American Download C1/C2 Student's Book

STUDENT’S BOOK C1/C2 Zandra Daniels Elizabeth Gordon Philip James Rob Nicholas Liz Stolls

CONTENTS UNIT Reading Vocabulary Grammar multiple choice • words related to change • the present 1 • finding evidence in the text • prepositions, collocations and • the past and not relying on personal expressions, commonly confused All Change beliefs or experience words pages 5-15 Vocabulary Booster 1 pages 16-17 Reload 1: Exam Skills pages 18-20 2 missing paragraphs • words related to technology • future I • using reference words, • word formation, collocations • future II Technological Times paraphrasing, and examples and expressions, phrasal verbs to help you pages 21-31 Vocabulary Booster 2 pages 32-33 Reload 2: Exam Skills pages 34-36 Progress Review 1 pages 37-38 3 multiple matching • words related to influential • gerunds and infinitives • identifying and comparing people • there, it In uential People opinions expressed by • word formation, prepositions, different writers phrasal verbs pages 39-49 Vocabulary Booster 3 pages 50-51 Reload 3: Exam Skills pages 52-54 4 multiple matching • compound adjectives and • modals: ability, permission, • underlining justification in words related to work requests, offers, and suggestions Ways of Working the text • prepositions, collocations and • modals: obligation, prohibition, expressions, commonly confused necessity, possibility, deduction, pages 55-65 words advice, and criticism Vocabulary Booster 4 pages 66-67 Reload 4: Exam Skills pages 68-70 Progress Review 2 pages 71-72 5 multiple choice (separate • words related to memory and • relative clauses texts) memories • pronouns Memories • being careful of distractors • word formation, commonly confused words, collocations and pages 73-83 expressions Vocabulary Booster 5 pages 84-85 Reload 5: Exam Skills pages 86-88 6 multiple choice • words related to hoaxes, • conditional sentences • checking that the options mysteries, and other strange • wishes and regrets, hypothesizing Is that for real? you think are wrong are phenomena and imagining actually wrong • phrasal verbs, prepositions, pages 89-99 word formation Vocabulary Booster 6 pages 100-101 Reload 6: Exam Skills pages 102-104 Progress Review 3 pages 105-106 7 missing paragraphs • words related to lifestyle and • participle clauses • being prepared to change well-being • emphasis Lifestyle your mind about your choice • collocations and expressions, phrasal verbs, commonly pages 107-117 confused words Vocabulary Booster 7 pages 118-119 Reload 7: Exam Skills pages 120-122 8 multiple choice • words related to making a • comparison (separate texts) difference • qualifiers Making a Difference • managing your time • prepositions, word formation, effectively collocations and expressions pages 123-133 Vocabulary Booster 8 pages 134-135 Reload 8: Exam Skills pages 136-138 Progress Review 4 pages 139-140 9 multiple choice • words related to diet and • reported speech • changing questions into health • reporting verbs You are what you eat! statements to help you • word formation, commonly identify the correct answer confused words, phrasal verbs pages 141-151 Vocabulary Booster 9 pages 152-153 Reload 9: Exam Skills pages 154-156 10 multiple matching • words related to environmental • the passive: review of forms • paying attention to small concerns • the passive: impersonal and Going Green details • prepositions, collocations and personal structures, causative forms expressions, commonly confused pages 157-167 words Vocabulary Booster 10 pages 168-169 Reload 10: Exam Skills pages 170-172 Progress Review 5 pages 173-174 11 missing paragraphs • words related to the arts • articles • rereading the text to • prepositions, collocations and • nouns The Arts ensure cohesion expressions, word formation pages 175-185 Vocabulary Booster 11 pages 186-187 Reload 11: Exam Skills pages 188-190 12 multiple matching • words related to fashion and • clauses: contrast and concession, • realizing you don’t have being in fashion purpose, reason, and result The “In” Thing to select all extracts when • word formation, phrasal verbs, • question tags, echo questions, short answering commonly confused words responses, -ever words pages 191-201 Vocabulary Booster 12 pages 202-203 Reload 12: Exam Skills pages 204-206 Progress Review 6 pages 207-208 Grammar Reference pages 209-231 Speaking Bank pages 241-242 Irregular Verbs pages 232-233 Speaking Information pages 243-247 Writing Bank pages 234-240 Reload: Speaking Information pages 248-251 2

