Health GIS Conference Proceedings 2020

University, under royal patronage. Also, the dean of P a g e | 74 the Faculty of Public Health, as well as those colleagues who have worked tirelessly to ensure the Sisaket Province 31 December 2020. Retrieved 3 success of the research. March 2021, from http://www.ssko.- moph.go.th/dhf/details.php?id=2040&cat_id=23. REFERENCES Kumar, M., Verma, R. K. and Mishra, B., 2020, Prevalence of Dengue Fever in Western Uttar Ali, S. A. and Ahmad, A., 2018, Using Analytic Pradesh, India: A Gender-Based Study. Hierarchy Process with GIS for Dengue Risk Mapping in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, International Journal of Applied and Basic West Bengal, India. Spatial Information Medical Research, Vol. 10(1), 8. Research, Vol.26(4), 449-469. Nisha, R. R., Saravanabavan, V. and Balaji, D., 2020, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Aung, M. M. T., Hassan, A. B., Kadarman, N. B., Dengue Endemic Areas in Madurai District. Hussin, T. M., Barman, A., Ismail, S. B. and Hashim, S. E. 2016, Knowledge, Attitude, International Journal of Contemporary Medical Practices Related to Dengue Fever among Rural Research, Vol.7(3). Population in Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysian Nguyen-Tien, T., Do, D. C., Le, X. L., Dinh, T. H., Journal of Public Health Medicine, Vol. 16(2), Lindeborg, M., Nguyen-Viet, H. and Lindahl, J., 15-23. 2021, Risk Factors of Dengue Fever in an Urban Area in Vietnam: A Case-Control Study. BMC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Public Health, Vol. 21(1), 1-13. Control, 2011, Factsheet About Dengue. Rivyantanti, R. D., Arifin, N. F., Rahardjo, M. and Retrieved 31 March 2021, from Darundiati, Y. H., 2016, Application of Spatial https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/denguefever/fact Analysis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Risk s/factsheet. Factors in Taman District Madiun. VISIKES: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, Vol. 15(2). Jeelani, S., Sabesan, S. and Subramanian, S., 2015, Sayavong, C., Chompikul, J., Wongsawass, S. and Community Knowledge, Awareness And Rattanapan, C., 2015, Knowledge, Attitudes And Preventive Practices Regarding Dengue Fever in Preventive Behaviors Related to Dengue Vector Puducherry–South India. Public Health, Vol. Breeding Control Measures among Adults in 129(6), 790-796. Communities of Vientiane, Capital of the Lao PDR. Journal of Infection And Public Health, Harapan, H., Rajamoorthy, Y., Anwar, S., Vol. 8(5), 466-473. Bustamam, A., Radiansyah, A., Angraini, P. and Udayanga, L., Gunathilaka, N., Iqbal, M. C. M., Müller, R., 2018, Knowledge, Attitude, and Pahalagedara, K., Amarasinghe, U. S. and Practice Regarding Dengue Virus Infection Abeyewickreme, W., 2018, Socio-economic, among Inhabitants of Aceh, Indonesia: a Cross- Knowledge Attitude Practices (KAP), Sectional Study. BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol. Household Related and Demographic Based 18(1), 1-16. Appearance of Non- Dengue Infected Individuals in High Dengue Risk Areas of Kenneson, A., Beltrán-Ayala, E., Borbor-Cordova, Kandy District, Sri Lanka. BMC infectious M. J., Polhemus, M. E., Ryan, S. J., Endy, T. P. Diseases, Vol. 18(1), 1-14. and Stewart-Ibarra, A. M., 2017, Social- Vector Borne Diseases Prevention and Control ecological Factors And Preventive Actions Program, 2021, Dengue Fever Situation, Decrease the Risk of Dengue Infection at The Thailand, Week11, 2021. Retrieved 3 March Household-Level: Results from a Prospective 2021, fromhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1m_- Dengue Surveillance Study in Machala, 5mDmj9BNvQrFXohvhmkcEzVfUFlIm/view. Ecuador. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Zambrano, L. I., Sierra, M., Lara, B., Rodríguez- Vol. 11(12), e0006150. Núñez, I., Medina, M. T., Lozada-Riascos, C. O. and Rodríguez-Morales, A. J., 2017, Estimating Khan, D. M., Kuppusamy, K., Sumathi, S. and and Mapping The Incidence of Dengue and Mrinalini, V. R., 2014, Evaluation of Chikungunya in Honduras during 2015 Using Thrombocytopenia in Dengue Infection along Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Journal with Seasonal Variation in Rural of Infection And Public Health, Vol. 10(4), 446- Melmaruvathur. Journal of Clinical and 456. Diagnostic Research: JCDR, Vol. 8(1), 39.Sisaket Provincial Health Office, 2021, Summary of the Situation of Dengue Fever in International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 75 DISEASE MAPPING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH USING FREE / OPEN ONLINE GEOCODING SERVICES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN MALAYSIA Noramira Monir1, Abdul Rauf Abdul Rasam1*, Nor Aizam Adnan1, 2Hendy Fitrian Suhandri 1Centre of Studies for Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected] 2Infrastructure & Geomatic Engineering Programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding Author ABSTRACT Geographical information system (GIS) has been widely used in mapping health data and analysing the geographic distribution of disease. Mapping and spatial analysis normally begin with geocoding, a process of assigning geographic coordinates to an address so that it can be displayed on a map. The aim of this study was to examine the existing platform of freely online geocoding services and analyse these decoding capabilities for health GIS application, in the particular disease mapping of tuberculosis (TB) in Sarawak, Malaysia. QGIS, Google and ArcGIS Online are three main platforms were comparative evaluated to map the disease distribution. This exploratory analysis covers the aspects of the quality (accuracy), speed (time), cost (license or not) and coverage (spatial detection). Lastly, the map of TB was produced using the finest freely online geocoding platform. ArcGIS Online is the top among the three selected software and followed by QGIS Online and Google Map. The results have shown that the most relevant geocoding services platform that can help healthcare officers for the better geospatial disease and health data management KEYWORDS: Geocoding, Disease Mapping, ArcGIS Online, QGIS, Google Map 1. INTRODUCTION collected data on addresses. The positional accuracy Environmental epidemiology requires reliable reflects the level of proximity of geocoded objects exposure assessment of both temporal and spatial to their true location (Goldberg, 2011). Many components. In response to these challenges, available geocode available, whether free and open epidemiological studies are increasingly using online, but from many aspects does, not sure which residential addresses of study participants and GIS one is most suitable to use and easy to access and to improve characterization of environmental accurate at the same time. The suitability is exposures and examine their association with human important for a healthy person to represent data of health risks for a large variety of disease conditions. disease mapping and familiar with access the Disease mapping are visual representations of service that's available, whether free and open intricate geographic data that provide a quick source to simplify their work and represent the data overview of said information. Mainly used for technically. Therefore, the study was performed to health GIS application such as explanatory explore the available free and open online address purposes, disease maps can be represented to survey geocoding that most suitable method for geocoding high-risk areas and help policy and resource of subject residences to access environmental allocation in site areas (Krieger et al., 2003b and exposure with regard to positional accuracy, ethical Moore and Carpenter, 1999). use of address (detection) as well as the time and cost required. The process of geocoding and assigning geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) to For effective surveillance and control of TB, it is the study subject’s residential addresses is one of the important to understand the patterns of disease first steps in GIS-based epidemiological studies spread over space and time. Visualization of such such as disease mapping. The quality of geocoding data on maps enables health official to obtain, depends on the completeness and the level of analyse and understand real-time disease pattern positional accuracy of locating addresses. compared to the tubular or report forms. Displaying Completeness is the proportion of addresses that can locations on maps serves as an exploration of data be geocoded and depends on the quality of the International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

and can lead to cluster analysis of disease P a g e | 76 incidences. Generating maps for different time period is helpful for understanding the disease start this planning phase and can decide the most progression over time. In general, health relevant free online address geocoding service for department in developing countries still registered disease mapping. Three websites are used to find the tuberculosis case not in longitude and latitude top three common software for geocoding (ArcGIS information, in particular for early version of data Online, QGIS and Google Maps) of TB cases in the record management. state. However, each of these cases has a case location 2.2 Data Collection and Software Selection address. Latitude and longitude information, thus The data that is used is tuberculosis cases in can be obtained from this address geocoding. Sarawak in 2018. More than a thousand cases had Thousands of cases are received every month and been reported, but the data that use for this study is geocoding all these cases manually one by one is limited only Kuching area that involve 30 cases. not tiresome but almost impossible. Therefore, it is Each address element was entered into separate necessary to have an automatic batch geocoding fields of Microsoft Excel file. In Figure 1, the field software which could help to geocode addresses is divided into several columns that contain the automatically. Finally, representation geocoded country (Negara Asal), state (Negeri), city notified cases and registered cases on maps within a (Bahagian/Kawasan/Daerah) and address (Alamat designated time. Furthermore, help healthcare Kediaman (Seperti Dalam CDCIS)). The file was officials to understand patterns of incidence and saved as CSV (Comma delimited). The three spread of tuberculosis. In Malaysia, local different geocoding services which are ArcGIS researchers have applied the geocoding in TB Online, Google Map and QGIS were selected disease mapping, but because offered free and open services and were commonly easy to process the dataset. ArcGIS Thus, selecting the most suitable decoder Online uses organization type under GeoUiTM hopefully can help healthcare officials in better Portal. QGIS that use is version 3.10.1 for the platform and would allow in depth spatial health Windows environment. Lastly, Google Maps that is analysis. As an initial step to achieve this goal, the mapped with Google, My Maps using google performance of selected online geocoding services account. on a dataset of address is examined. Previous studies have demonstrated that GIS can be used to 2.3 Data Processing and Data Verification correctly measure geographical health applications To improve standardization and quality of in a cost efficient manner (Fortney et al., 2000; geocoding, all subjects address was verified Hurley et al., 2003; Krieger et al., 2003a). The manually for the spelling of street and district knowledge of accurate geocoding to public health names. Address fields of subjects were also practitioner is essential in order to consider potential completed such as missing or incomplete postal biases and limitation in disease mapping (Hurley et code, district name, street name and street number. al., 2003, Moore and Carpenter, 1999 and A Google map was used to find the incomplete Roongpiboonsopit and Karami 2010). address data. Geocoding is based on a linear Roongpiboonsopit and Karami (2010) added that interpolation of an address within the address range any errors connected with the geocoded addresses for the street segment in a reference street file. The will be disseminated to following decisions, 30 addresses that in database after cleaning the data activities, modelling, and analysis was geocoded. There was try error for three times to get the best result. 2. METHODOLOGY This study used a methodology that consists of 2.4 Mapping and Analysis several phases, including planning, data collection, This phase is the process to evaluate the capabilities data processing and analysis. of the selected free and open software. The selected software was evaluated based on the following 2.1 Phase of Planning and Study Area aspects: A research and findings have been run to examine the capabilities and availability of the free online a) Coverage (detection) address geocoding services. During this phase, each b) Quality (accuracy) of the free online address geocoding services were c) Speed (time) explored and reviewed by doing research on the d) Cost (license or not) internet, journal and explore its capabilities for For example, for accuracy, was used to describe the mapping. This method is one of the efficient ways to closeness of a measurement to true value. The results on match rate and similarity. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 77 Figure 1: Address data (*Specific patient addresses are null due to data protection ) Haversine formula: a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2) c = 2 ⋅ atan2( √a, √(1−a) ) d=R⋅c where: φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km) Figure 2: Haversine formula Match rate is the proportion of input addresses that each API is checked every ten minutes for every retrieves a geocode form the geocoding system. week. The address used to be same for all decoders. Similarity is the distance measured between Google Geocoding API and Cloudmade Geocoding geocodes from the two services. After searching and API were the only two with 100% uptime. In terms matched using the geocoding services. The distance of speed, the fastest two were Bings Map Geocode between the locations provide the two different and Google Geocoding. Based on website 2, services were compared using haversine formula describe that seven geocoding and reverse (Figure 2). Haversine formula gives the distance geocoding service for pinpointing addresses. There between two sets of coordinates which are in are several geocoding services available both paid latitude and longitude format and gives output in and free. This website list some of the best metric system. In other word, to calculate the great- geocoders or address matchers which include QGIS, circle distance between two points, that is, the Google, Here, Esri, PBBI’s Geocoding (Phitney shortest distance over the earths surface. It takes Bowes), US Census and Bing Location API. Based into account for the distortion due to the curvature on the website three top services selected are QGIS, of the earth and different scale factor at different Esri and Google Map Geocoding. Based on website latitude values. Movable Type Scripts are used to 3, describe 36 top geocoding and location API. The calculate distance between latitude and longitude. geocoding is evaluated based on the timeliness, This page presents a variety of calculations for accuracy and detection. Top geocoding are Google lati-tude/longi-tude points, with the formulas and Maps Geocoding (Table 1). code fragments for implementing them. All these formulas are for calculations on the basis of a According to the review, it identified all spherical earth (ignoring ellipsoidal effects) which is platforms are almost same, but the difference is the accurate enough for most purposes. In fact, the earth description of evaluation for each geocoder. From is very slightly ellipsoidal; using a spherical model the reviews done, most of the website selected three gives errors typically up to 0.3%. tops software which is QGIS, ArcGIS and Google Map. This three selected online geocoding service is 3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS exploring and evaluate based on criteria of accuracy, timeliness, detection and cost. 3.1 Existing Freely Online Geocoding for Disease 3.3 Comparative Analysis of Selected Online Mapping There are several geocoding services available both Geocoding Capabilities for Disease Mapping of paid and free. The list some of the best geocoder or address matchers from the three trusted website (3 Tuberculosis sources) is study to get the best 10 then finally find The capabilities of the selected free and open three best geocoder to test the functionality based on software is evaluated in this part. The selected the accuracy, detection, time and cost required. software is evaluated based on coverage (detection), Based on website 1, describe that seven free quality (accuracy), speed (time) and cost. The geocoding API. This website compares the geocoder procedure of each software (ArcGIS Online, Google on features, speed and limits. For geocoder timing, Map and QGIS) can refer to appendices. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 78 Table 1: List of the services Service License Description ArcGIS Online Free and Open Source 1,000,000/month Quantum QGIS Free Location-weighting unknown Google Maps Free Google Map only 2,500/day HERE Maps Geocoding Free OpenStreetMap has no limits US Census Geocoder Bing Location API Free 2,500/day MapQuest Geocoding API Free 10,000 per day CloudMade Geocoding Free Pitney Bowes Geocoding Free Only for United State area OpenAddresses GeoLocated Free 125,000/year 15,000/month Location weighting Test area 100,000/month Storing geocodes 30 days Location-weighting unknown 5000/day 3.3.1 Coverage (Detection) what data the geocoding service used. Different Match rate was lowest (53%) when using QGIS address-matching sensitivity setting built into the geocoding service (Table 2). The other two geocoder may produce different positional geocoding services retrieved most of the geocodes placements. Therefore, manually cleaned the (97% - 100%). After checking one by one, by using addresses for this study prior to geocoding. ArcGIS Online all 30 addresses dot point are still in Although geocoded the same addresses that had the area (Kuching, Sarawak). Using Google Map the been cleaned, it likely impacted the geocoding 29 dot points are still in the area. finding. For example, in QGIS before cleaned the result have 7 matched addresses from 30 address. Table 2: Address matched After cleaned, 9 locations are added in address matched that result 16 from 7 address matched that Software / Services Addresses Match Rate not clean. ArcGIS Online Matched 100 % 3.3.2 Quality (Accuracy) Google Maps 30/30 97 % Based on the result, only 15 addresses can be 29/30 53 % decoded with all the geocoding services (ArcGIS, QGIS 16/30 QGIS and Google Maps). The distance between the locations provide by the three differences services While by using QGIS only 16 dot point are still in (Table 3) were compared based on the dot of the area. In terms of coverage, Google Maps, and location. The average distance between a pair of ArcGIS Online (using Google map has higher geocodes from difference service is larger when coverage. OpenStreetMap (in QGIS), on the other comparing geocodes from Google Maps and QGIS hand has a very poor coverage, there are instances (Table 4). In other word, similarity was lowest where many important places such as hospital, between geocodes from Google Maps and QGIS. government buildings, parks and other will be While a number of studies have evaluated the missing from the map and the individual will have geocodes produced by Google much less research to edit to include the missing places. Google map is has evaluated the geocodes produced by several of very detailed in its coverage down to smallest streets these alternative software packages. Since the and shops. In website categories, Google map is also accuracy of geocodes in part depends on the quality ahead of OpenStreetMap in many categories of the street reference maps used to generate the including business and more than 200 other coordinates. The actual geographic location of each categories. Google and OpenStreetMap (in QGIS) address can be determined through global use crowdsourcing to collect data. OpenSteetMap is positioning system (GPS). This is should the a volunteered power organization and Google map standard for accuracy, but this was not a central maker also collects data from the crowd. Therefore, focus of the study. the base map data used by different geocoding services at any point may vary in quality and completeness. Thus, it is important to also document International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 79 Table 3: The distance of two difference geocode Address QGIS to ArcGIS Online Distance (km) QGIS to Google Maps Address 1 0.320 ArcGIS Online with 0.177 Address 2 0.062 0.138 Address 3 0.415 Google Maps 0.416 Address 5 0.413 0.151 0.193 Address 6 0.271 0.772 5.126 Address 7 0.157 0.004 0.144 Address 8 1.653 0.241 1.036 Address 9 0.135 5.362 2.155 Address 11 1.034 0.014 7.408 Address 12 0.699 0.943 0.764 Address 13 0.209 2.170 0.255 Address 14 4.449 8.133 4.473 Address 15 6.127 0.066 7.249 Address 16 0.199 0.050 0.255 Address 18 7.284 0.074 7.256 1.383 0.062 0.029 Table 4: Average distance (km) of geocodes between geocoding services ArcGIS Online ArcGIS Online QGIS Google Maps QGIS - - - - - Google Maps 1.562 - 1.297 2.469 Table 5: Time processing for 30 address location-matching Software / Services Time Comment ArcGIS Online Less than 5 second Fast Google Maps Less than 30 second QGIS More than 1 minute Medium Slow 3.3.3 Speed (Time) 12-month period. This annual fee allows for the Time processing for each service is recorded, three- home use or personal use of the ArcGIS suite of GIS time processing for each service to find the average software along with its most popular extensions. of the time required to do address-matching process. The fastest time processing is ArcGIS Online, then Though Google Map is free, there are certain google Maps and slowest is QGIS (Table 5). The charges incurred when one makes use of Google time consuming is based on the networking that mapping services. There is the cost of privacy in used while processing. In maintaining the addition to not being able to control whatever is consistency of data, processing is done at the same displayed on the map. OpenStreetMap on the other speed of network and same the desktop. hand, always will be free to users, developers and companies. 