CAMBRIDGE STANDARD O'LEVEL ISLAMIYAT 2058 PAPER ONE NOTES

98 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Makkah was neighboring non Muslim state, but when it was conquered, the Prophet SAW declared general amnesty for all; which is reflection of forgiveness and peace of Muslim’s foreign policy. International relations of Prophet SAW were based on the principles of peace, equality, cordiality and co-operation. Islam does not allow its followers to kill anyone mere on the basis of different faith. Disputes of such natures which lead to war must be averted. If they guarantee peace and do not fight, you have no right to fight. Qur’an says, “If they withdraw and fight you not and send upon you peace, then Allah has opened no way for you against them.” The Prophet SAW sent many envoys to neighboring countries inviting them to embrace Islam. Some of them did not behave good, like Chosroe Pervaiz of Iran, but he did not react aggressively, as it was against the policy of Islam. The Muslim forces were given instructions by the Prophet SAW; not to harm women, children, olden and those who did not come in battlefield; even the crops and fruit trees, water resources and animals. He also instructed not to mutilate the bodies of those who killed, avoid the looting plundering, demolishing of churches, synagogues and other places of worship. Allah says in Qur’an, “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, and do not cross the limit.” The Muslim forces under the command of Prophet SAW always observed the principles laid down by him at every occasion. THE HOLY PROPHET SAW ATTITUDE TOWARDS NON MUSLIMS The Holy Prophet SAW treated all mankind equally in accordance with the teachings of Islam whether Muslims or non Muslims. As Qur’an says, “O Mankind! Be in piety to your Rabb (Lord), Who has created you from a single soul and created its mate from it and from both of them He spread countless men and women.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

99 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He did not allow any discrimination or ill treatment towards any people. He always showed tolerance towards other religions. The Charter of Madinah with Jews and treaty with Christians are ready reference to this context. He did not force either Jews or Christians to accept Islam. On the other hand he had given them all rights of freedom, property and worship under Islamic state. Those who brought as prisoners of war during battle of Badr were given right to buy their freedom by ransom or by teaching ten children to read and write. On the conquest of Makkah he pardoned all without discrimination, which is unchallengeable example of mercy throughout the world till now. When he conquered Khyber he did not take over but gave all back in custody of Jews on a specific share of their growth and returned back. A follower of Prophet SAW killed a non Muslim; the case was brought to the court of Muhammad SAW to decide, he decreed against Muslim and ordered to kill him in Qisas. The non Muslims were called ‘Zimmi’ means fully protected people. The Holy Prophet SAW said, “If anyone wrongs a man under treaty, or burdens him above his strength, I will advocate against him on the Day of Judgment.” (Hadith) The Holy Prophet SAW permitted Muslims to eat the food of the people of the Book except which is forbidden in Qur’an. He allowed the women of Book in marriage of Muslims to practice their religion and stopped their husbands from interference. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Describe the events of two of the battles Fought by the Prophet (S) while he was leader of the community at Madina. (10) (b) How does his conduct in one of these battles provide a model to Muslims today when they face difficulties? (2009 M/J) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

100 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Q2. (a) Outline the main events of Prophet (S) Journey from Makkah to Madina. (10) (b) What was the significance of this journey for the Muslims? (4) (2010 O/N) Q3. (a) Describe the Prophet's conduct as a leader in two battles he fought in. (I0) (b) What can Muslim leaders today learn from Prophet (SAW) conduct in their relations with other states? (4) (2011 0/N) Q4. (a) Give an account, of the battles of Trench and Khyber. (10) (b) What lessons can Muslims learn from either of these battles? (4) (2012 M/J) (10) (b) What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina? (4) Q5. (a) Write about the events of the first year following the Prophet (SAW) arrival at Madina. Q6. (a) Describe the events of conquest of Makkah. (10) (b) Why are the actions of the Prophet (SAW) after the conquest important for Muslims learn From? (4) (2013 M/J) Q7. (a) Abu Talib died in 619. Describe the events following this that led to the Prophet (SAW) migration to Madina. (10) (b) Why was the migration important for the Muslims community? (4) (2013 O/N) Q8. (a) Write about the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) interaction with non-Muslims in Madina. (10) (b) What can Muslims learn From this interaction? (4) (2013 O/N) Q9. (a) Describe the events of the final year of Prophet's life. (10) (b) Explain how any two teaching given in the Prophet (SAW) Farewell sermon can help Muslim communities today. (4) (2013 O/N) Q10. (a) Give an account of the hijra of the Prophet from Makkah to Madina. (10) (2014 M/J) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

101 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF (b) What is the significance of the Prophet establishing Masjids as a first task after hijra? (4) Q11. (a) Write about the main events of the battles of Khayber and Mu’ta. (10) (2014 M/J) (b) Choose one of these battles and explain why it was important for the Muslims of Madina to fight in it? (4) ___________________________________________________________________ CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PRE ISLAM Women were male treated in pre Islam. In India they were forced to burn with his dead husband as ‘Satti’. In Romans they were sold out in markets like cattle. In Arab they were made slaves after death of their husband. Girls were buried alive, having no rights at all. They had no rights to live freely; they were exposed to brutality and humiliation and were deprived of inheritance. Stepsons used to marry stepmothers after the death of father. Polygamy was common all over the world. CONDITION OF WOMEN IN ISLAM Islam has changed the concept of brutality against women and lifted their status on equal footings with men. Qur’an has clearly declared, “Do not kill your children due to poverty. We provide everything for you and for them (too).” The women were given full freedom in choice of their mate, personal life and also given right to inheritance. Islam enjoins upon men to treat well with women. THE PROPHET’S ATTITUE TOWARDS WOMEN He was very kind to women. He always advocated their rights, gave honor, respect and full protection in every walks of life. Allah has given equal rights to women with men. Qur’an says, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

102 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “For men is the share of what they earned and for women is the share of what they earned.” The Holy Prophet SAW used to help his wives in household matter and always treated them with justice and kindness. He said, “The better among you is the one who is better to his wife and I am better to my wives.” (Hadith) To shun the disrespect form the minds of his followers regarding women he said, “Paradise lies under the feet of mother.” (Hadith) In his last Sermon he had clearly categorized the rights of women by declaring, “Women have rights over you as you have rights over them, they have rights of property and inheritance, none can deprive them. They are owner of their earnings; none can take from them without will. They have right to choose their mate; none can impose their decision on them. They have right of separation if their living with their husbands become impossible.” The people of the Book women can retain their religion on wedding with Muslims. Marriage with stepmothers became unlawful and shameful act. Qur’an says, “And do not marry the women whom your fathers had married.” Right of education was granted to every woman. Prophet SAW said, “It is the duty of every male and female Muslim to achieve knowledge.” (Hadith) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

103 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF WHAT ROLE ISLAM HAS PRESCRIBED FOR WOMAN Islam has prescribed many roles for woman with respect and dignity. As woman had no say in ignorance period, but Islam honors her in every character of life. AS A DAUGHTER Before Islam she was accustomed to burry alive. Islam gave her status of blessings and mercy from Allah. Muhammad SAW connected the entrance of Paradise with bringing up well and marriage of daughter. Prophet said, a. “Daughters are blessings of Allah.” b. “Anyone of you brings up his three, two or even one daughter fully, arranges their marriage, he will enter the Paradise.” As a daughter her role is to obey her parents, never do such thing which destroys her modesty and dignity of her parents, and tries to be on the footings of Hazrat Fatima RA, who always supported her father. A daughter has equal right to education as son. She has a right to choice her couple freely; as the Prophet SAW asked Hazrat Fatima RA about her choice to marry with Hazrat Ali. Qur’an clearly says, “A matron should not be given in marriage without her consultation and a virgin without her permission.” AS A WIFE Man and woman are equal in nature; therefore no one has superiority upon another. Allah says in Qur’an, a. “And Allah has made couples for you from among yourselves.” b. “They are garments for you and you are garments for them.” Wife and husband is the closest companion and protector to one another in all matters. Man and woman are equal in the sight of Allah, as He says, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

