Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia ( PDFDrive )

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Art Directors and TRIP: 183br; Jeff Greenberg 192tr, John Watney: 284c. 554bc; Werner H. Muller 119cr. 192c; Jerry Dennis 370bl; M. Jenkin 370tl; M. Lee 370cr; Wilberforce House, Hull City Museums: Roberta Bromley Etter 121cl; S. Grant 266cr, 266bl, 16cb; Tina Chambers 16cb. All other images © Dorling Kindersley 311cla, 311cr; T. Freeman 256cl, 256cr, 256bl; Reg Wilson: 137. For further information see: www.dkimages.com B. Vikander 534tr; G. Spenceley 488cl. Harland and Wolf: 537cr. Xinhua News Agency: 494tl. Additional thanks to: Max Alexander; Peter Anderson; U.V Jerry Young: 210bl. Tony Barton Collection; Geoff Brightling; Jane Burton; Peter Chadwick; Joe Cornish; Andy Crawford; Geoff Unicef: 542bc. Z Dann; Tom Dobbie, Philip Dowell; Niel Fletcher; Bob United Nations: 542cl. Gathany; Frank Greenaway; Steve Gorton; Alan Hill; Reproduced by permission of United Feature Zefa Picture Library: 38cl, 43bl, 57bl, 85bl, 90cl, Chas Howson; Colin Keates; Barnabas Kindersley; Dave University Of Manchester: Barri Jones, Department 96c, 104tl, 109cr, 116bc, 192bc, 233cr, 233bl, 247bc, King; Bob Langrish; Liz McAulay; Andrew McRobb; Ray of Archaeology 32tr. 285t, 288bc, 290tr, 291c, 344cr, 344bl, 375cl, 388cl, Moller; Tracey Morgan; Stephen Oliver; Susannah Price; La Vie Du Rail: 527. 430bc, 448tl, 484cr, 498cl, 507c, 525cr, 537tl, 538bl, 555br, Rob Reichenfeld; Tim Ridley; Kim Sayer; Karl Shone; View Pictures: Dennis Gilbert 259br. 556c, 557crb; Abril 438c; B. Croxford 348cr; B. Steve Shott; Clive Streeter; Harry Taylor; Kim Taylor; Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: gift of Col. and Mrs. Edgar Keppelmeyer 220cr; Colin Kaket 271tr; Damm 348tl, Wallace Collection; Matthew Ward; Francesca Yorke, W. Garbisch 547tr. 484bc; Dr. David Conker 75bl; Dr. R. Lorenz 401tl; Fritz Jerry Young. 377bc; G. Hunter 90bl; Groebel 446cr; H. Grathwohl 344tr; W.X.Y Helbig 67tr; J. Zittenzieher 269br; K. Goebel 192tl, 234cr, Every effort has been made to trace the copyright 347cl; K. Keith 498tl; Kohler 233cl; Leidmann 270tr; holders and we apologise in advance for any National Museum Of Wales: 537cra. Messershmidt 121tr; O. Langrand 238bc; Orion Press 84tr; unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to The Wallace Collection: 399c. Praedel 453cr; R.G. Everts 238crb; Starfoto 269cl; UWS insert the appropriate acknowledgments in any John Walmsley Photo Library: 72tr, 430ca, 555bc. 319cr; W. Benser 269c; W. Mole 364br; W.F. Davidson subsequent edition of the publication. ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Abbreviations: a = above, b = below, c = center, 137; 146c, br; 157bl; 163cr; 178; 179b, tl; 219c; 221c; S l = left, r = right, t = top. 233; 238tr; 243bl; 245c; 246cl; 247tl, cl; 249; 251b; 255; 267; 268c; 282 tl, bl; 284br; 293b; 297tr; 298; 299; 315bl; Sergio: 78; 201; 250; 264cl, bl; 326; 362; 434; 435 A 320; 333tr; 339tl; 352; 360tl; 365tr; 366; 376tl, cr; 377tl; Rodney Shackell: 19c; 32b; 34b; 45br; 73cl; 113; 183; 378cl, cr; 393; 394cl, br; 395; 424tr, b; 432c; 437cl; 439cl; 200c (insets); 208cl; 245b; 268bl; 246bc; 282tr; 327tc; Graham Allen: 353 442b; 445cr; 447; 451tl, br; 473bc; 476cl; 477; 480; 481; 328br; 398; 399; 400b; 401tl; 403tr; 430; 456; 457tc; 467tl; David Ashby: 97cl, tl, tr; 275; 369cl; 467cr; 493tl; 547; 482cl; 496cl; 502; 505c; 541tl; 544; 549cr, bl; 550; 553bl; 503tr; 536bl; 537ct, cb, cr 548r 558; 560bl, br; 570tr Eric Shields: 302c Graham Austen/Garden Studios: 192tl, bl Adam Hook/ Linden Artists: 45cr; 153c; 371c; 475cl Rob Shone: 27bl; 118; 119; 124; 145br; 309; 315r, cl; 316; 368r; 395; 424tl, cr; 428; 441c; 441cr; 443t, cl; 507br; 552 B J Francesco Spadoni: 150tl, bc, br; 352cl; 407tc, cr, bl Francesco Spadoni/Lorenzo Cecchi: Stephen Biesty: 17; 18; 97cr; 99; 100; 253t; 508c; 517; Kevin Jones Associates: 385 133cl, tr, bl, br 521c; 521tl Clive