Materi Cerdik SBMPTN

Program IPA Bahasa Inggris BAB 1 TENSES Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb) (─) I don’t go to school everyday. karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu (? ) Do you go to school everyday? pada suatu konteks kalimat. Kalimat nominal: (+) She is hungry. A. PRESENT TENSES (─) She is not hungry. (? ) Is she hungry? 1. Simple Present Tense Fungsi: a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan Kalimat Verbal: keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always, (+) AS d+verVb1 (/A)Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/ never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday. b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum. (─) SDo+/dDoone’st/+doSe+snV’1t++CV/1O+/AC?/O/A Contoh: The world is round. (? ) c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang (factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of coffee. Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + C 2. Present Continuous Tense (─) S + be (is, am, are) + not + C (? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C? Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A Keterangan: ((─? )) SBe +(bise, (a ims, ,aamr e, )a+reS) ++ nVo-intg +V-Cing/O+ /CA/?O/A • Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja. Kalimat Nominal: • Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata (+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C (─) S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C kerja. (? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C? • Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they. • Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it. Contoh: • Am dipakai untuk subjek: I Kalimat verbal: • Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it (+) I am repairing your bicycle now. (─) I am not repairing your bicycle now. • Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They (? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now? Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I go to school everyday. [email protected] 151

Kalimat nominal: (─) I have not been meeting her since 1998. (+) She is being very sad right now. (? ) Have you been waiting for two hours? (─) She is not being very sad right now. Kalimat nominal: (? ) Is she being very sad right now? (+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks. (─) She has not been being here for five minutes. Fungsi: (? ) Has she been being here for two hours? a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang Fungsi: sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan). - Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini. moment, look!, right now, at present, listen! - Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this Contoh: He is reading an English text now. b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh: morning, since, the whole day. Contoh: He has been writing a letter for 1 hour. The population of the world is rising very fast. 3. Present Perfect Tense B. FUTURE TENSES Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + hhaass//hhaavveen+oVt +3 +VC3 /+OC//AO/A 1. Simple Future Tense (─) S + Kalimat Verbal: (? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A? (+) S + wwiillll//sshhaalllln+oVt1++VC1/+OC/A/O/A Kalimat Nominal: (─) S + (+) S + has/have + been + C (? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A? (─) S + has/have not + been + C Kalimat Nominal: (? ) Has/have + S + been + C? (+) S + will/shall + be + C Contoh: (─) S + will/shall not + be + C Kalimat verbal: (? ) Will + S + be + C? (+) I have opened the door since 7 o’clock. Contoh: (─) I have not opened the door. Kalimat verbal: (? ) Have you opened the door? (+) I will go to Jakarta next week. Kalimat nominal: (+) She has been there since this morning. (─) I will not go to Jakarta next week. (? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week? (─) She has not been there till now. Kalimat nominal: (? ) Has she been there since this morning? (+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow. Fungsi: (─) I will not be there tomorrow. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih (? ) Will you be there tomorrow? berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already, Fungsi: just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, till a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 o’clock. waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow. Kalimat Verbal: b. Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find (+) S + hhaass//hhaavveen+obt e+ebne+enV+-ingV+-inCg +/OC//AO/A many foreign tourists when you come to Bali. (─) S + 2. Future Continuous Tense (? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Verbal: Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + be ++beVV--i+ninggV++-inCCg //+OOC///AAO?/A (+) S + has/have + been + being + C (─) S + will/shall not + (─) S + has/have not + been + being + C (? ) Will/shall + S + be (? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C? Kalimat Nominal: Contoh: (+) S + will/shall + be + being + C Kalimat verbal: (─) S + will/shall not + be + being + C (+) I have been waiting for two hours. (? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C? 152 [email protected]

Contoh: Contoh: Kalimat verbal: Kalimat verbal: (+) I will be coming there next week. (+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this (─) I will not be coming there next week. week. (? ) Will you be coming there next week? (─) I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this Kalimat nominal: (+) I will be being in London next month. week. (? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this (─) I will not be being in London next month. (? ) Will you be being in London next month? week? Kalimat nominal: Fungsi: (+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di (─) I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow at ... o ‘clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be year. visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 o’clock. (? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this 3. Future Perfect Tense year? Kalimat Verbal: Fungsi: Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan (+) SSW++illww/siihllll/a/ssllhh+aalSllln++ohhtaa+vveeha++veVV33+++VCC3 //+OOC//A/AO? /A masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu (─) mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end (? ) of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives. Kalimat Nominal: C. PAST TENSE (+) S + will/shall + have + been + C 1. Simple Past Tense (─) S + will/shall not + have + been + C (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C? Kalimat Verbal: (((K+─?a)l)) i mSSDai++dt VdN+i2odS+mn+CionV/tOa1+l+/:AV C1/+OC/A/O? /A Contoh: (+) S + be (was, were) + C Kalimat verbal: (─) S + be (was,were) not + C (+) I will have finished this job by the end of this week. (? ) Was/were + S + C? (─) I will not have finished this job by the end of this week. Contoh: (? ) Will you have finished this job by the end of this week? Kalimat verbal: Kalimat nominal: (+) John came here yesterday. (+) I will have been in Jogja by the time you get there. (─) John did not come here yesterday. (? ) Did John come here yesterday? (─) I will not have been in Jogja by the time you get there. Kalimat nominal: (? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week? (+) She was in the hospital yesterday. (─) She was not in the hospital yesterday. Fungsi: (? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday? Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the time, Fungsi: by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, after/ before + Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu SCo+nVto1 ha:ftweri/ll bheafvoerebe+eSn+vVis1i.ted my girlfriend by this time lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday, next week. in 1973, the day before yesterday. Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year. 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A (─) S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C (─) S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C? [email protected] 153

2. Past Continuous Tense yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... , Kalimat Verbal: when/after/before s+tuSd+ieVd2 , after/before + S + Vbe2 fore I came. Contoh: Johny had English for 2 hours (+) S+ (bbweea((sww,waaess,,reww)ee+rreeS))+n+VoV-ti-nin+gg+V+-CiCn/g/O+O/C/AA/?O/A (─) S+ 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (? ) Be Kalimat Verbal: Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A (+) S + be (was, were) + being + C (─) S + had not + been + V+-inCg/+OC/A/O? /A (─) S + be (was, were) not + being + C (? ) Had + S + been + V-ing (? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + had + been + being + C Contoh: (─) S + had not + been + being + C Kalimat verbal: (? ) Had + S + been + being + C? (+) I was sleeping when she arrived. (─) I was not sleeping when she arrived. Contoh: (? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday? Kalimat verbal: Kalimat nominal: (+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to (+) She was being at home when her father died. (─) She was not being at home when her father died. Italy. (? ) Were you being at home when your father died? (─) I had not been living in London for 2 years before I Fungsi: moved to Italy. Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau. (? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while. moved to Italy? Contoh: - John was reading a book when I came. Kalimat nominal: - John was being at home while I was reading. (+) He had been being famous before he won the singing competition. (─) He had not been being famous before he won the singing competition. (? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing competition? 3. Past Perfect Tense Fungsi: Kalimat Verbal: Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada (+) S + had +n+oVVt33+++VCC3//+OO//CAA/?O/A saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga (─) S + had (? ) Had + S ditandai oleh peristiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present Perfect Tense. Kalimat Nominal : Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/ (+) S + had + been + C before + S + V2 (─) S + had not + been + C Contoh: (? ) Had + S + been + C? - Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I came. - They had been being in the office when their boss came. Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her. (─) I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her. (? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her? Kalimat nominal: (+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. (─) He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. (? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain 154 [email protected]