104 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “For men is the share of what they earned and for women is the share of what they earned.” It is the duty of a wife to remain faithful, obedient, loyal, devoted to her husband and protector of his property and wealth in absence. She should know that her success and happiness lies in the pleasure of her husband in both the worlds. The Prophet SAW was asked by his companion about the best woman. He said, “The one who pleases her husband when he looks at her, obeys him when he demands, does not go against his wishes, is the best woman.” AS A MOTHER How beautiful and dignified society Islam wanted to create when it declared the good doing and abeyance of parents is obligatory like Prayers and the key to Paradise. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Worship Allah and be good to your parents.” As Allah is taking care of His creations all the time, in the same manner there is same status of mother on this earth. She has been made the most caring by Allah who looks after every need of her children. Therefore the Prophet SAW said in reply to his companion regarding rights of mother; a gist is: “The rights of mother are three times more than father (Hadith). During the ignorance period of Arabia mothers were also treated inhumanly. After the death of father the elder son took charge of all mothers and they were badly utilized as maids. Islam has awarded a status to mother folk to the extent that no one can imagine giving them in the world. Holy Prophet SAW said, “Paradise lies under the feet of mother.” (Hadith Qudsi) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

105 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Once Abu Hurairah RA asked the Prophet SAW, “My mother is scolding you all the time. Is she still deserves my respect and obedience? Muhammad SAW replied, ‘Yes’ in all cases.” The sufferings and affliction which mother has to bear during pregnancy, child birth and upbringing has been mentioned in Qur’an and a question is asked, “Can you give them reward of all that, therefore be kind and obedient.” The Prophet SAW said, “Seeing with smile to parents is equal to Prayer.” CHAPTER 4 THE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITY WIVES OF HOLY PROPHET SAW The Holy Prophet SAW had thirteen wives. It was in accordance with the complete will and command of Allah. He dealt with all wives on the basis of justice, equality and fairness. In spite of all his outdoor engagements and responsibilities he has enjoyed beautiful domestic life. Allah says in Qur’an regarding the importance of wives of Prophet SAW, “Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah and his wives are mothers of believers.” The wives of Prophet SAW are not like other women. Qur’an says, “O wives of the Prophet SAW! You are not like any other women.” 1. HAZRAT KHADIJA RA (556-621 AD) Her name was Khadija-tu-Kubra, known as Umm-e-Hind and titled Tahira. Her father name was Khawailad and mother’s Fatima bint-e-Zahida. She had joint ancestry at fourth stage of Prophet SAW. She was successful trader and business women. She was twice widowed of Aziz and Atiq. She had three children from them. On the death of her father she took control of her PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

106 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF business. She was in need of someone who took her goods to Syria. She learnt about Muhammad’s trustworthiness and offered herself to take up her trade caravan. She got double profit than previous trips. She sent a marriage proposal which was accepted after consultation with his uncle. At the time of marriage Hazrat Khadija RA was of 40 and Muhammad SAW was 25 years old. When Muhammad SAW received first revelation she was the first one to trust him, believed in him and embraced Islam. She stood by him when others opposed him. She remained with him at every difficult moment during his life in Makkah. She was with him in Sha’ib-abi-Talib when Quraish boycotted him. Muhammad SAW loved her so much that he never married with anyone during her life. Once she was carrying food for Prophet SAW, Gabriel came to Prophet and said, “When Hazrat Khadija RA reached to you with food convey the message of Salutation from Allah, from me and from all the angels and give her good news in Paradise of a palace made of pearls.” Hazrat Ayesha RA said, “She never envied any women of Prophet SAW except Hazrat Khadija RA, because he always talked of him in sweet loving tone.” She was died in 10 Prophet-hood. She had two sons and four daughters from th Muhammad SAW. He said, “Khadija’s love is given to me by Allah.” 2. HAZRAT SAWDA RA Sawda was a daughter of Zammah and shampoos. She belonged to the Quraish tribe of Lovee. She was married to Sakran /Safwan RA and after his death she lived alone in Makkah. On the death of Hazrat Khadija RA there was no one to take care of his children. So Hazrat Khaula RA suggested to Holy Prophet to th marry with Sawda RA. The marriage took place in Ramadan, 10 Prophet- hood. She had no children from Muhammad SAW. She played a pivotal role in PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

107 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF taking care of Hazrat Kulsum and Hazrat Fatima after the death of Hazrat Khadija RA. She was one of the emigrants of Abyssinia during the second Migration along with her husband. She was good speaker and enthusiastic preacher of Islam. Due to her invitation her husband and whole family embraced Isalm. She was by herself a businesswoman dealing in skin trade. She was very obedient to Prophet to the extent that after the death of Muhammad SAW she never did Hajj and Umra in the light of the revelation of Qur’an. “O wives of Prophet! Be in your homes.” She never left her home after the death of Prophet. She was wise woman and famous for charity, sacrifice and generosity. She died in 22 AH. She has quoted five Ahadith of Prophet SAW. 3. HAZRAT AYESHA RA She was daughter of Abu Bakr Siddgue RA and Hazrat Zainab RA. Her name was Ayesha, surname Umm-e-Abdullah and titles were Humaira and Siddiqa. th She was married to Muhammad SAW in 10 Prophet-hood at the age of 10 in Makkah but the marriage was solemnized in Madinah when she was of 15 years. She was the only virgin free wife of Prophet SAW. She was the most beloved wife of Prophet SAW. His affection and love remained to her to the extent that during his last days of his life he opted to remain in her chamber with the permission of other wives. When he died his head was in the lap of Ayesha RA. Hazrat Ayesha RA is known as a great personality due to her knowledge of Qur’an, Seerat-un-Nabi, Art of Debate, Poetry, Language, Ijtihad and Islamic history. She was known an expert of woman issues. She has quoted 2210 traditions from Prophet SAW. She was one of contented and well mannered mother of believers. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

108 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF After the death of Prophet SAW she remained alive for 48 years and died in 58 AH, at the age about of 63 years, and buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi. 4. HAZRAT HAFSA RA She was a daughter of Hazrat Umar RA and Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Mazuon RA. Her first husband Khunnais bin Huzaifa RA was a martyr of Badr. After his death she married to Muhammad SAW. She was very intelligent and educated woman who learnt Qur’an by heart. She used to discuss various religious issues with Holy Prophet SAW. The manuscript of Holy Qur’an called Mas’haf-e-Hafsa remained in her custody. Though her temperament was hot like her father but she was the most loyal wife of Prophet SAW. She died in 45 AH and buried in Janat-ul-Baqi. She has quoted 60 traditions from Muhammad SAW. 5. HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT-E-KHUZAIMA RA She was a daughter of Khuzaima bin Abdullah. She earned the title of Umm-ul- Masakin due to her great help to the poor and needy. She was first married to Abdullah bin Jahash RA, who martyred in Uhad. She married to Muhammad SAW in 4 AH and died within three months. She was the second after Khadija RA who departed the Prophet SAW. She was the first woman whose funeral Prayers was led by the Holy Prophet SAW himself in Madinah. She was very generous and soft hearted woman. 6. HAZRAT UMM-E-SALMA RA Her name was Hind and surname Umm-e-Salma RA. She was the daughter of Suhail bin Mugheera, belonged to sub tribe of Quraish. She was widow of Abdullah RA, who was martyr of Badr. She had four children by her first PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

109 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF husband. Her marriage with Muhammad SAW was solemnized by her son Umar bin Abdullah RA in 4 AH. She was a learned woman. She was very fond of learning the traditions of Prophet SAW. She has quoted 378 Ahadith. Being strict follower of Islamic shariyat she has issued many edicts on religious matters. She died last of all the wives of Holy Prophet SAW in 63 AH. 7. HAZRAT ZAINAB BINT-E-JAHASH Her name was Zainab, surname Umm-ul-Hakeem. Her mother Umaima was an aunt of Holy Prophet SAW. She was married to Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha, the slave of Muhammad SAW. As their marriage could not flourish and he gave her divorce. Hazrat Zainab RA then got married to Holy Prophet SAW through the revelation from Allah. She used to say that her marriage contract (Nikah) was solemnized by Allah in heavens. Allah says in Qur’an, “So when Zaid (Zaid bin Harith RA, the freed slave of the Prophet SAW) has accomplished his desire from her; We gave her into your marriage.” This marriage eliminated the custom of prohibition of marriage with ones adopted son’s widow or divorcee. Hazrat Zainab RA was very generous, skilled in sewing and embroidery; she earned her own and helped others. She has quoted 11 Ahadith from Muhammad SAW. She had her own house, which was purchased by Walid bin Addul Malik during his reign and included in Masjid-e-Nabavi. She died in 20 AH and buried in Janat-ul-Baqi. 8. HAZRAT JAVAIRIA BINT-E-HARIS RA PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

