ean g\u1eb7p m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft xem x\u00e9t cho r\u00f5, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cho \u0111\u00fang, x\u1eed tr\u00ed cho kh\u00e9o. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan, \u00fd m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0m th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i\u201d4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh \u201cl\u00fd lu\u1eadn su\u00f4ng\u201d5 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u201cd\u00f9 xem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n quy\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111em ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u00f2m \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u00e1ch. Xem nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u00f2e, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra ta \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u00fd lu\u1eadn... Ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u00fd lu\u1eadn... Ph\u1ea3i \u0111em l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf... L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111em ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean (ho\u1eb7c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n). Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn. C\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eafn, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eafn lung tung c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean\u201d6. \u1ede H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. 2. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u0103m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi). Sau n\u00e0y, trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 _____________ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.273-274, 274, 274-275.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 215 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. Trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, n\u1ed9i dung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kinh qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u00ecm v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 10 - 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn sai, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, theo h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e2m v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p trong khi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng - theo h\u1ecd - (m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a), th\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd s\u1edbm s\u00e1nh vai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u1edf v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t ngh\u00e8o, GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2019 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 3.000 USD, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh, trong khi m\u1ee9c GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n 9.000 USD. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0? V\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i, trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia. _____________ 1. Nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0: Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kinh qua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.","216 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u01b0? K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn tuy l\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u0169 v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc... \u0111\u1ea7y d\u0169ng kh\u00ed nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 - 30 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi. Xu th\u1ebf m\u1edbi - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 V.I. L\u00eanin n\u00eau l\u00ean. Xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1edfi giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng do giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Trong khi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VI n\u0103m 1928, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00ec H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng, tr\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t gian, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung\u201d l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 trung, ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (tr\u1eeb t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n), c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t, c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1i l\u00f5i r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n - n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n - tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c do giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 217 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, coi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng minh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a). H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d. C. M\u00e1c, Ph. \u0102ngghen, V.I. L\u00eanin v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ngang h\u00e0ng nhau, hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh - ph\u1ee5, c\u00e1i n\u1ecd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i kia? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C. M\u00e1c vi\u1ebft: \u201cSo v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, Anh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Do v\u1eady th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n Anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Anh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Ba Lan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Ba Lan m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf Anh\u201d1. Trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf _____________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.527.","218 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cH\u00e3y x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf. Khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ea5t theo\u201d1. So v\u1edbi C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen th\u00ec V.I. L\u00eanin c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 Latinh. Song, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 V.I. L\u00eanin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau cao tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111em s\u1ee9c ta m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho ta, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd, \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i, d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng \u201cn\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201ccon r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5 ra, gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u201cch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c\u201d trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh r\u1eafn \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d). Th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, _____________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.624.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 219 khi giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed\/\u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Hai \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, h\u1ecd h\u01a1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chung c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\u201d1. \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, theo hai \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1917, \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch Nga ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga n\u00f3i chung v\u1eabn \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4vi\u1ebft (1922 - g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4), t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u00c12. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, V.I. L\u00eanin l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (b) c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau, kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 n\u0103m th\u00ec qua \u0111\u1eddi. _____________ 1. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.614. 2. N\u0103m 1920, khi \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m: V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1edf Trung \u00c1 khi gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5.","220 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI Trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, V.I. L\u00eanin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4) c\u00f2n \u00edt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng, khi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 90 - 95% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0? H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin - \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh so v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 ngay trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng sinh th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u201cb\u00f3c l\u1ed9t\u201d, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai, t\u1eeb giai t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0o, nam hay n\u1eef, mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o... n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau l\u00ean quy lu\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam: \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. _____________ 1. Sau n\u00e0y, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X (2006), \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy m\u00f4 thu\u00ea nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng).","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 221 Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i II c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 2\/1951)1: \u201cTrong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d2. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari n\u0103m 1871 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00f9ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi kh\u00ed th\u1ebf xung thi\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p tuy bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy r\u1ea5t nhanh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c (t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft ngay khi C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ri\u00eang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V.I. L\u00eanin n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1903 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch) Nga. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n _____________ 1. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u trung th\u00e0nh cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u00eau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ai\u201d. 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.38.","222 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u00e1cx\u00edt - l\u00eaninn\u00edt. \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n\u201d1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau l\u00ean trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Di ch\u00fac. T\u00ednh t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9\/1945 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9\/1969, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n; trong 24 n\u0103m, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c, Ph. \u0102ngghen v\u00e0 V.I. L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi, khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: 1) \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ai; 2) X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; 3) Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; 4) Nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nguy c\u01a1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u01b0u t\u00fa nh\u1ea5t trong giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V.I. L\u00eanin th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. C\u00f2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh. V\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n _____________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.15, tr.611.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 223 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00f3i chung theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3ng \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh\u201d1. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh so v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf t\u01b0 duy c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o - ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m tr\u00e2u ng\u1ef1a, l\u00e0m t\u00f4i t\u1edb trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d2, \u201cph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0110\u1ea3ng ta th\u1eadt trong s\u1ea1ch, ph\u1ea3i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb th\u1eadt trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d3. Quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trao cho. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 do uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng trao cho \u0110\u1ea3ng quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i n\u00f3i, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u01b0a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1eabn to\u00e1t l\u00ean n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 C. M\u00e1c, Ph. \u0102ngghen, V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea5t \u00edt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p; Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, _____________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.403. 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.50. 3. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.15, tr.612.","224 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a - t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c - gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - giai c\u1ea5p - gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, trong khi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p - v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 do trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p. N\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p. Cho n\u00ean, ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. M\u00f4ngtexki\u01a1 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tinh th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 R\u00fatx\u00f4 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph. \u0102ngghen d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Mo\u00f3cgan \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. C. M\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qua t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari n\u0103m 1871. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen, V.I. L\u00eanin cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c. C\u00f2n J.Xtalin th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 225 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 giai c\u1ea5p. Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a J.Xtalin n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng an. Theo C. M\u00e1c, Ph. \u0102ngghen, V.I. L\u00eanin, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra ba ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t: Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, phong ki\u1ebfn, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. C\u00f2n Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi, theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1959, trong \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tham gia v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u1ed7, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh sang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed9c cho d\u00e2n. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao t\u1eadp trung thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. T\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb d\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam: Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cCh\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t (d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng internet). C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n: l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp). Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i n\u00f3i, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, trong c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh,","226 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n C. M\u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi V.I. L\u00eanin, c\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong di s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11\/1945 \u0110\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n th\u00ec \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 49 v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 50 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng qua nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1959 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o ghi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p sau n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn to\u00e1t l\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd cho r\u1eb1ng, C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7, ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ecb\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng tranh quy\u1ec1n, so\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i cao cho m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 227 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp to\u00e1t l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v.v.. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u01b0u t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho d\u00e2n th\u00ec l\u00e0m. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho d\u00e2n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh\u201d1. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, d\u00e2n tin, d\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, d\u00e2n y\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cMu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n y\u00eau, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau d\u00e2n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n tr\u00ean h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u201d2. Trong Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec d\u00e2n, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng _____________ 1, 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.21, 52.","228 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec d\u00e2n. L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh, t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7m li\u00eam ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u01b0, lo tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, vui sau thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, minh m\u1eabn, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c khi xem x\u00e9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, sau khi V.I. L\u00eanin m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh X\u00f4vi\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a sau n\u00e0y (h\u01a1n 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh X\u00f4vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Song, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng sai, r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, bao c\u1ea5p, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong khi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh phong ph\u00fa, t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin: \u201cCh\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 coi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 xong xu\u00f4i h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Nga \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c, v\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00ec, x\u00e9t ri\u00eang t\u1eebng n\u01a1i,","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 229 \u1edf Anh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nga\u201d1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf; x\u00e1c l\u1eadp hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 quan c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i; nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n (kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v.v.). H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba c\u00f3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng, kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hai ch\u00e2n (c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng); qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u00fa \u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ti\u1ebfp thu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan duy \u00fd ch\u00ed. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi _____________ 1. V.I. L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.232.","230 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a - m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea5c thang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi trong n\u1ea5c thang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, l\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf. V\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi - \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1m no, \u00e1o \u1ea5m, ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean n\u1ea5c cao n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. T\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1ch quan, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng.","231 \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG L\u1ed0I \u0110\u1ed4I M\u1edaI, S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O - T\u1ed0 CH\u1ea4T M\u1edaI B\u1ed4 SUNG, HO\u00c0N THI\u1ec6N N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG C\u1ed8NG S\u1ea2N VI\u1ec6T NAM PGS.TS. NGUY\u1ec4N DANH TI\u00caN* Gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 12\/1986) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. 1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n g\u1ea7n 35 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 _____________ * Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.","232 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam; kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong g\u1ea7n 35 n\u0103m qua l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n tinh vi, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00fang coi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00f9 m\u1edd\u201d, \u201cthi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f9\u201d, \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d; \u0111\u00f2i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn: V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay; v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, m\u1edf c\u1eeda, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ph\u00e1t huy quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n... \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cphi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a\u201d qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d, \u201ck\u00ecm h\u00e3m t\u1ef1 do\u201d, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i thay b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00fang l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00f4 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 phe c\u00e1nh\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cthanh tr\u1eebng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9\u201d... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 233 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh, nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, v.v.. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng h\u00f2ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng... \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a; \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o - t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi b\u1ed5 sung, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng 90 n\u0103m qua, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd: M\u1ecdi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, g\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cMu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\u201d1. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng _____________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.30.","234 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5m no, t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eadp trung quan li\u00eau, bao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ct\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d1, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 12\/1986) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin \u201ccoi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9\u201d2. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang quy lu\u1eadt quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u1eadp trung th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn: S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf: Ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eadp trung quan li\u00eau, bao c\u1ea5p; \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eadp trung quan li\u00eau, bao c\u1ea5p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. _____________ 1, 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.47, tr.269, 389-390.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 235 Trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a - ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 hai. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n kinh doanh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a theo \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee71. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf: T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: \u201cPh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh - kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t - kinh doanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf\u201d2. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201cqu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd\u201d3. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i: \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh doanh. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng: \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee7 quan, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cl\u1ea5y d\u00e2n l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c\u201d, ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. _____________ 1. Xem \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.47, tr.554-555. 2, 3. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.47, tr.398, 455.","236 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. 2. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n ki\u00ean tr\u00ec l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc quanh co; song, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d1. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00fac quanh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (n\u0103m 1991) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i _____________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.51, tr.133.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 237 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000. N\u1ebfu C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201cl\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi\u201d1, th\u00ec Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 \u201cl\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d2. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i mau l\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; trong \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a - n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft 25 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, 20 n\u0103m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (n\u0103m 2011) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. _____________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.60, tr.178. 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.51, tr.193.","238 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011). T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: D\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh; do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7; c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no, t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap nhau c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; c\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o; c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d1. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau 25 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: D\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh; c\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed9i dung 5 trong s\u1ed1 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cdo nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7\u201d thay cho \u201cdo nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7\u201d; b\u1ecf c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m theo n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, h\u01b0\u1edfng theo lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no, t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n\u201d; \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u201cc\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d b\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d; thay \u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, b\u1eb1ng \u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. _____________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI, S\u0111d, tr.70.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 239 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed3n vinh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh n\u00eau t\u00e1m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn: Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; gi\u1eefa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; gi\u1eefa x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a; gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7... C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung sang t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IX c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (n\u0103m 2001), x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i","240 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cN\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201cd\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh\u201d\u201d1. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn trong t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u201cb\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d2. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf, trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; kh\u01a1i d\u1eady, ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n g\u1ea7n 35 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng - lo\u1ea1i _____________ 1, 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII, S\u0111d, tr.102, 74.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 241 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t huy cao \u0111\u1ed9 vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7,","242 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u0103n minh, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ngay trong t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, t\u1eebng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, \u1edf quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i, gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n, \u0111\u00e1p ngh\u0129a, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, linh ho\u1ea1t trong t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc xu th\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u201cl\u00e0 b\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d1, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a, \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d2 nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ch\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\u201d nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u201ch\u00f2a tan\u201d; ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tinh hoa c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, song v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m: Ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, _____________ 1, 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI, S\u0111d, tr.153.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 243 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t huy b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng trong s\u1ea1ch, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh; ki\u00ean tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi; trong \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; gi\u1eef v\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam minh k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3ng, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; ph\u00e1t huy d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng khai, minh b\u1ea1ch; ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng; ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u201ct\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201ct\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a\u201d. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eadp trung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n,","244 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - an ninh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, linh ho\u1ea1t trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Sau g\u1ea7n 35 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ebfn nay Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh; nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n; kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1; ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - an ninh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng; \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m; v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m 2019, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t 7,02%; c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1; c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c; Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee6y vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 245 V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. * ** C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam; kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 t\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh, v\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.","246 QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG V\u1ec0 X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG, CH\u1ec8NH \u0110\u1ed0N \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N M\u1ed8T \u0110\u1ea2NG DUY NH\u1ea4T C\u1ea6M QUY\u1ec0N, N\u1ec0N KINH T\u1ebe TH\u1eca TR\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 H\u1ed8I NH\u1eacP QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe PGS.TS. L\u00c2M QU\u1ed0C TU\u1ea4N* Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u201ct\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201ct\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a\u201d trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. 1. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, vu c\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea3ng ta Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: (1) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi; (2) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; (3) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi _____________ * Ph\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: V\u1eacN D\u1ee4NG S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 247 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; (4) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 m\u1edbi; (5) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c c\u1ed5; (6) Nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebft trung. Ri\u00eang nh\u00f3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: (1) Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam; (2) Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh; cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u!; (3) Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; (4) Cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, quan li\u00eau, tham nh\u0169ng, suy tho\u00e1i, m\u1ea5t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7!\u201d. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y sinh, dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1ebf t\u1eafc kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd quy k\u1ebft, \u201c\u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, theo h\u1ecd, \u201ct\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d; mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a nguy\u00ean, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng; (5) Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1eb1m chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp trung quan li\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, m\u1ea5t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7!\u201d; (6) L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, hay l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n tham nh\u0169ng, quan li\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, cho \u0110\u1ea3ng ta l\u00e0 quan li\u00eau, tham nh\u0169ng, xa d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; (7) L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3","248 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG TRONG T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH M\u1edaI nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cch\u1ee5p m\u0169\u201d r\u1eb1ng, \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d, r\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ecb d\u00e2n\u201d! M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ta, t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tinh vi ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n, c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1eb7c b\u00ed m\u1eadt, r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, lu\u00f4n gieo r\u1eafc ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, nghi k\u1ef5, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat l\u00f2ng tin h\u00f2ng g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee5c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; \u0111\u00f2i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d n\u00ean ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng chung chung\u201d, \u201ckh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang\u201d..., \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111a nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, phi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng... 2. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh, ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng - ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nguy c\u01a1 suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng quan li\u00eau trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quan li\u00eau \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng, th\u00f3i v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, l\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n, xa r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch"]
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