Spong/Linden Artists: 228 Rick Blakely/Studio Art and Illustration: 181cl; 252; K Mark Stacey: 88cr; 112cr; 122cl; 129bl; 141cl; 309cl; 327c; 345; 355; 440c; 451tl; 463c; 464t, c; 494; 495b, 317cr; 460c l; 525; 580 Aziz Khan: 19cr; 44l; 66br; 71tr, bl; 131tl; 133tr; 141cr; Peter Bull Art Studio: 89tr; 188bc; 236c; 277c, bc; 144bl; 150cl; 153bl; 168c; 194cr, br; 196br; 200cr; 223tl; T 385cl, cr; 426bl; 559 230br; 257cl; 258c; 259bl; 277tr; 296bl; 305cr, tl; 324br; Christopher Butzer: 313c 369cr; 407tl; 430bc; 467c; 475tr; 504cr; 509tr; 511br Eric Thomas: 14cr; 15br; 21; 57; 58bl; 63c; 74bl, br; 76; Steven Kirk: 163tl; 436; 437tl, b 94tr, cl, bc; 97tc; 105; 185bl; 189cl; 190cl; 192; 224; 232c; C 284tr, cl; 286; 288; 293b; 324c; 340r; 341; 363; 366; 403c; L 408; 429tl, cl; 450; 496tr; 506c; 520bl; 527tl, cl; 540cr; Julia Cobbold: 104; 357c; 417; 438; 536br; 537tr 551; 555c; 573br; 574bl; 581 Stephen Conlin: 32t; 33c; 121; 346cr; 433c; 543b Jason Lewis: 127; 188tl; 253r; 371tc John Crawford-Fraser: 152cr; 368cr Richard Lewis: 134; 170t; 186; 215; 251c; 406; V 426; 439bl; 451tr; 473tc, bl; 507t; 510; 524 D Ruth Lindsay: 69; 85; 102; 165cr; 212tl; 213; 241; 242; François Vincent: 495tr 254; 261; 279; 322br; 323; 358 except cl; 567bl William Donahue: 87c; 443c, bl; 526; 553t; 572 Mick Loates/Linden Artists: 25; 26b; 68; 142; 143; 155; W Richard Draper: 48 156; 175; 197; 307; 308; 318; 391; 409; 410 Richard Ward/Precision: 14tr; 15tl; 46c; 51t; 52t; 58tl; E M 61tr; 63cr; 87tl; 115br; 125; 128c; 132; 135cr; 145t, bl; 155cr; 171c, cr, b; 176; 199t; 209bl; 216tl; 219tl; 231; 243t; Angelika Elsebach: 23t, c; 24c; 29; 67; 70; 166cr; 198; Coral Mula: 506tl, bl 297cl; 319b (maps); 327br; 328tl, bl; 329bl; 333c; 350; 202; 203; 216 except tl; 217; 226cl, br; 227; 280; 319tl, c, 358cl; 371bl; 372bl; 387; 388; 402bcl, bl; 414tl; 505br; b; 331; 334; 469; 500; 530tl; 566c Q 508b; 522; 549t, c; 556tc; 568br; 569; 734cr, bc Angelika Elsebach/David Moore: 530tr, bl Craig Warwick/Linden Artists: 392 Gill Elsebury: 159; 160; 225; 374; 470 Sebastian Quigley/Linden Artists: 149; 151t, bl; 237bl; Phil Weare: 411l; 472bl; 577 342; 357b; 413cr David Webb/Linden Artists: 26t; 74bc; 147; 184; 206bl, G tl; 209tc, tr, bc, br; 210bl; 330br; 385; 389; 414b; 567t R Ann Winterbotham: 90br; 206r; 356c; 461; L.R. Galante: 19cl; 45cr; 200bc; 247cl; 264c, cr; 265c Gerald Wood: 45bl; 204; 209cr; 359; 360br; 402tlc; 419; Tony Gibbons: 463b; 464b Eric Robson/Garden Studios: 458; 459 501br; 518bc; 528; 529tl, cr; 568c; 575 Jackie Rose: 302l, b; 302r, b John Woodcock: 10cr; 20cb; 51c; 75tl, c; 148; 164; 167b; H Simon Roulstone: 72c, bl, bc; 77tl, cl; 99c; 126c, 181c; 207bl; 246r; 247tr, br; 260; 274b; 329tl, c, cr; 337l; cr; 138c; 180cl; 187tl; 188cl; 231c; 251cr; 282tr; 288c; 339br; 346cr; 378bc; 394tr; 411cr; 433r; 443br; 451bl; Nick Hall: 169; 170c; 422; 423; 514 373bl; 426c; 513 457r; 462cl, bl; 492; 493tr; 501bl; 504cr; 520cl; 520bc; Nicholas Hewetson: 9cr; 10c, bl; 30c, bc; 39r; 41; 46t, b; 531; 540b; 541b; 542; 557; 566b; 567cl, tr, c; 573c, cr; 60t; 61cl; 84; 91tr, bl, cr; 95cr; 95tl; 108tr; 114cl, tr; 135cl; 574tr, br; 576; 579 Dan Wright: 101; 209c; 354 JACKET CREDITS Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; l-left; r-right; David Maitland fbr; Michael J P Scott cl; naturepl.com: Barge bl; John Lund clb; Hiroyuki Matsumoto cl; Nacivet t-top Michele Westmorland bl; Science Photo Library: Susumu br; Nicholas Rigg crb; Manoj Shah cra; Sightseeing Nishinaga bc; Pekka Parviainen cr; Tek Image fcl. Back: Archive cla; SMC Images cr Jacket images: Front: Corbis: Burstein Collection br; Getty Images: Harvey Lloyd ftl; Science Photo Library: Pablo Martinez Monsivais / Pool / CNP fbl; Dorling Tony Craddock tl; B.W.Hoffman / AGStockUSA tr; Mehau All other images © Dorling Kindersley Kindersley: Egyptian Museum, Cairo c; Getty Images: Kulyk tc; Rafael Macia ftr. Spine: Getty Images: Caroyl La For further information see: www.dkimages.com 600

Space Flight SPACE SHUTTLE Between 1981 and 2010, America’s space shuttles made more than 130 flights to Earth orbit, carrying a crew of several astronauts. They took off like rockets, but landed like aircraft. Their cargo bay was large enough for a satellite. Two shuttles were destroyed in accidents -Challenger in 1986, and Columbia in 2003.   Smaller engines guided the shuttle into orbit.     A large fuel tank fed the main engines. It broke away at a height of 70 miles (110 km), just eight minutes after launch.     The booster rockets broke away at a height of about 29 miles (47 km). They were recovered from the ocean and used again.  

  A spacecraft must reach a speed of about 17,500 mph (28,000 km/h) in order to get into orbit. If it attains a speed of about 25,000 mph (40,000 km/h), it can break free from Earth’s gravity and travel out into space. This speed is called Earth’s escape velocity.     At the launch pad, a tall gantry enabled astronauts to enter the shuttle. The shuttle’s rocket engines fired, and the spacecraft lifted off to begin its journey into space.   UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF last century, stories about space flight were found only in science-fiction books. Today, rockets blast off regularly. They place satellites in Earth orbit, send astronauts and cargo to the International Space Station, and launch spacecraft to explore the solar system. Space flight became a reality after the development of powerful rocket engines, capable of giving a spacecraft or satellite the speed it needs to reach Earth orbit. For its journey from Earth into space, a spacecraft is attached to the top of a launch vehicle (rocket), which is powered by rocket engines and carries huge amounts of fuel. The exploration of the solar system is one of the most exciting aspects of space flight. Humans have only traveled as far as the Moon, a journey of just three days. However, robotic spacecraft have traveled for years to explore the distant planets, returning amazing images and information collected by their cameras and instruments.

  SPACE ROCKET - Spacecraft are carried into space by launch vehicles, or rockets. The launch rocket consists of several parts called stages, each with its own rocket engine. Each stage breaks away as it uses up its fuel, eventually leaving only the spacecraft to fly in space. Spacecraft that return to Earth use a small engine to slow them down until they fall out of orbit.     SOYUZ SPACECRAFT - The Russian Soyuz spacecraft can carry three cosmonauts. It is launched on a rocket and is used to ferry people to and from the International Space Station. The habitable parts are the Orbital Module and the Descent Module. The cosmonauts travel back to Earth in the Descent Module. The Orbital and Service modules separate from the Descent Module and burn up in the atmosphere.  

  ORION SPACECRAFT - The Orion spacecraft is expected to take its first astronauts into space in about 2014. It is NASA’s replacement for the Space Shuttle and will be launched by an Ares rocket. At first, it will be used to go to and from the International Space Station. It is pictured here about to dock on the right. Later, it may take astronauts as far as the Moon.