BAB 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang digunakan sebagai syarat meliputi: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), dan susunan inversi. A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT Conditional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat). TIPE TENSE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FAKTA 1 PRESENT If + S + VI S + will + VI FUTURE 2 PAST If + S + V2 S + would + VI PRESENT 3 PAST PERFECT If + S + had + V3 S + would have + V3 PAST Keterangan: FAKTA 1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan He doesn’t study so he doesn’t pass the exam. (VI (-)) terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang tidak He didn’t study so he didn’t pass the exam. (V2 (-)) mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk tipe 2 adalah present (tidak terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk tipe 3 adalah past Keterangan: (tidak terjadi di waktu lampau). 2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past - Pengandaian pada kalimat 2bednatluakmnbeegnattiufkVIpo(dsoiteifsnV’t2 Tense adalah ‘were’. (studied), maka fakta harus 3. Letak If Clause tidak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan. study). Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat, dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat - (Pheandgastnuddaiieadn),pmadaakakafalikmtaath3arduaslanmegbaetinf tVu2k(dpiodsni’ttifshtuaddyV).3 (If Clause). B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK Contoh: 1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, tipe 2 diawali dengan were, dan tipe 3 diawali dengan had. that he will pass the exam) 2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesn’t Contoh: study, so he doesn’t pass the exam) Tipe Noninversi 3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He 1 If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her 2 house. didn’t study, so he didn’t pass the exam) 3 If the weather were fine now, we would go swimming. Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhatikan! have been late to school. PENGANDAIAN FAKTA V1 Possibility (will + V1) Tipe Inversi V2/were V1/is, am, are 1 Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to Had V3 V2/was, were 2 her house. Kalimat Negatif (-) 3 Were the weather fine now, we would go Kalimat Positif (+) swimming. Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-) have been late to school. Contoh: PENGANDAIAN If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+)) If he had studied he would have passed the exam. (Had V3 (+)) [email protected] 155

BAB 3 SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE A. SUBJUNCTIVE B. CAUSATIVE Subjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemu- Causative adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja kakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian, merasa tidak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causative yang umum though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka). dikenal adalah have dan get. 1. Present Subjunctive 1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia) a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 + a. Rumus: BSe+rahratsi:/hSa+vaes/kh/aadsk+eodb+yeokbyaekktiaf k(mtifa(nourasinag))++Vt1o + V1 b. PSIfuaosbntjel(yVct+2/1wSu+ebrPjere)ecste+nPt a(Vst1)(V+2a/ws ief/raes) though + c. Contoh: I have John wash my car. Subject 2 + Past (V2/were) Berarti: I ask John to wash my car. Contoh: b. Rumus I wish I were a doctor. S + get/got/gotten + obyek aktif (manusia) + to + V1 Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1 (Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya Contoh: saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)). I get John to wash my car. Berarti: I ask John to wash my car. 2. Past Subjunctive 2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda) a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect Rumus: S + has/have/had /get/got/gotten + O pasif (benda) b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect B+eVr3arti: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to + c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject V1 + O 2 + Past Perfect Contoh: Contoh: I have/get my car washed (by John). I wish I had typed a letter. Berarti: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash (Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengetik sebuah my car. surat (Kenyataannya saya tidak mengetik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didn’t type a letter). Keterangan: Keterangan: - Bila have diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang Untuk to be Past Subjunctive harus selalu ‘were’ - mBileanggiektudtiiiakduatilaohbVye1 k. aktif (orang), verb yang apapun subjeknya, tidak boleh ‘was’ mengikuti adalah to V1 . RUMUS PRAKTIS - Bila have atau get diikuti obyek pasif (benda), PENGANDAIAN FAKTA verb yang mengikuti adalah V3. Would/could V1 Possibility (will + V1) V2/were V1/is/am/are Had V3 V2 Kalimat Negatif(-) Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-) Keterangan: Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis dengan rumus conditional. Contoh: I wish she had come. Means: She didn’t come. 156 [email protected]

BAB 4 TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND A. TO INFINITIVE Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to. Fungsi dan Penggunaan No Penggunaan Contoh 1 Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk The students are to do the school assignment. menyatakan keharusan. 2 Sebagai subject. To study hard makes us clever. 3 Menerangkan tujuan. He comes here to meet me Rumus: alasan + to infinitive (tujuan) alasan tujuan 4 Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku. Doni asked me to go with him. 5 Menerangkan noun/kata benda. I need a glass of milk to drink. Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to infinitive 6 Menerangkan adjective/kata sifat. English is easy to learn. Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to infinitive 7 Setelah Adjective/kata sifat. Dedi is too young to run the business. 8 Mengikuti verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek I want to go. kata kerja atau komplemen obyek. I want you to go. Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to infinitive She expects me to study. Verb tertentu yang diikuti to infinitive: Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge, dll. B. GERUND Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Fungsi dan Penggunaan No Penggunaan Contoh 1 Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O). Swimming is my hobby. 2 Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)). I like swimming. 3 Sebagai pelengkap (complement). His job is working on the field. 4 Mengikuti preposisi / kata depan. He is good at speaking English. Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, after, before 5 Possessive pronoun + gerund. I don’t mind her smoking here. Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan): my, his, her, their, your, our, John ‘s. [email protected] 157

6 Mengikuti prepositional object I am looking forward to hearing from you Preposisi to berikut ini diikuti gerund: - to be used to: terbiasa soon. - to be accustomed to: terbiasa - object to: keberatan Catatan khusus: - look forward to: menanti/ ingin sekali - to take to: senang Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to? - confess to: mengakui Jawabannya adalah: 1. utosebdetou+seVd1: kebiasaan lampau. hingga 2. to + gerund: kebiasaan sekarang. Contoh: I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi) I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang masih dilakukan) 7 Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang), walking stick (tongkat untuk berjalan) (bedakan dengan frase kata benda active participle) 8 Mengikuti verb (kata kerja) tertentu: He enjoys smoking. (V tertentu + gerund) I avoid answering my question. Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikuti gerund: avoid, admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, consider, deny, detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy, imagine, keep, mind, postpone,practice, prevent, quit, risk, resist, suggest. 9 Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Can’t help/stand (tidak It is no use waiting for her. tahan), no use (tidak ada gunanya) 10 Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the film. I think it is worth seeing. kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif. 11 Kata kerja yaadnagpbeirsbaeddiaikauntimVainkg naata: uadtvoisVe1, - I forget giving her a letter. a. Tidak (lupa telah memberi) begin, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, I forget to give her a letter. start. (lupa belum memberi) b. Ada perbedaan makna: - I stop smoking . S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving: (berhenti dari kebiasaan merokok) pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan I stop to smoke. S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1: (berhenti dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan pekerjaannya belum dilakukan untuk merokok) C. PERBEDAAN ‘GERUND’ DAN ‘ACTIVE PARTICIPLE’ 1. Modifiers of Noun - a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang) a swimming child (Participle/Anak yang sedang berenang) - a walking stick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan) a walking girl (Participle/Gadis yang sedang berjalan) Keterangan : Kalau tidak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata ‘untuk’, berarti bukan ‘Gerund’ tetapi ‘Participle’ 158 [email protected]

2. Sentence Pattern - Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund) Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Participle) - Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund) Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (participle) Keterangan: Kalau setelah bentuk ‘ing’, tidak ada ‘koma’, berarti kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai ‘Subject’, sehingga bentuk ‘ing’ tersebut berfungsi sebagai ‘subject’ dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada ‘koma’, berarti kalimat tersebut sudah mempunyai ‘Subject’ dan berbentuk ‘Participle’. BAB 5 ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacam- 3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Pm(sVerae2d)csa,aenPmngatks, atynpPaaaiPtrrauttiis:cctIiippnPllfaeeinrt(iiVtci(3viVp)e-,ilnedg()aV(Vn1)3m,P)rTemeonseueinnnnufjtiunnPkjiautirkvtkeikeceig(pgTilaoieatta(VaVn1n-)in,pg)aPa.kastisiftf. S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Keterangan: V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas. - nV-ointgimcee, nogbiskeurtvieV,ewrbatpcahn,cfianidn,dsemraelsl,elpisetretni:, see, 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the boy trying to get on the roof. V-inHg a v i n g S + P ... - Jika diikuti V1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal + V3 hleinnggkgaapa,khhairn.yJaiksaadaitiksuetdiaVn-ingg,dpikeerrisjatikwaann. ya tak 4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Keterangan: Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative mV-iengndgaanndHuanvgintiggaV3myaaknngad: iletakkan di awal kalimat a. kejadian sebab-akibat Pronoun b. kejadian berurutan c. kejadian bersamaan (kalimat) + N + V-ing Contoh: Contoh: - Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test Kalimat 1: I meet the girl (He passed the test because/as/for, since he studied) Kalimat 2: She smiles - Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take the gun (After I have opened the drawer, I take Gabungan kalimatnya: the gun) - Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV 1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relative pronoun) (While he is studying he watches the TV) 2. I meet the girl smiling. (active participle) 5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda) Noun Phrase : V-ing + N Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase) 2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Saat yang Sama V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas. S + V + V-ing + Object 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat HavVin3 g ++ S+P ... been + V3 Contoh: He runs kicking the ball Keterangan: [email protected] 159