110 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Her name was Javaria RA known as Barra. She was the daughter of Haris bin Abi Zarar, a rich chief of Khuza Tribe. She was first married to Masafa bin Safwan. She was learned woman. Haris with his tribe attacked Madinah in 5 AH and lost. On winning the battle Muslims captured 600 captives. She was among them. As a booty of war she was handed over Hazrat Sabit bin Qais RA. On her request he became ready to free her on ransom. She went to Prophet SAW for payment of ransom; he proposed her to marriage and paid the ransom money. Due to her marriage all the captives from her tribe set free by Muslims. She was pious one, always remained in Prayers. She died in 50 AH. 9. HAZRAT UMM-E-HABIBA RA Her name was Ramala and surname Umm-e-Habiab. She was daughter of Abu Sufiyan and Safiya. She was married to Ubaidullah bin Jahash. They migrated to Abyssinia when persecution was at high in Makkah. During their stay Ubaidullah converted to Christianity. Due to this she separated herself. She had two children from him. Muslims learnt about her hardships in 7 AH. They approached the Holy Prophet SAW and requested him to marry her. He agreed upon and sent Amar bin Ummiyah to bring her back. The marriage contract of Umm-e-Habiba was solemnized by Najashi himself before her departure to Madinah. Hazrat Umm-e-Habiba RA was pious woman and strict in performance of Islamic laws. She afflicted a lot for the cause of Islam. She quoted about 65 Ahadith of Prophet. She died in 44 AH during the reign of her brother Ameer Muawiya RA. 10. HAZRAT SAFIYA RA Her name was Zainab and title Safiya. Her parents belonged to two different high Jewish tribes. She was resident of Madinahh; her family moved to Khyber on expulsion. There she married to Islam bin Miskan. On his divorce she PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

111 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF married to Kanana bin Abi Haqiq, who was killed in Ghazva-e-Khyber. She brought as captive and married to Prophet on the way to Madinah at Sahba. She was highly educated, very wise, soft hearted and the most generous woman. Muslim women used to seek her Guidance regarding their issues. She deeply loved the Holy Prophet and was accompanying him during his Last Pilgrimage. She died in 50 AH and left behind abundance of wealth as inheritance. 11. HAZRAT MAIMUNAH BINT-E-HARIS RA Her name was Barra, a daughter of Haris and Hinda bint-e-Auf. She was sister in law of Hazrat Abbas RA the uncle of Prophet SAW. She was twice married to Masood bin Amr and Abu Rahim bin Abdul Uzza before marriage with Prophet SAW. When Muhammad SAW went to Makkah for Umra in 7 AH, Hazrat Abbas RA requested him to marry her. The Prophet SAW accepted the proposal and the marriage was solemnized at Saraf, about 9 km away from Makkah in presence of her nephew Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed RA. After the death of Prophet SAW Hazrat Maimunah used to give Sermon and also issued edicts on legal matters. She has quoted about 46 Ahadith of Prophet SAW. She was fond of taking care of poor and freeing slaves. She died in 51 AH at Saraf, the same place where she wed locked to Holy Prophet SAW. 12. HAZRAT REHANA RA She was daughter of a leader of Jewish tribe Banu Quraiza. She was brought to the Holy Prophet SAW as war captive in 6 AH and married to him. There is difference of opinion regarding her acceptance of Islam. Some historians are of the view that she accepted Islam before marriage to Prophet PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

112 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF SAW, while some says that she became Muslim at the time of marriage. She was pious woman and very staunch performance of Islamic obligations. She died in 20 AH after the death of Prophet SAW. 13. HAZRAT MARIYA QIBTIYAH RA She belonged to very rich and noble family of Egypt. She was brought to Holy Prophet SAW as a present from Maququs the Egyptian King along with her sister Sareen. She accepted Islam on her way to Madinah. The Prophet SAW married to her and her sister was married to Hazrat Hassaan bin Sabit RA. She was very God fearing woman. After Hazrat Khadija RA she was the only wife of Prophet SAW who gave birth to a child. The last son of Prophet SAW Hazrat Ibrrahim RA was born to Mariya RA. He was also died in infancy at the age of one year. Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA was very pious, God fearing and taking care of poor. She died in 15 AH, after the death of Holy Prophet SAW. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Describe the teachings of Islam about the position of women as wives, mothers and daughters.(10) (b) What do these teachings tell us about the relationship between men and women? (4) (2010 M/J) Q2. (a) Write about the life of Aisha (RA) during the Prophet's(S) life. (10) (b) How can she be seen as a role model for Muslims now? (4) (2011 0/N) Q3. (a) Write about Prophet's(S) relationship with the following figures: Amna (RA), Halima (RA) and Abu Talib. (10) (b) What can these relationship teach Muslims today about family ties? (4) (2012 M/J) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

113 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Q4. (a) Write about the lives of any two of the following wives of the Prophet (S): Sawda bint Zama (RA), Aisha bint Abu bar (RA), Hafsa bint Umar (RA) and Um-e- Salmah (RA). (10) (b) What can life of any of these wives teach Muslims about marriage? (4) (2012 0/N) Q5. (a) Write about the life of the Prophet Muhammad’s first wife Khadija. (10) (2014 M/J) (b) Taking two aspects of their relationship, explain how the marriage of the Prophet (SAW) and Khadija sets a good example for Muslims marriages today? (4) DESCENDENTS OF HOLY PROPHET SAW The Prophet SAW had seven children. Six were from Hazrat Khadija RA and one from Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA. All of his sons died in infancy and the daughter got their prime age. DETAIL OF CHILDREN OF HOLY PROPHET SONS 1. HAZRAT QASIM RA He was the first son of Holy Prophet SAW. He died when he was about two years old. From him Muhammad SAW is called Abu-al-Qasim. 2. HAZRAT ABDULLAH RA He was second son of Holy Prophet SAW. He had two titles Tahir and Tayyaab. He died at the age of seven months. Upon his death the infidels of Makkah mocked at him that his lineage had been cut off. Allah sent Surah Kausar to console the Prophet SAW by revealing that it were the infidels whose lineage has been cut off. 3. HAZRAT IBRAHIM RA PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

114 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Hazrat Ibrahim RA was born to Hazrat Mariya Qibtiya RA when the Prophet was of 60 years. He died within few months. Muhammad SAW became so sad that the tears ran down from his eyes due to grief. DAUGHTERS 1. HAZRAT ZAINAB RA She was the eldest daughter of Holy Prophet SAW. She was married to her maternal cousin Abu-al-Aas, about the time of declaration of Prophet-hood. Hazrat Zainab RA accepted Islam immediately after invitation by Muhammad SAW, whereas his husband Abu-al-Aas RA accepted Islam in 6 AH. On migration to Madinah she remained behind in her in laws. During the battle of Badr her husband Abu-al-Aas brought to the Prophet SAW as captive, he set him free on the condition of sending Zainab RA to Madinah. During her travel to Madinah she was attacked by the infidels and wounded. She died in 8 AH, her funeral Prayer was led by the Holy Prophet SAW and she was laid to rest by her husband. She had two children, a daughter Umamah and a son Ali. 2. HAZRAT RUQAYYA RA She was three year younger than Zainab RA. She was married to Utba bin Abu Lahab. On proclamation of Islam Abu Lahab became the worst enemy of Prophet SAW. So Ruqayya RA was divorced before consUmmahion of marriage, and she was married to Hazrat Uthman RA. During their stay in Abyssinia on migration a son Abdullah was born to them and died in infancy. They came to Makkah and migrated to Madinah. At the time of battle of Badr Hazrat Uthman RA was directed to stay back with her to take care as she suffered from chickenpox. She died of her illness and the Prophet SAW led her funeral Prayers. 3. HAZRAT KULSUM RA PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