Listening Speaking Writing note taking discussion and decision making essay • identifying and understanding • talking about change, especially relocating • understanding content and style paraphrasing • asking for someone’s opinion, commenting • using formal and impersonal language on it, and expressing reservations multiple matching long turn and discussion letter • interpreting tone of voice, • talking about technology • writing to a newspaper inflection, etc., as well as • organizing what you say • giving your opinion about a general content to determine meaning topic and describing an experience multiple choice (extracts) comparing photos essay • being aware of distractors • talking about role models and influential • developing your argument people • using examples to support your point • talking about similarities and differences independent multiple-choice discussion and decision making report statements • talking about work • evaluating the facts • eliminating options that are • making deductions and criticizing • describing the original situation, wrong or only partly true changes, and results; giving recommendations multiple choice long turn and discussion review • answering the question in • talking about memory and memories • sentence building your own words to avoid being • paraphrasing • using writing devices to create complex distracted sentences multiple-choice (responses) comparing photos article • determining function and • talking about deception and human • modifying statements and developing meaning intervention your ideas • speculating • using adverbs, quantifiers, and modal verbs to modify statements note taking discussion and decision making essay • predicting what kind of • talking about aspirations and attitudes • summarizing and identifying key points information is needed and towards life • reacting to opinions expressed identifying part of speech • asking someone to repeat or explain what they said multiple matching discussion and decision making letter • identifying and underlining key • talking about charities and volunteering • style and tone words • presenting advantages and pointing out • making negative criticism sound more disadvantages polite multiple choice (extracts) long turn and discussion essay • concentrating on the • talking about food and related health issues • guiding your reader meanings rather than the way • introducing a general comment and giving • using linking words and phrases things are phrased an example multiple-choice comparing photos proposal • identifying what the question • talking about environmental concerns • using the passive is focusing on • talking about and reacting to what you see, • using formal language making inferences independent multiple choice discussion and decision making essay statements • talking about music, literature, and works • pointing out weaknesses in an opposing • managing your time effectively of art viewpoint • encouraging, interrupting, and summarizing • balancing your argument multiple choice discussion and decision making email (responses) • talking about fashion and lifestyle trends • persuading and encouraging • understanding the speaker’s • expressing and explaining your reservations • using informal remarks appropriately purpose politely 3

1 All Change Read these quotations about change. How do quotations A-D compare to the quotation under the picture? Which seems most similar? Which two are most different? “ ”A To change is difficult, B If you don’t like something, but not to change is fatal. William Pollard change it. If you can’t change it, “ change your attitude. ”Maya Angelou “ ”C It is not necessary to change. “D It is not the strongest of the Survival is not mandatory. species that survive, nor the W. Edwards Deming most intelligent, but the one ”most responsive to change. Anonymous DVD 1 “ ”What if we don’t change at all ... 5 and something magical just happens?

READING A B C 1 W ork with a partner. Look at the pictures. Do you know what they show? Do you know which part of the world they have in common? 2 Q uickly read the text. Which of the pictures are mentioned? What are the pictures examples of? Label them with these words: • cultural learning • European explorer • genetic adaptation • Inuit culture What drives change in human life on earth? Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their surroundings that has been accumulated over time. As a surroundings than any other living creature. Proof of this is result, many species become extinct as their natural habitat the fact that as a species, we inhabit every corner of the earth. shrinks and they are unable to adapt to new ones. Although it is true that other species also live in these places, Of course, this accumulation of cultural knowledge does none of them inhabits as many places as we do. But what not happen overnight. It happens over generations and makes humans the world champions of adaptation? Are we relies not only on the sharing of knowledge, but also on the more intelligent and more capable of finding solutions to the improvement of the existing technologies from one generation difficulties that each environment throws at us? Not necessarily. to the next. Consider, for example, the Inuit of the Canadian One idea puts forward cultural adaptation as the explanation. Arctic, who are living in some of the harshest conditions on It argues that our ability to learn from others and to transmit earth.Their survival has depended on their knowledge of knowledge, wisdom, and skills means we are able to adapt to, seal behavior and their ability to fashion tools for hunting, to and therefore survive in, new surroundings far more quickly sew warm clothes, and to build shelters to keep out winter than biological adaptation would allow. It has even been argued storms.They designed a covered seal-skin boat which was that this process has replaced biological adaptation. later adopted by Europeans and Americans and retains the Inuit name: kayak. Each subsequent generation did not have Some people believe that the mechanism that drives our ability to “reinvent” these methods of survival; they simply learned to adapt at the cultural level is not very different from that which causes us to adapt at the biological or genetic level. In his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins coined the term meme to convey, as he put it,“a unit of imitation.” Dawkins abbreviated the term from the ancient Greek root mimeme, meaning “that which is imitated,” and he suggested that as a unit of culture, memes such as tunes, ideas, fashions, and even building methods could be passed, or transmitted, from mind to mind through imitation. Some scientists see a similarity between genes and memes. Both are kinds of information passed down through the generations; the latter, of course, allowing faster adaptation than the former. This is really the crux of the matter when we compare ourselves to other species. Although other living creatures have exhibited cultural transmission, the examples are few and far between compared with what humans can achieve. In addition, other creatures do not pass on the same kind of knowledge that we do. Some species may learn, for example, how to find shelter or hunt for food through imitation, but this behavior could be learned by the individual on their own. Other species lack the ability to pass on knowledge about their 6