Vka3lidmaant Having been tVig3aymanagkndai:letakkan di awal 3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan mengandung Menggunakan Relative Pronoun a. kejadian sebab-akibat (kalimat) + N + V3 Keterangan: b. kejadian berurutan (Dkaaltaambeknadliam) amteVn3gabceurfaurntigysai nmgedni-e.rangkan Noun Contoh: c. kejadian bersamaan The book is good The book is written by Mr. Covey Contoh: Gabungan kalimatnya: 1. The book which is written by Mr. Covey is • Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the good city has a cool climate. 2. The book written by Mr. Covey is good (Because/as/since the city is surrounded by (passive participle) mountain, the city has a cool climate). 4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda) • Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni ContVo3h+: N = yang di / ter became a polite man. - The tired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah) - Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam) (After Joni had been beaten by Joko, he - Written story (cerita yang tertulis) became a polite man.) • Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie (While he is studying he watches the movie) 2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi S + V panca indera + benda + being V3 Keterangan: aVd3 amlahenogbikyuetki verb panca indera jika obyeknya pasif (benda). Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof being tried to get on. BAB 6 DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH A. DIRECT SPEECH Doni said that he was doing his job there then told Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Catatan: Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip - Kedua bentuk mempunyai arti yang sama. dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital. - Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimat- B. INDIRECT SPEECH nya tidak ada perubahan tenses, yang ber- ubah hanya kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/ keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a) bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/ - Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech: adverbial. (Lihat contoh b) 1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/ 2. Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request) statement) a. Positive Imperative Direct : Doni said: ‘Close the door!’ a. Direct : He says: ‘I go to school everyday.’ Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door. Indirect : He says that he goes to school everyday. b. Direct : Doni said: ‘I am doing my job here now.’ Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job there then. 160 [email protected]

Asked Me C. PERUBAHAN TENSES Told Him Close the Direct Indirect Doni Advised door Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense Her to Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Commanded Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Joko Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Continuous Tense Tense Ordered The Girl Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous b. Negative Imperative Past Continuous Tense Tense Direct : Doni said: ‘Don’t close the door!’ Past Future Tense Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door. Simple Future Tense Past Future Continuous Tense Asked Me Future Continuous Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Told Him Not To Close the Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Doni Commanded Joko door Future Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Future Tense Ordered The boy Past Future Tense Past Perfect Future Past Future Continuous Continuous Tense 3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question) Tense a. Tanpa kata tanya Direct : Doni asked: ‘Do you know Stephen Covey?’ Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew Stephen Covey. asked Perubahan Direct Indirect pada I Doni wondered If/ I knew Stephen We She/He wanted to know whether Covey Pronoun My They Possessive Our Her/His inquired Pronoun Their Keterangan Here Catatan: Tempat There Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: ‘Yes, I do’ (Adverb of This atau ‘No, I don’t’. Place) These That Demon- Now b. Dengan kata tanya strative Today Those Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?’ Adjective Tomorrow Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is. Then Keterangan Yesterday That day Me Waktu ________ ago The next day (Adverb of The day before The day after Him Stephen Time) yesterday The following day Covey Last ____ The day before Asked Her who is Next ____ ____ before Joko Two days before Doni The Girl The____ before The ____ after wanted who Stephen is The following ____ to know about Covey Stephen Covey inquired about Stephen Covey Catatan: Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who, whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when, how) [email protected] 161

BAB 7 DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk 3. Diawali ‘if/whether’ yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent I don’t know if/whether she can come on time. clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai - I don’t know = induk kalimat/Main clause/ dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri). Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) - if/ whether she can come on time = anak POLA KALIMAT kalimat/Dependent Clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri) Independent Clause + Question word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependent- Dependent clause independent Clause Keterangan: - Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom, 1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb. untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense - That apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come - If atau whether (Yes/No Question) with me tonight. Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai 2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus Dependent-independent Clause: dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped that Joni would come with me tonight. be afraid expect explain hope to be learn 3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus agree teach be worried selalu dalam bentuk affirmative/pernyataan. sorry believe tell ask decide hope 4. Untuk bentuk negatif dan interrogatif, yang feel learn think berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja. promise say see show suppose understand Contoh: guess hear imagine - Kalimat positif: You hope that Joni will come know remember wonder with me tonight. Contoh: - Kalimat negatif: You do not hope that Joni will 1. Diawali kata tanya I don’t know where he comes from. come with me tonight. - Kalimat interrogatif: Do you hope that Joni will - I don’t know = induk kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) come with me tonight? - where he comes from = anak kalimat/ dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri) 2. Diawali ‘that’ You hope that Joni will come with me tonight. - You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) - that Joni will come with me tonight = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri) 162 [email protected]

BAB 8 PASSIVE VOICE A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF 4. Pola Future Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3 Aktif S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O Pola Continuous: S + to be + being + V3 Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3 Pasif S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___ Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3 B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI Contoh: KALIMAT PASIF Aktif: John will bite Mary. Pasif: Mary will be bitten by John. 1. Pola Dasar Aktif S + V+O Keterangan: Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif Pasif S + to be V3 + by ____ adalah sebagai berikut. a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat Contoh: Aktif: John bites Mary. aktif. Pasif: Mary is bitten by John. b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek 2. Pola Continuous kalimat aktif. c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek Aktif S + to be Ving + O kalimat aktif. d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif berubah menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3. Pasif S + to be being V3 + by ___ C. PASIF UNIK Contoh: need need Aktif: John is bitting Mary. Pasif: Mary is being bitten by John. S + want + Ving atau S + want + tobe V3 3. Pola Perfect require require Aktif S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O Contoh: ‘The room needs cleaning’ atau ‘The room needs to be cleaned.’ Pasif S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___ Contoh: Aktif: John has bitten Mary. Pasif: Mary has been bitten by John. [email protected] 163

BAB 9 CONJUNCTION Conjunction adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau B. Subordinative Conjunction kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang tidak penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks setara. kalimat dan arti dari conjunction-nya. Macam-macam kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinative conjunction 1. Keterangan Sebab dan subordinative conjunction. Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because, A. Coordinative Conjunction because of, due to, on account of the fact that, Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara. owing to the fact that... = karena. 1. Correlative Conjunction Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan Contoh: dengan konjungsi lain. a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... . a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick. Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in London now. kalimat b. Either... or... = baik... atau... . Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather. or by motorcycle. c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... . noun Contoh: He has neither food nor water. d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi 2. Keterangan Pertentangan juga... . Contoh: She has not only a big house but also Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even a wide garden. though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/ walaupun. 2. Conjunctive Adverb Contoh: He is happy although he has no money Conjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang at all. berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat. a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun 3. Keterangan Syarat Contoh: She doesn’t earn much; however, he can send his children to college. Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya), b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on oleh karena itu condition that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama), Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she otherwise (jika tidak). is promoted to a manager of the company. Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me. c. Thus = dengan demikian Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is 4. Keterangan Waktu liked by the boys. d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (ketika), Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich. since (sejak), after (setelah), before (sebelum), e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean time Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he (sementara itu), till/until (sampai). was very polite. Contoh: She has been living here since 1980. 5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga), so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat... sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya). Contoh: They studied hard in order that they passed the exam. 6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolah- olah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...), than (daripada). Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a daze. 164 [email protected]

BAB 10 MODALS Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu. A. MODAL PRESENT Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1 Modal Fungsi Contoh Will (to be going to) menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang He will arrive tomorrow = akan menyatakan permintaan sopan Will you open the door, please? menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang We shall leave here next month. Shall menyatakan persetujuan Shall I open the door? = akan menyatakan keputusan yang harus dilaksanakan You shall open the door now! Must (has/have to) keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan) = harus, pasti You must study hard. kesimpulan sekarang (present) He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well. May kemungkinan sekarang (present) He is absent. He may be sick. = mungkin, boleh ijin May I go now? You ought to practice a lot before the Ought to menyatakan keharusan competition. = seharusnya I can sing. kemampuan Can I borrow your car? Can menyatakan kebolehan/ijin = dapat, mampu B. MODAL PAST Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1 Modal past Keterangan Fungsi Contoh Would bentuk past menyatakan permintaan sopan Would you like to open the door, = akan dari will please? menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya Should bentuk past dikerjakan/tidak dikerjakan The man should not swim in that = akan dari will dangerous beach. Must (had to) bentuk past keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan) You must/had to study in biology = harus, pasti dari will/has kesimpulan sekarang (present) class yesterday. to/have to He has been living in USA for 10 Might bentuk past menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan years. He must speak English well. = mungkin, dari may boleh menyatakan kemungkinan besar Joni might do the exam well. Could bentuk past menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan Ariel was absent yesterday. He menyatakan kebolehan/ijin might be sick. = dapat, mampu dari can Could you open the door please? You could open the window. [email protected] 165