115 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Her title was Al-Khaira. She was one year younger than Hazrat Ruqayya RA. She was married to the younger son of Abu Lahab Utaiba. He also divorced her due to animosity of Islam. After the death of Hazrat Ruqayya RA she was married to Hazrat Uthman RA. She had no children. She died in 9AH. Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsum was very kind and friendly. She resembled to her father Muhammad SAW in features and bearings. 4. HAZRAT FATIMA RA Her title was Zahra and she was one year younger than Hazrat Kulsum RA. She was the only child of Holy Prophet SAW whose lineage flourished. She was married to Hazrat Ali RA by the will of Allah. She had five children Hassan, Hussain, Mohsin, Zainab and Kulsum RA. She led very simple life. She bore lot of hardships in the way of Islam. She had distributed the household work between her maid and herself for one consecutive day. She was very sensible and soft spoken. She was given good news of leader of all the women of the world in Paradise. She died in 11 AH soon after the death of her beloved father Muhammad SAW and buried in Janat-ul-Baqi. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Give an account of the lives of Prophet's(S) four daughters. (10) (b) Can Muslims learn from the Prophet(S) bond with Fatima (RA)? Give reasons for your answer? (4) (2013 0/N) __________________________________________________________________________________________ IMAMAT 1. HAZRAT IMAM ALI RA (for details please see the chapter ‘Companions of Prophet SAW). 2. HAZRAT IMAM HASSAN RA PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

116 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Hazrat Imam Hassan RA was the elder son of Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Fatima th RA. He was born on 15 Ramadan 3 AH in Mainah. The Holy Prophet named him Hassan, he was also known as Shabbar, means handsome in Hebrew. He was brought up in ideal atmosphere of Prophet-hood and great parents. He was taught by his grandfather Muhammad SAW and parents as well. He had so sharp memory that even at his early age when he listened to the latest revelation of Allah to Prophet SAW he learnt that by heart immediately. Once carrying Hassan on his shoulders Muhammad SAW prayed to Allah, “O Allah I love him, so I beseech You to love him.” (Bukhari) As the Holy Prophet SAW and Hazrat Fatima RA died at an early age, so he spent rest of his life under the Guidance of his father. Hazrat Ali was doing compilation of Qur’an and Hadith therefore he followed the footsteps of his father from his childhood. During the siege of the house of Hazrat Uthman RA Hazrat Imam Hassan RA was sent several times by Hazrat Ali to supply food and water to him. He got many injuries at the hands of rebel to save him. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Ali RA he took part in all the battles, he held the charge of Bait-ul-Maal too. On the death of Hazrat Ali RA he was declared Khalifa by the consent of 40 st thousand people in Kufa on 21 of Ramadan. As Ameer Muawaiya RA consolidated his forces against him and influenced Iraqis in his favor. Imam Hassan RA ordered his followers to prepare for war, but except the few ones others did not give eager response to this call. At last 20,000 men were mobilized for war. Imam Hassan RA sent 4000 men under the chief of Kindi to Anba. But he was bribed by Ameer Muawiyah RA on the promise of governorship and won him over. The next contingent was also bribed by him. Then he sent a messenger to ask Imam Hassan RA to come to terms of peace with him. The treaty of peace was signed and Imam Hassan relieved the office of Caliphate in favor of Ameer Muawiyah RA. Thus the bloodshed between Muslims prevented and peace restored to Islamic State. Muhammad SAW said, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

117 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “This of my son Hassan will stop the bloodshed among Muslims and will cause to bring peace.” (Hadith) He was poisoned to death by one of his wives who was promised a great reward by one leader. He was buried in Janat-ul-Baqi. “Hassan and Hussain are the leaders of youth in Paradise.” (Bukhari) 3. HAZRAT IMAM HUSSAIN RA rd He was born on Thursday 3 Sha’aban in 4 AH. After his birth Hazrat Fatima RA fell ill and the baby was given to Umm-e-Fazl for nursing. It is said that he was in close resemblance of Holy Prophet SAW. “Hussain belongs to me and I belong to him. May Allah love him who loves Hussain.” On his deathbed Imam Hassan RA handed over the charge of Imamat to his brother Imam Hussain RA. He retired to seclusion in Madinah during the Caliphate of Ameer Muawiyah RA. During his life time Ameer Muawiyah nominated his son Yazid for Caliphate after him and took oath of allegiance in his favor. This nomination of Caliphate was against the tradition of Islam. When Yazid succeeded to Caliphate in Damascus Imam Hussain refused to take oath of allegiance and went to Makkah. The Kufans wrote letters to Imam Hussain to rescue them from the persecutions of governor under Yazid and a deputation from them also approached to him in Makkah. As the Kufans had not been trustable during past therefore he sent his cousin Muslim bin Aqeel RA to review the situation. He was very impressed by their reception and wrote a letter to Imam Hussain to come to Kufa. That was a trap of their deceit in which they succeeded. Muslim bin Aqeel was killed along with his two little sons soon after the dispatch of letter to Imam Hussain. In the meantime despite of disconsent of Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair RA and Abdullah bin Umar RA he set forth for Kufa. On hearing the assassination of PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

118 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Muslim RA many of his companions left him but he continued to march onward. One thousand soldiers were sent under Hurr to bring Imam Hussain at Karbala. At last Imam Hussain had to encamp there. Soon the Yazid army started to gather in opposite side of Fur’at. th On 7 of Muharram 61 AH, Yazid forces cut off water supply to Hazrat Imam Hussain. They started to torture Imam Hussain, his family and his companions just to persuade him to yield to Yazid; but they could not succeed. Hurr fought from his side and killed. There remained only 72 faithful with him. Finally the battle started, the Imam’s followers laid down their lives one after th another. On 10 of Muharram when none of his devotees remained alive, he prepared himself for battle. He went to his sick son Zain-ul-Abideen and handed over the charge of office of Imamat to him. He went to the battlefield and was attacked from all sides with arrows, spears and swords to the extent that every part of his body was bleeding. He laid down in prostration to Allah; meanwhile his head was cut off and taken to the court of Yazid. That was the most helpless death in the history of mankind. There is a great lesson for the followers of Muhammad SAW in the tragedy of Imam Hussain RA. He could have saved easily himself, his family and his companions just by taking an oath of allegiance to Yazid, but he hailed up the flag of Islam and gave up his life for that noble cause. The Holy Prophet said, “This of my son Hussain will revive the Deen of his grandfather Muhammad SAW to give up his life.” (Bukhari) Banu Umayya viewed the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and his followers a great achievement for them. 4. HAZRAT IMAM ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN His name was Muhammad Ali. He was born in Madinah in 36 AH. He was the only son of Hazrat Imam Hussain who survived the battle of Karbala; as he PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

119 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF could not take part in the battle due to illness. He was taken in chains to Yazid court at Damascus along with respected ladies of his family. Later on he was released and returned to Madinah. He was so pious and worshipper of Allah that he earned the name of Zain-ul- Abideen, means the beauty of worshipper. During Prayers his whole body trembled and face turned pale due to fear of Allah. Whenever he remembered the bounties of Allah he fell down in prostration. He used to go out at night to help other in darkness so that people may not praise him. Sahifa-e-Sadiqa is a compilation of his life and character. He spent his whole life in learning and teaching of Islam. He died in 83 AH after 35 years of Imamat and was buried in Janat-ul- Baqi. 5. HAZRAT IMAM MUHAMMAD BAQIR He was born in 57 AH in Madinah. He was son of fourth Imam Zain-ul- Abideen. His mother was Fatima the daughter of Imam Hassan RA. At the time of Karbala he was only 4 years old. He was very knowledgeable person. Many scholars used to visit Madinah to learn from him. He was a great scholar of Islam, having authentic knowledge of Qur’an, Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad SAW. He died in 114 AH. 6. IMAM JAFFAR AS-SADIQ He was born in 83 AH. He was son of 5 Imam Baqir. The period of his imamat th coincided with the end of Ummayad Caliphate and starting of Abbasid Caliphate. He remained Imam for 34 years. Ummayads used to harass him and Abbasids took him to Iraq and kept him under custody. He was subjected to severe restrictions imposed by Caliph. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