3.3.4 Cost 3.4 GIS Mapping and Geocoding Applications There are many geocoding services available, but The ArcGIS has seen much use in spatial analytics they all have a limitation. In QGIS the address is and modelling in different perspectives and is one of geocode using web service OpenStreetMap and not the most advanced and reliable geospatial analytical using Google because of the license of API key that tools available (Figure 3). However, QGIS, an open- need to buy and the limit of use. Because of this source GIS tool, has become very popular in the research want to find the best service or software field of geospatial analytics. In this study, QGIS is with less cost, therefore OpenStreetMap (in QGIS) used to plot geocoded locations on a map using is preferred. Open Street Map or Nominatim that QGIS version 3.10.1 for the Windows environment. used for geocoding in QGIS is extremely user Within the QGIS environment, the open layers friendly and does not have these restrictions. plugin provides options for selecting Google Maps ArcGIS Online is available for personal use through and OSM as base maps on which to plot geocoded a free public account or organization-wide through locations (Figure 4). an annual subscription. The license costs $100 for a International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 80 These locations were plotted on OSM only. Google Figure 5: Geocoding of TB using Google Maps Maps, a freeware virtual globe, map, and geographical information program that offers 4. CONCLUSION various mapping facilities and that is one of the In conclusion, although this study indicates that most reliable geocoding tools available, was also positional differences between the three geocoding used to investigate the locational accuracy (Figure methods examined exist, the differences found with 5). Google maps has a street view option. QGIS is ArcGIS and were minimal and most addresses were an open source software and it is easy to access as placed only a short distance apart. Although future compared to commercial software ArcGIS. research should compare the positional difference of Although a continuous development of plugins services to criterion measures of longitude/latitude in QGIS but at the present time it is not as much for example with GPS measurement. But this developed as ArcGIS is. QGIS has less processing geocoding service is a free and powerful alternative time and better rendering capabilities. when geocoding addresses, a much relevant task for healthcare official or health researchers and Prior to conducting GIS and spatial analyses, practitioners with limited experience in this field. health researchers and practitioners often need to The result can be utilised as a rough guideline for geocode address-based data and many do so “in- finding a service that meets the needs of an house”. However, with more user-friendly, geocoding services available, the more user- application. It is also suggested that the study can friendly, geocoding services available, the important decisions regarding geocoding sensitivity may be include some respondent among the expert whose hidden from the user (which might not be people already used and experience in all this three identifiable to a non-specialist) and the geocodes software to know the other perspective of view for obtained may be inaccurate (which can lead to the software capabilities. substantial exposure misclassification). Figure 3: Geocoding of TB using ArcGIS Online ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) and Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor for providing Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) 600- IRMI/FRGS 5/3 (093/2019). The research is registered in the National Medical Research Register, Malaysia (ID: NMR R -15-2499-24207). The authors are also thankful to the Ministry of Health Malaysia for providing TB datasets used in this study. Figure 4: Geocoding of TB using QGIS International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 81 REFERENCES Hurley, S. E., Saunders, T. M., Nivas, R., Hertz, A. Abdul Rasam, A. R., Shariff, N. M. and Dony, J. F., and Reynold, P., 2003. Post Office Box 2016, Identifying High-Risk Populations of Tuberculosis Using Environmental Factors and Addresses. A challenge for Geographic GIS Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method. The International Archives of the Information System-Based Studies. Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Epidemiology, Vol. 14, 386-391. Information Science, Vol. XLII-4/W1, 9-13. Krieger, N., 2003a, Place, Space, and Health: GIS DOI:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W1-9-2016 Abdul Rasam, A. R. Mohd Shariff, N., Dony, J. and and Epidemiology. Epidemiology, Vol. 14, 384- Ling, O. H. L., 2020, Local Spatial Knowledge 385. for Eliciting Risk Factors and Disease Mapping of Tuberculosis Epidemics. Environment- Krieger, N., Waterman, P. D., Chen, J. T, Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(SI2), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.218-34/ebpj.v5iSI2.2522 Soobader, M. J. and Subramanian, S. V., 2003b, Azewan, M. D. H and Abdul Rasam, A. R., 2020, Disease Mapping and Health Analysis Using Monitoring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G): An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Sexually Transmitted Infection, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis. In: Alias N., Yusof R. (eds) Charting the Sustainable Future of ASEAN in and Violence: Geocoding and Choice of Area- Science and Technology (Springer, Singapore). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3434-8_43 Based Socioeconomic Measures – The Public Fortney, J., Rost, K. and Warren, J., 2000, Comparing Alternative Methods Measuring Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). Geographic Access to Health Services. Health Public Health Reports, Vol. 118, 240-260. Services & Outcomes Research Methodology, Moore, D. A. and Carpenter, T. E., 1999, Spatial Vol. 1, 173-84. Goldberg, D. W., 2011, Advances in Geocoding Analytical Methods and Geographic Information Research and Practice. Transactions in GIS, Vol.15, 727-733. Systems: Use in Health Research and Epidemiology. Epidemiologic Reviews, Vol. 21, 143-61. Rasam, A. R. A., Shariff, N. M., Dony, J. F. and Omar, D., 2019, Sociospatial risk assessment of human-environment-tuberculosis interactions in rural-urban settings. Malaysian Construction Research Journal, 8(3 Special issue), 177–187. Roongpiboonsopit, D. and Karami, H. A., 2010, Comparative Evaluation and Analysis of Online Geocoding Services. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 24, 1081-1100. Sood, G., Shipra and Soni, R., 2016, Comparative Study: Proprietary Software vs. Open Source Software. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 4(11), 19032-19038. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRCCE.2016. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 82 LEADER SELECTION MODEL OF SOCIAL LEARNING Napa Rachata1,2 1School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Phayao, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] 2Research Unit of Spatial Innovation Development, School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Phayao, Thailand ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are chronic diseases causing serious morbidness and lifelessness. Unluckily, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension have a high-risk presence of cardiovascular complications. A Leader is an important person of social learning because the leader can provide valuable inspiration and knowledge to support a better quality of life for their community. Therefore, patients can prevent themselves not to have complications with the presence of the leader. For these reasons, this paper proposes a leader selection model of social learning among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension for preventing cardiovascular complications by using social network analysis. The proposed leader is expected that she/he is a role model who provides the ideal healthcare practice for other patients. They can learn healthcare practice from the leader for managing themselves appropriately throughout their healthcare journey. This proposed model is proved with 121 patients in areas with high-risk patients. The experimental results show that the proposed leader has been widely accepted among the patients' social learning. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular Complications, Leader Selection, Social Learning, Social Network Analysis, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension 1. INTRODUCTION they are likely to imitate and apply to their Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are chronic behaviours (Petrin, 2017). diseases (CDs) and the number one health problem of death worldwide. They take an estimated 17.9 The leader is one of the important skills that are million people in 2016 and are expected to increase the ability to influence, improve, and rally people in to 23.6 million in 2030 (WHO, 2017). Diabetes a community to move toward the achievement of mellitus (DM) is one of four main types of CDs that goals (Morgan, 2020). The patients thus can prevent kill 1.5 million people in 2019 (WHO, 2021). The themselves not to have complications with the majority of patients with DM have type 2 diabetes presence of the leader. For leader selection, many mellitus (T2DM). Most patients with T2DM have works have proposed mainly frequency and volume died from CVDs (Sowers et al., 2001). The dead of the participation, multi-criteria decision making, patients with T2DM have been attributed to and network position. One of the methods is visible hypertension due to it will make diabetes getting and simple for selecting the leader, which is the CVDs faster (Sowers et al., 2001 and Campbell et social network analysis (SNA) method. SNA is a al., 2011). Therefore, if the patients have T2DM and network position that presents structural patterns hypertension, the patients will have a high risk of and information in team relationships among having cardiovascular complications. interacting units (members and leaders). This method is used in various proposes (Temdee et al., Social learning is a learning process based on 2006, Sutanto et al., 2011 and Knaub et al., 2018). people observe attitudes, behaviours, and consequences of those others' behaviours through Therefore, this paper proposes a leader selection their community interaction (Bandura, 2001 and model of social learning among patients with type 2 Reed et al., 2010). People can learn new behaviours diabetes mellitus and hypertension for preventing and probably leads to attitudes or behaviours cardiovascular complications by using social changing later on. Hence, they can learn new network analysis. positive behaviours, that is the desired outcome, and International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 83 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Averagely Close to Other Patients The research methodology of this paper is presented The leader should be position averagely close to in Figure 1 which includes data gathering, model many other patients to reach other patients quickly. construction, and model validation. Lies between Many Unconnected Data Gathering The leader should be position lies between many Frequency and volume of sharing unconnected patients. Many of the communication between unconnected patients present their and learning engagement influence. Accordingly, there is a high chance to connect those patients. Model Construction SNA method 2.2.2 Measurements of SNA Method Degree of Centrality The degree of centrality proposes the leader's level of popularity in the community. The leader should be has a high degree of centrality. In this paper, the degree of centrality as the following equation: Model Validation ∑ Equation 1 Acceptance evaluation where: = degree of a patient Figure 1: Research methodology ∑ = total degree of an patient (total connections) 2.1 Data Gathering The gathered data is an extension of the proposed Closeness paper in Rachata et al., (2018). Data consisted of the Closeness proposes the patient's closeness to the frequency of sharing and learning engagement and other patients in the community. Leaders are central the volume of sharing and learning engagement. if they can interact quickly with others, so they Besides, data were gathered with 121 patients with should be team patients with high closeness. This T2DM and hypertension in areas with high-risk ensures that information reaches the majority of patients of Chiang Rai province for four months by team patients quickly. In this paper, the closeness as using the mobile application. the following equation: 2.2 Model Construction 1 Equation 2 The model construction used the SNA method for ∑∈ , modeling leader selection of social learning among patients with T2DM and hypertension for where: , = shortest path between a paitent (i) preventing cardiovascular complications. and a patient (j) 2.2.1 Network Positions = set of all patients There are three major network positions used for selecting the leader. Moreover, this network position = total number of patients focuses on an undirected network. Betweenness Centrality Betweenness proposes the patient who has been The leader should be the position center in the between many unconnected patients. So, the leader network. This position presents the leader has the should have a betweenness with a high value. In this highest interest and behaviour may be desired. paper, the closeness as the following equation: 2 12 Equation 3 International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 84 where: Patient Measurements at the end of = number of shortest paths between j and k ID. four months through i = number of the shortest paths between j and k 05 D(i) C(i) B(i) L(i) V(i) 06 0.34 0.98 0.15 1.05 1 = total number of nodes (patients) 07 0.42 2.44 0.00 2.48 1 08 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.34 0 Thus, the proposed leader selection as following 09 0.34 0.81 0.00 0.88 1 equation: 10 0.34 0.00 0.15 0.37 0 0.88 0.81 2.74 2.99 3 Equation 4 4. CONCLUSION This paper proposes a leader selection model of where: = degree of centrality social learning among patients with type 2 diabetes = closeness mellitus and hypertension for preventing cardiovascular complications by using social B i = betweenness network analysis. Data are gathered with 121 patients in areas with high-risk patients of Chiang Finally, the leader is who has the maximum value. Rai province for four months based on the mobile application. The experimental results show that the 2.3 Model Validation proposed leader has been widely accepted among The model validation is to confirm with measuring the patients' social learning. The future work will be how much patients agree on results of leader focusing on the increasing number of patient cases selection, that is number of leadership votes and the number of periods to achieve more precise received. The proposed paper is proved with 121 leader selection. Moreover, monitoring of social patients with T2DM and hypertension in Chiang Rai learning with the presence of the leader and role province for four months. model is a consideration. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES For example, Table 1 shows social learning network data at the end of four months. These data consist of Bandura, A., 2001, Social Cognitive theory: An other patients learn from a patient (D(i)), a patient Agentic Perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol, Vol. shares to other patients (C(i)), known and unknown 52(1), 1-26. patient in the community (B(i)), leader selection (L(i)), and the number of votes received (V(i)). The Campbell, N. R. C., Gilbert, R. E., Leiter, L. A., experimental results present that patient ID 10 is the Larochelle, P., Tobe, S., Chockalingam, A., leader because s/he has the maximum value of Ward, R., Morris, D., Tsuyuki, R. T. and Harris, leader selection (L = 2.99). Moreover, the proposed S. B., 2011, Hypertension in People with Type 2 leader has been widely accepted among the patients' Diabetes Update on Pharmacologic social learning because s/he received the most votes Management. CFP, Vol. 57(9), 997-1002. from their community (Vi = 3 patients from 10 patients). Accordingly, the proposed patient ID 10 is Knaub, A. V., Henderson, C. and Fisher, K. Q., expected that she/he is a role model who provides 2018, Finding the Leaders: an Examination of the ideal healthcare practice for other patients and Social Network Analysis and Leadership accord to the results of frequency of engagement in Identification in STEM Education Rachata et al., (2018). Change. International Journal of STEM Education, Vol. 5(1), 1-14. Table 1: Example results of SNA method for selecting the leader Morgan, J., 2020, What is leadership, and who is a leader?. https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2- Patient Measurements at the end of 020/01/06/what-is-leadership-and-who-is-a- ID. leader/. four months 01 Petrin, R., 2017, What is Social Learning?. 02 D(i) C(i) B(i) L(i) V(i) http://www.managementmentors.com/about/corp 03 0.42 0.81 0.24 0.94 1 orate-mentoring-matters-blog/bid/52304/what- 04 0.00 1.64 0.00 1.64 1 is-social-learning. 0.54 2.44 0.29 2.52 2 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.34 0 International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