C. MODAL PERFECT Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3 Modal past Fungsi Contoh Must have + V3 kesimpulan lampau Anto passed the exam. He must have studied. Might have + V3 kemungkinan lampau keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada Anto was absent. He might have been sick. Should have + V3 waktu lampau Contoh: Anto didn’t pass. He should have studied. kesimpulan sekarang (present) Fakta berlawanan arti: He didn’t study. He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well. Could have + V3 kemampuan yang tak digunakan di Anto could have done the homework himself. waktu lampau Fakta berlawanan arti: He didn’t do the homework himself. BAB 11 CONCORD AND AGREEMENT Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement) Contoh: - The minister together with the wives and antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau children attends the meeting. kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga - The ministers together with the wives and persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya children attend the meeting. (word agreement). 3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh: The number of students does the exam. - Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/ 4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A auxiliary tunggal. number of students do the exam. - Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary 5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no jamak. body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal maka kata ganti jamak. Contoh: Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikuti oleh verb He comes there; They come there. tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. Contoh: T T J J - Everyone likes her. They are happy. - Nobody knows their faults. ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD 6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither 1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung- of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal. kan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka Contoh: Each of students studies hard. verb yang mengikuti bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal bergantung noun di depan preposisi. 7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu, Contoh: uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal - Different interpretations on the same event by Contoh: various newspapers make readers confused - One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat. and angry. - Two hours is not enough to do the test. - A period of eight hours is not enough to finish this assignment. 8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperti shoes, trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak. 2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung- Contoh: His glasses are nice. kan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as well as, a long with bisa diikuti verb jamak maupun tunggal, tergantung noun depan. 166 [email protected]

9. Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap 15. Kata hubung ‘and’ menghubungkan pemakaian abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya hobby. gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa, noun dengan noun, adjective dengan adjective, 10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, film + verb tunggal. frase dengan frase, dst. Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story. Contoh: - Debby enjoys playing on the beach and 11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak swimming in the ocean. berikut ini diikuti verb tunggal: billiards, dominos, - I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an worker. interesting game. 16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak 12. Kata benda kolektif berikut bisa diikuti verb dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap tunggal maupun jamak: team, staff, family, jury, singular. village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya. Contoh: Dianggap jamak bila dititikberatkan pada anggota- - The meat has a lot of fat. anggotanya. - The news of Sapti’s marriage is surprising Contoh: many boys. - The staff is slim. It is composed of five members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya) 17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus - The staff are strong. They are always ready dianggap singular: mathematics, physics, to join the competition. (mengacu pada mechanics, statistics, politics, economics, optics, anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang) phonetics + verb tunggal Contoh: 13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata ganti) dengan - Economics is a social science. antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang - Politics has become a favourite subject. mendahului kata ganti). Contoh: 18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu - John loves his daughter very much. (his: John) kepada kata yang ditekankan. - Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their: Contoh: Stephen and Sandra). - No motorcycle is expensive. - No motorcycles are expensive. 14. Bila kata ‘either’ diikuti oleh ‘or’ dan ‘neither’ diikuti oleh ‘nor’, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ tunggal atau jamak. Kalaupun kata ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ berdiri sendiri verb/ auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah ‘or’ atau’nor’. Contoh: - Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today. - Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach today. - Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class today. - Either Novi or his classmates are going to the beach today. [email protected] 167

BAB 12 WORDS ORDER Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar - O = Ordinative dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Contoh: one, two, three, second, first, dsb. Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda) akhiran -er, -est Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H - E = Epithet/Adjective = kata sifat Contoh: nice, fantastic, strong, beautiful, small Contoh: The three beautiful American women - C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi D O E C H sebagai kata sifat Keterangan: Contoh: American man C - D = Determiner - H = Head = kata benda utama Contoh: Pada kata: The three beautiful American women, a. Articles  a, an, the head-nya adalah women. b. Possessive  my, your, our, her, his, its Kadang epithet/adjective pada noun phrase lebih c. Demonstrative  this, that, these, those dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi: d. Quantitatives  some, many, a lot of, much, little, any, few, Epithet Di Si A T Sha C M PA Keterangan: - Di = descriptive enumerator : beautiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesting,etc. - Si = size = ukuran : big, small, thick, short, etc. - A = age = umur : young, old, new, etc. - T = temperature = suhu : cold, cool, warm, hot, etc. - Sha = shape = bentuk : square, round, triangle, etc. - C = colour = warna : red, black, white, etc. - M = Material = bahan : plastic, metal, leather, diamond, etc. - PA = V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc. Rumus Lengkap: Di Si Epithet C M PA C H DO A T Sha Contoh: 1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor. DO Epithet CH Di Si A T Sha C M PA French Actor well- The most intelligent handsome tall young - - black - trained 2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers. DO Di Epithet C H The two clever Si A T Sha C M PA fat old - - white - bored English teachers 168 [email protected]

BAB 13 DERIVATION 1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat Akhiran Contoh bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek, -al arrival, approval, proposal, dsb. predikat, obyek, dan keterangan. -age carriage, package, marriage, dsb. -ity creativity, ability, dsb. 2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan -y, -ery, -ary delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb. yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan -hood brotherhood, childhood, dsb. penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik -ship leadership, relationship, dsb. kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata keterangan. A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N) 1. Fungsi Kata Benda B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V) Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga 1. Fungsi Kata Kerja obyek. a. Letak Sebelum Verb Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. Contoh: a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb - John is a patriot. - Education is very important for the future. Contoh: He studied. b. Letak Setelah Verb Contoh: b. Letak setelah kata Don’t, Let’s, dan Please - We need Education. - We love John. pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Don’t, Let’s, Please + Verb Contoh: Don’t go!, Let’s go!, Please help me! c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was, 2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus: Auxiliaries + Verb a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your, Contoh: I am swimming. this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one, two, dsb. They have written a novel. Contoh: - Their English is still bad. 2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja - We must carry out our development. a. Menggunakan awalan: en- b. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang Contoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst. berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan b. Menggunakan akhiran. akhiran. Akhiran Contoh Akhiran Contoh -ze, -ize -en apologize, standardize, dst. –ion, -tion collection, correction, confusio -d lengthen frighten hasten -ment agreement, appointment -fy, -ify threaten, dst. -ance, -ence attendance, difference succeed, offend, applaud, dst. -ness carelessness, clearness, dsb. classify, solidity, beautify, dst. -er, -or, -ist, -ent actor, typist, applicant, dsb. -ve prove, believe, relieve, dst. use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/, -t complaint, joint, gift, dsb -s yang dibaca /z/ dst. (dari noun yang -ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb. berakhiran desis s) cleaned, asked, asking, dst. -ed atau -ing [email protected] 169

C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ) Akhiran Contoh -able reasonable, adaptable, questionable. 1. Fungsi Kata Sifat -ing satisfying, interesting, disappointing. -ish Reddish, childish. Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. -al astronomical, economical, accidental. a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am, -ic basic, sympathetic. -ed bored, satisfied. are, was, were) + adjective Contoh: She is beautiful; They are happy D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV) b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking verb + adjective Fungsi Kata Keterangan Macam-macam linking verb: Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja. - seem, appear, look (nampak) a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv - get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... ) Contoh: He walks carefully. - sound (terdengar) b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan. - stay, remain, keep (tetap) - feel (terasa) Rumus: S + Adv + V Contoh: He looks calm  adj Contoh: He carefully ran away. c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V kata benda. Rumus: Adjective + noun Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early. Contoh: Beautiful girl. d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv Contoh: He studies Mathematics carefully. 2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat Catatan: a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most. Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang Contoh: hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai - He is very handsome. macam posisi. - The ball is so expensive. b. Menggunakan akhiran. Akhiran Contoh - ive imaginative, creative, active. -ous dangerous, suspicious. -ful beautiful, powerful. -less jobless, homeless, powerless. -y wealthy, hairy, sadly. -ly monthly, friendly, daily. 170 [email protected]