120 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF After some time he was allowed to go to Madinah, where he spent his remaining life in hiding. He had vast knowledge of Qur’an, Hadith and Shariah. It is said that he had produced four thousand scholars of Hadith and other sciences. Some well known scholars like Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Sahfee, and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal and the scientist Jabir bin Hayyan used to visit him for learning. He was pious, generous and truthful person. He died in 148 AH and buried at Janat-ul-Baqi. 7. IMAM MUSA KAZIM th He was born in 128 AH. He was son of 6 Imam Jafar As-Sadiq. He remained in hiding from Abbasids. At last he was arrested during praying in Masjid-e- Nabavi. He was taken in custody from Madinah, and later on transferred from prison to prison throughout Baghdad. His period of Imamat lasted for 35 years. He was very pious having vast knowledge of Qur’an and Sunnah, generous, gentle and very brave man. He exercised a great control over his temper and hence known as Al-Kazim, means controller of anger. Due to his righteousness he was known as Abd-us-Salih, a righteous slave. He died in a state of prostration in 183 AH, in a prison in which he suffered for 14 years oppression. 8. IMAM ALI RAZA He was born in Madinah in 148 AH. He was son of 7 Imam Musa Kazim. His th period of imamat coincided with three Abbasid Caliphs, whose attitude towards the household of the Prophet SAW was very hostile. Mamun-ur-Rashid first offered him the post of Caliphate; on his refusal he was offered his successor-ship. This step of Mamun was only to prevent the descendents of Prophet SAW from rebelling against government and secondly PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

121 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF to involve the Imam in politics. Imam declined the offer of successor-ship first but later on accepted the offer on the condition of non involvement in administration. Imam was very pious and a man of knowledge. He used to take part in all discussions arranged by Caliph Mamun in Dar-ul-Hikmat. The participants in that discussion related the facts about his knowledge. His generosity, humility, preaching of Islam and worship was famous throughout the area. He was died in 203 AH. 9. IMAM MUHAMMAD TAQI th He was born in 195 AH. He was son of 8 Imam Ali Raza. The Abbasid Caliph Mamun-ur-Rashid invited him to Baghdad and married his daughter to him. Later on he was permitted to go to Madinah but recalled again to Baghdad on the news of revolt against Abbasidis government. His generosity and benevolence was famous beyond bounds. He used to ride on a horse carrying coins and kind with him and distribute it to the poor and needy till last. His period of Imamat was of 17 years. He died in 220 AH. 10. IMAM ALI NAQI th He was born in Madinah in 214 AH. He was son of 9 Imam Muhammad Taqi. He was in Madinah when his father died; he remained there and continued teaching of Qur’an and Hadith to the people surrounding him. The Abbasids Caliph called him to Baghdad, scolded him, dishonored him but the Imam bore all afflictions patiently. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

122 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF The Imam was of mild behavior, pious, gentle and generous one. He gave away thirty thousand dirham to an Arab to pay his debt and to meet the expanses of his children. This money was given to him by Caliph as a gift. His remained Imam for 33 years and died in 254 AH in Baghdad. 11. IMAM HASAN ASKARI th He was born in 232 AH in Madinah. He was son of 10 Imam Ali Naqi. The Abbasids Caliph had placed strict restrictions on his movements, so he remained in hiding during the period of his Imamat. In accordance to the traditions he was supposed to have a son who was to be promised as Imam Mehdi. He had very humble and gentle personality. He used to offer Prayers during the major part of life. He remained Imam for seven years and died in 260 AH. He was buried by his father’s side. 12. IMAM MUHAMMAD MEHDI th He was born in 255 AH in Iraq. He was son of 11 Imam Hassan Askari. His mother was a granddaughter of Roman King. According to Shia Sect Imam Mehdi bear many titles like Muntazar (the expected one), Hujja (the proof of truth), Qaim (the living), Mehdi (the quided one). His birth was kept secret and he lived under the great care of his father till death. He remained hidden from the public appearance. Only a few of his companions could see him. He is in Aalam-e-Ghiyabat (unseen world). He became Imam after the death of his father and went into hiding. He remained only in touch with those of his followers to whom it was necessary. From the year 329 AH to onward he did not communicate to anyone and the period of greater occultation began. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

123 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF It is believed that he will appear when there would be full injustice and transgression in the world. He will come to preach Islam; fight with Dajjal and on his defeat he will establish the Islamic order on the earth. He will rule on the earth and establish justice and peace. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Write accounts of the lives of the Prophet(SAW) two grandsons al-Hassan and al-Hussain. (10) (b) Explain why they each died in the way they did. (4) (2009 M/J) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SOME IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES DURING THE LIFE OF PROPHET SAW 1. HAZRAT HAMZA RA He was the youngest son of Abdul Muttalib and uncle of Holy Prophet SAW and a foster brother to him. As he was only 2 years elder than Muhammad SAW and he had good friendly relations with him. He was brave warier, fond of game and poetry. Once Abu Jahl was scolding the Prophet SAW in Ka’bah, he attacked him with his bow, dragged him down the stairs and injured him. He embraced Islam forthwith after this incident. After embracing Islam there was not a single moment that he did not remain with Muhammad SAW for the cause of Islam. In 5 PH when Hazrat Umar RA having naked sword in his hand, coming towards Muhammad SAW, it was he who stood up in his way, but he accepted Islam. After migration to Madinah when brother-hood pact was made a brother of Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha, what a unique relation it was that a slave became brother to master. It became only possible due to Islam. He fought bravely in the battle of Badr and killed 17 infidels along with Abu Jahl. He killed 31 infidels in the battle of Uhad and was martyred by Wahashi bin Harb the Negro slave of Hinda. She mutilated the body of Hamza RA and chewed his liver. The Holy Prophet SAW could not forget the tragedy of his PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

124 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF death throughout his life. On the conquest of Makkah when Wahashi bin Harb embraced Islam, he was excused by Prophet SAW asking him not to come in eye contact with him. He has narrated only Hadith of Prophet SAW, “O Allah! By Your Ism-e-Azam and Your great will, I implore.” He said that the Prophet of Allah said to me that if I would make my Dua with these words it will be fulfilled forthwith by Him. 2. Hazrat Bilal bin Rabie RA. A slave that earned great fame in Islamic history is no more than Hazrat Bilal RA. He was slave of Ummaya bin Khalf who tortured him badly on his embracing Islam. Hazrat Abu Bakr bought him and set him free. Since that he remained in the service of Holy Prophet SAW till his death. He enjoyed the title of first Muazzin-e-Islam. He enjoyed the unique honor of reciting the first Azaan from the roof of Ka’bah at the conquest of Makkah by the orders of Holy Prophet SAW. He participated in all the battle fought during the life of Prophet SAW. He enjoyed the most coveted honors during his life being Staff Bearer of Holy Prophet SAW, Chief of Treasure in Madinah and more than that the personal servant of Muhammad SAW. He was also counted among the Ashab-e-Suffah, given title of ‘Sayyadi Bilal’ our leader Bilal by Caliph Umar Faruq RA. After the death of Prophet SAW he left Madinah but always enjoyed respect and love of all the Muslims all the time. He was died at the age of sixty. 3. ABU HURAIRA RA One of the most famous companions of the Holy Prophet due to his narration of Ahadith was Abu Huraira. His real name was Abdur Rehman which is less known to many among Muslims. He belonged to Banu Zaows tribe of Read Sea area. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

125 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF When the chief of tribe Tufail bin Amar accepted Islam, Abu Huraira Ra became more interested in what has changed Tufail. He came to Makkah, accepted Islam at the age of 31on the hands of Prophet, stayed with him, learnt more about Islam and returned back to his tribe to teach them. A few years later when the Prophet migrated to Madinah he also joined him along with his mother about 5 / 7AH. He with other poor companions stayed in a place in Masjid-e-Nabawi which is called Suffa. He always kept company with the Prophet SAW and studied his life and character closely. He has narrated abou 5000 to 34000 Ahadith of Prophet. He was also given a charge of chief of treasury and a Chief of Spoils of War in Madinah during the life time of Prophet SAW. He was appointed as Governor of Bahrain during the time of Hazrat Umar. 4. ABDUL MUTTALLIB His name was Shayba, nick named Abdul Muttallib. He was son of Hashim and Salmah of Yathrib. At the age of 14 when he was taken back from Yathrib to Makkah by his uncle Al-Muttalib, people thought he was a new servant hence his nick name became Abdul-Muttalib. He was grandfather of Muhammad SAW. He was chief of Quraish clan Hashim, having extraordinary honor, piety and nobility. He was famous for his great vision, due to which the lost water source of Zam Zam was re-discovered and used by the pilgrims of Makkah. He took care of Prophet SAW after the death of his mother at the age of six, he kept him under his love till his death. On noticing the exceptional qualities of Muhammad SAW he loved him a lot. He had a big family; most of them accepted Islam except Abu Lahab, who was the bitterest enemy of Islam. He was the custodian of Ka’bah during the assault of Abraha the king of Yemen in 571 AD, the Aam-ul-Feel. He discussed with him and at last left Ka’bah and gone up to the hills with his belongings. Allah destroyed Abraha and saved Ka’bah. The Holy Prophet was named by him as ‘Muhammad’. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