3 Read the article again and choose the best answer A, B, C or D. 1 What does the writer say about cultural adaptation When you answer multiple-choice questions, in the first paragraph? make sure you find evidence in the text. A It proves humans are more intelligent than other Remember that the questions are about the living creatures. text and the writer’s opinion, and not about B It is less useful than biological adaptation. your own beliefs or experiences. C It has accelerated biological adaptation. D It has enabled humans to inhabit diverse environments. 4 In the third paragraph, the writer explains that the difference between humans and other species 2 What is said about the word meme in the second is that paragraph? A humans develop more quickly than other species. A The Ancient Greeks invented it. B humans benefit from things previous B A scientist created it. generations have learned. C A book was written about it. C cultural transmission is unique to humans. D Biologists discovered it. D humans cannot survive in shrinking habitats. 3 In what way do memes resemble genes, according to 5 Why does the writer mention the Inuit? the second paragraph? A They are an example of how cultural evolution A They are transferred biologically. works. B They spread at similar rates. B They live in extremely unpleasant surroundings. C They contain similar information. C They show how one culture spreads to another. D They create the possibility for change. D They share their knowledge with Europeans. 6 What is the point of the final paragraph? A It is impossible to go against nature. B The ability to learn from others ensures human survival. C All species are equal in the struggle to survive. D Life on earth is changing constantly.  4 Complete the sentences with these words. abbreviate accumulate achieve acquire adopt convey 1 The explorer managed to important survival skills from the Inuit. 2 People often send flowers to loved ones as a way to their feelings. D 3 The anthropologist hopes to a breakthrough in her research. them from older generations and, in fact, this accumulated knowledge could not have been invented by one individual. 4 It’s common for people who have long names to A tragic illustration of how crucial cultural adaptation is them to something shorter. can be seen in Sir John Franklin’s well-equipped expedition to find the Northwest Passage back in 1845. It ended in 5 When their experiment failed, the team members disaster. He and his crew died when their ship was ice- bound for two winters.The region, however, had been decided to a new strategy. inhabited by the Inuit for over 700 years.They had access to rich sources of food and their culture flourished.The 6 It took time to the evidence reason the British explorers died was because they lacked the local knowledge necessary to survive in such a harsh linking vitamin deficiency and disease. environment and they could not have acquired it in such a short period of time. As the writer H. G.Wells famously 5 W ork in pairs or small groups and think of said,“Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature’s inexorable imperative.” Culture appears to be the key to man’s ability examples of how humans and other species have to heed this advice. adapted to these environments. • deserts • tropical rainforests • polar regions • mountainous regions UNIT 1 7

VOCABULARY 1 1 Complete the sentences with these words. adapt adjusted affect altered diversified replace shrink transform 1 Simply painting the room a different color will totally it. 2 The company’s original product wasn’t selling so they and started making a range of items. 3 Abusiness needs to be flexible so it can to the changing demands of the market. 4 It took Damien a while, but he eventually to living alone. 5 You have to be careful when you wash woollen clothes so that they don’t . 6 My laptop’s power supply was badly damaged, so I had to it with a new one. 7 Discovering how to work with metal the course of history. 8 I don’t know why you are telling me this. It doesn’t me. 2 L ook at the verbs in 1 again and write the nouns. Write sentences using each one in your notebook. 3 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your notebook using the words you didn’t circle. 1 Everyone was amazed by the diversity / transformation they saw in John after his heart operation. 2 Office chairs are often replaceable / adjustable so that you can find the most comfortable working position. 3 Scientists now agree that evolution is the reason we have such diverse / alterable species of life forms. 4 Do you know where I can take this jacket to have some adaptations / alterations made to it? 5 A rise in cheap imports from abroad almost always results in shrinking / affected demand for locally made products. 6 The punishment he received had very little effect / affect on him. 4 Complete each group of sentences with the correct form of these verbs. Each group must use the same verb. How does the meaning of the verb in each sentence change? Find other uses for these verbs in a dictionary. drive manage pass see 1 a Can you the point I’m trying to make? b I’m the doctor tomorrow. c I’ve always him as a reliable person. 2 a Just stop the car for a minute to let that ambulance . b Many years have since I last saw him. c It will be disastrous if the government this law. 3 a He never to finish in time. b I used to have trouble my stress level. c How do you without a cell phone? 4 a The new supermarket many smaller stores out of business. b Danielle was by a desire to impress her parents. c The increasing number of vehicles on the roads up the demand for oil. 8

GRAMMAR 1 The Present Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous 1 Read these sentences and write the names of the present forms that are in bold. 1 Their survival has depended on their ability to fashion tools for hunting and to build shelters to keep out winter storms. 2 Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their surroundings than any other living creature. 3 Consider, for example, the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, who are living in some of the harshest conditions on earth. 4 Humans have been adapting to their environments since the beginning of time. Read 1.1-1.6 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks. 2 Circle the correct words. 1 Where’s Jake? I’ve waited / I’ve been waiting for him since three o’clock! 2 The Inuit need / are needing all of their skills to survive in their harsh environment. 3 Has Tina found / Has Tina been finding that H. G. Wells novel that you told her about yet? 4 I do / I’m doing my best, but I simply cannot adjust to living in a big city. 5 They still haven’t completed / haven’t been completing the alterations to Julia’s wedding dress. 6 Those men have fished / have been fishing for hours, and they’re still not ready to go home. 7 Stella stays / is staying with friends for now, but she really wants her own apartment. 8 Hans checked online and he says that the train to Bonn leaves / is leaving at three o’clock every afternoon. 3 Cthoemcpolrerteectthperesseenntet nfocerms w. i th the verbs in parentheses. Use 1 In countries like Canada and the USA, the leaves on the trees (change) color dramatically in the fall. 2 Jennifer (not be) to visit me lately. She’s been busy reviewing for her final exams. 3 They (not work) on their anthropology project for long, have they? 4 Please don’t talk to me while I (read). It makes it difficult for me to concentrate. 5 My friends and I (not travel) to other countries very often, but when we do, we always learn about the culture. 6 You (manage) to finish all of your homework already! Well done, Fran! 7 I (look) for my car keys all morning. Do you have any idea where they might be? 8 My brother (always take) my iPod without asking me first. It drives me crazy! UNIT 1 9