Rachata, N., Szabó, Z. and Temdee, P., 2018, P a g e | 85 Myhealth: Mobile Application Supporting social learning among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Sutanto, J., Tan, C. H., Battistini, B. and Phang, C. Mellitus and Hypertension. International W., 2011, Emergent Leadership in Virtual Journal of Applied, Vol. 11(2). 6-15. Collaboration Settings: A Social Network Analysis Approach. Long Range Planning, Vol. Reed, M. S., Evely, A. C., Cundill, G., Fazey, L., 44(5-6), 421-439. Glass, J., Laing, A., Newig, J., Parrish, B., Prell, C., Raymond, C. and Stringer, L. C., 2010, What Temdee, P., Thipakorn, B., Sirinaovakul, B. and is social learning?. Ecol. Soc., Vol. 15(4). 1-10, Schelhowe, H., April 2006, Of Collaborative DOI:10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01. Learning Team: An Approach for Emergent Leadership Roles Identification by Using Social Sowers, J. R., Epstein, M. and Frohlich, E. D., 2001, Network Analysis. In International Conference Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: an Update. AHA Journals: on Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Hypertension, Vol. 37(4), 1053-1059. Entertainment, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 745-754. World Health Organization, 2017, Cardiovascular Diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds). World Health Organization, 2021, Diabetes. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/diabetes International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 86 SURVEY OF HEALTH INFORMATION PERCEPTION ON SMARTPHONE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AMONG ELDERLY PEOPLE Kantapong Prabsangob and Luckwirun Chotisiri College of Allied Health Science, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The ability to access and understand health information of the majority of elderly was low and correlated with the elderly's self-care behavior. The objective of this study was to survey health information perception on smartphone and usage for health promotion among elderly people. 40 participants from Phetpraram Community and Praram 9 BoH 3 were interviewed about the perception and usage of health information on smartphone for health promotion. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency and percentile. It was revealed that the majority of the participants were female (62.5%). Most of them were less than 63 years old (55.0%). The majority of them had the highest education level at elementary (80.0%) and had congenital disease (87.5%). Most of them took care themselves (87.5%) and used smartphones for general communication (62.5%). The elderly’s perception and usage of health information on smartphone for health promotion were low. Therefore, improving the ability of elderly people in perception of health information on smartphone may help improve the elderly’s self-care behavior. Health information preferences for all people towards the clinical trial in the future should be observed. A functioning system application on smartphone and adherence to intervention also followed. KEYWORDS: Health Information, Smartphone, Health Promotion, Elderly 1. INTRODUCTION refers to decisions and actions that an individual can In Thailand, people who are over the age of 60 are take to cope with a health problem or to improve his defined as an 'elderly' or older person. Elderly or her health (Mcgowan, 2002)There are four people are vulnerable. Old Age and the aging dimensions of self-care including physical process are of course a biological reality which has dimension, prevented complication dimension, its own dynamic, largely beyond our control. treatment dimension, and psychosocial dimension Awareness of ageing among middle-aged and old (Orem, 1991). age people refers to the ways they envisage the ageing process and, by extension, experience their A smartphone is a communication tool with own changeover to old age. Aging is not a various operating systems, easy to use, easy to distasteful experience and disagree with the lay understand, two-way communication, ability to see belief that ageing is a negative process because it pictures and to listen to the sound at the same time. leads to old age and its consequent physical, mental, According to the events that occurred in the current social and economic deterioration. Very old age situation clearly makes more than 80 percent of the (over age 80) is a particular risk factor for poor public's needs to communicate and share knowledge health literacy. Data suggest that this increased (Thepmanee, 2020). At the same time, it was found vulnerability is the result of decreased efficiency in that an increase in the number of older people over information processing, declines in working 700,000 people (Phuthong and Mangsungnern, memory function, and difficulty remembering 2017). The development of a wireless context or learning, all of which can create communication system for smartphones effects on confusion. Older adults may have problems when the perception of information quickly and the facing new medical issues as they have to learn perception of health information of the general about a new disease or disorder and make complex public, especially the elderly. Currently, the use of decisions about treatments. These tasks may tax the smart phones are increasing among the elderly. capabilities of a declining cognitive system. Self- From previous researchs, it was found that the care behavior, a key concept in health promotion, elderly had low levels of access, understanding and International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 87 utilization of health information (Prabsuk et al., to read health information and participate in 2015 and 2018) and the ability to access and activities according to a list of designated hospitals understand health information were related to self- at least once a week for 12 weeks. Frequency up to care behaviors of the elderly (Prabmechai and 2 days per week means low level of health Prabsangob, 2016, Prabsangob, 2017 and perception. Frequency 3-4 days per week means a Prabsangob et al., 2018). Therefore, studies on the moderate level of health perception. Frequency 5-7 perception of health information via smartphones days a week means a high level of health perception. should provide a greater understanding of the behavior of using smartphones in promoting the Data collection was scheduled for collection on health of the elderly. 8-15 January 2020 by a team of researchers in collaboration with the 25 Huai Khwang Health 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Center, Bangkok. Forty participants were The objective of this study was to survey health interviewed by using the questionnaires. Data were information perception on smartphone and usage for analyzed by using a ready-made data analysis health promotion among elderly people. program. Personal information was analyzed by enumerating the frequency, percentage, mean and 3. METHODOLOGY standard deviation. The perceived health Research design was a survey research in the area of information was analyzed by finding the mean and Health Service Center 25 Huai Khwang and Public standard deviation. Ethical approval was attained Health Center, Health Office, Bangkok using Phet from the Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University Phra Ram community and the Rama 9 Bo 3 Institutional Review Board on human rights (COA. community. 1-003/2020), prior to commencing the study. The participants completed consent forms before the Population and sample were selected by using program began. Furthermore, all participants the properties of the sample. They were male and received information about the research program, female, healthy persons, or had at least one chronic and the consent form specified that participants non-communicable disease with a diagnosis from a could withdraw at any time with no effect on their doctor. They were provided treatment, regular receipt of healthcare services from the hospital. The monitoring and had the right to receive medical confidentiality of the patients and healthcare treatment under the service area of the 25 Huai personnel was respected. Khwang Public Health Center. They also had a smartphone ready to use, voluntarily and willing to 4. RESULTS join the project. It was revealed that the majority of the participants were female (62.5%). Most of them were less than A questionnaire was used to collect data. The 63 years old (55.0%) and had a marital status as researcher used a self-made questionnaire to married. The majority of them had the highest conduct a preliminary survey. The questionnaires education level at elementary (80.0%) and had were reviewed and revised according to opinions of congenital disease (87.5%). Most of them took care 3 experts, consisting of questionnaire validity, the themselves (87.5%) and used smartphones for consistency between the question and the objective general communication (62.5%). Their average or content (IOC). IOC was between 0.5 and 1.0 daily use of a smartphone was mostly less than 6 (Reungtrakul, 2008). Content validity and hours (55.0 %) as shown in Table 1. The elderly’s determination of content validity (Reliability) by perception and usage of health information on using the alpha coefficient formula (Cronbach smartphone for health promotion were low as shown alpha), details are as follows. Content validity check in Table 2. by sending to 3 community health nursing experts to 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION review, update, edit each item. Eliminate irrelevant The result that participants from Phetpraram questions and add questions to be consistent with the Community and Praram 9 BoH 3 Bangkok, objectives, covered by course descriptions and Thailand had low perception and usage of health additional commentary by the calibration specialist. information on smartphone for health promotion Reliability was determined by using the alpha may be because of their old age and low education. coefficient formula (Cronbach alpha). The This was in accordance with Schillinger et al., questionnaire from the corrected accuracy check (2002) and Nutbeam (2008) which had proven that was used to experiment with 30 people of similar limited health literacy is common in low-educated elderly patients. urban samples and obtained an alpha coefficient of 0.76. Perception of health knowledge according to the designated hospital was a question of how often International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 88 Table1: Demographic information of 40 samples Characteristic Number (%) 1. Gender 15 (37.5) - Male 25 (62.5) - Female 22 (55.0) 2. Age rage 11 (45.0) - Less than 63 year old - 63 year old and more 7 (17.5) 23 (57.5) 3. Average age 10 (25.0) - \"̅ = 63.0, S.D. = 9.8 3 (7.5) - Max = 79 ys., Min = 46 ys. 32 (80.0) 5 (15.0) 4. Marital status - Single 35 (87.5) - Maried 5 (12.5) - Divorced/ Separated 25 (62.5) 5. Education background 15 (33.5) - Lower than primary school - Primary school 21 (55.0) - Secondary school and above 19 (45.0) 6. Health status - Have congenital disease - Have no congenital disease 7. Smartphone usage - General communication - Social media 8. Average daily use smartphone - Less than 6 hours - 6 hours and more Table 2: Perception and usage of health information on smartphone for health promotion of 40 samples Health information on smartphone Level Low 1. Taking information through a smartphone screen as a guideline to take care of your health. Low 2. Being aware of various health information from general advertising or Low someone. Low 3. Always spending free time searching for health knowledge through Low smartphone. Low 4. Receiving news through smartphones about medical benefits. Low 5. Using medical information from smartphone to take care of your health. Low 6. Acknowledging that health news on smartphone helps use the 3 principles Low to promote health. Low 7. Receiving health news from a reputable person such as a personal doctor and medical personnel. 8. Participating in health activities by inviting them on the trusted application of a healthcare facility. 9. Knowing various health information. on applications of public hospitals such as Chulalongkorn Hospital, Siriraj Hospital, Ramathibodi Hospital, etc. 10. Being aware of various health information on applications generally without specific. According to the study of Prabsangob et al., (2018), Thai society respects seniority. Younger persons elderly patients want to communicate with others should respect older persons. In hospitals, there are who are willing to listen to their problem and young doctors and nurses who take care of diabetic willingly help them. Therefore, they may not like to patients who are much older. The way doctors and use smartphone for health promotion. Conversely, nurses tell the patients to follow their instructions International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 89 strictly may cause dissatisfaction and reaction from Prabmechai, N. and Prabsangob, K., 2016, these old patients who may feel disrespected. This Relationships of Health Literacy and Self-Care may make elderly patients prefer using smartphone Behavior Among Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes. for health promotion. The elderly’s perception and usage of health information on smartphone for Proceedings of 81st the IIER International health promotion were low. Therefore, improving Conference Saint Petersburg, Russia. 108-112. the ability of elderly people in perception of health Prabsangob, K., Somsuk, S. and Sriboon, A., 2015, information on smartphone may help improve the elderly’s self-care behavior. Health information Relationship of Health Distinction and preferences for all people towards the clinical trial in the future should be observed. A functioning Demographic Characteristics of Non-Insulin system application on smartphone and adherence to intervention also followed. Dependent Diabetic Patients (Type 2 diabetes) in Ban Pong District Ratchaburi Province. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS National Symposium Suan Sunandha Rajabhat The researcher would like to thank the Research and University. 1011 -1024. (In Thai). Development Institute, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat Prabsangob, K., 2017, Health Literacy and Health University, Bangkok, Thailand for its financial Behavior among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A support. Qualitative Study. Proceedings of International REFERENCES Conference on Management, Economics & Social Science Conference Los Angeles, USA. 9 Mcgowan, P., 2002, Self-Care – 12. Behavior. Encyclopedia of Public Health. Prabsangob, K., Somrongthong, R. and Kumar, R., Retrieved June 22, 2016 from 2018, Health Literacy among Thai Elderly Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.co Population with Type-2 Diabetes Living in Rural m/doc/1G2-3404000770.html. Area of Thailand. Pak. J. Public Health. Vol. 8(1): 27- 31. Nutbeam, D., 2000, Health Literacy as a Public Reungtrakul, A., 2008, Technical Creating Health Goal: A Challenge for Contemporary Research Tools. [Powerpoint presentation] Health Education and Communication Strategies Retrieved from http://mcu.ac.th/site/articlecon- into the 21st Century. Health Promotion tent_desc.php?article_- International, Vol. 15(3):259-267. id=656&articlegroup_id=146. Schillinger, D., Grumbach, K., Piette, J., Wang, F., Orem, D. E., 1991, Nursing: Concepts of Practice Osmond, D., Daher, C., Palacios, J., Sullivan, D. (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. G. and Bindman, B. A. 2002, Association of Health Literacy with Diabetes Outcomes. Phuthong, T. and Mungsungnern, N., 2017, Factors American Medical Association, Vol. 288: 475- Influencing Intention to Accept Telephone 482. Health Service Mobile of the elderly. Veridian Thepmanee, M., 2020, Political Communication and E-Journal, Silpakorn University (Humanities, the Role of the Ministry of Information Social Sciences and arts), Vol. 10(3), 548-566. Technology and Communication in the Use of (In Thai). Media Online Society for the Development of Thai democracy in the Period 2008- 2015. Journal of Rangsit Graduate Studies in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 6(1), 1-16. (In Thai). ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ETLINGERA PAVIEANA RHIZOME EXTRACT COMBINED WITH International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 90 TERMINALIA CATAPPA LEAVES EXTRACT Papawee Sookdee,1 Kingkan Iamnet,1 Supakaneewan Khanunthong1 and Rathapon Asasutjarit2 1Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, College of Allied Health Sciences. Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand, E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of the Antioxidant activity, Total Phenolic Content and Cytotoxic activity of 95% ethanolic extract of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.Sm Rhizome combined with Terminalia catappa L. Leaves. E. pavieana ethanolic extract combined with T. catappa ethanolic extract (ETE) was evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging assay with total phenolic content by using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Cytotoxicity of ETE was measured by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on Human forehead fibroblast cell, (HFF-1) cell line.ETE showed antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 5.38 ± 2.39 µg/mL with quantification of the phenolic 171.50±3.69 mgGAE/g. Cytotoxicity activity of HFF cell revealed that percentages of cell viability were more than 70% at every concentration.ETE exhibits potent antioxidant activity which was correlated with total phenolic content and nontoxic toward the normal skin cell in the in vitro study. Thus, ETE should be continuously developed traditional herbal medicine into the skin product. KEYWORDS: Etlingera pavieana, Terminalia catappa, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity 1. INTRODUCTION antioxidants can help counteract this oxidative stress Antioxidants are used as foods to prevent oxidative to neutralize the effects of reactive oxygen species. damage and are also used as a dietary supplement to (Lobo et al., 2010). counteract the side effects of oxidative stress (Shahidi, 2015). As the body ages, antioxidant Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) levels will drop by disruption of antioxidants and R.M.Sm. is a plant in the Zingiberaceae pro-oxidant molecules. Then oxidative stress will family, which is the same family as Curcuma longa, replace in scavenging capacity of antioxidants due to reduce antioxidant availability or excessive Boesenbergia pandurate, Zingiber officinale. generation of reactive oxygen species (Mulgund et Rhizomes of E. pavieana has been used a wide al., 2015). variety in Thailand by using in Thai traditional medicine. Essential oils are commonly used as Oxidative often damage proteins caused by the cooking spices from the rhizomes. Moreover, it is action of free radicals, reactive oxygen species used to treat flatulence, carminative, and diuretic. (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species such as The major active compounds are phenylpropanoids. hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, generated in Also, According to Srisook and Srisook , 2019 cells by the mitochondrial respiratory chain found that Rhizomes exhibit anti-inflammatory, (Kowluru et al., 2006). Free radicals have been antioxidant, antiatherogenic, antimicrobial and linked to heart disease, and other inflammatory or anticancer activities. In addition, Ethyl acetate ischemic conditions. Furthermore, free radicals fraction of E. pavieana showed potent inhibitory destroy endothelial cells and increase vascular effect on nitric oxide production in permeability, stimulate adhesive of neutrophil on lipopolysaccharide induced macrophages (Srisook et endothelial cells and increased superoxide al., 2017) Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae) production of an endothelial cell. It can also be frequently found in Southeast Asia, it is commonly inhibited to antiprotease. Therefore, free radicals used as a folk medicine with anti-inflammatory, damage the extracellular matrix and normal cells in anti-diarrhoeal and antioxidant properties the connective tissue. The balance of free radicals (Abiodun et al., 2016). T. catappa has found to and antioxidants are essential for physiological possess various pharmacological properties such as function. If free radicals exceed the body's ability to anti-stress, and antioxidant (Pinelo et al., 2004). The regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress powdered leaf of T. catappa was in ethanol soluble occurs. Therefore, using an external source of fraction showed the presence of saponins, tannins, International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 91 alkaloids reduced sugar, resins and steroids extracts were combined and dried in (Muhammad and Mudi, 2011). T. catappa leaf evaporator Then, each sample was dried in extract has found contains phytochemicals such as evaporator. Percentages of yield were alkaloids, tannins, steroidal glycosides, flavonoids calculated following equation 1. and phenol (Divya and Vijaya Anand, - Determination of the Extraction Yield: The 2014) includes rutin, isoorientin, vitexin, and yields of the extracts based on dry weight were isovitexin, chebulagic acid, punicalagin, punicalin, calculated from the following equation: and terflavins A and B, and triterpenoids (Dikshit (Equation 1) and Samudrasok, 2011). Methanolic extract of T.catappa showed high polyphenic and flavonoid Weight of dry extract content. Besides, it is found that against H2O2- Weight of the starting dry plant material(powder) x100 induced skin damage by inhibiting the protein expression of MMP, AP-1, MAPKs, and COX-2. Equation 1 The result of T. catappa showed that it is suitable for application of skin care products (Huang et al., 2.2 Determination of DPPH Radical Scavenging 2018). The phytochemical screening result showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, resins, Assay saponins, steroids, sugar and tannins in the ethanol The 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, Sigma- extract. Total phenols and flavonoids contents from Aldrich, USA) free radical scavenging activity was the ethanol extract of leaves were found 354.02 and performed as described by Yamasaki et al., (1994). 