126 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF 5. ABU TALIB He was uncle of the Holy Prophet. Muhammad SAW came under his custody after the death of his grandfather Abdul Muttalib. He took great care of his beloved nephew to the extent that no uncle of the world can match him in his devotion and sacrifices. He always stood by the side of Muhammad SAW at every thick and thin. He did not even detach form him for a moment during his young life. He took him on the trade tour of Syria where Buhaira the Monk noticed the Prophet SAW and asked him to take great care of him as the Jews and infidels will try to kill him. When Muhammad SAW declared Islam at that time the whole Makkans became his enemy but Abu Talib became shelter for him. When he learnt the response of Muhammad on the offer of Makkans to relieve Islam, Abu Talib said, “O Muhammd SAW I am with you, do whatever you like to do for your religion.” He remained confined with him in Sha’ib Abi Talib for three years during boycott of Quraish. Untill his death the pagans of Makkah could not harm Muhammad SAW directly. th He died on 10 year of Prophet-hood. Muhammad SAW was grieved to the extent that he declared the year as Asm-ul-Huzn, a year of grief. 6. ABU LAHAB His name was Abdul Uzza, nick name Abu Lahab, known as ‘Father of flame’. He was son of Abdul Muttalib and elder uncle of Prophet SAW. He and his wife were severe enemies of Islam and Muhammad SAW. They were scolding abusing and tormenting the Holy Prophet during early periods of Islam. His wife used to cut the thorny bushes form near jungle, fasten them together bring them and strew sharp thorns in the way of Muhammad SAW. During call for preaching of Islam at Safa hill, when Abu Lahab scolded the Prophet SAW PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

127 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF by saying, “Your hands may cut down” Allah revealed the famous Surah Lahab to Prophet SAW by scolding Abu Lahab and his wife. After the death of Abu Talib he became the chief of Banu Hashim. It was under his command that the death warrants of Prophet were issued by Quraish which led to migration of Yathrib. He was killed by Umm-ul-Fazl the wife of his brother Abbas by cracking over his head with wooden post when he was attacking a Muslim slave. Thus ended the great enemy of Islam. 7. ABU SUFIYAN He was bitter enemy of Islam and the Prophet SAW after Abu Lahab. He was a part of Badr against Islam. He led the army against Muslims in the battle of Uhad and Khandaq. When his daughter Ramala (Umm-e-Habiba) married to Prophet SAW he became little mild. He was close friend to Hazrat Abbas RA. With the passage of time he became very impressed by the Prophet’s good character towards all. He embraced Islam just before the conquest of Makkah. During the conquest of Makkah Muhammad SAW granted asylum and peace to all those who took refuge in his house. Then the whole population of Makkah was granted pardon and they all embraced Islam. After embracing Islam Abu Sufiyan fought for the cause of Islam and his son Amir Muawiyah RA became Governer of Syria and the Caliph of Islamic State. 8. ABU JAHL His real name was Amar bin Hisham, surname Abu-Al-Hikmat, known as Abu Jahl due to his leadership for all non believers and enemies of Islam. He was a step brother of Hazrat Abdullah (the father of Prophet) thus became uncle of Muhammad SAW. Being an idol worshipper when Muhammad SAW started preaching Islam, he became foremost enemy to him. Abu Jahl used to persecute the Prophet SAW proudly. He knew that the message which is being spread is true in all respect, but he mentioned that he could never forgo the PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

128 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF religion of his forefathers. Due to his instigation the life of new Muslims became miserable in Makkah. They threw the dirt and garbage on the Prophet SAW and strew his path with thorns in the streets. It was he who sent scoundrels against Muhammad SAW to stone him when he was on the visit of Ta’if. Once during offering of Prayers by Muhammad SAW in Ka’bah he boasted to kill him, but he was compelled by unknown fear and had to move back and he carried on his Prayers peacefully. When he was asked about the incident he said that a fire was burning between him and Muhammad SAW and it seemed to burn him. The plan of murder of Prophet SAW was made by him prior to migration to Yathrib. Abu Jahl celebrated the death of Prophet’s son in animosity. He was the one who gave name the ‘Abtar’ to Prophet SAW; for which Allah sent Surah Kausar to console the Prophet SAW. Abu Jahl participated in the battle of Badr with great pomp and show but died in humiliation and thus driven to his final abode Hell. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Write about the main points in the lives of Bilal (RA) and Abu Sufyan (RA). (10) (c) What can be learnt from Bilal's (RA) role in Islamic community? (4) (2012 0/N) Q2. (a) Give an account of the lives of Abu Sufyan and Khalid bin Waleed during the time of the prophet. (10) (2014 O/N) (b) In your opinion, can Muslims today learn anything from Abu Sufyan’s involvement with the Prophet? (4) ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________ TEN BLESSED COMPANIONS OF PROPHET SAW (ASHRA MUBBASHRA) These are 10 selected companion of Prophet SAW to whom he had given glad tidings of Paradise during their life time. 1. HAZRAT ABU BAKR SIDDIQUE (RA) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

129 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF His name was Adul Ka’bah / Ateeq, changed by Prophet SAW to Abdullah on his accepting Islam. His surname was Abu Bakr and title Siddique; which became so famous throughout the world that a few known to his original name. His father name was Uthman. He was born in 573 AD in Makkah. He belonged to Bani Tamim branch of Quraish. He was very quiet, sincere, honest, softhearted and truthful. He never drank liquor before Islam too. He was wealthy merchant and usually accompanied with Prophet on trade mission. He accepted Islam on the very first invitation, for which Prophet SAW said, “While others hesitated and made queries about Islam, Abu Bakr accepted my call, the very moment I put it before him without hesitation.” (Hadith) SERVICES TO ISLAM Many early Muslims accepted Islam on the personal invitation of Abu Bakr Siddique like; Talha, Zubair, Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah, Abd-ur-Rahman bin Auf, Uthman bin Affan, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas and other prominent figures of Quraish. He used to purchase Muslim slaves who were tortured by their masters and set them free like Bilal Habshi RA. He helped poor and needy at the time. On narration of Prophet SAW event of Ma’iraj he was the first to believe without hesitation and earned the title of Siddique. He accompanied the Prophet SAW on migration. On his fear in the cave of Saur Allah sent His revelation for consolation on the tongue of Prophet, “Do not fear Allah is with us.” (Qur’an) He took part in all the battles fought under the command of Muhammad SAW. He was a brave man of great knowledge. In the battle of Tabuk he had contributed all what he possessed. On asking by Prophet that what has he left for his family. He replied, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

130 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “I have left for them Allah and His Messenger SAW.” It is narrated by Abu Huraira RA that the Prophet SAW said, “No wealth ever benefitted me as did the wealth of Abu Bakr.” He was appointed first Amir-ul-Hajj by Prophet SAW and during his illness he also led the Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi. He controlled the situation after the death of Prophet SAW when there was complete chaos and panic in his followers. Umar like great companion of Prophet took out his sword and cried, “Whosoever said that Muhammad SAW was died I would cut off his neck.” He remained ill for 15 days and passed away in 13 AH. He made his will to his son to return what he got as salary during his Caliphate. He was buried by the side of Prophet SAW. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 2. HAZRAT UMAR FARUQ RA Hazrat Umar’s father name was Al-Khatab. His title was Al-Faruq by Prophet SAW. He was born in 583 AD. Hazrat Umar RA was educated, intelligent, poet, orator, famous wrestler and wealthy merchant. He was staunch enemy of Islam in the beginning. At the age of 26, in the month of Zul Hijjah on sixth year of Islam due to Prayers of Prophet SAW Umar RA accepted Islam. It is narrated by Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas that the Prophet prayed, “O Allah! Strengthen Islam with whoever is more beloved to You of these two men: Umar bin Al-Khitab or Amar bin Hisham.” (Tirimzi) SERVICES TO ISLAM He accepted Islam on the sixth year of Prophet-hood and made its announcement openly to all Quraish. Due to this of his bold act Muhammad SAW led first Salah publicly in Ka’bah, and he earned for himself the title of Al- Faruq forever. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