VOCABULARY 2 Prepositions 1 C omplete the text with these prepositions. You will need to use some of them more than once. as from in of on out over to The Inuit The Inuit, formerly called Eskimos, were long believed to have been a group of people who settled 1 the Arctic following their migration from Mongolia. Migrating people at that time relied 2 a long-gone geological phenomenon known 3 the Bering Land Bridge. This enabled migrants to walk from Asia to North America, but the land bridge disappeared when sea levels in the area rose. A more recent theory, based 4 analysis of bone, tooth, and hair samples from archeological remains, suggests that the Inuit are related to people who migrated from what is now modern-day Siberia 5 Alaska around 6,000 years ago. Whatever their origins, the Inuit have proved to be a tough and resilient people. They managed to adapt 6 some of the worst living conditions in the world, building homes that keep 7 the cold and finding extremely inventive solutions 8 the problem of limited food supply in the frozen north. 9 time, the Inuit have adopted many customs and traditions from the lands where they live. Despite that, many of them still hunt and fish, and they still possess skills that make them capable 10 surviving long and dangerous expeditions. Although they depend 11 food sources high in protein and fat, those who keep to a more traditional diet suffer 12 fewer health problems than people eating imported foods. Collocations and Expressions 2 Complete the sentences with these words. Can you figure out what the expressions in bold mean? change hands heart mind pace places scenery subject ways 1 Kyle didn’t want the conversation to turn to money so he quickly changed the . 2 Early computers are collectable, and some change for a lot of money. 3 We wanted a change of , so we went for a drive in the country. 4 If he wants to finish college, he’s going to have to change his . 5 I’ve changed my . I’m not going to buy a new phone. I’ll keep this one for a while longer. 6 Iknow he’s rich, but he has to cope with a huge amount of stress. I wouldn’t change with him for anything. 7 The old woman was planning to leave all her money to her family, but at the last minute she had a change of and decided to leave it to charity instead. 8 Things are moving too slowly. We need to have a change of if we’re going to get this project finished on time. 9 I know you love going to the movies, but couldn’t we do something else for a ? Commonly Confused Words 3 Complete the groups of sentences with the correct form of the words in bold. 1 fashion build manufacture 3 inhabit reside stay a The company small electrical items. a I once lived in London, but I only for a few months. b Stone-age people a variety of different tools out of rocks. b Scientists know a lot about the climate during the time when dinosaurs the earth. c  a house yourself saves you money, c Many people from the tribe no longer but you might have problems. in their place of origin. 2 adopt adapt adept a They turned their backs on their traditions and 4 accumulate gather collect the customs of the people in the a Have you been stamps for many area. years now? b Victor became at sea kayaking b The bills seem to just so that I don’t know which one to pay first. and he did it whenever he could. c Change will always happen, so sensible people c In the evenings we would all at our to it. favorite coffeehouse. 10 learn to

GRAMMAR 2 The Past Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, and Past Perfect Continuous 1 Read these sentences, focusing on the past forms in bold, and match them to their uses. 1 One Inuit was hunting for seals while the others were building a kayak. 2 The women had been working in the fields all day and looked very tired. 3 Eli looked up, saw the deer in the distance, and fired his rifle. 4 Valerie had picked up the children from school by the time I arrived home. a actions that happened one after the other in the past, for example when telling a story b an action or situation that finished before a particular time in the past c two or more actions that were in progress at the same time in the past d an action that happened repeatedly or over a period of time in the past and had a result that was visible in the past Used To and Would 2 R ead about used to and would and complete the sentences. In which sentence are both used to and would correct? Why? We can use used to for actions that we did regularly in the past and for states that existed in the past. We can use would only for actions that we did regularly in the past. We don’t use it for past states. 1 My sister think that every tribe was from Africa. 2 Their habitat be bigger in the past. 3 They gather in one of the local coffeehouses. Read 1.7-1.14 of the Grammar Reference before you do the task. 3 C omplete the second sentence so it has the same meaning as the first sentence, using the word in bold. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1 The Smiths started renting an apartment in 2010. Then in 2015 they bought this house. been The Smiths five years before they bought this house. 2 We haven’t stayed at that hotel for years. was The last time we years ago. 3 Peter made dinner. Then his wife came home. by Peter his wife came home. 4 In 2012 I had a job in Boston and Steve had a job in New York. while I was working in Boston in 2012 in New York. 5 Maria called during breakfast. having We Maria called. 6 Kathy was still in college when I met her. finished Kathy college when I met her. 7 I’d never heard of Charles Darwin and natural selection before. ever It was the first time I of Charles Darwin and natural selection. 8 The Inuit would fashion clothes from sealskin. to The Inuit clothes from sealskin. 9 The nurse didn’t take my temperature until I had taken off my shirt. before T he nurse waited until I had taken off my shirt my temperature. 10 Dad wouldn’t go to bed until he had showered. use Dad go to bed until he had showered. UNIT 1 1111

LISTENING 1 Understanding paraphrasing is a useful skill when reading or listening to English. Read each sentence and choose the option that has the same meaning as the word in bold. 1 They acknowledge that it is a difficult change to make, so they will do everything they can to help. a disagree b don’t know c recognize 2 Do you think he’ll accept the proposal? a agree to b understand c consider 3 If he doesn’t want to relocate, we’ll have to let him go and hire someone else. a change jobs b stay here c move to a different place 4 Don’t allocate blame unless you know all the facts. a say whose fault it is b say you didn’t do it c say it’s nobody’s fault 5 Making new friends relieved her feelings of loneliness. a increased b experienced again c reduced 6 This is the new reality and there’s no escaping from it. a the way things are now b what things might be c how things may turn out 7 We can’t make progress when he keeps blocking all the decisions we make. a cover the distance b go around c move forward 8 Did you make alterations to the document to reflect the new rules? a innovations b changes c differences 2 N ow paraphrase these sentences so the meaning stays the same, using In some listening tasks, you have to complete a what you learned in 1 to help you. number of statements with information that you 1 You are under no obligation to accept the changes. hear. Although the gapped statements may begin and/or end with words 2 Relocating abroad is a highly stressful experience. that paraphrase what the speaker says, the words you need to fill in will 3 Acknowledge the signs of oncoming change. usually be the words that you hear. 4 Allocating blame is not a positive action. 5 Making alterations to your expectations can relieve some of your stress. 6 You can’t make any progress unless you adapt to the new reality. 3  Listen to Ryan Crosby, a family counselor, giving advice on how to cope with the stress of change. Complete sentences 1-8 with a word or a short phrase. 1 Ryan mentions as an example of a more serious change in someone’s life. 2 Ryan says that even positive change can be for us. 3 According to Ryan, refusing to acknowledge change is an involuntary we use. 4 Ryan does not advise thinking about when you want to make progress. 5 Ryan points out that ignoring the that accompanies change will lead to bigger problems in the future. 6 Ryan explains that getting on with everyday tasks will be good for your . 7 Ryan describes the past as a to emphasize that we should stop thinking about it. 8 Ryan believes that we should think of our mistakes as a to help us avoid repeating them. 12

SPEAKING 1 Ask and answer these questions with a partner. • W hat is the biggest change you’ve had to go through in your life up to now? Did you find it hard to adjust to the new reality? • H ow do you feel about meeting people from different countries and cultures? • How important is speaking the language when you live in another country? 2 W ork with a partner. Read the Download tip and the phrases in the When you are involved in a collaborative task with Language Bank. Then read the instructions below and develop your a partner, you will need to give your opinion and ask conversation. Practice asking for your partner’s opinion, commenting for your partner’s. You may sometimes agree or disagree on it, and expressing your reservations. Then exchange roles and with what your partner says, and other times you may develop another conversation. agree in part and want to express reservations. Even Student A: A good friend of yours moved to another town recently. You feel when you have a lot to say, it that his or her behavior toward you has changed a lot since is important to share the time then. Describe one of the changes you have noticed and how it equally. Ask for your partner’s has affected you. Ask for Student B’s opinion. When you have opinion, listen carefully, and heard B’s opinion, accept part of what B is saying, but express comment on it. some reservations. Student B: A good friend of Student A’s moved to another town recently. Student A feels that the friend’s behavior has changed a lot since then. You do not fully agree with how Student A has interpreted the friend’s change in behavior. Give your opinion and comment on what Student A says. 3 W ork with a partner. When a person decides to relocate for a few years for business purposes, different aspects of his/her life are affected in different ways. First discuss the positive and negative changes that relocation may bring to each aspect of the person’s life. Then decide which two aspects play the biggest role in the relocation being successful or not. moving to What are the positive and adjusting to a new a new city negative changes associated environment at work with relocating for business purposes for a few years? leaving friends adjusting to a different moving your and extended culture and/or climate immediate family family behind 4 Work in pairs to discuss these questions. Asking for Someone’s Opinion What’s your opinion on ...? • S ome people relocate for a shorter period of time What would you say about ...? (e.g., six months to a year) and decide not to take Would you agree that ...? their spouse and children with them. How does this I’m interested to hear what you think about ... affect everyone in the family? Commenting on What Someone Says • Would you be willing to relocate? Why/Why not? If so, That’s an interesting point. which aspects of relocating would you find the most What you say is interesting because ... difficult to deal with? I’d never thought about ... in that way. • If you could choose a country to relocate to Expressing Reservations permanently, where would you go? What are the You have a point, but ... reasons for your choice? I see what you mean, but ... That’s how I feel, but I think we’re forgetting ... I agree, but I want to point out that ... UNIT 1 13