51.67 mg/g extract (Pandya et al., 2018). Fresh The antioxidant activity of ETE was evaluated by leaves of T.catappa extracted by 80% aqueous DPPH radical scavenging assay. methanol showed EC50 value on DPPH as 38.31 µg/ml and total phenolic content was 3.75 mg, gallic ETE was prepared for testing by dissolving in acid/100 mg (Wasupongpun and Premkaisorn, absolute ethanol (RCI Labscan, Thailand) to obtain 2010). final concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml. The first step, 100 µl of the sample solution was added The previous studies were reported that E. into 96 well plates. Then, 100 µl of 6×10-5 M DPPH pavieana and T. catappa with anti-inflammatory, ( in Absolute ethanol) was added to each well. and and antioxidant activity including showed high total incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The phenolic content. However, E. pavieana ethanolic absorbance was measured at 520 nm by using a extract combined with T. catappa ethanolic extract (ETE) its antioxidant activity, total phenolic content Microplate reader. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, and cytotoxicity activity has not been yet explored. Consequently, the objectives of this investigation Sigma-Aldrich, USA) as a positive standard was were to study antioxidant activity of E. pavieana tested in the same system. The results are reported ethanolic extract combined with T. catappa as mean ± SD of three replicates. Percentage of ethanolic extract (ETE) and total phenolic contents inhibition ( % ) were calculated from the following was evaluated by using a Folin- equation: (Equation 2). EC50 values ( Effective Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Cytotoxicity activity concentration of sample required to scavenge DPPH was determined by using the MTT assay. radical by 50% ) which evaluated from the percentage of inhibition each concentration was calculated by Prism program. Percentage of inhibition calculated from the following equation: 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS [(ODcontrol – ODsample) /ODcontrol] x 100 Equation 2 2.1 Preparation of Crude Extract 95% Ethanol Rhizomes of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) 2.3 Determination of Total Phenolic Content R.M.Sm. and Leaves of Terminalia catappa L. dried Total phenolic content was determined in a hot air oven at 50ºC. Bring dried herbs weighing spectrophotometrically according to Folin-Ciocalteu 100 grams of each herb and crushed. After that, method (Ainsworth and Gillespie, 2007) with some mixed both herbs maceration with 95% ethanol. modification. Gallic acid was used to set up the standard curve. The standard curve of gallic acid - Maceration: In extraction 95% ethanol were used in the maceration. Plants of E. pavieana (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was prepared in 7 ethanolic extract combined with T. catappa ethanolic extract (ETE) were macerated with concentrations by serial dilution (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 95% ethanol for 3 days. Next, filtered and 80, and 100 µg/ml). ETE was prepared for testing by concentrated to dryness under pressure. The maceration was repeated 2 times. Then the International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 92 dissolving in absolute ethanol to obtain final determined at 570 nm by a microplate reader concentrations 1000 µg/ml. (Spectrostar Omega, BMG Labtech, Germany). Percentage of cell viability was calculated using the An aliquot of ETE) 20 μl (was mixed with 100 μl following equation: of Folin-Ciocalteu ’s reagent (LOBA CHEMIE, India) and 80 μl of Sodium carbonate )Na2CO3( [ODsample/ODcontrol] x 100 (Merck, Germany) in 96 well plate .The plate was Equation 3 mixed well and allowed to stand for 30 min to develop color .Absorbance values of the sample ETE was considered to be non-toxic at percent cell were measured at 765 nm . The results were survival > 70 %. ETE was analyzed in triplicates. indicated as milligram of gallic acid equivalents/g of extract (mg GAE/g) obtained from a standard curve 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION of gallic acid. All the samples were analyzed in triplicates. 3.1 Determination of the Extraction Yield The yields of the extracts based on dry weight were 2.4 Determination of Cytotoxicity calculated from the following Equation1. The In vitro assay for Cytotoxic activity by MTT assay percentage yield of ETE prepared by ethanol was ( 3-( 4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) -2,5- 5.99 %. diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Sigma, USA) according to Kim et al., (2018) with some 3.2 Determination of DPPH Radical Scavenging modification on Human forehead fibroblast cell, Assay (HFF-1(ATCC®SCRC-1041™)) cell line. HFF-1 The results show that ETE exhibited strong were cultured in a complete medium, which antioxidant activity, with EC50 value of 5.38 ± 2.39 contained Dulbecco's modified medium (DMEM) µg/ml, whereas the standard BHT showed EC50 and fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA) (10% v/v) and value of 13.01±3.13 µg/ml. ETE had stronger 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Capricorn Scientific antioxidant activity than the standard BHT. GmbH) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. HFF-1 Antioxidant activity EC50 )µg/ml (± SD and cells in DMEM were added to the wells of a 96 well %inhibition by DPPH radical scavenging assay of plate at a density of 104 cells per well. Medium ETE and BHT )n=3( All results were shown in including various concentrations of ETE (10, 30, 50, Table1. The previous study of antioxidant found that 100, and 200 µ g/ ml) were added and further the hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions of incubated for 24 hours. MTT in Dulbecco’s ethanol extract of E. pavieana rhizomes have shown Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Capricorn in vitro antioxidant effects by DPPH Radical Scientific GmbH) was added into each well at a Scavenging assay (Srisook and Srisook, 2011). In final concentration of 5 mg/ ml, followed by addition, Fresh leaves of T. catappa extracted by incubation for 4 hours at 37∘ C. The medium was 80% aqueous methanol showed EC50 value on then removed, and cells were suspended in 100 µl DPPH as 38.31 µg/ml (Wasupongpun and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma, USA) for 10 Premkaisorn, 2010). minutes. The optical density (OD) of each well was Table 1: Antioxidant activity EC50 (µg/ml) ± SD and %inhibition.by DPPH radical scavenging assay of ETE and BHT (n=3) % Inhibition of DPPH ± SD Sample 1 µg/ml 10 µg/ml 50 µg/ml 100 µg/ml EC50 BHT 7.74± 5.42 41.93±8.31 78.85±1.69 81.18±6.22 13.01±3.13 ETE 19.47±17.16 77.66±14.36 93.06±2.25 88.15±6.15 5.38 ± 2.39 3.3 Determination of Total Phenolic Content (y= 0.0055x - 0.0037). The results show that total In this study, total phenolics contents in ETE was phenolics contents from ETE was found calculated from the following regression equation 4 171.50±3.69 mgGAE/g obtained from a standard curve of gallic acid. Calibration curve of standard solution of gallic acid, concentrations from 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 μg/ml. Analysis revealed that total phenolics contents from ETE show a good International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 93 linear correlation with gallic acid (r2 = 0.9996) all 3.4 Determination of Cytotoxicity results are shown in Figure 1. ETE showed a strong ETE was performed by using MTT assay and was according between total phenolic content and their reported as %cell viability of HFF-1cells. The antioxidant activities. According to the previous results shown in Table 2 and Figure2 as percentage studies of E. pavieana found that ethyl acetate cell viability (%CV) indicated that the cells could fraction showed four phenolic compounds, 4- tolerate ETE at various concentrations. Because % methoxycinnamyl alcohol, trans-4methoxy CV of human skin fibroblasts exposed to all sample cinnamaldehyde, 4-methoxycinnamyl p-coumarate, were higher than 80%. and p-coumaric acid were obtained from bioactivity- guided isolation technique (Srisook et al., 2017). 4. CONCLUSION Also, T.catappa leaf extract includes ETE exhibits potent antioxidant activity which was phytochemicals for example alkaloids, tannins, correlated with total phenolic content. The phenolic steroidal glycosides, flavonoids and phenol (Divya components in this extract exhibited antioxidant and Vijaya Anand, 2014). Furthermore, methanolic defense systems. ETE was performed by using MTT extract of T. catappa showed high polyphenic and assay and was reported as %cell viability of HFF-1 flavonoid content exhibits potent antioxidant cells. The results shown indicated that the cells activity (Huang et al., 2018). Total phenols and could tolerate ETE at various concentrations and flavonoids contents from the ethanol extract of nontoxic toward the normal skin cell in the in vitro leaves were found 354.02 and 51.67 mg/g extract, study. These results support the use ETE for should respectively (Pandya et al., 2018). be continuously developed traditional herbal medicine into the skin product. Absorbance 765nm 0.600 y = 0.0055x - 0.0037 0.500 R² = 0.9996 0.400 0.300 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.200 Concentration of Gallic acid (ug/ml) 0.100 0.000 0 Figure 1: Calibration curve of gallic acid (µg/ml) at 765 nm (n=3) Table 2: Percentage cell viability of HFF-1 cells exposed to ETE %Cell viability (mean±SD), (n=3) Sample 10 µg/ml 30 µg/ml 50 µg/ml 100 µg/ml 200 µg/ml ETE 108.24±9.95 123.10±13.19 117.53±8.53 106.83±11.24 96.84±4.69 Percentage of cell 150.00 viability 100.00 50.00 0.00 10 30 50 100 200 Concentrations of ETE(μg/ml) Figure 2: %CV of HFF-1 cells exposed to ETE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat The authors would like to thank College of Allied University for facilitates using equipment. Health Sciences Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University and Department of Pharmaceutical REFERENCES International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 94 Abiodun, O. O., Rodriguez-Nogales, A., Algieri, F., Chapter 25 -The Role of Oxidative Stress in Endome- triosis .In R .R .Watson )Ed ( ., Gomez-Caravaca, A. M., SeguraCarretero, A., Handbook of Fertility, San Diego :Academic Press. 273-281. Utrilla, M. P., Rodriguez-Cabezas, M. E. and Pandya, N .B ., Tigari, P ., Dupadahalli, K ., Kamurthy, H . and Nadendla, R .R ., 2013, Galvez, J, 2016, Antiinflammatory and Antitumor and Antioxidant Status of Terminalia Immunomodulatory Activity of an Ethanolic catappa against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Extract from the Stem Bark of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae): in vitro and in vivo Swiss albino mice. Indian Journal of Evidences. J. Ethnopharmacol, Vol. 192, 309- 319. Pharmacology, Vol. 45(5), 464-469 . Ainsworth, E. A. and Gillespie, K. M., 2007, Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Sineiro, J. and Nunez, M., Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Other 2004, Extraction of Antioxidant Phenolics from Oxidation Substrates in Plant Tissues Using Almond Hulls )Prunus amygdalus (and Pine Sawdust )Pinus pinaster .(Food Chemistry, Vol. Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent. Nature Protocols, Vol. 85(2), 267-273. 2(4), 875-877. Shahidi, F ., 2015, 1-Antioxidants :Principles and Applications .In F .Shahidi )Ed ( ., Handbook of Dikshit, M. and Samudrasok, R. K., 2011, Antioxidants for Food Preservation, Woodhead Nutritional Evaluation of Outer Fleshy Coat of Publishing, 1-14. Terminalia catappa Fruit in Two Srisook, K. and Srisook, E., 2011, Evaluation of Varieties. International Journal of Food Antioxidant Capacity of Fractions from Sciences and Nutrition, Vol. 62(1), 47–51. Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.Sm. Rhizome. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Divya, N . and Vijaya Anand, A ., 2014, Phytochemical Investigation and in Vitro Anti- International Natural Products for Health and Beauty; 16-18 March 2011; Thailand: Chiang Diabetic Activity of Terminalia catappa Leaves . Mai University. Int J of Phyto Pharm, Vol. 4, 132-134. Srisook, E ., Palachot, M ., Mankhong, S . and Srisook, K ., 2017, Anti-inflammatory Effect of Huang, Y- .H ., Wu, P- .Y ., Wen, K- .C ., Lin, C- .Y. Etlingera pavieana )Pierre ex Gagnep (.R.M.Sm . Rhizomal Extract and Its Phenolic Compounds and Chiang, H-.M., 2018, Protective Effects and in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages . Pharmacognosy magazine, Vol. 13(50), Mechanisms of Terminalia catappa L . DOI:10.4103/pm.pm_558_16. Methenolic Extract on Hydrogen-Peroxide- Srisook, K. and Srisook, E., 2019, Pharmacological Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Activities and Phytochemicals of Etlingera Fibrobl. BMC complementary and Alternative pavieana )Pierre ex Gagnep (R .M .Sm. Medicine, Vol. 18(1)1-9. Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals Kim, J ., Shin, Y. K . and Kim, K. Y ., 2018, of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep), 1-12,. Wasupongpun, W . and Premkaisorn, P ., 2010, Promotion of Keratinocyte Proliferation by Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Eleven Thai Medicinal Herbs .SWU Sci. J., Vol. 26(1), Tracheloside through ERK1 /2 1-38. Yamasaki, K., Hashimoto, A., Kokusenya, Y., Stimulation. Evidence-Based Complementary Miyamoto, T. and Sato, T., 1994, Electrochemical Method for Estimating the and Alternative Medicine, 1-5. Antioxidative Effects of Methanol Extracts of Crude Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). Vol. Kowluru, R .A., Atasi, L. and Ho, Y-.S., 2006, Role 42(8), 1663-1665. of Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 47(4), 1594-1599 . Lobo, V ., Patil, A ., Phatak, A . and Chandra, N ., 2010, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Functional Foods :Impact on Human Health . Pharmacognosy reviews, Vol. 4(8), 118-126 . Muhammad, A. and Mudi, S., 2011, Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Terminalia catappa, Leaf Extracts . Biokemistri, Vol. 23(1), 35- 39. Mulgund, A ., Doshi, S . and Agarwal, A ., 2015, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SKIN CARE LOTION CONTAINING HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM ESSENTIAL OIL International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 95 Rattana Panriansaen, Nustha Kitprathaung and Chopaka Janthum Program of Aesthetic Health Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Thailand, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to study of antioxidant activity by DPPH method and to develop skin care lotion that containing Hedychium Coronarium essential oils. The tuber of Hedychium Coronarium were sliced and oven until dried. Essential oils extracted from dried tuber by water distillation for 5 -8 hours. Hedychium Coronarium essential oils was examined for the antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay method compared with vitamin E. The IC50 values of vitamin E and Hedychium Coronarium essential oils were of 2.485 and 4.054 μg/ml respectively. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent using the garlic standard curve. The phenolic content of Hedychium Coronarium essential oil was 13.013 μg/ml. Hedychium Coronarium essential oils were developed to skin care lotion in the percentage of concentration at 1, 3 and 5 . All three formulas were tested for physical properties and stability of the product using heating cooling cycle. The pH value of formula 1 , 2 and 3 were 5 . 6 5 , 5 . 9 6 and 5 . 3 0 respectively. All formula were not separated and unchanged texture. There were not any cause irritations after testing in 15 volunteers. The moisture content and the satisfaction was measured before and after used. The results were analyzed by Paired T-test statistics. It was concluded that the skin hydration was significantly increased (P <0 .0 5 ) after using all formula. The level of satisfaction all formula were at very satisfied. KEYWORDS: Hedychium Coronarium, Antioxidant, DPPH Method, Essential Oil 1. INTRODUCTION products made from natural ingredients. By herbs Hedychium coronarium commonly called white that will be developed is that Hedychium ginger lily or garland flower, is perhaps native to the coronarium essential oils obtained from the Himalayas but it has been widely cultivated in rhizomes. Hedychium coronarium essential oils are tropical Asia. A stout, strongly aromatic, perennial clear liquid and light yellow. A unique strong smell. plant growing 1 - 2.5 meters tall from a fleshy It contains beta-pinene, borneol, d-limonene, rhizome. Valued plant particularly for its high linalool. The objectives of this research were to quality essential oil and various medicinal usage. extract the essential oils from Hedychium The medicinal properties of Hedychium coronarium by steam distillation, to develop skin coronarium; an essential oil from the roots is care lotion formular with a mixture of essential oils carminative and has anthelmintic indications. The from that Hedychium coronarium and to determine seed is aromatic, carminative and stomachic. The the effects of skin care lotions, such as pH ground rhizome is used as a febrifuge. A decoction measurement, color stability, odor and stratification is used to treat pain in the chest and arms. The root of lotion containing essential oils from Hedychium is antirheumatic, excitant and tonic. It used for coronarium essential oil. rejuvenating drug recipe. A decoction of the basal part of the stem is gargled in the treatment of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS tonsillitis, or, alternatively, a part of the stem may Sample preparation Hedychium coronarium flowers be chewed. The chewed stem is applied to infected were bought from Mae Klong Talad market, nostrils. An infusion of the leaves is used to treat Samutsongkhram, Thailand. The flowers were abdominal complaint. Combined with the leaves of carefully cut from the stem and separated petels Lantana camara, it is used as a febrifuge, the boiled form receptacle Hedychium coronarium flower. leaves are applied to stiff and sore joints. Amount of Five hundred grams of fresh Hedychium Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue, malaria, coronarium flowers were introduced into the lymphatic filaria encephalitis. It is a major public distillation flask (1L), which was connected to the health problem in tropical countries including steam generator via a glass tube and to a condenser Thailand. Since there is currently no vaccine to to retrieve the oil. The essential oils were volatilized prevent these diseases. Mosquito prevention is the with boiling water at temperature 100°C for 5 and best solution. For this reason, we have developed a 10 hours. The recovered mixture was allowed to formula for making mosquito repellent lotion settle and the oil was withdrawn. After the steam International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 96 distillation process, the product was collected and 2.3 Development of the Skin Care Lotion separated using separatory funnel. The essential oils settled at the bottom layer of the separatory funnel Containing Hedychium Coronarium Essential Oil and were separated several times until no oil was Different skin care lotions were prepared on the left in the separatory funnel. basis of the lotion formulation. Hedychium Coronarium Essential Oil lotion is a non-greasy 2.1 Determination of Total Phenols and lotion. The pH value of this O/W emulsion was 5.3- 5.96 allowing a good stability of active ingredients Flavonoids in Extracts unstable at higher pH values. When applied to the Total phenolic content was determined according to skin, Hedychium Coronarium Essential Oil lotion Folin-Ciocalteu method. 