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Hyderabad, Monday, 21 December 2020 EARLY HUMANS- HOW DID FIRST HUMANS LIVE BIG HISTORY PROJECT ANCIENT EPOCH TIMES Submitted By: From: SOCIAL SCIENCE Tanvi NSV INS Vikramaditya Page 1 What makes you How did your Some different from first family gunshots and animals?/! member live??? gospels!!! PAGE 1 PAGE 2 and PAGE 3 PAGE 4 TOEDDAITYI'OSN DDOONNTT SSTTOOPP RREEAADDIINNGG!! THE KICK OFF What makes humans different from other species? Well humans are just humans and they are unique too, they communicate very effectively and share their knowledge and ideas with all other beings efficiently. And their complex ability to think, symbolic language and speech, reasoning and introspection then the accumulation of information and various such things are what makes them all different from the very other species... You and various other species are definitely different!

Page 2 How did the first humans actually live? There were 3 great ages of human history- Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic. The foundational basis is the paleolithic era, it is the old stone age, it dates back to Homo habilis. But we Homo sapiens appeared before 200,000 years ago. To study our ancestors we use two disciplines, Archeology and Anthropology, with them it was evident that a technique called 'Foraging' was done in order to procure food. It was hunting and gathering. It developed itself, its environment, technologies, standards of living and all. It was all collective learning. Blombos cave was one of the most staggering evidence which well informed us that there were fishermen, artists, sculptors, reptile catchers, chefs, ochre stones, scriptures, nomads and all such things. There were foraging groups in networks and there was peoples circulation amongst groups and they did link up with their neighbors, and that was their life way. Migration was one of the most important things and retrospectively, this developed several aspects. Genetic evidence also proves that, sophisticated navigation skills, adaptations, skin clothes, hunting mammoths, building houses, and many other things were there. Global climate also changed with which the ice age ended. So the two changes- settlement of the entire world and global climate change, set the globe on an entirely different evolutionary path. Foraging We have mass produced food, markets and all, but our ancestors had to forage i.e. rely on food provided by nature through gathering of plants and small animals, birds and insects. Its basically hunting and gathering. Our human foraging was different because of verbal communication, knowledge accumulation and collective learning of course. There were turnaround points and hallmarks as they did such as bipedalism, physical changes, mental betterments, brain development and all such factors. One distinguished thing is control of fire which they did and changes in food consumption. There were innovative ways to defeat multiple prey with better weapons, nevertheless climate and environment are... These societies were egalitarian which showed management, reproduction, adaptations, living. Brushmen of South Africa are just exemplary who forage even now, along with their essential activities they enjoy their leisure activities too. They used to homicide animals and hunting use to permit them with 20% of their diet when gathering did 80% , also there are several debates about female primates work, physical and mental health among foragers, and how they affected their environment which led to a wave of extinctions of animals.

Page 3 From foraging to food shopping So in any food item, biological and nutritional factors should be taken care of. Foragers follow some economic principles about what to eat. They are fundamental. Anyone would want maximum gain and minimum costs. Well, foragers look for big prey animals, they carefully prefer what they have to eat and consume. Preferentially, they take in tubers, termites, fruits, high fat and sugar food , marrow, oil rich nuts, seeds and all. They too like us want less preparation food. They shell and husk too. They just love sweets also and leave behind the leafy vegetables. These food choices fuel human population's growth and migration into new landscapes. And in modern societies an imbalance between supply and demand leads to consumption of more items. And foragers used to have a great appetite for meat and calorie rich food that improves development of our land and decimates the animal habitats. Why human ancestry matters??? Unified humanity is what bought us all together. Homo sapiens were with limited genetic diversity. Study of that DNA takes us back to a single common ancestor and as was diversified it become more uniform over time and more connections were made between those foraging groups. Migration occurred because of a boom in human population and there was collective learning ( it is a dynamic process where knowledge and ideas are accumulated to share and that leads to drastic development ). And there was a disaster soon. The gene pool ( sum of population's genetic material at a given time) contracted and population got less. It was that volcanic eruption. That explosion half way around the world afflicted the inhabitants, there was more ash with obstacles. After the weather improved population recovered and so did the migration. They took care of climate and tried to settle in their respective continents. Using bridges and rafts they even went to Australia. And the people outside Africa had 2% of their DNA of Neanderthal's origin. Some walked from Asia to America where some from Russia to America according to the DNA test. In evolutionary terms humans are closely related for a mammalian species. Human skin color and tone was a distinguishment that's caused by melanin levels in our skin, it was helpful. Specific genes which led to depigmentation were active when humans did not get enough sun/ Vitamin D. And till 8000 years there were no Whites. These were some of the ethinic distinctions. For unity ancestors mixed together. We had a long tortured history involving war, murder, slavery and genocide over our differences. All of them used to arise for competition for food and mates. Hostility, fear, wariness and caution were visceral traits. We need logic and reason and we understand symbols very well and distinguished between groups by tribal markers ( an art form and a movement of connection through art). Humans started diversifying in appearance as language and religions grew more distinct. Then came various theories about evolution and we had a poor understanding on genetics, natural selection, biology etc. and these justifications led to debates, conflicts and sinister too. There are still modern consequences. However, just like big bang reminds us a single point of origin for all matter and energy in the universe, story of humanity reminds us of our common identity. We must celebrate this diversity and collective learning will make it all possible.

Facts and catechesis Hunter Gatherer MENU Archeology What about you creating one menu for Archeology is the study of the foragers?! humans and their ancestors by excavation and examination of Let's create one... their remains like bones, stone tools, artwork, ornaments and all. APPETIZERS- Grasses, seeds, nuts Anthropology MAIN COURSE- Large scavenged animals, meat, marrow, insects, plants, Anthropology is the study of human cultures, modern societies, its Chipotle Chicken, fish, coconuts development and other characteristics. DESSERTS- Honey, sweet tubers, fruits, berries, tart items Fire Stick farming It was cultural burning and cool burning. Name sounds fancy! Well, it is the result of a combustion reaction and it's important in ecosystems as it promotes the recycling of nutrients. CHOOSE YOUR FOCUS! HUMAN MIGRATION PATTERN Ok, if you were to become any If you were one of your ancestors, think of where of these... Ponder upon what you would love to go to... And limit yourself not to you would choose and why- go to KFC, world tour etc...! . Anthropologist . Archeologist . Geologist . Paleontologist