WRITING Essay: Understanding Content and Style Underlining important information in essay tasks not only helps you fully understand the essay topic and ensure that your writing is relevant, but it also gives you a quick way to refer back to the question while you are writing. In this way, you can be more certain that you have covered every point and followed every instruction. 1 Read this essay task and answer questions 1-6 by underlining or matching the parts of the task that give you the information. Then complete the task summary below. Y our class has listened to a radio program about how the 1 What was the radio program about? government could change people’s eating habits in order to improve 2 Match the opinions expressed with the the nation’s health. You have made the notes below. methods. 3 How many methods do you have to Methods to change eating habits discuss? • tax on fattening food • education Some opinions expressed in the 4 You must recommend one of the • stricter laws discussion: methods. What criterion will you use to “Paying more for junk food might choose that method? make people think twice.” 5 What must you use in your essay to support your opinions? “I still don’t know which 6 What should you do when including vegetables contain the most iron!” any of the opinions expressed? “Food producers put in too many Task summary: The essay should discuss unhealthy ingredients.” 1 methods that could be Write an essay discussing two of the methods in your notes. You used by 2 to should explain which method would be more effective, giving reasons to support your opinion. 3 Y ou may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the , discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible. explaining which method would be more 4. 2 T he opening paragraph of your essay must introduce the issue raised in the task and the options you have chosen. You should write in an objective way, without referring to yourself. Read this introduction written in answer to the writing task in 1 and circle the most suitable alternatives. 1 It is generally agreed / I agree with the recent radio discussion that the government needs to find methods to change the way people eat in order to reduce health problems. 2 The question is / I would like to discuss whether it would be better to discourage the general public from consuming unhealthy food and drinks by making them more expensive or by introducing stricter laws for the food industry. 3 Now read the rest of the essay written in answer to the task in 1 and answer the questions on page 15. A t first glance, it might seem like a good idea to increase the price of food that contains high levels of sugar and fat. People would be forced to reduce the number of snacks and drinks they buy because they would not be able to afford them. This would certainly result in a reduction of visits to the doctor and in less weight gain. However, what happens if people continue to buy their normal amounts of unhealthy treats and end up with less money to spend on fresh fruit and vegetables? O n the other hand, if the food industry and the ingredients they use were more strictly controlled, people would not be able to buy things that are not good for them. It could be argued that people should be allowed to make their own choices, but governments need to take the lead in protecting public health, as some have done by banning smoking. Not only could the government introduce new laws restricting fat and salt levels, but it could also control the use of chemicals in food production. On balance, it would appear that regulating the supply of food options would be more effective than attempting to influence consumer choice. 14

1 Think about the content of the essay. Has the writer Introducing Points a discussed the pros and cons of both methods? In the first place, ... / At first glance, ... b mentioned a third method from the task? With regard to ..., / Regarding ..., c given reasons for their final choice of method? However, ... / On the other hand, ... 2 Think about the style of the essay. Has the writer In contrast, ... a used a question to make a point? On balance, ... b used the word “I” when expressing opinions? Taking all these points into consideration, ... 4 Essays require you to express your opinions in formal, Making Points in General Terms It is generally agreed/accepted that ... impersonal language as in 2. Rewrite these opinions Many/Most people would agree/accept that ... in your notebook in a more suitable style using the It is obvious that ... Language Bank to help you. There is no doubt that ... It is a fact that ... 1 To begin with, I think most of us think it’s up to the It is difficult to say ... government to help people who come to live and work in The question is ... our country get used to our way of life. It is questionable whether ... It could be argued that ... 2 My friends and I know that many immigrants have great It seems/would appear that ... skills they can use. They just need a bit of help getting started. Verbs – Nouns support – support 5 R ead this essay task and underline the important guide – guidance assist – assistance information as you did in 1. Decide which options you provide – provision would choose to discuss, and then copy the plan into progress – progress / progression your notebook and complete it with notes for your essay. enable – enablement benefit – benefit Y our class has listened to a panel discussion about how integrate – integration governments can help immigrants adjust to their new cultural environment. You have made the notes below: In Context to adapt to new ways of living Ways to help newly-arrived immigrants to adopt a new lifestyle to adjust your way of thinking • education Take time to read the essay task carefully, • community events Some opinions expressed in the underlining or highlighting important • advice centers discussion: information. “Language is just the first thing Introduce the issue and your two choices in you need to learn.” the first paragraph. Use an objective, impersonal writing style, “Smiling people can make you avoiding emotional language. feel very welcome.” “There are so many questions that need answering.” Write an essay discussing two of the ways in your notes. You should explain which way would be more helpful, giving reasons to support your opinion. Y ou may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words as much as possible. 6 Write an essay in 220-260 words in answer to the task in 5. Use your plan and the Language Bank to help you. When you have finished, check your work carefully. Plan The issue My two chosen ways Paragraph 1: Choice 2, pros and cons Choice 1, pros and cons Paragraph 2: The most helpful choice Paragraph 3: Final paragraph: UNIT 1 15

VOCABULARY BOOSTER 1 1 P ICTURE IT! - One way to reinforce your understanding of new words is to associate them with a visual image. Study each picture, and label it with a verb from the box and its related noun form. The first is done as an example. adapt adjust alter diversify evolve replace survive transform 234 1 adapt - adaptation 5 678 2 L IVING AND DYING IN THE NATURAL WORLD - Complete the sentences with the correct form of these words. (Hint: 2 nouns need to be made plural; and 3 verbs need a change of form - e.g., gerund, infinitive, or past participle). adapt biological evolutionary extinct extinction flourish habitat inhabit perish shrink struggle The desert, with its extreme heat and extreme lack of water, is one of the most unforgiving 1 on the face of the planet. Scientists predict that for many desert animals, global warming will intensify their 2 for survival. The lizards of Coachella Valley in southern California are a case in point. The valley, a meeting place of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, was once a place where lizards were able 3 . In fact, more species of lizards continue 4 the area than any other place in North America. Over the past two decades, however, several species of lizard in the valley’s eastern area have already become 5 and other animals, such as the Coachella Valley Jerusalem cricket, have 6 as well. Experts predict that hotter and drier conditions will continue to eat away at the 7 diversity of the area. According to a number of likely climate-change scenarios, by the year 2080, species like the Mohave ground squirrel could see its traditional range 8 dramatically down to 20% of what it once was. Animals simply do not have the time to 9 to such rapidly worsening conditions. It is feared that we might be facing an 10 crisis of epic proportions. The world has already experienced five mass 11 . If this is the start of a sixth, it could be the largest and fastest loss of plant and animal life since the disappearance of the dinosaurs roughly 65 million years ago. 16