BAB 14 ELLIPTIC SENTENCES Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat. Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung A. GABUNGAN SETARA ‘but/while’. Polanya: Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ‘and’. S1 + auxiliary (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary not Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu positif dan negatif. S1 + auxiliary not (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary 1. Positif Contoh: My sister will be interested in reading this book while Untuk kalimat positif digunakan kata hubung ‘so’ my son won’t. dan ‘too’. Polanya: SS11 + VV21 – but/while – SS22 + do/does not + – but/while – + did not a. Menggunakan auxiliary. – auxiliary + too SS11 + auxiliary + (V) – and – sSo2 + auxiliary + S2 + auxiliary + (V) – and + Contoh: Contoh: - I like ice cream but he doesn’t. - Anton is handsome and Joko is too. - Anton is handsome and so is Joko. - He doesn’t like ice cream but I do. C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary: 1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif S1 + V1 – and – S2 + do/does + too Polanya: S1 + V1 – and – so + did + S2 Either ____ or .. (baik: .. , maupun ... ) Contoh: - I like Madonna. He likes Madonna. Contoh: I like Madonna and he does too. The boy goes to the party. We go to the party. I like Madonna and so does he. Either the boy or we go to the party. - He came there. She came there. He came there and she did too. 2. Untuk kalimat negatif He came there and so did she. Polanya: Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu: Neither ____ nor ____ (baik ... maupun ... tidak ... ) 1. auxiliary - Past  did, was, were 2. auxiliary - Present  is, am, are, do, does Contoh: - He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher. 2. Negatif Neither he nor she is a teacher. Untuk kalimat negatif digunakan kata hubung - He doesn’t speak French. I don’t speak French. ‘either’ dan ‘neither’. Neither he nor I speak French. Polanya: S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – S 2 + auxiliary not + either S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – neither + auxiliary + S2 Contoh: - He is not studying. She is not studying. He is not studying and she is not either. He is not studying and neither is she. [email protected] 171

BAB 15 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai 2. Untuk Pengganti Obyek kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/ Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + S + P orang atau benda. Contoh: A. UNTUK ORANG The book is good. We bought it yesterday. 1. Pengganti Subyek Gabungan: The book which/that we bought Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P yesterday is good. Contoh: 3. Untuk Pengganti Kepunyaan The boy is kind. Polanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ + He visits her house. Noun (kepunyaan) Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind. Contoh: 2. Pengganti Obyek The bicycle is cheap. Polanya: Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P Its colour is red. Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is Contoh: red is cheap. The girl is cute. He loves her indeed. C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPAT Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute. Polanya: Ket. Tempat + ____ where/in which ____ + S + P 3. Pengganti Kepunyaan Polanya: Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun Contoh: The house is haunted. Contoh: We lived there last year. The man is charming. Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last His hair is white. year is haunted. Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is charming. D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTU Polanya: B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG Ket. Waktu + ____ when/on which ____ + S + P 1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek Contoh: Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P The month was April. The APEC conference was held on April. Contoh: Gabungan: The month when/on which the APEC The book is good. conference was held was April. The book is written by Covey. Gabungan: The book which is written by Covey is good. 172 [email protected]

BAB 16 READING A. SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXT semua tugas secara implisit tertera pada pilihan A. Jawaban: A 1. Message Berikut ini sebuah contoh message. 2. When should Refandy Putra report the exhibition? A. After the exhibition finished Contoh Soal B. Three weeks after the exhibition C. Two days after the exhibition This is a message quotation from the sales D. At least two weeks after the exhibition manager to Rifandy Putra: E. Before two weeks In efforts to achieve sales target in 2011, Pembahasan: Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah D. Terdapat I hereby assign you to do an exhibition of dalam kalimat “You must give a report no later than two weeks after the completion of an exhibition.” products – products of PT Aichi Tex in the city of Refandy Putra harus menyerahkan laporan paling tidak 2 minggu setelah pameran. Surabaya, Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Bandung, Jawaban: D with the following schedule: Surabaya : 15 – May 20, 2011 Semarang : 24 – May 27, 2011 Yogyakarta : May 29 – June 1, 2011 Bandung : 5 - June 8, 2011 3. Why does the manager assign the salesman to do In performing the tasks you are required to an exhibition? A. To introduce the products coordinate with representatives of PT Sukses B. To make cooperation with the local town C. To achieve the sales target in 2011 Makmur in the local town. You must give D. To involve the sales in the product promotion E. To achieve the sales goals a report no later than two weeks after the Pembahasan: completion of an exhibition. So please be my Sales manager menugaskan salah satu salesman untuk mengadakan pameran sebagai usaha untuk best. mencapai target sales di tahun 2011. Hal ini dapat kita lihat pada kalimat “In efforts to achieve Adapted from: http://dinnygiar.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/ sales target in 2011, I hereby assign you to do an exhibition of products.” example-from-memo/ Jawaban: C 1. The message is about…. 4. In performing the tasks you are required to A. Assigning the sales to do and arrange all of the product exhibition coordinate with representatives of PT Sukses B. Asking the sales to make a report of the exhibition Makmur in the local town. The synonym of tasks C. Asking the sales to go to Semarang, Yogyakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya is, EXCEPT .... C. work E. report D. Assigning the sales to coordinate with A. duty D. order representatives of PT Sukses Makmur B. assignment E. Assigning the sales to achieve the sales target in 2011 Pembahasan: Tasks yang berarti tugas memiliki persamaan kata Pembahasan: dengan kata lain seperti duty, assignment, work, Sales manajer menyuruh Refandy Putra untuk order. Jadi, yang bukan merupakan persamaan mengadakan pameran, menyuruh pergi ke berbagai kata dari kata tasks adalah report yang berarti kota, berkoordinasi dengan PT Sukses Makmur, dan laporan. membuat laporan hasil pameran tersebut. Dengan kata lain, manajer menyuruh Refandy Putra untuk mengadakan dan mengatur segala sesuatu untuk keperluan pameran tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Jawaban: E [email protected] 173

2. Announcement kalimat tersebut merupakan perian, rincian, dan Announcement (pengumuman) adalah sesuatu klarifikasi dari kalimat tadi. yang diucapkan, ditulis dan dicetak agar orang lain mengetahui sesuatu yang terjadi atau yang akan Jawaban: D terjadi. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam 2. … can’t be brought into an airplane. pengumuman bentuk tulis adalah: A. Knives D. Baseball bats · judul atau jenis peristiwa B. Screwdrivers E. Wrenches · tanggal atau waktu C. Ski poles · tempat · orang/ alamat yang dapat dihubungi Pembahasan: Seperti diisyaratkan paragraf 1, “the following Contoh Soal items are never allowed to be taken onto a plane by passengers,… weapons, including knives ANNOUNCEMENT and…”, barang yang dilarang untuk dibawa ke pesawat adalah, antara lain, pisau. Di lain pihak, In accordance with the international security barang-barang yang dinyatakan opsi (B), (C), dan regulations, the following items are never allowed (D) seperti diinformasikan paragraf 2- merupakan to be taken onto plane by passengers, either in their barang-barang yang boleh dibawa ke pesawat carry-on bags or in their checked luggage: weapons, asalkan ditempatkan di bagasi. including knives and guns, explosives, including Jawaban: A dynamite and fireworks. 3. “When you pass through the security line, all bags The following items may be placed in checked luggage but do not on carry-on bags. Tools, including will go through our X-ray machines…” (paragraph 3) hammers, screwdrivers and wrenches; sports The underlined part of the sentence above means equipment such as golf clubs, baseball bats, skis … and ski poles. A. All bags will be sent to the x-ray machines. B. All bags will be moved to the x-ray machines. When you pass through the security line, all C. All bags will be delivered with x-ray machines. bags will go through our X-ray machines and some D. All bags will be packed next to x-ray machines. bags will be manually checked by personnel, as well. E. All bags will be checked by using x-ray machines. Thank you for your cooperation. Have a save Pembahasan: and pleasant flight. Kalimat, “all bags will go through our X-ray (National Examination 2009/2010) machines” (semua tas harus melewati mesin pemindai sinar X) memiliki maksud dan pengertian 1. What is the announcement about? bahwa”semua tas harus diperiksa dengan A. Weapons and explosives. menggunakan mesin pemindai sinar X (all bags B. Items which can’t be brought on carry on bags. will be checked by using X-ray machines). C. Welcoming foreign passengers. D. International airport security regulations. Jawaban: E E. A warning to passengers from different countries. 3. Brochure Brosur atau pamflet memuat informasi Pembahasan: atau penjelasan tentang suatu produk, layanan, Inti dari pengumuman pada teks terdapat fasilitas umum, profil perusahaan, sekolah, atau pada kalimat pertama, “In accordance with dimaksudkan sebagai sarana beriklan. Informasi the international security regulations…”, yakni dalam brosur ditulis dalam bahasa yang ringkas, peraturan keamanan bandara internasional; dan dimaksudkan mudah dipahami dalam waktu sementara pernyataan-pernyaaan yang mengikuti singkat. Brosur juga didesain agar menarik perhatian, dan dicetak di atas kertas yang baik dalam usaha membangun citra yang baik terhadap layanan atau produk tersebut. 174 [email protected]

Contoh Soal: http://www.mountaincoloradoland.com/LRR%20brochure_inside3.jpg 1. What is offered in the brochure above? C. To persude the reader to do something. A. amazing outdoor activities D. To describe a river. B. traveling E. To tell past event. C. camping area D. museum Pembahasan: E. place to make passport Brochure bertujuan untuk memberi informasi dan menjelaskan produk, pelayanan, fasilitas umum Pembahasan: sebagai alat untuk mengiklankan sesuatu. Berdasarkan brochure di atas, brochure tersebut menawarkan berbagai macam aktivitas outdoor Jawaban: A yang sangat menarik seperti rafting, ski, dsb. 3. These are what is being offered by spectacular Jawaban: A crafted homesites, EXCEPT ... A. all underground utilities 2. What is the purpose of the text? B. mountain views A. To inform and to explain a product, services, C. neighborhood trail system public facilities as a mean to advertise something. D. convenient country living B. To describe particular things. E. shopping centre [email protected] 175

Pembahasan: sebagainya. Berdasarkan brosur di atas dapat kita ketahui § Berfokus pada keterangan waktu dan bahwa yang ditawarkan oleh Crafted homesites adalah all underground utilities, mountain views, tempat. neighborhood trail system and convenient country living. Contoh Soal: Jawaban : E Airin-Benyamin leads vote counts in all of S. Tangerang’s seven districts: LSI 4. What is the finest river that is offered for rafting The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sun, 02/27/2011 9:02 experience in the brochure above? PM | Jakarta A. Nile river The Indonesia Survey Institute’s (LSI) quick B. Arkansas river count result shows that the Airin Rachmi Diany- C. Amazon river Benyamin Davnie pairing leads vote counts in all D. Gangga river of South Tangerang’s seven districts during the E. Misisipi river Jakarta satellite city’s mayoral re-election. The LSI announced on Sunday afternoon, citing the quick Pembahasan: count result, that the Airin-Benyamin pair gathered Berdasarkan brosur di atas dapat kita ketahui a total of 54 percent of the votes, followed closely bahwa the finest river adalah Arkansas river. by the Arsyid-Andre Taulani ticket with 43 percent. The other two pairs, Rodiyah Najibah-Sulaiman Jawaban : B Yasin and Yayat Sudrajat-Norodom Sukarno, only managed to secure a total of 1,2 percent and 1,1 B. TEXTS percent respectively, kompas.com reported. South Tangerang residents cast their ballots on Sunday in 1. News Item a re-run mayoral election. The election was the first held last year, with the Airin-Benyamin coming out Social purpose the winners. But, the Constitutional Court ordered To inform readers or listeners about events of for a re-election after finding that the campaign the day which are considered newsworthy or team of the winning pair cheated. important. a. Bagian-bagian dari teks news item: 1. The text above is written in form of …. A. narrative D. description § Headline (eye-catching title) atau judul B. news item E. review utama. C. report § Newsworthy event atau kejadian inti. Pembahasan: § Background events, memaparkan latar Dilihat dari isinya, secara jelas teks di atas merupakan news item. Hal ini juga dapat belakang atau pemicu terjadinya kejadian diidentifikasi dari struktur teksnya (generic structure). termasuk tempat kejadian dan orang-orang Jawaban: B yang terlibat. § Sources, komentar dari saksi kejadian 2. The first sentence of the text above is called …. termasuk juga pendapat para ahli. A. orientation D. complication § Crisis, pemunculan masalah. B. identification E. thesis C. newsworthy event b. Ciri-ciri kebahasaan teks news item: Pembahasan: § Memiliki headline, yaitu informasi singkat Pada setiap teks news item, terdapat satu berita mengenai berita. § Menggunakan action verbs, kata kerja yang menunjukkan peristiwa atau kegiatan. § Menggunakan saying verbs, kata kerja pelaporan misalnya: said, told, dan 176 [email protected]

inti (newsworthy event). Pada teks di atas, kalimat kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau pertama merupakan berita inti. (biasanya ditulis secara kronologis). Jawaban: C 3) Reorientation: bagian ini bersifat optional (bisa muncul atau tidak), berisi komentar 3. Based on the quick count done by the Indonesia pribadi atau penilaian dari si penulis terhadap rangkaian kejadian yang sudah Survey Institute, who is the winning pair? dipaparkan. A. Airin-Benyamin b. Ciri-ciri kebahasaan (language features) B. Arsyid-Andre Taulani 1) Menggunakan past tense; misalnya “I had C. Yayat Sudrajat-Norodom Sukarno a terrible day yesterday.” atau “The flight D. Rodiyah Najibah-Sulaiman Yasin was nearly fourteen hours.” E. Airin-Andre Taulani 2) Mengenalkan personal participant; misalnya I, my group, etc. Pembahasan: 3) Menggunakan chronological connection Dari isi teks di atas, pasangan yang menang (the (kata penghubung waktu); misalnya then, winning pair) adalah Airin-Benyamin. Hal ini juga first, next, etc. ditegaskan pada judul teks. 4) Menggunakan linking verb; seperti was, Jawaban: A were, had, etc. 5) Menggunakan action verb; seperti went, 4. How many percent of the votes did the winning pair wrote, took, etc. gather? Contoh Soal A. seventy five percent B. forty three percent My Day C. twelve percent D. eleven percent I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an E. fifty four percent hour late because my alarm clock didn’t go off. Then, I was in such a hurry that I burned my hand when I Pembahasan: was making breakfast. After breakfast, I got dressed Berdasarkan isi teks di atas, pasangan yang so quickly that I forgot to wear socks. menang (Airin Rachmi Diany-Benyamin Davnie) memperoleh suara sebanyak lima puluh empat Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 6:30 persen. bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi, Jawaban: E but I didn’t have enough money. 2. Recount Finally, I walked the two kilometers to my school Teks recount adalah teks yang menceritakan only to discover that it was Sunday! I hope I never serangkaian kejadian/peristiwa di masa lampau. have a day as the one I had yesterday. Misalnya, pengalaman ketika liburan di Bali. http://belajar-bahasa-inggris.org/2010/12/penjelasan- Kejadian/peristiwa tersebut dijelaskan secara teks-recount-text-soal/ kronologis atau runtut sesuai urutan waktu kejadian. Dalam teks recount, tokohnya tidak 1. The text mainly tells us about... memiliki konflik atau permasalahan yang harus A. the writer’s terrible day diatasi. Hal inilah yang membedakan recount B. the writer’s breakfast dengan narrative. C. the writer’s impression about his school a. Struktur organisasi teks (generic structure of D. the writer’s experience at school the text) E. the writer’s impression about taxi Sistematika penulisan atau susunan paragraf pada Pembahasan: teks report adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Orientation: bagian ini memperkenalkan tokoh yang ada dalam teks, tempat dan waktu. 2) Events: bagian ini memaparkan rangkaian [email protected] 177