0.5 mL of extract solution provides a thin layer of oil on the surface of the was mixed with 0.5 mL of 1 N Folin-Ciocalteu skin, which prevented water evaporating from the reagent. The mixture was kept for 5 min, followed skin surface. In this work. by the addition of 1 mL of 20% Na2CO3. After 10 min of incubation at room temperature, the Emulsification was done by the inversion phase absorbance was measured at 750 nm using a technique, which consists in incorporating under spectrophotometer. The concentration of phenolic continuous stirring the aqueous phase heated at compounds was calculated according to the 70 °C in the lipidic phase heated at 70 °C. The following equation obtained from the standard gallic preparation was completed to 100% by purified acid: Flavonoid content in the extract/fractions was water kept to 70 °C. Manual stirring was maintained determined by a colorimetric method. Plant extracts until the temperature was below 30 °C, essentials were diluted with distilled water to a volume of oils were incorporated with stirring after cooling. 3.5 mL and 150 μL of a 5% NaNO2 solution. After The different formulations were evaluated. The pH 5 min, 300 μL of 10% AlCl3·H2O solution was value of the preparations was measured using a pH added. After 6 min, 300 μL of 1 M NaOH and meter and the stability of the emulsion was assessed 550 μL of distilled water were added to prepare the by the centrifugation technique whereby 10 mL of mixture. The solution was mixed well and the the cream was centrifuged for 15 min at 1500 rpm. absorbance was observed at 510 nm using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The concentration of flavonoid 2.4 Statistical Analysis compounds was calculated according to the For all the experiments, three samples were following equation obtained from the standard analysed and all the assays were carried out in quercetin graph. triplicates. The results were expressed as mean values with standard deviation. 2.2 DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The radical scavenging activity of extracts was determined with slight modifications in the method. 3.1 Total Phenols and Flavonoids 1 mL from a 0.5 mM methanol solution of the Phenolic compounds have been reported to exhibit DPPH radical was mixed to 2.0 mL sample and to various biological activities like, antioxidant, this 2.0 mL of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) antimicrobial etc. Total phenolic compounds in was added. The mixtures were well shaken and kept extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method at room temperature in the dark for 30 min. The and expressed as Gallic acid equivalents (GAEs). absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a double Total phenolic was used Folin-Ciocalteu Phenol beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Methanol was reagent; the essential oil from the Hedychium used as a negative control. The radical scavenging coronarium was 13.013 μg. gallic acid/ ml. Many activity of essential oil was determined. 1 mL of studies have revealed that the phenolic contents in different concentrations of the essential oil or the plants are associated with their antioxidant bioactive fraction was mixed with 1 mL of a 90 μM activities probably due to their redox properties, DPPH solution in methanol, and final volume was which allow them to act as reducing agents, made to 4 mL with methanol. The mixtures were hydrogen donors, and singlet oxygen quenchers. well shaken and kept at 25°C in the dark for 1 h. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Oil 3.2 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity concentration providing 50% inhibition (IC50) was DPPH assay has been extensively used for screening calculated from the graph by plotting inhibition% plant extracts because many samples can be against oil concentration. BHT was used as accommodated in short period and are sensitive reference. enough to detect active ingredients at low concentrations. The antioxidant activity of Hedychium coronarium flowers essential oil, methanolic extract of Hedychium coronarium was International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 97 found that; IC50 value of Hedychium coronarium REFERENCES essential oil was 5.491 μg/ mL and IC50 value of Vitamin E was 273.87 μg/mL. A linear correlation Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K. and Hagen, T. M., has been obtained by comparing the antioxidant 1993. Oxidants, Antioxidants, and the activity and polyphenols and flavonoid content of Degenerative Disease of Aging. Proc. Natl. the extracts. The extracts containing good amount of Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 90, 7915-7922. phenols and flavonoids possess potential antioxidant activity. Previous studies have also reported positive Adler, P. A. and Adler, P., 1959, Intense Loyalty in correlation between phenolic and flavonoid content Organizations: A Case Study of College and DPPH radical scavenging activity of plant Athleties. Administrative Science Quarterly, extracts. The moderate antioxidant activity of Vol. 33(3), 401-417. essential oil could be attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes. Burton, G. W. and Traber, M. G., 1990, Vitamin E Antioxidant Activity Biokineties and 3.3 Development of the Skin Care Lotion Bioavailability. Annual Review of Nutrition. Vol. Containing Hedychium Coronarium Essential Oil 10, 357-382. Table 1: Physical properties of body lotion after 5 Burt, S., 2004, Essential Oils: their Antibacterial weeks at room temperature Properties and Potential Applications in Foods-A Review. Intermationai of Food Microbiology, Table 2: Comparison the Moisturizing efficiency Vol. 94, 223-253. between before and after using Hedychium coronarium essential oils lotion Carson, C., Chattopadhyay, K. and Chattopadhyay, B. D., 2008, Effect of Nicotine on Lipid Profile, 4. CONCLUSION Peroxidation & Antioxidant Enzymes in Female The antioxidant activity of Hedychium coronarium Rats with Restricted Dietary Protein. Journal of essential oils by the DPPH assay, it was found that Research and Education in Indian Medicine. Hedychium coronarium essential oil had the IC50 Vol. 127: 571-576. value of vitamin E equal to 5.491 μg/ mL and 273.87 μg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic from Carson, C. F., Mee, B. J. and Riley, T.V., 2002, the Gallic standard curve were used Folin-Ciocalteu Mechanism of Action of Melaleuca Altemifolia Phenol reagent was found that the essential oil from (Tea tree) Oil on Staphylococcus Aureus the Hedychium coronarium was 13.013 μg gallic Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and acid per milliliter. From the satisfaction assessment, Salt Toleranoe Assays and Elecyron Microcope. it was found that the volunteers were satisfied Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. ranking on formula 1 formula 3 and formula 2 46(6), 1914-1920. respectively It was concluded that the skin hydration increased significantly at 0.05 according to the Frankel, E. N., Bosanek, C. A., Meyer, A. S., hypothesis. Silliman, K. and Kirk, L. L., 1998, Commercial Grape Juices Inhibit the in Vitro Oxidation of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Human Low- Density Lipoproteins. Journal of The researcher would like to thank the Research and Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 46, 834- Development Institute, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat 838. University, Bangkok, Thailand for its financial support. Halliwell, B., 2009, The Wanderings of a Free Radical. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 46: 531-542. Labuza, T., 1982Shelf-life dating of foods.Wesport, Connecticut: Food & Nutrition Press. Moon, S. H., Roh H. S., Kim, Y. H., Kim, J. E., Ko, J. Y. and RO, Y. S., 2012, Antibiotic Resistanoe of Microbial Strains Isolated from Korean Acnepatients. Jomal of Dematology, Vol. 39(10), 833-837. Moskowitz, M. J. and Arther, O. R., 1984, General Psychology. Boston : Houghton Miffin. Puerta, T., 1999, Inhibition of Leukocytes Lipoxygenase by Phenolics from Virgin Olive Oil. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 57, 445-449. Sanchez-Moreno, C., Jimenez-Escria, A. and Saura- Calixto, J., 2000, Study of Lowdensity International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 98 Lipoprotein Oxidizability Indexes to Measure 2004, In vivo Ozone Exposure Induces the Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Polyphenols. Antioxidant Stress-Related Responses in Murine Nutrit. Res., Vol. 20(7), 941-953. Lung And Skin, Free Radical Biology and Sies, H., Stahl, W. and Sundquist, A., 1992, Medicine, Vol. 36, 673-681. Antioxidant Functions of Vitamins, Vitamin E Velioglu, Y. S., Mazza, G., Gao, L. and Oomah, B. and C, Beta-Carotene And Other Carotenoids. D., 1998, Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Selected Fruits, Vegetables and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Grain Products. Journal of Agricultural and Vol. 368, 7-19. Food Chemistry, Vol. 46, 4113-4117. Schwartz, N. E., 1975, Nutritional Knowledge, Yang, J. H. 2000, Antioxidant and Related Attitude and Practice of High School Graduated. Compounds. Baosci Biotechnol. Journal of Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Biochemistry & Cell Biology. Vol. 61, 1646- Vol. 66, 158-166. 1649. Valacchi, G., Pagnin, E., Corbacho, A. M., Olano, E., Davis, P. A., Packer, L. and Cross, C. E., NOVEL URBAN ECOSYSTEM BASED ON FRESHWATER MANGROVES FOR URBAN HEALTH Arlene Lu-Gonzales1,2 and Oleg Shipin1 1Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand E-mai: [email protected], [email protected] 2Mariano Marcos State University, Department of Environmental Science, Philippine International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 99 ABSTRACT This research and development on ecological engineering using freshwater mangrove addresses a problem of AIT lake wastewater and, at the same time, water pollution and its health concerns globally, natural habitat loss, climate change, greenhouse emissions as well as typically low aesthetic appearance of cities. Our developed 3(R) freshwater mangrove ecotechnology comprises hardware (blue component, green component, brown component) and software processes (biotransformation, carbon sequestration, waste recycling and enhancing ecological trophic chain). The organic waste load helps to increase biomass accumulation and carbon fixation (sequestration) of mangrove trees. Also, freshwater mangroves enhance microbial communities responsible in the bioconversion of organic pollutants in water and sediments. Our research is critically important because it is about a city which can creates opportunities for (1) ‘wastes to riches’ approach in landscaping, (ii) combating climate change ecological crises, (iii) providing health and well- being to community and nature alike, and (iv) for natural processes to create a foundation for healthier habitat for people and wildlife. As a result, this 3(R) ecotechnology can make cities livable, sustainable and will help to restore ecosystems by creating a novel urban reality. KEYWORDS: Freshwater Mangrove, Novel Ecosystem, Novel Urban Ecosystem, Eco-Technology, Carbon Sequestration 1. INTRODUCTION herbaceous macrophytes could be of worth. Being Nutrient removal to prevent eutrophication in lakes much larger, they could create a better landscape is an important component of wastewater treatment. value by providing a larger “lung” spaces in the city. This can be achieved by an increased biomass yield of floating and emergent vegetation. With the There are many advantages of having mangrove periodic harvesting of biomass from lakes, a trees in urban wetlands. Importantly, they could continuous removal of nutrients from the water is grow in standing water forming living islands, achievable. However, decomposing aquatic which birds and other urban wildlife could macrophytes could itself return the nutrients rapidly effectively use. Due to their woody structure, the in the water. Therefore, there could be merit in overgrowth would never be a problem, creating substituting herbaceous macrophytes with woody canopy for microclimate regulation and climate vegetation. Trees from coastal areas such as change mitigation. One mangrove tree is known to mangroves are a viable alternative for creating and be equivalent to up to 8 conventional land trees in developing a novel urban ecosystem. They can have terms of carbon sequestration. In addition, a better appeal aesthetically because they are larger mangrove ecosystem is unique that even if and being woody would be less likely to decompose adversely affected by pollution, it can still sustain and return nutrients to the water. the seminal balance of the ecosystem and plays a key role in nutrient cycling. In short, the mangrove Wetlands offer many ecosystem services such as ecosystem has the natural ability to act as a sink of water quality improvement, flood mitigation, anthropogenic and industrial pollutants (Maiti and wildlife protection, regulate local climate and above Chowdhury, 2013). all, wetlands are optimum natural environments for sequestering and storing carbon from the Being able to withstand inundation, it does not atmosphere (Mitsch et al., 2013). Ecosystems such require special conditions, which many other non- as created wetlands, canals, and artificial lakes are mangrove species might require. The deliberately constructed in urban environments to pneumatophores and stilt roots could give additional provide specific services. They are created to mimic perch sites for birds like herons and egrets while the structural characteristics of the natural system foraging. They could inhibit excessive growth of facilitating the services that these environments invasive water plants (e.g. water hyacinth, water were designed such as flood control, stormwater ferns and duckweed) by a simple shading process storage, ground water recharge and water delivery and algal blooms. The green tree canopy could (Palta et al., 2017). However, many of the urban provide a continuum with the other tree cover of the wetlands served as dumping grounds for city regardless of the substrate they grow on. wastewater, causing them to become eutrophic, and Mangroves are generally known as coastal wetlands, algal blooms are frequent and extensive. These are greatly influenced by salinity and tidal inundation. the right conditions that using mangroves instead of There has been a debate on mangroves are International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 100 exclusively growing in a saline environment and with its soil, harbor diverse groups of that if placed in a freshwater environment it will microorganisms responsible for nutrient become unsuccessful. However, literatures as old as transformation. The root exudates also provide 1980’s mention that there are unique and rare carbon for denitrification in aerobic microhabitats. freshwater mangrove ecosystems in the world. The Thus, mangroves in constructed wetlands enhance Hosnies Spring in Christmas Island is one of the the efficiency of both nitrification and unique examples of mangrove species Bruguiera denitrification process. gymnorhiza and Bruguiera sexangula growing at the spring some 120 meters inland and 37 meters above Therefore, this study expanded the sea leavel (Hale and Butcher, n.d.). Other naturally understanding of the concept of novel urban occurring mangroves are found in Vaitupu Island, ecosystems using freshwater mangrove as the base Tuvalu (FAO, 2005), Lake Sentani, and Lake Karif along with other eco-engineering approach to (“P.Hogarth, 2015). (Tomlinson, 1986) highlighted achieve an enhanced array of ecosystem services for that most mangroves grow very well in freshwater urban environments. This study aimed to developed and some penetrate considerable distances inland an eco-technology following the principles of along riverbanks where water is permanently fresh ecological engineering and realized as a novel urban and tidal fluctuations are small or absent. There is ecosystem (NUE) based on freshwater mangroves evidence that the enzyme systems of these aimed at (1) understanding the dynamics of halophytes neither require salt nor are particularly microbial communities underlying biotechnology resistant to it. The existence of these naturally- performance in water quality improvement based on occurring freshwater mangroves disproves the idea 3R waste nutrient recycling; (2) estimation of the that prolonged culture of mangroves in freshwater is capacity of freshwater mangrove ecosystem to store fatal to them. carbon in biomass and sediment in comparison to seawater mangroves, and (3) evaluation of practical In the urban anthrome, human population potential for and value of the integration of continues to soar and clearly requires the freshwater mangroves into the urban environment. manipulation of the environment to meet the needs and demand in all forms of resources. Ecosystem 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS conversion drastically increased in the past as natural ecosystems are transformed into designed 2.1 Study Area ecosystems, abandoned after sometime and This study was conducted at the Asian Institute of contributes to the production of degraded ecosystem Technology campus, Thailand located at 14o 07’ N (Morse et al., 2014). This situation allowed many latitude and 100o 61’ E longtitude with 2.27m opportunities to develop novel ecosystems from altitude. The campus is characterized with an degraded systems that promote ecosystem services extensive closed flow network of 26 hydraulically by enhancing ecological functions when managed interconnected but closed-flow ponds, lakes and suitably. A novel urban ecosystem (NUE) may arise canals (vegetated and non-vegetated). It is being from colonization of exotic species, fragments from used as part of the wastewater treatment of the degraded native vegetation while others may also campus in addition to its former function for originate from the designed management of created flood/drought threats. Currently, there are three sites ecosystems (Ahern, 2016). Though NUEs are on campus where eco-engineering using freshwater managed, the elements of exotic species, modified mangroves is implemented. These are the sites environmental conditions and neglected ecological described below. interactions make such ecosystem of novel worth (Perring and Ellis, 2013). As a consequence of 2.1.1 Library Lagoon and Peripheral Canal increased ecosystem degradation, human has learnt The eco-engineering using freshwater mangrove to create eco friendly anthropogenic ecosystems and was first adopted for the sustainable eco-city recognizes their ability to provide various ecological wetland prototype launched in 2013 in the library services such as artificial wetlands (e.g. ponds, lagoon and canal inside the campus with located at lakes, canals 14 o 07’ N and 100 o 61’ E. It made use of freshwater mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris along with Victoria The high productivity of mangrove ecosystems amazonica to improve water quality. At present, this is attributed by the microbial activities and eco-technology is 8.5 years old with the mangroves processes. The microbial community in this still flourishing and aiding water quality ecosystem are the main drivers of carbon, sulfate, maintenance in the lagoon and pond. nitrogen and phosphorus cycle. The extensive root system of mangroves creates a significant aerobic 2.1.2 West Lake zone in the rhizosphere for oxidation and together International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 101 The initial prototype was the basis of expanding the monitoring (quarterly) the ammonia-nitrogen in the eco-technology but in a more natural wetland water. Dissolved oxygen, turbidity and Chlorophyll condition. In March 2018, freshwater mangrove a were quarterly monitored for 36 months. introduction was first piloted in the western part of the campus in shallow water body locally known as 3. RESULTS West Lake located at 14o 04’N and 100o 36’ E. Surface area of the wetland changes according to the 3.1 Pollution Mitigation Potential of Freshwater 2 major seasons in Thailand – wet and dry. In wet season it has a surface area of 9,320 m2, water Mangroves volume is 16,776 m3. On the other hand during dry West Lake functions as a wetland treatment system season, the wetland has a surface area of 7,996 m2 since it receives a direct discharge of raw kitchen and water volume of 9595 m3. The dominant plant wastewater from surrounding restaurants. It was existing in the lake before the eco-engineering was estimated that the daily inflow of wastewater in the Echinodorus grandiflora with patches of typha lake is 13.8 m3/day. The strength of the wastewater (Typha litofolia). The west lake serves as a measured and averaged were as follow: 1.31 mg/L treatment wetland as it receives wastewater from (NH3-N), 3.13 mg/L (TKN), 0.076 mg/L (TP), surrounding restaurants containing organic matter in 25.92 mg/L (TOC) and 102.78 mg/L. the form of food grits. The monitoring of water quality was more 2.1.3 SV 1 Lagoon focused on nitrogen species since wastewater inflow The site was further expanded to another lagoon on- in the lake is mostly washed over food particles. campus located at 14o04’36”N and 110o36’43”E. It Proteins, urea and amino acids are the common is a lagoon in the middle of student residence area organic nitrogen in wastewater effluent. The notable for sewage leaks as evidenced from frequent introduced interventions at the west lake are reports of obnoxious odor. expected to improve the eutrophic condition of the west lake based from the initial characterization of 2.2 Eco-engineering Components TKN, NH3-N along with TP and chlorophyll a. The establishment of a freshwater mangrove NUE Monitoring schedules were made quarterly from was an interaction of the introduced components of June 2018 – March 2020. Baseline data showed a introducing and scaling mangroves in the wetland, slightly higher concentration of nitrogen in all the facilitating the distribution and circulation of sampling in West Lake. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) nutrients through a mechanical waterjet aerator, had an initial concentration of 0.040 mg/L and was arrangement and diversification mangrove species reduced to 0.016 mg/L in the final water quality along with herbaceous macrophytes and earth works evaluation, thus, giving a 56% reduction in NH3-N. (excavation and design). On the other hand, initial evaluation of TKN was 0.07 mg/L and gradually reduced to 0.03 mg/L in 2.3 Analytical Methods for Water Quality the final water quality assessment. A 44% reduction Important pollutant parameters in wetlands were in TKN strength was achieved over time. Nitrogen measured and monitored following Standard loading rate was also assess for baselining and Methods (Public Health Association, n.d.). The planning on how much nitrogen pollutant can west efficiency of nitrogen removal in water by the novel lake still receive over time. Based from the initial mangrove ecosystem was studied by analyzing and assessment and characterization, west lake had a nitrogen loading rate of 78.6 gN/m2/yr . This data served as the reference in determining that changes taking place in the site. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 102 mg/L 0.1200 0.1000 0.0800 0.0600 0.0400 0.0200 0.0000 Baseline 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Monitoring Schedule NH3-N TKN Figure 1: Nitrogen level at West Lake Reference/Location This Study (2021), Thailand Wallace (2009), USA Kadlec and Wallace (2009), Florida Vyzmazal (2010), USA EPA (2000) Warm climate in US Kadlec (2005)d, USA 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 gN/m2/year Figure 2: References of light loading rate in different treatment wetlands Along with the gradual introduction of eco- noticeable at the lake. Initial assessment of engineering approaches, loading rate was chlorophyll a showed that the declining biomass has determined using long-term water quality a direct relationship with the monitored monitoring results. On an average, the lake has a concentration of the two important limiting factors. loading rate of 57.2 gN/m2/yr which is twice lower as compared to the classification of Kadlec, 2005 The initial measurement of chlorophyll a at west (d) of <120 gN/m2/yr as lightly loaded treatment lake showed a high concentration with 0.0121 mg/L wetland. Additional references were also found in at the treatment site. Comparing from the standard support of the data showing a light loading rate of of chlorophyll a content in wetlands, West Lake nitrogen in different treatment wetlands. The plant falls in the category of eutrophic lake. This indicates pigments of algae contain the chlorophyll (green that the inflow and accumulation of nutrients color) and carotenoids (Yellow). However, enhances algal growth. It was noted that in the chlorophyll a is the most dominant chlorophyll initial stage of eco-designing west lake, the pigment. Thus, it is often used as a direct estimate of dominant microalgae observed were Oscillatoria algal biomass. Based on the monitoring of and Arthrospira platensis or (Spiriluna) most chlorophyll a in west lake water, there was a especially during the summer periods. Other forms declining concentration of green pigment. It can be of microalgae observed were Agmenellum, noted that there were no recent green pigments Pediastrium, Oocystis, and Chlorella. These microalgae are responsible in giving the greenish International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 103 color of lake water most especially in the dry mangroves. A general note in all literatures on the season. However, these characteristics of west lake removal rate of organic matter and nutrients by water disappeared over time along with the mangroves is positively correlated with plant growth development of the novel urban ecosystem of (Mahmood et al., 2013). The absorbed nutrients freshwater mangroves. Monitoring of microalgae particularly N and P accumulate as part of plant revealed that there was no reoccurrence of Spiriluna biomass. An abundant amount of these nutrients in and other microalgae. wastewater will have a positive relationship with biomass production. As one of the mechanism of 4. DISCUSSION mangrove trees in pollutant removal is their highly Designed and smart ecosystems can increase the efficient adsorption and absorption of wastewater- performance of buildings and cities which can result borne pollutants, including nitrogen and in the harvest of valuable functional uses which can phosphorus. Mangroves are perennial tree species influence to design more inspiring environments. with high productivity of mangrove trees that Ecosystems can be designed to perform a wide requires a large demand for nutrients, thus, they variety of functions by combining the necessary have a high potential biomass sink for nutrients, ingredients and materials, and turning them to their (Boonsong et al., 2003). environment. When developed and integrated very well, ecosystems can have large beneficial effects. In natural mangrove habitat, they play an Ecosystems are far better than machines as they can important role in regulating the nutrient balance in deliver all their benefits at the same time, and the the coastal environment by absorbing the excess more they are tapped into, the better they can work. nutrients and sequester other pollutants from entering water while enabling the export of organic The use of freshwater mangrove in AIT was first matter that supports productivity (Boonsong et al., illustrated in 2013 in the Sustainable Eco-city 2003). The potential of mangroves as better plant wetland project to improve the water quality of the material for treatment wetlands is attributed to its AIT ponds and canals that were overly loaded with resilience to hostile environment such as nutrient pathogens and cyanobacteria. The eco-engineering and toxic water pollutants (heavy metals, approach used mangrove trees (Sonneratia hydrocarbons found in petroleum) that other plants Caseolaris) along with Victoria amazonica as the cannot tolerate. Some literatures have proven the plant material. This eco-engineering approach ability of mangroves to remove organic pollutants in positivly imacted the campus canals and ponds by wastewater. Kandelia candel when introduced to bringing back the optimum condition. As the group treatment tanks (subsurface horizontal flow) is of macrophytes developed, there were no further effective in removing organic matter, nitrogen, and occurrence of algal bloom. These pioneer mangrove phosphorus from primary settled municipal trees in canals are 8 years old already and wastewater (Wu et al., 2008); Kandelia ovata, continuously delivering the service of maintaining Aegiceras corniculatum and Bruguiera gymorrhiza good water quality in the canals and ponds of AIT. together with non-mangrove plants in a pilot scale of a sub-surface flow wetland system for treating The new site of freshwater mangrove at AIT is at municipal sewage from domestic and industrial present 4 years after its establishment. Several sources was noted effective in removing organic observations of this site development are worth matter, nutrients and heavy metals with no noting;, among those is the better growth of detrimental effect on the plants (Wu et al., 2008). mangrove trees at the treatment site which is Mangroves being a tolerant and resilient plant to attributed to a higher organic nutrient concentration various environmental conditions makes it an ideal from the flowing wastewater which is an essential plant for phytoremediation. Mangrove species used need for plant growth. The availability of organic N in a constructed wetland (K. candel, A. corniculatum augmented the growth of mangroves by providing and S. caseolaris) are able to reduce OM content by an easily available fertilizer for the trees which is 70%, 50% TN, 60% NH3-N, 60% TP and 90% usually scarce in coastal mangrove ecosystem. coliforms from the influent indicating a high Generally, slow and stunted growth of mangroves is efficiency of this waste treatment (Wu et al., 2008). the implication of nitrogen and phosphorus This proves that despite the constant inflow of availability that limit the growth in mangroves (Reef wastewater at the west lake, a low organic loading et al., 2010). A difference in the development rate was recorded because of enhanced capacity of response of the mangroves in the control and the lake for nitrogen biotransformation leading to its treatment sites is associated with the ecological removal from the lake from the eco-engineering condition. In the natural coastal habitat of components implemented at West Lake. mangroves, soils are commonly N and P deficient which likely limits the structure and productivity of International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 104 This study further proved the mechanism of improvement of TKN, TP, Chlorophyll a, and mangrove roots to increase dissolved oxygen in the turbidity of west lake water from the baseline surrounding area of the root system. The aerial roots situation to current condition. This developed novel of the mangroves that spread from the ground such ecosystem enhances biodiversity in an urban as the pneumatophores are where oxygen can environment that improves ecosystem flexibility, passively diffuse and make oxygen be easily resilience and survivability. The created ecosystem diffused to water (Kitaya et al., 2002). The radial allowed the introduction of varied floral species and oxygen loss from the roots creates an aerobic zone creating a habitat for aquatic and avian fauna at west in the area immediately adjacent to the roots, which lake. Thus, this novel urban ecosystem of freshwater enhances microbial activity in the decomposition of mangrove is a sustainable and cost-effective organic matter in the water or soil. This effect of approach to solving ecological crises in the urban mangroves’ roots has several times proven in environment. constructed mangrove treatment wetlands where the dissolved oxygen of the water continuously REFERENCES increases over time when restrained despite the presence of wastewater (high OM loading). The Ahern, J. F., 2016, Novel Urban Ecosystems: more oxygen supply, the greaterthe microbial activity of AOAs and AOBs for the nitrification Concepts, Definitions and a Strategy to Support process. Urban Sustainability and Resilience. Landscape The diversification of species at West Lake is part of the concept of novel ecosystem. The Architecture Frontiers, Vol.4(1), 10–21. introduction of various species of freshwater mangroves in the lake is expected to create a new Boonsong, K., Piyatiratitivorakul, S. and condition that will lead to the entire change of biotic and abiotic condition of West Lake leading towards Patanaponpaiboon, P., 2003, Potential Use of its novel state condition. Moreover, creating a highly diverse community of plants and fauna in an Mangrove Plantation as Constructed Wetland ecosystem increases stability and resilience to external disturbances. The interaction of different For Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Water species creates a negative feedback loops that maintains ecosystem in approximately the same Science and Technology, Vol. 48(5), 257–266. state. This condition will make the mangrove ecosystem at west lake more stable and resilient https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0331. despite fluctuating condition in the future such as floods and droughts which may lead to mortality of FAO., 2005, Global Forest Resources Assessment some species. 2005 Thematic Study on Mangroves - India 5. Conclusion This research presented that novel “Freshwater (Country Profile), 1–15. mangrove ecosystem” introduced at the West Lake is one of the very few urban novel ecosystems https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/14.15.6115 described in scientific literature. Vast majority of novel ecosystems described globally over the last Hale, J., and Butcher, R. (n.d.). Hosnies Spring two decades are natural, out-of-city ecosystems, while the need and potential for urban ecosystems is Ramsar Site. very significant. This novel ecosystem of considerable diversity was developed successfully Kitaya, Y., Yabuki, K., Kiyota, M., Tani, A., over the period of 3.5 years since a start-up from baseline state in March 2018. This novel ecosystem Hirano, T. and Aiga, I., 2002, Gas Exchange and has proven to provide several ecological benefits such as nutrient absorption as evidenced in the Oxygen Concentration in Pneumatophores and growth of mangrove trees and macrophytes located at the treatment site. The carbon sequestration rate Prop Roots of Four Mangrove Species. Trees - was also proven in relation to enhanced biomass accumulation rate at the treatment site and water Structure and Function, Vol. 16(2–3), 155–158. quality improvement as evidenced by the gradual https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-002-0167-5. Mahmood, Q., Pervez, A., Zeb, B. S., Zaffar, H., Yaqoob, H., Waseem, M. and Afsheen, S. 2013, Natural treatment systems as sustainable ecotechnologies for the developing countries. BioMed Research International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/796373. Maiti, S. K. and Chowdhury, A., 2013, Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on Mangrove Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 04(12), 1428– 1434. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.412163. Mitsch, W. J., Bernal, B., Nahlik, A. M., Mander, Ü., Zhang, L., Anderson, C. J. and Brix, H., 2013, Wetlands, carbon, and climate change. Landscape Ecology, 28(4), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9758-8. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

Morse, N. B., Pellissier, P. A., Cianciola, E. N., P a g e | 105 Brereton, R. L., Sullivan, M. M., Shonka, N. K. and McDowell, W. H., 2014, Novel ecosystems Perring, M. P. and Ellis, E. C., 2013, The Extent of in the Anthropocene: A revision of the novel Novel Ecosystems: Long in Time and Broad in ecosystem concept for pragmatic applications. Space. Novel Ecosystems: Intervening in the Ecology and Society, Vol. 19(2). New Ecological World Order, 66–80. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06192-190212. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118354186.ch8 P.Hogarth-The-Biology-of-Mangroves-and- Public Health Association, A. (n.d.). APHA Method Seagrasses-2015.pdf. (n.d.). 9221: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 552. Palta, M. M., Grimm, N. B. and Groffman, P. M., 2017, “Accidental” urban wetlands: ecosystem Reef, R., Feller, I. C. and Lovelock, C. E. 2010, functions in unexpected places. Frontiers in Nutrition of mangroves. Tree Physiology, Vol. Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 15(5), 248– 30(9), 1148–1160. https://doi.org/10.1093/tree- 256. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1494 phys/tpq048. Tomlinson, P. B., 1986, The botany of mangroves - 2nd edition. The Botany of Mangroves. Wu, Y., Chung, A., Tam, N. F. Y., Pi, N., & Wong, M. H. (2008). Constructed mangrove wetland as secondary treatment system for municipal wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 34(2), 137– 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008- .07.010. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 106 TUBERCULOSIS SPREAD AND AIR QUALITY: A CASE OF SELECTED DISTRICTS OF INDIA Vijay Kumari and Tulika Tripathiii ABSTRACT In India, every day, almost 30 people die of tuberculosis, more than what we saw during the first wave of COVID-19. However, the research on linkages of tuberculosis with air pollution remains far less than COVID19 and air pollution. Tuberculosis being an infectious air-borne respiratory disease, will have a strong correlation with the quality of air. Air quality not only affects the spread of disease but will also worsen the survival chances of tuberculosis patients. The last decade has seen in a further decline in the air quality in India, be it big or small cities. Therefore, the current research tries to estimate the spatial distribution and variation between air pollution and tuberculosis across the selected districts of India. The current paper has used NFHS-4 (2015-16) unit data at the district level and air pollution data of the central pollution control for the districts. Since PM10, SO2, CO, NO2 and PM2.5 etc. affect the air quality index most, and the particles which are less than 5 µg/m3 size generally affects more to the lungs of the human body, and particles with larger size affect more to the windpipe; therefore, we will use these variables from the air pollution data along with the self-reported tuberculosis data from NFHS-4 to run the analysis. The study results show a strong correlation of the spread of tuberculosis with high air pollution, where Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jodhpur coming out to be epicenters of the disease. This paper, in its unique attempt to use GIS and statistical analysis in related epidemiological research, will contribute significantly to health services planning and air quality control at the district level. KEYWORDS: Air pollution, Tuberculosis, Geographical Information System (GIS), Spatial Statistical analysis 1. INTRODUCTION consumption disease and mainly affects the human Tuberculosis (TB) disease one of the top ten deadly body’s lungs. If TB is not found in time and the diseases in the world. India has the largest number treatment is not thorough, it will cause serious harm of tuberculosis cases in the world. Air pollution to health, even cause respiratory failure and death, continues to a significant concern to public health bring heavy economic burden to patients and worldwide and a challenging problem confronted by families. Tuberculosis is mainly transmitted in the both developed and developing countries. body via the airborne route. The data suggest that According to World Health Organization (WHO) tuberculosis is transmitted primarily via respiratory report in 2008, 1.3 million deaths were estimated to droplets produced when the infected person speaks, be related to ambient air pollution globally. More coughs, or sneezes. Droplets land in the mouths, than two million premature deaths in each year were noses, and eyes of nearby or inhaled people into the related to air pollution. Air pollution has been lungs of those within proximity. impact on most of organs and systems of the human body. The rapid growth of Indian urban areas in the A correlation between tuberculosis spread from 21st century can be the largest migration from rural air pollution from carbon monoxide, Sulphur to urban (Ronak B Patel, 2012). The rising dioxide, and other pollutants have been shown in Population density in the urban areas chokes and several studies. One may speculate that the policy pollutes natural resources like air, water, and soil now in place in many countries to impose uniform (Awkash Kumar, 2016) It is well established that wearing of face masks may temporarily reduce the the high levels of particulate matter (PM) are risk that patients with transmissible tuberculosis significantly associated with adverse health effects pose a reduced risk of transmitting tuberculosis. The and ecosystem damage (Anjali Srivastava, 200). spatial perspective can be the particular importance Tuberculosis remains the largest killer among all because the spatial patterns of distribution of infectious diseases caused by a single agent. diseases, both infectious and non-infectious, help us Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with understand the dynamics of transmission and spatial long-term severe health hazards; it is also called determinants of the diseases. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 107 The major pollutants in outdoor air are particulate India is relatively restricted despite its demonstrated matter (PM), Ozone, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen utility. dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc. Reducing air pollution impacts on human health, WHO air quality Our objective was to focus on how tuberculosis groups released the air quality guidelines in which spread by air and air pollutants in India has been four pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, NH3, SO2, NO, approached from a geographic perspective and to NO2, CO, Ozone, and Benzene, etc., were listed as consider the impediments to using GIS tool and the indices of air pollution. The indoor pollutants statical software for these methods and approaches. are different from those in the ambient air, although most of them are the same. Nevertheless, indoor air 2. METHODOLOGY contains all the same pollutants as outdoor air, but One of this work’s objectives was to estimate spatial the concentrations are different, usually lower. The variation between air pollution and tuberculosis over primary sources include combustion of solid fuels the region. These monitoring stations are operated indoors, tobacco smoking, emission from continuously by the Central Pollution Control board construction materials and furnishings, and poor in India. This paper selects the 20 districts from ventilation. different- different states of India on the basis of 2015-16 data availability of air pollutants on CPCB. Since many of these conditions are closely A geo-referenced shapefile for Jodhpur, Guntur, related to environmental conditions and spatial Kurnool, Sri Potti Sriramulu, Nellore, Krishna, parameters, so geographic methods, including GIS, Visakhapatnam, Kamrup Metropolitan, Sivasagar, can be a very useful tool to understanding the spatial Cachar, Nalbari, Nagaon, Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, and environmental determinants of disease. Dharwad, Gulbarga, Davanagere, Indore, Dehradun, Descriptive geographical epidemiology of the and Ahmedabad city was prepared to associate with diseases was restricted to be describing their state- earth space in QGIS. The point shapefiles have been wise or regional prevalence, and detailed analysis of created for the air quality monitoring station of all the epidemiological data at a local level was rarely study regions. Air quality concentration data for carried out. The use of geospatial technologies and PM2.5, PM10, NH3, SO2, NO, NO2, CO, Ozone, and Spatio-temporal epidemiological tools are Benzene were attributed to respective point increasing worldwide to understand infectious shapefile at seasonal and annual timescale. NFHS disease transmission dynamics and non- conducted data collection in two phases (from 20 communicable disease distribution. Still, its usage in January 2015 to 4 December 2016). Source: CPCB and NFHS-4 Figure 1a: Study area: The geographical location of tuberculosis spread by air place is marked in different colures according to the size of Air pollution level International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 108 Source: CPCB and NFHS-4 Figure 1b: Study area: The geographical location of tuberculosis spread by air Fieldwork conducted from January to December Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, 2015 (Phase 1) and January to December 2016 (Phase 2). In phase 1, NFHS-4 data collection in Bihar, and NFHS-4 phase-2 (January to December Assam, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh, and in phase 2, NFHS-4 data 2016) for Rajasthan and Gujarat as per data collection in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The criterion behind selecting these major cities is that we have availability and our statistical calculation using considered only those cities with the availability of air quality data 2015-16. The statistical analysis was more than 100 air quality monitoring station data as performed using the air quality index, other well as CPCB reports. In this research, we analyzed pollutants, i.e., PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 etc. (µg/m3), yearly average data of the mentioned the average of one year (2015-16) data as per the places were procured for the 2015-16 period from the Central pollution control board portal. TB NFHS-4 survey phase I & 2 along with different air bacteria are spread through air from one person to another. Tuberculosis bacteria is put into the air pollutant indicators, i.e., PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, when a person with TB disease of lungs or throat O3, SO2, CO, NH3, and Benzene (units in ug/m3) as coughs, speaks then nearby people may breathe in give in CPCB data. We found large fluctuations in these bacteria and become infected. Moreover, the data of different pollutants at different places. linear regression and correlation analyses were performed between different air pollutants and The PM10 was > 100 µg/m3 in Jodhpur, Dehradun, tuberculosis (spread by air) obtained from the Muzaffarpur, Patna, and Indore etc., whereas NFHS-4 round. Jodhpur, Patna, Indore were leading cities in PM10 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION in the NFHS-4 survey time period. These regions In the world, India has deducted the highest number of tuberculosis cases. Again, in India, the selected have more vehicles and industrial areas, which is the districts have observed a remarkable pollutant in main reason for the high level of PM concentrations AQI (Air quality index) from CPCB and, tuberculosis spread by air from NFHS-4 phase-I and the shopping market. A similar pattern was also (January to December 2015) for Assam, Karnataka, found in NO2 and SO2 levels where these pollutants were recorded more at Indore, Jodhpur, and Ahmedabad etc. However, data of few pollutants (NOx, CO, O3, and NH3 etc.) were unavailable for all the cities, which reduced the generalizability of the study results. Figures 2 and 3 are showing the changes in different air pollutants and the average trend of AQI in the selected district of India. The finding of this research is more or less similar to other studies where they performed entire cause tuberculosis diseases (but our study focuses only on the air as a cause) based on state or country level. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 109 Figure 2: The variation in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO, and Benzene pollutants levels record at ground monitoring stations of different cities on 2015-16 and with tuberculosis spread by air (continue next page) International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 110 Source: CPCB & NFHS 4 Figure 2: The variation in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO, and Benzene pollutants levels record at ground monitoring stations of different cities on 2015-16 and with tuberculosis spread by air International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 111 Figure 3: The correlation of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO, and Benzene pollutants levels different cities with tuberculosis spread by air in 2015-16 In this study, almost all places have air quality data individual level, resulting in exposure on CPCB 2015 and 2016. Indore, Patna, and misclassifications. Second, two years of data assume Jodhpur are primary hotspots and polluted places in a small sample size and may reduce the statistical the study area where tuberculosis is spread by air. power for the detection of significance. But Gulbarga, Davanagere, and Dharwad are the region where tuberculosis is least spread by air. 4. CONCLUSION People inhaled these toxic pollutants and got The health effect caused by air pollution mainly affected by tuberculosis, or their situation would depends on the components and sources of have worsened. However, we can’t comment on the pollutants, which vary with area, season, and time. relationship of recovery rate with air pollution due To reduce the harmful effects of ambient air to the paucity of data. Tuberculosis in India is a pollution, people should be aware of the local air major problem causing about 4.8 lakh deaths in quality and take extra preventive measures such as 2015 and 27 percent of new TB cases in the world avoiding heavy traffic areas or use masks where the in 2016. Therefore, determining the relationship density of pollutants is high. The health impacts of between tuberculosis spread by air and atmospheric air pollution and infectious disease are typically pollutants is quite important. In this study, our linear studied separately. The findings of this study not regression results have shown satisfactory positive only add to the literature regarding the short-term relationships with PM10 and SO2. The analysis is effect of air pollution on TB. Smoking cessation and made between tuberculosis spread by air, PM10 an adequate diet are suitable for all people. Future (R2= 0.092, R= 0.303, P= 0.004), and SO2 (R2= preventive efforts against TB should consider the 0.196, R= 0.442, P= 0.023) air pollutants. In this reduction of exposure to air pollution at the study, our analysis found a negative relationship is community or personal level. found between NO2, O3, NOx, NH3, and Benzene. These pollutants at the ground had an insignificant ACKNOWLEDGMENT relationship because of high concentrations of The authors are thankful of the Central Pollution pollutants and missing data of the study. Control Board for providing data on different air pollutants. We are grateful to the National Family Our study has several limitations. First, our study design cannot capture exposure levels at an International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 112 Health Survey (NFHS-4) for making available Koas, K. A., 2010, GIS based Mapping and updated tuberculosis datasets of all places in India. Statistical Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Brisbane, Australia. Australia: REFERENCES Queensland University of technology. Anjali Srivastava, R. K., 2002, Economic Valuation Lawrence D. Lemke, L. E., 2014, Geospatial of Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Mumbai. relationships of air pollution and acute asthma Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 9. events across the Detroit- Windsor international border: Study design and preliminary results. Awkash kumar, I. G., 2016, Air quality mapping using GIS and economic. Journal of the Air & Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Waste Management Association, 13. Epidemiology, 12. Marilyn O'Hara Ruiz, A. K., 2016, Application of Amit K. Gorai, F. T., 2014, A GIS Based Approach GIS in Public Health in India: A literature Based for Assessing the Association between air Review, Analysis, and Recommendations. pollution and asthma in New York State, USA. Indian Journal of Public Health, 9. Vikram Ranga, P. P., 2020, National Health GIS International Journal of Environmental Portal A conceptual framework for Effective Research and Public Health, 25. epidemic management and Control in India. Bandar Fuad Khashoggi, A. M., 2020, Issues of Preprints, 10. Healthcare Planning and GIS: A Review. Xu-Qin Jiang, X.-D. M., 2016, Air Pollution and International Journal of Geo-Information, 24. Chronic airway Disease: what should people Guru Balamurugan, N. R., 2011, Application of GIS know and do? Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10. in Public Health Risk Reduction- ArcGIS Zheng, Y., 2020, Predicative Study of Tuberculosis Approach . 12th ESRI India User Conference Incidence by ARMA Model Combind with Air 2011 (p. 11). 12th ESRI India User Conference Pollution Variable. Hindawi Complexity, 11. 2011. Hans L., R., 2020, Air Pollution, Covid-19 and 1 Corresponding author. Ph.D. Student, CSEP, SSS, Tuberculosis interrelationship. Indian Journal of Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. Tuberculosis, 3. E-mail: [email protected] Hasan Raja Naqvi, G. M. 2021, Spatio-temporal analysis of air quality and its relationship with 1Assistant Professor, CSEP, SSS, Central University major Covid Hotspot places in India. Remote of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India. Sensing Application: Society and Environment, E-mail: [email protected] 8. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 113 VISUALIZATION ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 TO RESPOND TO INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAKS USING GEOINFORMATICS TECHNIQUES IN THAILAND: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Haoran Zhang,1* Tanita Suepa,1 Lay Hong,2 Phorn Nayelin,2 Ly Mot2 and Anurak Chakpor2 1Geo-Informatics & Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Thailand E-mail: [email protected]* 2Sirindhorn Center for Geo-Informatics (SCGI) 88 Moo 9, Thung Suk La, Si Racha District Chon Buri, Thailand 20230 ABSTRACT Coronavirus (Covid-19) has to date (March 29th 2020) infected over 81,000 Chinese citizens, mostly in Hubei Province, since it was first identified in December 2019. It has so far spread to more than 202 countries. On the 31th of March 2020, the total number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported by Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) in Thailand is 1524, of which 127 have recovered, 1388 are receiving treatment (17 cases are severe) in healthcare settings and nine have died. Recently Geographic Information System (GIS) provide epidemiologists and public health officers in the surveillance, monitoring and controlling of many infected diseases such as vector-borne diseases or human-to-human transmission diseases in many countries. Particularly it can provide the functions of collecting, updating and managing disease surveillance and related data, such as geographical factor and socio-economic. They are also pertinent to suit the needs of understanding the spatial spread or diffusion of disease outbreak and response for designing the prevention and control strategies. The major objective of this research is to apply the spatial epidemiology approaches for studying COVID-19 patterns and hotspots in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand. The specific objectives are to analyze the COVID-19 patterns in the terms of population and geographic distribution patterns; to detect the COVID-19 incidence rate under different months by using the spatial analysis. This research provides maps to view the pandemic situation of BMR and the provincial level of COVID-19 in particular heat maps and ring maps. KEY WORDS: Pandemic, COVID-19, GIS, Spatial statistics, Health, Ring, Heatmap, Hotspot, Incidence Rate 1. INTRODUCTION spread to more than 202 countries (See Figure 1). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as As report by WHO on 29th March, the global illness caused by a novel coronavirus now called number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 has severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 surpassed 665,616. It has claimed more than 30,857 (SARS-CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV), which lives and been declared a global emergency by the was first identified amid an outbreak of respiratory World Health Organization (WHO). The COVID-19 illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. outbreak has spread widely across China since It was initially reported to the WHO on December December 2019, with many other countries affected 31, 2019. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared (WHO, 2020a). the COVID-19 outbreak global health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO COVID-19 a global On the 13th of January, Thailand had its first pandemic, its first such designation since declaring case, also the first case outside of China. The H1N1 influenza a pandemic in 2009. Covid-19 has affected individual was a 61-year-old Chinese to date (March 29th 2020) infected over 81,000 woman who is a resident of Wuhan; she had not Chinese citizens, mostly in Hubei Province, since it visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, but was first identified in December 2019. It has so far was noted to have been to other markets. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

She developed a sore throat, fever, chills and a P a g e | 114 headache on 5 January, flew directly with her family and a tour group from Wuhan to Suvarnabhumi Bangkok is one of the high-risk areas (Yi et al., Airport in Bangkok on 8 January, where she was 2020) in Thailand with number of cases from detected using thermal surveillance and then January to July 2020 are 1394 cases. World Health hospitalized. Four days later she tested positive. On Organization situation reported that COVID-19 the 31th of March 2020, the total number of cases detected in Thailand, mostly its infected with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported by people who travel from other countries and were Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) in Thailand is confirmed after they has arrived in Thailand 1524, of which 127 have recovered, 1388 are (WHO, 2020b). receiving treatment (17 cases are severe) in healthcare settings and nine have died (See Figure In addition, our research also possible to produce 2). Our research focus on visual interpretation case distribution from difference places and analysis which is very useful information for population distributions retrieved from incident rate government and people who willing to travel or calculation and heat map distributions. This currently are in risk area. technique is useful for alerting to both authorities and local people about the COVID-19 outbreak situation. Figure 1: Geographic Distribution of COVID-19 Cases worldwide on 19th March 2020 (Source: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) Figure 2: G Geographic Distribution of COVID-19 Cases in Thailand on 19th March 2020 (Source: MoPH Thailand) International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