3 COMMON COMBOS - Pair one word or phrase from A with another from B, and then complete the sentences with these common collocations. A coping crux life natural state survival tropical vitamin B deficiency lesson mechanism of mind of the fittest of the matter rainforests selection 1 People with poor diets may not get all the nutrients they need to stay healthy. In particular, diseases such as beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, and rickets have been linked to . 2 We’re all human, and we all make mistakes. A healthy way to make the best of this is for us to view each mistake as a potentially valuable - that is, a unique opportunity to learn from our mistakes and stop us from repeating them. It’s another term for what some people call a “teachable moment.” 3 A is a strategy or behavior that a person uses to deal with a stressful, dangerous, uncomfortable, or otherwise difficult situation: e.g., eating comfort food or going for long walks. 4 Any change or stress in your life - whether big or small - can have a major (and often negative) effect on your . The trick is to stay positive and allow yourself time to adjust and adapt. 5 Can anyone explain the difference between and ? All I know is that they both have to do with Darwin’s theory of evolution and the idea that organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more (and genetically better) offspring. 6 Here’s a fun fact. Did you know that about 50% of all known species live in ? That’s an amazing amount of biological diversity coming from a single kind of ecosystem. 7 The real is that Tina has never had to deal with major life changes by herself. Now that she’s out on her own, it’s going to be interesting to see how she manages. 4 QUICK ON THE DRAW - Figuratively speaking, a person who is “quick on the draw” is very quick to act or react (rather like a cowboy in a Western who is skilled at quickly drawing his gun from its holster). Read A’s comments (1-6) and match them with B’s fast and funny responses (a-f). A: B: 1 “Why on earth did you buy her Darwin’s a “He must be very adept at adapting!” Origin of the Species?” b “To what: chemistry?” 2 “What’s another term for a heart transplant?” c “It seemed like a natural selection!” 3 “One of the marathoners had a heart attack just as he crossed the finish line; they say he’s d “A change of heart?” OK, though.” e “Now that’s what I call survival of 4 “I can’t understand why the theater director the fittest!” doesn’t retire.” f “Apparently, he doesn’t feel the need 5 “I hear the novelist turned his book into a for a change of scenery.” brilliant screenplay.” 6 “My mom asked how I did on the math test, but I changed the subject as fast as I could!” VOCABULARY BOOSTER 1 17

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Vocabulary Grammar Choose the correct answers. Choose the correct answers. 1 He’s always changing his . He finds it difficult to 1 Janice will never sell this house. She here for make decisions. more than forty years! a heart b subject a lives c mind b has been living d ways c is living d had lived 2 The room was very hot because the heating was set 2 The charity is hoping to buy a minivan, but on high and they couldn’t it. they enough money yet. a adopt a haven’t raised b affect b didn’t raise c shrink c aren’t raising d adjust d wouldn’t raise 3 The huge demand for houses in the city has the 3 We to move to Los Angeles, but now we’re prices up. moving to San Diego instead. a driven a are planning b conveyed b were planning c accumulated c would plan d transformed d have planned 4 Martha no longer suffers being lonely because 4 Jim in the factory for ten years before it was she’s made some new friends. forced to close last year. a of a works b over b has worked c from c had been working d in d has been working 5 Members of the historical society in Boston 5 “Have you ever won a lot of money in the lottery?” every September to discuss ideas. “Unfortunately not. But I $20 once, in 2012!” a gather a have won b reside b had won c collect c won d inhabit d used to win 6 The school is known for its huge of students, 6 Pete his car online at the moment because he many of whom are the children of foreign diplomats. can’t afford to keep it anymore. a transformation a is advertising b adaptation b has advertised c diversity c advertises d replacement d advertised 7 His decision to close the company was based the 7 Two hundred years ago people several miles firm’s disappointing sales record. a day. a of a had walked b in b have been walking c from c had been walking d on d would walk 8 Her favorite necklace is handmade and was 8 “Did you go to the old high school on Elm Street?” out of copper and silver. “No, it by the time we moved here.” a built a had closed b fashioned b used to close c manufactured c would close d acquired d has closed 9 She has worked very hard and has all of her 9 “Do you play tennis, George?” goals. “Not anymore, but I a member of the local a derived tennis club when I was younger.” b managed a would be c achieved b have been d passed c used to be d had been 18

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Cloze Read the passage. Then select the word or phrase that best completes each blank. This passage is about a unique human quality. 1 a are c had b have d were Many species are uniquely adapted to a single environment, but humans are unique in that they are able to survive in 2 a families c ancestors all land-based habitats - from extreme desert to tropical b relatives d generations rainforest to arctic tundra. Indeed, we 1 proven ourselves able to adapt rapidly to a much wider range of conditions 3 a transformation c adjustment than other living creatures. Two million years ago our 2 were a fairly typical ape species limited to a small part of b alteration d diversity Africa. Now we are the world’s champion adapters. What is it 4 a meant c grew that accounts for this 3 ? b created d evolved It’s tempting enough to say that we 4 to have bigger 5 a able c adept brains and greater intelligence. We are 5 of adapting to such a wide range of environments because we use 6 b capable d suitable intelligence to solve the problems posed by each individual 6 a the c an habitat. We invent tools, clothing, and shelter. Other animals can’t do this 7 they aren’t as intelligent. But we are not b these d this 8 smart enough individually to solve the vast number of 7 a although c because problems that need solving. b therefore d while Instead, the driving force seems to be culture. Humans are 8 a nearly c so much better 9 learning from each other than any other animal. This ability allows human populations to accumulate b almost d very knowledge gradually over generations - knowledge that 9 a than c when no individual human could acquire alone. Such cultural adaptation may be slow when measured in human lifetimes, b at d for 10 it is blindingly fast compared to the pace of genetic 10 a and c but adaptation. b which d since Listening 1: Short Conversations  In this part you will hear short conversations. From the three answer choices, select the answer which means about the same as what you hear or is true based upon what you hear. 1 a The lecture will continue after lunch. 5 a He’s begun to think about a new career. b The lecture is going to be a long one. b He’s always found ancient history boring. c The lecture could be rather boring. c He has no idea what career to follow. 2 a Ed has shown no interest in the books. 6 a She’s lost all hope that he’ll succeed. b Ed would never give up his collection. b He’s tried everything, but nothing works. c Ed’s uncle was a famous archeologist. c She thinks he might be ready to change. 3 a She’s considering a cross-country trip. 7 a She can’t figure out who to blame b Her kids will visit friends this summer. b She should have followed his advice. c Her family is relatively new to the area. c She doesn’t appreciate his criticism. 4 a Her grandmother is in the photo. 8 a She’ll have to cancel her dinner reservations. b Her grandmother gave her the photo. b She’s impressed with the effort he’s made. c The photo is five generations old. c She loves the way he makes pasta. RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS 19

RELOAD 1: EXAM SKILLS Listening 2: Radio Program (Extended Talk)  You will hear a segment from a radio program called “Learning from the Experts.” After the talk, you will be asked questions about what was said. From the three answer choices given, choose the one that best answers the question, according to the information you heard. 1 According to Polly, what is the underlying cause of culture shock? a knowing that you are no longer surrounded by the comforts of home b realizing that the new culture is more unfamiliar than you thought c not being able to communicate in the host country’s language 2 What point does Polly make about students who have studied a foreign language? a They are much better prepared to cope with culture shock. b They can communicate, but they know nothing about the culture. c They soon realize that they are less proficient than they believed. 3 What does Polly find strange about the first phase of culture shock? a It’s characterized by only positive emotions. b It begins long before you board the plane. c It lasts much longer than most people think. 4 What is it that marks the beginning of Phase 3? a The strain of making constant adjustments begins to wear on you. b The negative feelings you’ve been experiencing finally begin to die down. c Your feeling of homesickness and loneliness turn into anger. 5 What one coping mechanism does Polly recommend above all others? a Trust in your ability to adapt and adjust to new situations. b Surround yourself with people who you can depend on. c Study the new culture thoroughly before you leave home. Speaking: Multi-Stage Speaking Task for Two Students 1 Work with a partner. Ask and answer these questions. • Do you know anyone who has studied or worked abroad? • What problems do you think a person would have to overcome? • What benefits do you think a person could gain from such an experience? 2 F ollow the instructions and complete the task with a partner. One of you will be Student A and the other will be Student B. Situation: Your college is looking for someone to be the head of its junior year abroad program in Beijing, China, and you are both on the interview panel. The job requires someone who can provide students with academic advice as well as advice on living away from home; the position is a two-year assignment. After the first round of interviews, the candidates have been narrowed down to four. STAGE 1 - Student A: You helped interview Candidates A and B. Read your notes on page 248, and describe these candidates to your partner. Student B: You helped interview Candidates C and D. Read your notes on page 250, and describe these candidates to your partner. STAGE 2 - Students A/B: Now take turns explaining which of your two candidates you think is more suitable for the job. STAGE 3 - Students A/B: Look at the information about the two remaining candidates. Together, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, and explain your opinions. STAGE 4 - Students A and B: Decide together which candidate should get the job. 20

C1/C2 STUDENT’S BOOK American Download is an exciting new multi-level course. The Advanced level is suitable for students working to achieve a C1/C2 level of competence within the Common European Framework. Key features • 12 theme-related units, each containing tasks carefully designed to develop students’ reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills as well as build on their knowledge of vocabulary and grammar • 12 Vocabulary Booster sections designed to recycle and reinforce key lexis in each unit • 12 Reload: Exam Skills sections containing a wide range of exam- style vocabulary, grammar, cloze, listening, and speaking tasks that students will encounter on high-stake American exams • Progress Reviews, one after every two units, to consolidate vocabulary and grammar • A Grammar Reference to support the grammar theory presented in each unit • A Writing Bank and a Speaking Bank to support students’ productive skills A course in American English American Download C1/C2, a complete package based on the requirements for Advanced students: and standards of the American Download C1/C2 Student’s Book Common European American Download C1/C2 Workbook Framework of American Download C1/C2 Test Book Reference American Download C1/C2 e-book American Download C1/C2 Teacher’s Book American Download C1/C2 Class Audio CD, Workbook Audio CD, and Test Book Audio CD American Download C1/C2 Interactive Whiteboard Software