Secara keseluruhan teks memaparkan cerita misalnya: start, force, obtain. tentang hari yang buruk bagi penulis. · Menggunakan simple present tense, Jawaban: A misalnya: air rises as it enters an area of 2. The text is written in the form of a/an... flow pressure, petroleum products vary A. recount C. report E. spoof greatly. B. narrative D. anecdote · Menggunakan kalimat pasif, misalnya: it is often laid on a leaf, the air is heated from Pembahasan: the ground. Teks yang memaparkan atau menceritakan · Menggunakan kata hubung penunjuk pengalaman atau peristiwa yang dialami seseorang waktu dan akibat, misalnya: before, then merupakan jenis teks recount. dan because. Jawaban: A · Menggunakan frasa benda, misalnya: flow pressure, water droplets, lubricating oil. 3. The purpose of the text is to... · Menggunakan kata benda abstrak, A. entertain readers misalnya: life. B. describe the writer’s school · Menggunakan kalimat majemuk, misalnya: C. report an event to the teacher this tends to occur mainly in the tropics, D. inform reader about event the day where the air in contact with the ground is E. tell past event warmer than the air above. · Menggunakan istilah teknis, misalnya: Pembahasan: orographic rain, convection rain. Secara keseluruhan teks tersebut memaparkan b. Struktur dari teks explanation. hari yang buruk yang dialami oleh penulis, hal ini Berikut ini merupakan struktur dari teks menunjukkan bahwa tujuan teks adalah untuk explanation. menceritakan apa yang sudah terjadi (tell past 1) General statement: pernyataan/ penjelasan events). umum. 2) Sequenced explanation: penjelasan tentang Jawaban: E proses. 3) Conclusion: kesimpulan dan penutup. 4. Where can we find an orientation? A. in the first sentence of paragraph one Contoh Soal B. in the first sentence of paragraph two C. in the first sentence of paragraph three Have you ever wondered how chocolate is D. in the paragraph four made? In this article we’ll enter the amazing world E. in the last sentence of paragraph one of chocolate, so you can understand exactly what Pembahasan: you’re eating. Orientation atau pendahuluan pada teks recount di atas terdapat pada kalimat pertama paragraf Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao pertama. tree. The tree grows in equatorial regions, especially Jawaban: A in places such as South America, Africa and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about 3. Explanation the size of a small pineapple. Inside the fruit are the Tujuan teks explanation adalah menerangkan atau tree’s seeds, also known as cocoa beans. menjelaskan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang terkait dengan The beans are fermented for about a week, fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah, sosial budaya, atau dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate lainnya. maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting a. Ciri-ciri teks explanation Ciri-ciri teks explanation adalah sebagai berikut. · Menggunakan kata benda umum, misalnya: petroleum products. · Menggunakan kata kerja tindakan, 178 [email protected]

the beans to bring out the flavor. Different beans 3. “… so they are often sorted and blended to from different places have different qualities and produce…” (paragraph 3). The underlined word has the closest meaning to… flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to A. arranged B. combined produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans C. separated D. distributed are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib E. organized of the cocoa bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are Pembahasan: · sorted (adj)= yang disortir, yang dipisah- blended. The blended nibs are ground to make pisahkan it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It · arranged (adj)= yang disusun, yang ditata · combined (adj)= yang digabung, gabungan tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, · separated (adj)= terpisah, tersendiri · distributed (adj)= yang dibagikan, yang and cocoa beans are not different. However, cocoa disalurkan beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs · organized (adj)= tertata, terorganisir from liquid. It’s pure bitter chocolate. Jawaban: C 1. The text is about… 4. How does the chocolate maker start to make A. the cacao tree B. the making of chocolate chocolate? C. the cocoa beans A. by fermenting the beans D. the flavor of chocolate B. by roasting the beans E. the raw chocolate C. by blending the beans D. by sorting the beans Pembahasan: E. by drying the beans Pada kalimat, “Have you ever wondered how chocolate is made?...”, dapat disimpulkan bahwa teks Pembahasan: di atas membahas proses pembuatan cokelat. Perhatikan paragraf 3 kalimat kedua, …“The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans Jawaban: B to bring out the flavor”… Berdasarkan kalimat tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembuat 2. The third paragraph focuses on… cokelat memulai mengolah coklat dengan A. the process of producing chocolate membakar biji cokelat. B. how to produce the cocoa flavor Jawaban: B C. where chocolates comes from D. the chocolate liquor 4. Analytical Exposition E. the cacao fruit Teks analytical exposition merupakan teks yang digunakan untuk mengajak atau meyakinkan Pembahasan: pembaca atau pendengar tentang suatu keadaan, Untuk menentukan pikiran utama, kita harus hal, ataupun peristiwa. menyimpan pertanyaan dibenak: ide gagasan apa Teks analytical exposition terdiri dari tiga bagian, yang paling umum dari keseluruhan teks? Apa yaitu: ide gagasannya yang menghubungkan bagian- 1. Thesis bagian menjadi keseluruhan? Opini apa yang disokong oleh semua bagian/ semua kalimat? Berisi suatu pernyataan tentang permasalahan Ide gagasan apa yang dipaparkan dan dijelaskan oleh bagian-bagian tersebut? Jawaban dari tertentu. Biasanya diawali dengan pertanyaan ini dinamakan pikiran utama. (Soal ini merupakan contoh soal dari indikator: siswa dapat kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, menentukan informasi tertentu dari sebuah teks explanation). etc. Jawaban: A [email protected] 179

2. Arguments day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent Berisi tentang alasan-alasan untuk mendukung of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who thesis yang dikemukakan. Diawali dengan are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more kata, atau frase First, Second, Furthermore, In likely to die of heart disease than non-smokers are. addition, The last, dll. Additionally, children of smoker are more 3. Reiteration likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one Berisi tentang simpulan dari thesis dan hour in smoky room, non-smoker breathes as much arguments yang dikemukakan. Kata-kata yang as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked digunakan biasanya In my conclusion, Based on fifteen cigarettes. the arguments above, etc. Smoking is good for tobacco companies Ciri-ciri kebahasaan teks analytical exposition: because they do make much money from smoking a. Menggunakan generic participant (human or habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else. non-human). Source: http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2008/12/ b. Menggunakan specific participants untuk is-smoking-good-for-us-example-of.html menyebut penulis dan pembaca, ter-utama 1. The text mainly tells us about…. pada bagian thesis dan reiteration. A. smoking is not good habit for us c. Menggunakan causal connectives untuk B. some point of views of smoking habit menyatakan pendapat/argumen. C. the negative effects of smoking d. Menggunakan bentuk kata kerja being dan D. the disadvantages of smoking having. E. the explanation of smoking habit e. Menggunakan kosakata yang mengindikasikan sikap penulis. Pembahasan: f. Meng gunakan strong modality untuk Teks di atas membahas tentang dua sudut mengindikasikan sikap penulis. pandang dari kebiasaan merokok, yaitu dari sisi g. Menggunakan verbs of doing. positif dan negatif, sehingga jawaban yang paling tepat adalah B. Contok Soal Jawaban: B Is Smoking Good for Us? 2. The main idea of the third paragraph is…. A. Most of lung cancers are caused by smoking. Before we are going to smoke, it is better to B. Smokers are more likely to get heart attack than look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die non-smokers. every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. C. Smokers get more risk of lung cancers, This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. bronchitis, and heart disease than non smokers Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases do. caused by smoking. D. There are some smokers’ diseases. E. Smokers suffer some diseases, such as heart Before we are going to smoke, it is better to attack, bronchitis, and lung cancer. look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. Pembahasan: This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Isi dari paragraf ketiga dari teks di atas yaitu Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases tentang perokok yang memiliki resiko yang lebih caused by smoking. tinggi untuk terjangkit berbagai jenis penyakit, seperti serangan jantung, kanker paru-paru, dan Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused bronkitis. Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang paling by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we tepat adalah C. are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non-smoker is. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a Jawaban: C 180 [email protected]

3. What is the purpose of the text? • Recommendation A. To persuade the readers that smoking is not Pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya good for us. atau tidak seharusnya sesuatu ada atau B. To explain why smoking is not good for us. dilakukan. C. To describe the advantages and disadvantages of smoking. b. Ciri-ciri kebahasaan teks hortatory expo- D. To tell the readers that smoking is not good sition: habit. E. To tell the readers about smoking habit. • Menggunakan abstract noun misalnya policy, government, etc. Pembahasan: Teks di atas adalah teks analytical exposition yang • Menggunakan jargon misalnya species, berfungsi untuk meyakinkan pembaca tentang mammal, etc. suatu hal. Dalam hal ini penulis meyakinkan kepada pembaca bahwa merokok itu bukan suatu • Menggunakan modals misalnya must, kebiasaan yang baik. Jadi, jawaban yang paling should, etc. tepat adalah A. Jawaban: A • Menggunakan bahasa evaluatif, misalnya necessary, important, significant, valuable. 4. There are some illnesses that are caused by smoke, • Menggunakan kalimat pasif. EXCEPT… • Menggunakan thinking verb, misalnya I A. lung cancer believe, I think. B. heart disease C. bronchitis Contoh Soal D. headache E. pneumonia Cars Should Be Banned In The City Pembahasan: Cars should be banned in the city. As we all Berikut ini merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road oleh kebiasaan merokok seperti kanker paru-paru, deaths and other accidents. bronkitis, serangan jantung, dan radang paru-paru yang semuanya terdapat dalam teks. Sedangkan Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to headache (sakit kepala) bukan merupakan penyakit most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a yang disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok. deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, Jawaban: D lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them. 5. Hortatory Exposition Teks hortatory exposition digunakan untuk Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians memaparkan ide/opini/pendapat untuk wander everywhere and cars commonly hit memengaruhi pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. terhadap suatu fenomena. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. a. Struktur teks hortatory exposition: Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or • Thesis concentrate on your homework, and especially talk Pernyataan pendapat penulis terhadap to someone. suatu kasus/fenomena: atau issue, hal yang In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed. dipersoalkan. • Arguments Alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah pada saran atau rekomendasi. [email protected] 181