2. Experimental Methods P a g e | 115 2.1 Materials manage, and communicate the impact of the In this research, the situation of the whole outbreak of COVID-19 (Murugesan et al., 2020). Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) is updated Therefore, in this study, ArcGIS tool has used to in real time according to the data of confirmed analyze and visualize COVID-19 diseases extent cases, suspected cases, recovered cases and deaths map in Thailand. ArcGIS is a GIS tool that allows and incremental data of the previous day published to work with geospatial data, create maps, perform by Ministry of Public Health Thailand in the early geospatial operations, connect to external tools. morning of each day, which provides reference for the deployment of epidemic prevention and control 2.2 Study Area work of government departments, and also enables Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) is a region the public to timely understand the changes of the located in the central part of Thailand, which epidemic situation in the whole province. This includes the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration article provides maps to view the epidemic (BMA)—the capital city, and five surrounding situation of BMR and the nation and province provinces (Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut level of COVID-19. The research focus on visual Prakarn, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom), as interpretation analysis and map the COVID-19 illustrated in Figure 3. This region has a total area extent in Thailand that work with geospatial data of 7700 km2 and 12.6 million inhabitants and tools. The COVID-19 data can download from (including a registered population of 8.6 million website of work point news, this dataset is being people, a non-registered population of 3.0 million used and the commonly cited data sources for people, and alien workers amounting to 1.0 million Thailand during the epidemic. Collecting data and people); approximately 1636.66 people/km2. Most information, and using geospatial tools which are of confirmed case from this region. Predictive very useful information for Thai government and analytics can also be applied to data from people who will get risk from this disease, and hospitals, airports, and other public locations to social vulnerability. Social vulnerability can also predict disease spread and risk. Hospitals may also have a major impact on how individuals and want to use the data to plan for the impact of an communities can be impacted by the disease. outbreak on their operations. This research focus on the factor that influence the spread of the To solve this problem, GIS is a geospatial epidemic will be of great significance. This software and platform that has a wide range of research also prepares to report that women exhibit tools and products for geospatial analysis to many different characteristics from men in the different private and public organizations around transmission of COVID-19 2020. the world. In addition, GIS can help monitor, Figure 3: Study area in BMR International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

2.3 Spatial Analysis P a g e | 116 Hotspot is defined as a condition indicating some form of clustering in a spatial distribution. Hotspot clustered pattern is hotspot or cold spot. Local detection can be useful, even if the global pattern indicator spatial association (LISA) can give a good is not clustered. Moreover, clusters of cases that performance on this point (Cordes, J. and Castro, M. occur randomly can also have an influence on the C., 2020). Getis-Ord Gi* was applied to show the spread of an infectious disease. Local indicators of hotspot areas where got the highest CIR. Although spatial association (LISA) can be used to metropolitan cities have pretty high population determine locations of hotspots (Li et al., 2020). (Jella et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020), it would be The local Getis-Ord G* statistic was adopted to seen as cold spot areas because it is an accumulation explore which of the polygon has a statistically of many low CIR values (See Figure 4). significant relationship with its neighbor. The basic statistic is defined as: However, if look back to hotspot of COVID-19 during 7 months, diseases almost show different ∑* \" trend of 7 months (Rahman et al., 2020), especially ) ∑\" on the central and eastern part but there was three area showing abnormal characteristics with very Equation 1 high hotspot which just occurred on January and start reducing in May and June. Those were In this equation, the xj are COVID-19 Incidence Bangkok and Samut Prakan province (See Figure 4). Rate (CIR) value of provincial polygon i. wij is the proximity of polygon i and polygon j. wij is one 3.2 Spatial Pattern Analysis for all proximity province and zero otherwise. Gi This research paper analyzes COVID-19 infection in will be high where high values cluster which is the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) by using low where identified as hot spot. On the other Incidence Rate (IR) per 100,000 population from hand, Gi will be low values cluster and identified January to July, according to Table 1 and the map as cold spot. (See Figure 5a) shows that Bangkok is the highest COVID-19 infection in January that IR is at 0.018 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and other regions have no confirmed cases. In February (See Figure 5b), the highest COVID-19 3.1 Hotspot Analysis infection is Bangkok (IR = 0.25 to 0.25), and The Global spatial autocorrelation revealed the Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, and Samut Sakhon clustered pattern of CIR. Now the LISA is applied have no COVID-19 infection. In March (See Figure to determine hotspot location of disease. As 3.2 c), the highest COVID-19 infection is Bangkok discussion earlier, global Moran’s I can perform (IR = 6.7 to 13.5) and the lowest COVID-19 spatial pattern of disease whether it clustered or not. infection is Nakhon Pathom (IR = 1.7). However global Moran’s I cannot indicate a Figure 4: Hotspot analysis of COVID-19 in Thailand International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 117 Table 1: COVID-19 incidence rate in BMR City/ Incidence Rate (IR) Mar. Apr. May June July Province Jan. Feb. 0.755 0.773 Bangkok 0.018 0.439 13.510 8.538 0.457 0.000 0.000 Nakhon Pathom 0.000 0.000 1.796 0.786 0.000 0.000 0.000 Nonthaburi 0.000 0.085 6.134 4.174 0.170 0.000 0.000 Pathumthani 2.094 3.203 Samut Prakan 0.000 0.000 2.421 1.955 0.000 0.000 0.000 Samut Sakhon 0.000 0.246 6.652 7.391 1.725 0.000 0.000 2.256 1.128 0.000 (a)Jan. (b)Feb. (c)Mar. (d)Apr. (e)May (f)June Figure 5: Mapping of COVID-19 IR in BMR from Jan. to July (continue next page) International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 118 (g)July Figure 5: Mapping of COVID-19 IR in BMR from Jan. to July In April (See Figure 5d), the highest COVID-19 land quality experts for the characterization and infection in Bangkok and Samut Prakan (IR = 4.2 to remediation of contaminated sites. These types of 8.5). In May (See Figure 5e), the highest COVID-19 maps have already been effectively used for the infection is Samut Prakan (IR = 0.6 to 1.7), and representation of epidemiological data (Battersby et Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, and Samut Sakhon al., 2011) and time series datasets (Haoran and have no COVID-19 infection. In June (See Figure Nitin, 2018). They require the use of a base map at 3.2 f), the highest COVID-19 infection is Bangkok the center of the image which is then surrounded by (IR = 17.1 to 43.0) and Nakhon Pathom, Pathum a series of concentric rings, each showing a different Thani, Nonthaburi, and Samut Sakhon have no variable (See Figure 7). COVID-19 infection. In July (See Figure 5g), the highest COVID-19 infection is Samut Prakan (IR = 4. CONCLUSIONS 0.9 to 43.2) and Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, In conclusions, Thailand is a country that impacted Nonthaburi, and Samut Sakhon have no COVID-19 by COVID-19 diseases, the virus was confirmed on infection. Moreover, we can identify the highest January 2020 and Bangkok is the highest risk area COVID-9 infection in Bangkok and Samut Prakan. that impacted and vulnerable to the disease. In order to predict the spread of disease in Thailand Bangkok is a crowd city and a large airport among from January to March, interpolation using the IDW incoming travelers revealed a small number of cases was obtained. The map presented in Figure 3.3 throughout January in Bangkok that almost all of shows extended area disease in the country. The whom were visitors returning from China. pattern of COVID-19 disease in the six classes is as Geospatial data and tools are very useful to follows: 0 to 12, 13 to 34, 45 to 104, 105 to 214, understanding about the spatiotemporal of COVID- 215 to 399, and 340 to 618. 19, and essential for help to clarify and analyze the extent and impact of the pandemic and can aid 3.3 Heat Map decision making, planning and community action. In addition, our research also possible to produce Geospatial analyst technique has been applied to case distribution from difference places and study on 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) population distributions retrieved from incidence pandemic for understanding the situation, movement rate calculation and heat map distributions. (See and bring solution or suggestion for decision Figure 6) This technique is useful for alerting to making and planning. Diseases mapping has both authorities and local people about the COVID- categories into four such as spatiotemporal analysis, 19 outbreak situation. health and social geography, environmental variables, data mining, and web-based mapping 3.4 Ring map (Franch-Pardo, Napoletano, Rosete-Verges & Billa, Ring maps have been used in this study as a tool for 2020). Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics representing confirm cases and COVID-19 of COVID-19 possible to distribute the extent and incidence that is commonly available to impact of the pandemic and can aid decision professionals with a technical/scientific background making, planning and community action. and that commonly operate as hydrogeologists or International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 119 Figure 6: Study area in BMR Figure 7: Ring map of COVID-19 IR in BMR from Jan to July International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

P a g e | 120 Health geography highlights the interaction of REFERENCES public health officials, affected actors and first responders to improve estimations of disease Battersby, S. E., Stewart, J. E., Fede, A. L. D., propagation and likelihoods of new outbreaks. Remington, K. C. and Mayfield-Smith, K., 2011, Ring Maps for Spatial Visualization of Attempts at interdisciplinary correlation examine Multivariate Epidemiological Data. Journal of health policy interventions for the siting of health / Maps, Vol. 7(1), 564–572. doi:10. sanitary services and controls, mapping/tracking of 4113/jom.2011.1182. human movement, formulation of appropriate scientific and political responses and projection of Cordes, J. and Castro, M. C., 2020, Spatial spatial diffusion and temporal trends. In our Analysis of COVID-19 Clusters and research, we mostly use secondary data which are Contextual Factors in New York City. Spatial available online in web server, so our research and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, Vol. 34, results also based on online data as well as it doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355. accuracy. Near real time visualization of COVID-19 which many countries are using and included Dong, E., Du, H. and Gardner, L., 2020, An Thailand is Geospatial technologies and web Interactive Web-Based Dashboard to Track applications that work as a pivotal web-based tools COVID-19 in Real Time. The Lancet in tracking health threats and combating infectious Infectious Diseases, Vol. 20(5), 533-534. diseases (Saran et al., 2020). Geographic information system (GIS) is an essential tool to Department of Disease Control, Thailand, 2020, examine the spatial distribution of infectious COVID-19situationreport. diseases (Mollalo et al., 2020), which can aid in the process of combating a pandemic and improving the Franch-Pardo, I., Napoletano, B. M., Rosete- quality of care (Sarfo et al., 2020). GIS has become Verges, F. and Billa, L., 2020, Spatial Analysis an important tool for analyzing and visualizing the and GIS in the Study of COVID-19. A Review. spread of COVID-19. Science of Total Environment, 739, doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140033. This research recommends further study that few challenges as well as responses associated with it, Haoran Z. and Nitin K. T., 2018, Geospatial Hot this study although don’t have relevant good quality Spot Analysis of Lung Cancer Patients data however future may have good spatial-temporal Correlated to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) models for COVID-19 such as disease spread (e.g. and Industrial Wind in Eastern Thailand. spatial diffusion); Disease prediction (e.g. cellular Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 170: 407- automaton and susceptible-infected-removed); 424. WebGIS (e.g. Online platform); and spatial knowledge and information sharing (Dong et al., Jella, T. K., Acuña, A. J., Samuel, L. T., Jella, T. 2020; Ruthberg et al., 2020; Sarwar et al., 2020). K., Mroz, T. E. and Kamath, A. F., 2020, Geospatial Mapping of Orthopaedic Surgeons ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS Age 60 and Over and Confirmed Cases of The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of COVID-19. The Journal of Bone and Joint the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Surgery. Vol. 102(12), 1022- Development Agency (GISTDA), Thailand (Project 1028.doi:10.2106/JBJS.20.00577. on Enhancing Personnel Knowledge Development and Capacity Building on Space and Geoinformatics Li, H., Li, H., Ding, Z., Hu, Z., Chen, F., Wang, K. Technology: Environment and Public Health). This and Shen, H., 2020, Spatial Statistical Analysis project is commissioned by GISTDA, Thailand to of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in enable a plan on enhances research development China. Geospatial Health, Vol. 15(1). DOI: and knowledge transfer on SCGI Master's Program. 10.4081/gh.2020.867. We thank National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand for the Murugesan, B., Karuppannan, S., Mengistie, A. T., research contract established under the Ministry of Ranganathan, M. and Gopalakrishnan, G., Higher Education, Science, Research and 2020, Distribution and Trend Analysis of Innovation (MHESI), Thailand. The authors COVID-19 in India: Geospatial Approach. acknowledge the anonymous reviewers that Journal of Geographical Studies, Vol. 4(1), 1- contributed to improve the quality original of the 9. manuscript. Mollalo, A., Vahedi, B. and Rivera, K. M., 2020, GIS-Based Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Incidence Rate in the Continental United States. Sci Total Environ, Vol. 728, 1-18. Rahman, M. R., Islam, A. H. M. H. and Islam, M. N., 2020, Geospatial Modelling on the Spread and Dynamics of 154 Days Outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

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P a g e | 122 COVID-19 SCREENING TECHNIQUE FRAMEWORK FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ADMISSION Waidah Ismail,1,3 Rosline Hassan,2* Rabihah Md Sum,1 Anvar Narzullaev,1 Azuan Ahmad,1 Hani Ajrina Zulkeflee,4 Razan Hayati Zulkeflee2 and Rimuljo Hendradi3 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected],* [email protected] 3Information System Study Program, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia Kampus C, Surabaya, Indonesia 4Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding Author ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. Clinical studies have shown that there was an association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. The virus can directly induce myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and venous thromboembolism. In Malaysia, students will come back to University soon. The screening techniques framework is required to reduce the pandemic Covid-19 transmission among the students. In this manuscript, we present a new screening technique framework which is consists of temperature and heart rate measurements, movement tracking and risk assessment. Students will be given a questionnaire to stratify their risk into high, medium, and low risk. The temperature will be measured by using an infrared thermometer. The heart rate will be monitored only in those in high and low- risk categories by using a smart bracelet. The students’ movement will be tracked by using a Wi-Fi based location technique. To avoid any privacy concerns, the location data will be extracted only if the student shared the location with the confirmed COVID-19 case. Lastly, the risk assessment is required in reporting if the infection occurs among students. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Heartbeat, Temperature, Movement, Risk Assessment 1. INTRODUCTION dedicated screening method to reduce the risk of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global transmission among them. A set of questionnaire pandemic. As of March 21st, 2020 infected patients will be administered to students for risk assessment were present in 167 countries/regions with more and they will be stratified into high, medium and than 285,000 cases and nearly 12,000 fatalities low risk. Bracelet will be given to high risk students worldwide. Clinical studies have shown that there for heart rate monitoring and subsequently will be was an association between COVID-19 and classified using data mining techniques. The cardiovascular disease. The pre-existing location of the students will be tracked by using a cardiovascular disease seems to be linked with an Wi-Fi device. The objective of this research is to increased risk of death. The virus can directly present a framework in preparing for students induce myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute registration as the university currently does not have coronary syndrome and venous thromboembolism an existing risk assessment strategy. This (Nishiga et al., 2020). Thus, one of the main framework consists of temperature mesurement presenting symptoms of COVID-19 is fever and using infrared thermal sensors, heart rate monitoring increased heart rate. This was reported in patients using the KNN algorithm, and student movement without a fever or cough (Liu et al., 2020). Hence tracking using Wi-Fi location. This paper is divided heart rate measurement could be one of the mass into the related study, proposed framework, screening methods for the detection of COVID-19 workflow and conclusion. in addition to the questionnaire. In Malaysia, university student admission would prompt a International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International

2. RELATED STUDY P a g e | 123 Most of the countries in the world are using a traditional but effective approach by screening for 90% of air travellers who were at risk of symptomatic individuals. The first line of detection transporting A(H1N1) out of Mexico in the early of possible infection is by measuring the body stages of the pandemic. These studies show the temperature i.e. fever. A study on health screening importance of a framework for student registration. framework by Gregoire et al., (2010) showed that health screening is a very important procedure to 3. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK identify and quarantine a sick individual. Cowling et The university management has to prepare a al., (2010) also suggested that health screening for framework and risk assessment strategy during the the pandemic situation should have a proper student registrations. This is important not only to procedure. Their framework was able to screen 95% prepare the medical staff of the University, but also of Influenza A cases. The same health screening the lecturers and administration staff. The students framework was also used for the entry and exit of need to follow the rules as the proposed framework. airline travellers during the H1N1 pandemic (Khan Figure 1, shows the proposed framework for the et al., 2013). Based on their work, data from flight students registration. itineraries for travellers who flew from Mexico were used to estimate the number of international airports 4. PROPOSED WORKFLOW where health screening measures would have been 4.1 Consent Form needed, and the number of travellers who would The incubation period of COVID-19, which is the have had to be screened, to assess all air travellers time between the exposure to the virus and the who could have transported the H1N1 influenza development of symptoms is on average five (5) to virus out of Mexico during the initial stages of the six (6) days. But it can also be as long as fourteen 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic. They found that (14) days. Thus, quarantine should be mandated for screening at just eight airports managed to assess fourteen (14) days from the last exposure to a confirmed case. Figure 1: Proposed Framework Table 1: Description of Figure 1 Items Description Users Students Consent Form Smart band The form required will be explained in the next section Temperature Data from heart rate students Movement Server The temperature will be measured in the classroom The data movement will be captured All the data will be kept on the server and the analyst of the data will be done and presented to a medical doctor. International Journal of Geoinformatics, Conference Proceedings for 7th HealthGIS Conference ISBN No: 978-616-90698-5-0 © Geoinformatics International