131 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF On migration everyone was moving out from Makkah secretly; he was the one who went to Ka’bah, took seven rounds of Tawaf, prayed 2 Rakat at Station of Ibrrahim openly and made his announcement to migrate to Yathrib by these words, “I am migrating to Yathrib. Whoever wish to bereave his mother, orphan his children and widow his wife let him come out I am here. I am sure he would meet his fate.” (Ibn-e-Asakr by Ali RA) He participated in all the battles fought under the command of Muhammad SAW. In the expedition of Tabuk he contributed half of his wealth in the way of Allah. He had great love for Prophet SAW, and he also loved him. His position in the eye of Allah and Prophet SAW was so high that he said, “Were there a Prophet to come after me, he would have been Umar.” (Bukhari) He could not believe the death of Prophet SAW and was in shock. At last Hazrat Abu Bakr RA calmed him down by the verse of Aur’an. Muhammad SAW is Messenger alone. Certainly many Messengers PBUT have been before him. So if he dies or is killed, would you turn back on your heels? He has narrated 539 Ahadith of Prophet SAW. In 23 AD a Persian slave Abu Lu Lu Feroze stabbed him during leading Fajr Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi and within 4 days he died. During his injuries he sought permission from Hazrat Ayesha RA for his burial by the side of Holy Prophet, which was granted. He was buried by the side of Prophet SAW. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 3. HAZRAT UTHMAN BIN AFFAN RA PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

132 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He was born in 573 AD in Makkah. His name was Uthman, title Ghanni and Zun Noreen. His father name was Affan and he belonged to Banu Ummayah tribe of Quraish. He was educated, pious, modest, soft natured, kind hearted, and the most generous companion of Prophet SAW. He was one of them who accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr RA. His uncle used to roll him in carpet and lit fire from one side just to persecute him for acceptance of Islam. Muhammad SAW married his two daughters Hazrat Ruqayah RA and Hazrat Kulsum RA one after another to Hazrat Uthman RA. He was one of the first immigrants to Abyssinia along with his wife. He migrated to Madinah with his wife on the instructions of Prophet SAW. He could not participate in the battle of Badr due to illness of his wife under the instructions of Prophet SAW. But he was granted full share of booty and considered as participant of Badr. Hazrat Ruqayah RA died by the same disease and Muhammad SAW gave his second daughter Hazrat Kulsum in his wedding. Prophet said, “If I had another daughter I would have given in marriage to Uthman.” (Hadith) SERVICES TO ISLAM He was sent to Makkah for negotiations with Quraish and rumors of his death spread out. Muhammad SAW took pledge from all believers for his revenge, which is called ‘Bait-e-Rizwan. When Muslims faced difficulty of sweet drinking water in Madinah, he bought well ‘Rumah’ from a Jew for 20000 dirhams and devoted free to Muslims. He bought the land for extension of Masjid-e-Nabavi. In the expedition of Tabuk Hazrat Uthman RA bore total expanses of one third of army along with 1000 camels loaded, 50 horses and 1000 gold dinars to support the rest of army. He was one of the scribes of Qur’an too. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

133 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar he was a permanent member of Majlis-e-Shura. He was one of the six men panel for Caliphate and was elected Caliph after Hazrat Umar RA. After ruling for about 12 years he was martyred by rebels while he was reciting Qur’an on Friday 35 AH. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. “Uthman is the one from whom angels shy due to his modesty.” (Hadith) 4. HAZRAT ALI BIN ABU TALIB RA His name was Ali, kuniyat was Abul Hassan, title Abu Turab. His father name was Abu Talib, and mother Fatima bint Asad, she also belonged to Banu Hashim. He was born in 600 AD. Muhammad SAW took him from his uncle Abu Talib and brought him like his son. Hazrat Ali was so close to the Prophet SAW that he said, “To whom I am patron; this Ali is his patron as well.” (Hadith) The Prophet SAW gave her beloved daughter Hazrat Fatima RA in marriage to him. SERVICES TO ISLAM Ali RA accepted Islam at the age of about 10, and became the second person in the list of Muslims. He was the one who stood drew up his small sword during the banquet by Prophet for his relatives for invitation to Islam, and said, “O Muhammad SAW! I will help you and will fight by your side throughout my life.” The Prophet SAW left him in his bed at the time of migration to hand over the trusts to the owners. Some of the companions asked him whether he was afraid of killing on that night. He replied, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

134 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “I never slept in such peace in my life than that night, because the Holy Prophet assured my joining him at Qubba.” He became brother to Muhammad SAW at the time of pact of brother-hood in Madinah. The Holy Prophet said, “You are my brother in this world and Hereafter.” (Hadith) On expedition to Tabuk he was appointed in charge of Madinah. He participated almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. His feats of bravery are preserved in the pages of history for all. He was the conqueror of Khyber and called Asad-ulllah (the lion of Allah). He was great scholar of all the faculties of knowledge. Prophet SAW said, “I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate.” (Hadith) He was learned Jurist, great orator, perfect writer; Nehjat-ul-Balagha is ready reference in this context. After the death of Prophet SAW he gave bath and laid his body in grave. He was one of the most important members of Majlis-e- Shura during the reign of three Caliphs and was great Jurist of Madinah. He was among the six men panel for nomination of Caliph after Umar RA. He was attacked by one of the Kharijis Ibn-e-Muljam when he was going to lead Fajr Prayers in Masjid-e-Kufa. He remained injured for three days and st passed away on 21 Ramadan 40 AH. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 5. ABDUR REHMAN BIN AUF RA th He was born in 10 year of Elephant. His name was Abu Amr, his father name was Auf. On acceptance of Islam after two days of Abu Bakr RA Muhammad SAW changed his name to Abdur Rahman. He suffered a lot during early days of Islam, migrated to Abyssinia twice. When Muhammad SAW announced for migration, he left for Yathrib, there he became very successful merchant. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

135 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He was very generous, wise, brave, and most loyal to Prophet SAW. Once he distributed forty thouseand dirhams in charity. He participated almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. He fought bravely in the battle of Uhad. He was amongst one of the six companion’s panel nominated by Hazrat Umar RA for next Caliph. He died in 35 AH. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 6. SA’AD BIN ABI WAQAS RA He was born in Makkah about 591 AD. He belonged to a noble family. He was maternal uncle of Prophet SAW. He accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr at the age of twenty. Once some idolaters interrupted Muslims during Prayers outside Makkah, he struck one of them and wounded, thus became the first who shed blood in the way of Allah. He also has an honor to shot first arrow in defense of Islam. The Prophet SAW said, “O Rabb! Direct his shooting and respond to his Prayers.” He participated in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. During the battle of Uhad he defended the Prophet SAW when some other Muslims deserted their positions. He took pledge of Raizwan at Hudaibiya, participated in the conquest of Makkah. He was Commander in Chief of Muslim Army in a famous battle of Qadisiya in Iran. He was amongst one of the six companion’s panel nominated by Hazrat Umar RA for next caliph. He was brave, prudent, wise and loyal companion of Prophet SAW. He was blessed with much wealth and influence by Allah. At the time of his death he said to his son, “Shroud me in this Jubbah, for in this I met the Mushrikin on the day of Badr and in it I desire to meet Allah Almighty.” He died in 54 AH. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