1. The text above is written in form of…. Jawaban E merupakan inti dari paragraf argumen A. narrative yang ketiga. Sehingga yang bukan merupakan argumen dari teks tersebut adalah B. B. hortatory exposition Jawaban: B C. report D. description 4. How many arguments does the writer propose? E. review A. two Pembahasan: B. three Berdasarkan isinya, teks tersebut dikategorikan C. four sebagai teks hortatory exposition karena paragraf D. five pertama merupakan pernyataan dari penulis E. six mengenai suatu feno-mena (thesis); paragraf kedua, ketiga, dan keempat merupakan argument; Pembahasan: dan paragraf terakhir adalah rekomendasi Teks hortatory exposition di atas mempunyai tiga tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan dan tidak argumen. dilakukan. Jawaban: B Jawaban: B 6. Discussion Teks discussion digunakan untuk membahas 2. The first paragraph of the text above is called… dan mengeksplorasi suatu masalah/kejadian A. orientation dari berbagai sudut pandang sebelum membuat keputusan. B. identification C. recommendation Teks discussion terdiri dari 3 bagian: D. complication a. Issue E. thesis Berisi pengenalan isu yang akan dibahas. Pembahasan: b. Arguments for and against Paragraf pertama dari teks di atas berisikan pernyataan pendapat penulis terhadap suatu Berisi argumen yang mendukung isu dan kasus/fenomena; atau isu, hal yang dipersoalkan. argumen yang menolak isu beserta bukti- Dalam teks hortatory exposition, paragraf seperti buktinya. yang dijelaskan dinamakan thesis. c. Conclusion Jawaban: E Merupakan rangkuman dari kedua sudut pandang dari isu yang ada atau berisi 3. These are some reasons of why cars should be rekomendasi dari satu sisi sudut pandang. banned in the city, EXCEPT… Ciri-ciri teks discussion: A. Cars contribute pollution. B. Cars can take you wherever you want. a. Menggunakan general nouns untuk membuat C. Cars are roads biggest killers. pernyataan yang berhubungan dengan kategori. D. Cars are so noisy. E. Cars can be dangerous for pedestrians. b. Menggunakan relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang isu. Pembahasan: Reason merupakan kata lain dari argument. Dalam c. M e n g g u n a ka n t h i n k i n g v e r b s u n t u k teks hortatory exposition, paragraf yang berisi mengekspresikan pandangan penulis. argument biasanya berada setelah paragraf thesis dan sebelum paragraf recommendation. Dalam d. Menggunakan additive, contrastive and causal teks hortatory exposition di atas, terdapat tiga connectives untuk menghubungkan argument. argumen. Jawaban A, merupakan inti dari paragraf argumen pertama. Jawaban B bukan merupakan e. Menggunakan detailed noun groups untuk argumen dari teks tersebut. Jawaban C dan E memberikan informasi dalam tatanan yang rapi. merupakan inti dari paragraf argumen yang kedua. f. Menggunakan varying degrees of modality. g. Menggunakan adverbials of manner. 182 [email protected]

Contoh Soal Teks di atas berisi tentang keuntungan dan kerugian dari tenaga nuklir. Hal ini terlihat jelas The Advantages and Disadvantages of pada judulnya, sehingga jawaban yang paling Nuclear Power tepat adalah B. Jawaban: B Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. 2. There are some advantages of nuclear energy, The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956. EXCEPT…. A. It causes no pollution. Some military ships and submarines have B. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide. nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power C. It produces huge amounts of energy. produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, D. It is dependable. and produces huge amounts of energy. It causes E. It is produces huge amount of waste. no pollution, as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow: Pembahasan: Ada beberapa keuntungan dari penggunaan energi § It costs about the same coal, so it is not nuklir (paragraph 2). Jadi, yang bukan merupakan expensive to make. keuntungan dari energi nuklir yaitu jawaban E. Jawaban: E § It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse 3. On the other hand, nuclear power is very dangerous. effect. The antonym of dangerous is…. § It produces huge amounts of energy from A. safe small amount of uranium. B. risky § It produces small amount of waste. C. perilous § It is reliable. D. damaged E. generous On the other hand, nuclear power is very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for Pembahasan: many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money safe : aman has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major accident. risky : beresiko People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990’s nuclear power was the fastest growing perilous : penuh bahaya source of power in many parts of the world. damaged : rusak http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2009/02/ example-of-discussion-text-on-nuclear.html Sehingga, antonim dari kata “dangerous” adalah 1. The text mainly tells us about.... “safe”. A. the explanation of nuclear power B. the advantages and the disadvantages of Jawaban: A nuclear power C. some point of views of nuclear power 4. When did the nuclear power grow fastest in the D. the description of nuclear power E. the uses of nuclear power world? A. in the nineteen-nineteen Pembahasan: B. in the nineteen-sixty C. in the nineteen-seventy D. in the nineteen-eighty E. in the nineteen-ninety Pembahasan: Pada paragraf terakhir sudah terlihat dengan jelas bahwa energi nuklir berkembang dengan pesat pada tahun 1990 (nineteen-ninety). Jawaban: E [email protected] 183

7. Review as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging Teks review digunakan untuk mengulas atau out” instead of having his usual adventures. Reading mengevaluasi kualitas suatu buku, film, atau suatu in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, hasil karya tertentu. for example - housekeeping is still housekeeping, a. Struktur teks review magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it. · Orientation: pengenalan karya yang akan diulas. A few other changes in this book - the “real” world comes much more in to play rather than the · Interpretative recount: rangkuman dari fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has konten yang diulas. apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with · Evaluation: penilaian penulis terhadap being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his karya yang diulas. character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who · Evaluative summation: rangkuman will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It penilaian yang telah dilakukan penulis just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” terhadap karya. overnight. b. Ciri-ciri kebahasaan teks review The “real” story seemed to happen in the · Menggunakan present tense. last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually · Banyak menggunakan kalimat-kalimat liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story panjang dan kompleks. even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great. · Menggunakan specific participants, terfokus pada karya tertentu. · Banyak menggunakan keterangan waktu, tempat, dan cara. · B a nya k m e n g g u n a ka n d e s c r i p t i v e adjectives atau kata sifat deskriptif untuk menunjukkan sikap dan penilaian. Contoh Soal 1. The text above is written in form of .... A. narrative Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix B. hortatory exposition I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all C. report of the books will always hold a special place in my D. description heart. I have to say that of all of the books, however, E. review this was not my favorite. Pembahasan: When the series began it was as much of a Teks di atas berisikan ulasan mengenai suatu “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. produk atau suatu karya. Teks yang berisikan The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and evaluasi atau ulasan mengenai suatu produk atau ultimately satisfying. karya disebut teks review. Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. Jawaban: E In some instances this works...you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get 2. The first paragraph of the text above is called .... to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other A. orientation times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing B. identification feel. The galloping pace of the other books has C. recommendation slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, D. complication E. thesis Pembahasan: 184 [email protected]

Teks di atas merupakan teks review, dan paragraf pertama teks review biasanya berisikan pengenalan produk atau karya yang akan diulas dan bagian ini disebut orientation. Jawaban: A 3. What is being review in the text above? A. a book B. a song C. a play D. a song E. a poem Pembahasan: Pada kalimat pertama paragraf pertama telah jelas disebutkan bahwa teks review ini mengulas tentang suatu buku. Jawaban: A 4. … like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight. In that sentence, what does he refer to? A. the reviewer B. the author C. Harry Potter D. the reader E. the angry teen Pembahasan: Kata “he” tersebut merupakan kata ganti orang dari objek yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya yaitu Harry Potter. Jawaban: C [email protected] 185