136 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF 7. ABU UBAIDAH BIN JARRAH RA His name was Amir, known as Abu Ubaidah, son of Al Jarrah. One of the early converts to Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr, he had to face lot of hardships for his belief. He migrated to Abyssinia and Madinah and described as Amin by Muhammad SAW. In the battle of Badr he had to kill his father for the cause of Islam. He was appointed as judge to settle the property related matters of Christians being a trustworthy of Prophet SAW. “For every people there is a man of trust and the man of trust for this people is Abu Ubaidah.” (Agreed Hadith) He participated in all battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW and became shield for him in the battle of Uhad. He was appointed Commander in Chief of Muslim Army during Hazrat Umar RA period. After conquest of Damascus he fell ill, died and buried there. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 8. TALHA BIN ABDULLAH RA His name was Talha, son of Abdullah and surname Abu Muhammad. He was among those who accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr RA. He faced many hardships for Islam in Makkah. He participated almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW except Badr. He was for some mission of Prophet with Saeed RA; still he was granted the status of Badr participants. The Prophet SAW called him, “Talha the good and Talha the generous.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

137 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He was one of those who encircled him during the battle of Uhad and earned the title of “Living Martyr”, and due to his spending in the way of Allah he gained the name of ‘Fayyaz’ (the generous). Talha RA swore allegiance to Hazrat Ali RA, but turned against him soon, for not taking action against those who killed Uthman RA and participated in the battle of Jamal (camel) from Hazrat Aayesha’s side. After peace negotiation with Hazrat Ali RA on leaving the battlefield he was killed by mischief makers. He was granted glad tidings of Paradise during life time. 9. ZUBAIR BIN AWWAM RA His name was Zubair, son of Awwam and Safiya the daughter of Abdul Muttalib. He was cousin of Prophet SAW and nephew of Khadija RA. He accepted Islam at the age of fifteen, migrated to Abyssinia and Madinah. He was the first appointed spy of Islam. On the day of Ahzab Prophet SAW said, “Who will come with the news of Jews?” Zubair said, “I” The Prophet Said, “There was helper for every Prophet and my helper is Zubair.” He was included in the six companion’s panel chosen by Umar RA for next Caliph. He was with Talha on taking oath of allegiance to Hazrat Ali RA as Khalifa. He participated in the battle of Jamal (camel) against Hazrat Ali and was killed by mischief makers on leaving the battlefield. “Talha and Zubair are my neighbours in Paradise.” 10. SAEED BIN ZAID RA He was one of the early converts to Islam; his father was on the religion of Ibrahim (pbuh). PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

138 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He was great warrior and took part almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW except Badr. He was for some mission of Prophet with Talha RA, still he was granted the status of Badr participants. During the war against Romans he was commander of Infantry of Muslim Army in Umar’s period. After the conquest of Damascus he was appointed Governor but he left the post for Jihad. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Write briefly about the conversion to Islam of Abu Bakr (RA), Umar (RA), Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA). (10) (b) In what ways did the conversion of Umar help the young Muslim community? (2009 0/N) Q2. (a) Write about the major contributions made to Islam by Abu Bakr (RA) during the Prophet(S) lifetime. (10) (b) Why was Abu Bakr (RA) given the title \"Sarviour of Islam\". (4) (2010 0/N) Q3. (a) Write an account of the following figures during the lifetime of the Prophet(SAW): Hamza (RA), Abu Bakr (RA) and Ali (RA). (10) (b) Explain why one of these figures was important in the development of the Islamic community. (4) (2011 M/J) Q4. (a) Write about the lives of Umar (RA) and Uthman (RA) during the lifetime of the Prophet (SAW). (10) (b) Why was Umar's (RA) conversion important for the early Muslims? N) (2013 M/J) __________________________________________________________________________________________ SCRIBES OF DIVINE REVELATION During 23 years Prophet-hood period whenever the revelation came to Prophet SAW he instructed his companions to write it down on any available material. There were 40-400 scribes of divine revelation. The most important of them were the first four Caliphs and Zaid bin Sabit RA, Abdullah bin Masud RA, Ubay bin Ka’ab RA. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

139 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF 1. HAZRAT UBAY BIN KA’AB RA He was scribe and a sweet recite of Holy Qur’an. He has an honor of writing the first revelation of Qur’an in Madinah. He was given the title of Sayed-ul- Qur’an by Holy Prophet. Once the Holy Prophet asked him to recite Qur’an; he said, “O Messenger of Allah Qur’an is revealing upon you and we all are waiting for recitation from you, how it is possible for me to recite the Qur’an to you.” The Prophet said, “Recite O Ubay! Allah and his angels want to listen from you.” Then he recited the verses of Qur’an. When he reached to the verse, “On the Day of Judgment all the Messengers of Allah will brought to witness for their Ummah and you will be brought as witness to them; and Muhammad SAW will be brought to witness them all.” The Prophet stopped him as tears were shedding down from his eyes. 2. HAZRAT ABDULLAH BIN MASUD RA He was known as Sahabi bin Sahabiya due to early embracing of Islam by his mother. He was known for his love to Prophet SAW and sacrifices to Islam. He learnt Qur’an with great intention and zest and used to recite loudly in Makkah. He was among the Abyssinian immigrants and Madinah. He participated almost in all the battles fought under the command of Prophet SAW. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

140 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF His interpretation of Qur’an earned him great Jurist and Scholar of Islam. He has quoted 800 traditions from Prphet SAW. 3. ZAID BIN SABIT RA He was a principal scribe of divine revelation. He was with the delegation of Ans’ars form Yathrib to Aqaba and took Ba’it on the hands of Prophet at the age of eleven. He was not allowed to take part in Badr and Uhad due to underage; however he participated in the battle of Trench and Tabuk. He was well educated, prudent and wise man, master of Hebrew and Syriac, thus performed the duty of interpreter of Prophet SAW to non Arabs. He was a scholar and Jurist of good memory. He was participant of war against false prophets. After the battle of Yamama Hazrat Abu Bakr RA entrusted him with the task of compilation of Qur’an and he came true to the task. Thus the whole Ummah was saved from variation in Qur’anic text. He was appointed Qazi of Madiniah during Umar’s period, and made In charge of Bait-ul-Ma’al during Uthma’s. He was also given the responsibility of preparation of copies of Qur’an from original text during the Caliphate of Hazrat Uthman RA. ‘O people! Whosoever wants to ask about Qur’an, let him go to Zaid bin Sabit.” (Umar RA). 4. AMEER MUAWIYA RA He was son of Abu Sufiyan the bitterest enemy of Prophet SAW and Islam for long time. On conquest of Makkah entered in Islam, devoted himself to its cause and the Prophet SAW appointed him his secretary. Hazrat Umar RA made him Governor of Syria; Hazrat Uthman RA let him continue, Hazrat Ali wanted him to remove but he declined. So the opposition PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

141 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF started between Ali RA and Muawiyah RA and they fought in the battle of Siffin. After the death of Hazrat Ali he became sole owner of Islamic domain. He was founder of Ummayad Daynasty. 5. KHALID BIN WALEED RA He was enemy of Prophet SAW before accepting Islam. It was he who caused great loss of life to Muslims during the battle of Uhad. He was courageous and brave warrior who participated in more than 100 battles in his life and never lost a single. Holey Prophet SAW gave him title of ‘Saifullah’ the sword of Allah. It was a tough encounter during the battle of Mutah, but he saved his army and Allah granted victory too. He was a leader of one squadron during conquest of Makkah. He had been Commander in Chief of Muslim forces in Iraq and Syria. He was terminated by Umar RA due to fear of Muslims belief in him for conquests rather than Allah. He died in 21 AH in Damascus. 6. ABDULLAH BIN SA’AD RA He was a foster brother of Hazrat Uthman RA, an educated, generous and wise companion of Prophet SAW. On his acceptance of Islam in early days he was assigned the responsibility of writing divine revelation. He became Commander in Chief of Army in Africa in Uthman RA reign. He conquered the vast territory of Africa and got huge booty. 7. KHALID BIN SAEED RA He was among the earlier people who accepted Islam. He inflicted many hardships for his faith. He was learned one, so he served as scribe. He has the PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

142 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF honor of the first one to write ‘Bismillah’. He was also appointed a charity collector in Yemen. He was a writer of peace treaty to the people of Ta’if. 8. UBBAN BIN SAEED RA He was brother of Khalid bin Saeed, who provided asylum to Hazrat Uthman RA during Treaty o Hudaibiya in Makkah. After accepting Islam he became the scribe of divine revelation. He was appointed Administrator of Land and Sea in Bahrain by Prophet SAW. THE END PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF