CAMBRIDGE STANDARD O'LEVEL ISLAMIYAT 2058 PAPER ONE NOTES

48 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF CHAPTER NO 3. LIFE AND IMPORTANCE OF HOLY PROPHET (pbuh) 1. LIFE IN MAKKAH CONDITION OF MAKKAH AT THE TIME OF BIRTH OF PROPHET SAW. i) Political Condition Arabs were a combination of different tribes. Every tribe has its own chief. Might is right was the law of land. The tribes used to quarrel among themselves for years. The battle of Bu’as is famous to this context. There was no proper government except the chiefs of tribes had to elect a chief among themselves who was considered to be the most powerful. There was a Dar- un-Nadwa (Assembly of the Chiefs) to settle the matters relating to national level. Boycott of Muhammad SAW and plan of killing at the night of migration are ready references to this effect. ii) Economical Condition The soil of Arab was uncultivated due to drought. The most of them were traders. There were two classes; the rich and the poor. They had a competition of poetry, horse riding and wrestling. They used to gamble, bet on different things and receive vows from their idols. They had a festival of Ukaz in which the people from far flung areas participated which turned to a centre of trade and business. The slaves and maids were sold there like cattle. Usury, smuggling, black marketing, robbery and adulteration were their source of income. iii) Social Condition There were two cadres in Makkah, slave and the master. The slaves were mostly those having no tribe and they were treated harshly. Another most targeted cadre was woman. They were treated like articles of trade. Step sons used to inherit their mothers after the death of their fathers. They used to bury their daughters alive. Women had no right of inheritance and opinion. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

49 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Polygamy was common. There was no respect, dignity, justice and equality in Arab. iv) Religious Condition They were polytheists having many god and goddesses. There were 360 idols in Holy Ka’bah made of various materials like; stone, clay, wood and bronze etc. On the surrounding hills there were large idols like, Hubl, La’at, Mana’at and Uzza. They also worshipped stars, moon, sun and trees. They used to celebrate they religious festival “Ukaz”, where they drunk, danced and were mostly naked. They used to perform their pilgrimage of Ka’bah nakedly by whistling. Holy Qur’an says, “There pilgrimage of Ka’bah wa whistling and clapping.” They used to sacrifice their children and people for the pleasure of their god and goddesses. BIRTH OF HOLY PROPHET SAW The Holy Prophet SAW was born to Hazrat Amina and Hazrat Abdullah on 12 th of Rabi-ul-Awal 570/571 AH in the Year of Elephant. He was born orphan. He belongs to Banu Hashim clan of Quraish which has direct ascendency to Hazrat Isma’il and Ibrahim (pbut). His mother named him Ahmad and grandfather named him Muhammad SAW. According to the custom of Arab he was handed over to Hazrat Haleema Sa’adia of Ta’if for fostering. She took care of him for five years and loved him a lot. When Muhammad SAW stepped in her house, her financial position improved, barren land become fertile and the dried animals started giving milk. At the age of five when he was gathering wood with his foster brother, Gabriel came and opened his heart and cleaned it and washed with Zam Zam water. He became ill and Hazrat Haleema called for Amina, so she took him back. He became fine and Hazrat Amina took him to the grave of his father Hazrat Abdullah. On the way back to Makkah she became ill at Abwa and died. Muhammad SAW was brought back to Abdul Mutallib by his slave girl Umm-e-Aiman. He was taken over by his grandfather. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

50 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He loved him a lot. At the age of eight his grandfather also died, so he came in custody of his uncle Abu Talib by the will of his grandfather. Abu Talib loved and cared him to the extent that he always remained with him throughout his life. At an early age Muhammad SAW was a herdsman and became a business man as well. “I used to take care of sheep of my uncle and of Makkans at Qararit.” (Hadith) Due to his honesty and truthfulness he earned a title of Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin. At the age of 10 he escorted with his uncle to Basra side and at 12 to Syria on a trade trip. During the trip of Syria the Christian Monk Buhaira noticed that trees were bowing and clouds were shading on someone in the Caravan. He invited all of them to a dinner and observed the signs of Prophet-hood amidst of the shoulders of Muhammad SAW and advised Hazrat Abu Talib to take special care of him because many would become his enemy. HARBU-UL-FIJJAR A war broke out during the sacred months of year in the Festival of Ukaz in 580-590 between Quraish and Hawazan tribe. The war became disastrous due to heavy loss of life and bloodshed. At that time Muhammad SAW was of 15 years. He took part in it by collecting the strayed arrows and handed them over to his uncle. He was so grieved about the bloodshed that during the latter half of his life he used to say, “I am still upset to recall the bloodshed on Fijjar. That was unwanted.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

51 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF HALF-UL-FUZUL Seeing the bloodshed and the injustice of the war Zubair the uncle of Muhammad SAW took charge to stop it. He invited other tribal leaders to join hands. They got together in the house of Abdullah ibn-e-Judaan and the agreement was signed for the rights of needy, oppressed and women. This agreement is called HALF-UL-FUZUL by the names of its signatories who have Fazl at the start of their names. We can say that it was the first NGO of Human Rights in the world. The Holy Prophet SAW was present and was one of the signatories there. He was so proud of his presence that he said, “I would not exchange the choicest camels in all Arabia for the remembrance of being present at the oath.” MARRIAGE WITH HAZRAT KHADIJA RA. At his youth Muhammad SAW earned the fame of honesty, truthfulness and good trader. A wealthy woman of Makkah Khadija RA called upon him and asked him to take the responsibility her trade caravan to Syria. He agreed and took her huge caravan along with her personal slave “Maisra.” He sold all goods by telling to the buyer their merits and demerits and earned a huge profit. Maisra was very convinced and he described all qualities of Muhammad SAW to Hazrat Khadija RA. She become very impressed and sent message of marriage through her friend Nafisa, which was accepted mutually and the marriage was celebrated with the consent of both families. At the time of marriage Hazrat Khadija was twice widowed of 40 years and Muhammad SAW was 25 years old. After marriage she gave all of her wealth in custody of Muhammad SAW, and then he never had to worry about his earnings. When Muhammad SAW received first revelation in the Cave of Hira he was a bit worried and none was to help and console him; she took him to her cousin Warqa bin Naufal for confirmation of Prophe-hood. She was the first women to accept Islam. She faced the persecution of Quraish. She was with him in Sha’ib-abi-Talib for three years during boycott. She was always by his side. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

52 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Once Muhammad SAW replied to Hazrat Ayesh RA, “O Ayesha! You do not know what is the caliber of Khadija RA in the eye of Allah due to her loyalty and services to Islam. She offered all in the way of Allah.” (Hadith). Her position in the eye of Allah can be judged by the message throught Gabriel. Once she was carrying food for Prophet SAW, Gabriel came to Prophet and said, “When Hazrat Khadija RA reached to you with food convey the message of Salutation from Allah, from me and from all the angels and give her good news in Paradise of a palace made of pearls.” She bore four daughters and two sons. Muhammad SAW descendents survived by the youngest of her daughter Hazrat Fatima RA. The year of death of Hazrat Khadija RA was mourned by Prophet SAW as A’am-ul-Huzn (Year of Grief). FIXING OF BLACK STONE (HAJR-E-ASWAD) When Muhammad SAW was 35 years old, at that time the building of Ka’bah was rebuilt due to falling down with flood in the valley of Faran. A problem arose at the time of fixing of Hajr-e-Aswad (black stone), as each tribe wanted to have the honor of its placement. At that moment an old man Ibn-e-Rabiyah gave suggestion to all chiefs of tribes that whosoever entered the Ka’bah first in the morning he will decide. They all remained there to watch. The next morning who entered the Ka’bah was Muhammad SAW. He called all the tribal leaders to bring a white sheet and place the stone in it. Then they carried it holding the sheet from roundabout to the exact location where Muhammad SAW fixed it with his hands. Then he said to all of them to fix the sides of stones with mud turn by turn. Thus he saved the tribes from bloodshed and unity prevailed. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

53 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF THE CALL TO PROPHET-HOOD (THE FIRST REVELATION) After the marriage Muhammad SAW had no financial worries therefore he used to go in isolation taking with him oat husk, dates and water to think about the creation of Allah. The Cave of Hira was also used by him for meditation. When he was of 40 he went to Cave of Hira with all his arrangements of food and water for meditation, an angel Gabriel disguised in th mankind in white appeared in front of him. It was 27 night of Ramadan. He pressed him with his body and asked, “Read.” Muhammad SAW replied, “I cannot read.” The process repeated again, but there was a same reply. Then the Gabriel pressed him hard to the extent that Prophet SAW said, “I felt that my ribcage was broken down.” (Hadith) When Gabriel released the Prophet, then he revealed the first five verses of Surah Alaq, (O Muhammad SAW!) Read in the name of your Rabb (Lord), Who has created (all that exist). 02. He (Allah) has created Mankind from a clot of a blood. 03.(O Muhammad SAW)! Read and your Rabb (Lord) is the Most- Gracious. 04. Who has taught (knowledge) by the pen. 05. He (Allah) has taught Mankind what he did not know. On listening these verses he recited them and became frightened. So he left the cave and took his way back to home. When he was moving down the slope of the mountain he SAW the angel in white is covering the whole horizon and saying, “O Muhammad SAW! You are Messenger of Allah, and I am Gabriel.” (Hadith) He rushed home and asked Hazrat Khadija to wrap him in blanket as he was shievering by fear. When he became a little settled, he told the whole event to Hazrat Khadija RA. She consoled him by saying that he was honest, truthful, compassionating the orphan, caring needy and widows, he is always extending his help to everyone who asks for; Allah would not harm him. So she took him to her cousin Warqa bin Naufal, who was scholar of Torah and PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

54 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Bible. After listening the whole event he confirmed the Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW, and told him that it was the same angel who has been carrying the revelation to the Messengers (pbut) before you. IMPORTANCE OF ANGEL GABRIEL Gabriel is a Chief Angel. He is the one who brought the message of Allah to all the Messengers / Prophets (pbut) since Adam (pbuh) to Muhammad SAW. He brought the revelations of Holy Qur’an to Muhammad SAW for 23 years long. He took the Holy Prophet SAW to Mir’age by the will of Allah. He taught the Prophet SAW the method of five times Prayers and twice recited the Holy Qur’an during his last Ramadan in the same arrangements as is found with us. He also taught the rites of Hajj to Muhammad by will of Allah. He gave glad tiding of Hatam-un-Nabi’en (the Seal of Prophets) to Muhammad SAW. WARQA BIN NAUFAL He was the cousin of Hazrat Khadija RA. He had been frequently changing his religion in search of truth. He was a scholar of Torah and Gospel. After listening to the whole event of the first revelation he confirmed the Prophet- hood of Muhammad SAW. He was very old man and was blind too. He told him that the people of Makkah would persecute him and his followers to the extent that they will have to leave Makkah. He wished that he could accept Islam and protect him from the torture of infidels, but he died soon. PREACHING OF ISLAM BY HOLY PROPHET SAW. Muhammad SAW started preaching of Islam for the first three years secretly. The religion of Islam began with the concept of Tauheed and Belief in Hereafter. Very few people accepted Islam during this period. Among them were: Hazrat Khadija RA, Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, Zaid bin Harith RA, Hazrat Ali RA, Hazrat Uthman RA. Hazrart Talha RA, Hazrat Zubair RA, Abu Ubaida bin Jarrah RA, Sa’ad bin abi Waqas Ra, Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA, and Abdullah bin Masud RA. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

55 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF After the period of three years a revelation came to Prophet, “And warn your near relatives.” (Qur’an) On receiving this verse from Qur’an Muhammad SAW arranged a superb dinner in honor of his blood relatives. When they all have it at their fill, then he rose up, directed all and said, “O Quraish! O bani Munaf! O Abbas the son of Abdul Muttalib! O Safiya! (The aunt), O Fatimah! (Daughter), by yourselves! Ask what you wish from my property, but I cannot save you from Allah if you disobey Him. O sons of Abdul Mutalib! I know no Arab who has come to his people with a nobler message them mine. I have brought to you the best of this world and the next. Allah has commanded me to call you to Him. So who of you will stand by me in this matter?” No one responded to the noble message of Prophet SAW except Ali RA. Who rose up and said, “I am the youngest of you, my feet may not be strong enough, but O Muhammad SAW! I shall be your helper, whosoever opposes you I shall fight him as a mortal enemy.” Thereafter another revelation of Allah came to Prophet SAW, “O you wrapped up in a cloak (Muhammad SAW)! Stand up and warn. And pronounce greatness of your Rabb (Lord). CALL TO SAFA (THE HILL) On receiving this message Muhammad SAW called the people at Safa Hill and asked them if he told them that an army was ready to attack them from behind the hill, would they believe him. They all replied in one voice, definitely they would; because they never heard him telling lie throughout his life. But when the Prophet SAW invited them to worship Allah and believe in his Prophet- hood, they all turned away by cursing him. His uncle Abu-Lahab scolded him saying, “May you perish forever. Did you call us for this?” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

56 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Muhammad SAW was shocked a bit. But Allah has sent down the verses of Surah Lahab for the satisfaction of Prophet, “Perish both the hands of Abu-Lahab and perish he!” PERSECUTION OF QURAISH ON PROPHET SAW When the Holy Prophet SAW started preaching Islam openly, the Pagans of Makkah became his enemy. Abu Lahab spared no moment to scold him, and got divorce from his sons for the daughters of Muhammad SAW for they had accepted Islam. Abu Jahl called him ‘Abtar’ having no male issue, due to the death of both sons of Prophet in infancy. The Pagans of Makkah called him a poet, madman, magician, soothsayer and the one affected by Jinn. Allah responded to these infidels in Qur’an, “And your companion (Muhammad SAW) is not a madman, nor affected by Jinn. But he is the Messenger of Allah in truth.” Once Muhammad SAW was praying in Ka’bah, during the course of prostration Abu Jahl got put on his neck rotten tripe filled with fleece that he could not sit. And Abu Jahl along with others started to ridicule him loudly. When the news came to Hazrat Fatima RA, she rushed towards Ka’bah and cleared the back of Prophet SAW. Once the Prophet’s neck was strangulated by the Pagans of Makkah by rope to the extent that he started choking, and they were laughing. An old woman used to throw garbage on him when he passed by her house. The wife of Abu Lahab used to strew thorny bushes in his way, concealed in sand to injur him. When they felt that despite of all their persecutions they cannot stop Muhammad SAW from preaching Islam. They tried to act on another plan to disarray him form preaching of Islam. They offered him through his uncle Abu Talib the following: (i) Marriage with a virgin fairest lady. (ii) A gold to his weight even more. (iii) Kingship of Makkah forever. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

57 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Muhammad SAW replied, “If they put a sun on my right hand and the moon on the left to force me to renounce the religion, I will not leave the preaching of Islam until Allah gives me death in this way.” (Hadith) On hearing this Abu Talib told him, “O my nephew! Do whatever you like; I will never leave you alone.” (Hadith) Pagans of Makkah held total boycott of Banu Hashim for three long years and they had to stay Sha’ib-abi-Talib, without proper food. The infants were used to cry for milk as the animals became dry due to non availability of water and grass. These three years were of great sufferings for whole family. At the end of boycott Muhammad SAW had to face the death of his bellowed uncle Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija RA. This year is called called A’am-ul-Huzn (Year of Grief) in the history of Islam. th In 10 year of Prophet-hood he went to Ta’if for inviting the people towards Islam. But Abu Jahl sent a band of scoundrels to pursue him. When the people of Ta’if did not accept the invitation of Islam, then on the instigation of Makkan’s scoundrels the young boys of Ta’if started pelting on him. He was wounded badly and took shelter in wine orchard. Despite of all injuries he forgave the Ta’ifans. PERSECUTION OF QURAISH ON THE FOLLOWERS OF PROPHET SAW With the passage of time many people entered in Islam. Most of them were poor people. They were badly tortured by Pagans of Makkah. Hazrat Bilal RA was a slave of Ummiyah bin Khalaf. He used to call ‘Ahad’ Allah is One. He was put in open desert under scorching heat of summar; a huge boulder was put on his chest and beaten badly to the extent that his whole body was bleeding. Hazrat Abu-Bakr RA bought him and freed him. Ammar bin Yasir and his mother Summa’iya was killed by Abu Jahl. Hazrat Suma’iya was the first martyr in the way of Islam. Zinra a slave girl was made blind by her master and closed in a room. She was so staunch in her belief that the whole night she prayed to Allah and the next morning she got her eyesight back. Hazrat Khabab RA was a black smith and he was branded PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

58 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF by his own tools and burnt. Hazrat Suhaib Rumi was beaten to the extent that he became unconscious. He was a scholar of Makkah. The Quraish adopted milder punishments for their own kinsmen. Hazrat Uthman RA was persecuted by his uncle. Once his uncle wrapped him up tightly, locked up in a room and lit fire from one side. He was about to burn when his father saved him. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Talha RA were tied up by the rope when they were praying. But mysteriously the rope was untied. Some of the followers migrated to Abyssinia by the command of Muhammad SAW. They were pursued to the palace of Negus. Valuable gifts were presented to the king for their return, but after hearing the recitation of Surah Maryam by Hazrat Jaffar RA, he turned down their offer. Many of the followers stayed with Muhammad SAW in Sha’ib-abi-Talib during boycott and faced the sufferings. MIGRATION TO ABYSSINIA Hostilities of Makkans increased with increase in numbers of Muslims. They became more aggressive in their torture. Muhammad SAW allowed his followers to migrate Abyssinia. They would be comfortable there because the king is a just man. The first batch of 15/16 persons in 5AH reached there safely, followed by another group of 101/102, 79 males and 22 / 23 females in 7AH. That was the first precedent of migration in Islam. On learning Makkans pursued them, and dispatched their delegation comprising upon Amar bin Al-A’as and Abdullah bin Rabiya with gifts to the king. In the court of Negus they made a story that some of their slaves along with some foolish peoples have abandoned their religion to a new one other than Christianity, and came to hide in your country. We have been sent with a message to you, “O King! To hand them over back to us.” But the king said, “By God! I will not give them up, those who have sought my protection, settled in my country, chosen me than others, shall not be PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

59 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF betrayed. I will summon them and ask the truth and will decide accordingly. Otherwise I will protect them.” On entering the court the Muslims did not bow down to King in accordance with the custom of Abyssinia. The courtier asked why they did not bow down in respect. They replied, “We bow down only to Allah.” Hazrat Jaffar bin Abu Talib stood up and spoke, “O King! We were ignorant people, worshipped idols, ate carrion, committed injustice, wronged one another, strong exploited the weak and we were fixed in wrongdoing. Meanwhile Muhammad SAW born among us, he called us to Islam and worship One God, be truthful, abstain from bloodshed, leave all evils, be good to your relatives and neighbors, be truthful and trustworthy, care for orphan, do not accuse women, give alms and charities to needy. So we left all evils in our life and became true Muslims therefore they became our enemies.” The king was moved by this speech. He asked him to recite some verses from Qur’an regarding Jesus (pbuh) and Mary SA. Hazrat Jaffar RA recited the verses of Surah Maryam. On hearing these Negus eyes filled with tears. Then he turned to his courtiers and said, “By God! This Qur’an and the Bible are two lights of the same lamp.” Therefore the Muslims were given permission to live in Abyssinia and to preach Islam at their will. And the Makkans were sent back with their gifts, empty handed. WHY DID MAKKANS PURSUE MUSLLIMS IN ABYSSINIA? When Pagans of Makkah knew about the migration of Muslims to Abyssinia they pursued them as they did not want Muslims to live in peace and the prosperity of Islam. They knew that if Abyssinia proved to be safe for them, it would support the mission of Muhammad SAW. They did not want the poor PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

60 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF and slave might become at par with them in any field of life. Islam propagates equality, which was like a sword on their open neck. Every year thousands of pilgrims used to visit Ka’bah for worship. They had their dialogue and interaction with Muslims and Muhammad SAW as well. They were also taking affects of new emergence. They did not want the outsider to think that Quraish were no more capable to rule; and the Muslims were getting strength day by day. They wanted to close all the doors on them. Therefore they sent their envoy to Negus with valuable gifts and tried their best to convince the king on religious grounds to hand over them to Makkans. But they failed in their plot. As Allah says, “They plotted and Allah planned as well. And Allah is the best of planner.” BOYCOTT OF QURAISH When Quraish felt that nothing became affective to stop Islam of Muhammad SAW from spreading. They decided to punish them through boycott. They summoned to the elders of tribe to gather in Dar-un-Nadva and wrote a Boycott of Hashim and Banu Mutalib in 7 AH. The elders sanctioned a total boycott including trade, marriage and social relations with other tribes. The document duly signed was hung on the wall of Ka’bah. The tribe of Muhammad SAW had to stay in a narrow valley of Sha’ib-abi-Talib for three years long. These three years were of great sufferings and starvation. The infant children were crying for milk and their cry was heard even in Makkah at night. Young, old and women had to eat leaves and even the skin parchments to save their lives. Some tender hearted Makkans started to talk about dissolution of boycott. One day Prophet SAW asked his uncle to go and see the agreement is no more on the wall of Ka’bah. Hazrat Abu Talib went to Ka’bah and SAW that it was eaten up by termites except the name of Allah and Muhammad SAW. So the elders of tribe were informed and the agreement was dissolved forth with. Thus Muhammad SAW and his family came back to Makkah and usual routine started again in the city. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

61 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF CAUSES OF OPPOSITION OF QURAISH TO MUSLIMS AND PROPHET SAW There were many causes of opposition of Quraish towards Islam. For example: a. Religious Quraish were idol worshipper, Muhammad SAW preached Oneness of Allah. They were not ready to give them up, because the financial earning was involved with them. They became further hostile when they learnt that Prophet SAW called their forefather the people of Hell. b. Social Islam is a religion of equality; it does not have concern with social status. Rich and poor are equal in the eye of Allah. Anyone who commits evil is equally punished by law. The Quraish were status conscious. They were evil doers but did not like to be booked by law equally as low cadre. They also thought that the Prophet should be angel or powerful wealthy man from Makkah or Ta’if. This of their argument is mentioned in Qur’an, “And they said, “Why this Qur’an is not sent down upon any of the great man of the two towns (of Makkah and Ta’if)?” c. Economic Quraish were enjoying economic privilege; being custodian of Ka’bah they were receiving vows and monetary gains from all over Arabia. There business caravans received special treatment where looting and plundering was rule of the day. They used to take interest on loan which was forbidden in Islam. Due to the above reasons they became hostile and enemy to Islam and Muhammad SAW. REACTION OF MUSLIMS ON PERSECUTION Due to fair teachings of Muhammad SAW the followers became steadfast in their religion. Makkans did all what they could to convert them from Islam, but they failed to break the patience of Muslims. They showed great tolerance at every step. They suffered a lot in the hands of Quraish and even during migration to Abyssinia. They were tortured in the streets and bore miseries in PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

62 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Sha’ib-abi-Talib. Inspite of all this their belief in Allah and Muhammad SAW strengthened more and more. They did not betray him at all. YEAR OF GRIEF In the 10 year of Prophet-hood Muhammad SAW had to face two sad events th one after another. At first his beloved uncle and chief of Quraish Abu Talib, who supported him all the time and later on his beloved wife, who testified herself at every step, a devoted and loyal to him passed away. Prophet SAW was left behind alone with his children. Muhammad SAW named this year as ‘A’am-ul-Huzn’. VISIT OF TA’IF Due to uneven condition for Islam in Makkah, Muhammad SAW planned to go to Ta’if along with his adopted son Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha. There were good signals from the Ta’ifans for the Prophet SAW therefore he decided to move on. When the news of this visit reached to Abu Jahl and others they dispatched a band of scoundrels side by side of Muhammad SAW. He reached there, conveyed the message of Islam to some of their leaders, but they declined. On the instigation of Makkans scoundrels the leaders of Taif also permitted their vagabonds to stone the Prophet SAW. He was wounded badly to the extent that his shoes filled with blood. He took shelter in a wine orchard of two Christians, they supplied him with water. He quenched his thirst, washed his face and wounds. At that time angel Gabriel came to him and said, “Allah says, the fate of the people of Ta’if is at your will, if you wish I will crush them under the mountain.” (Hadith) Muhammad SAW replied, “I have forgiven them as they do not know me, I see in their young good Muslims in future.” (Hadith) th And his prediction became true when in 9 AH all the Ta’if tribes came to Madinah and accepted Islam. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

63 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF ASCENSION OF MUHAMMAD-ISRA / MA’IRAJ NIGHT VIST FROM MAKKAH TO AQSA th Between the year of grief and migration on 27 of Rajab, angel Gabriel woke up the Prophet from the house of Umm-e-Hani, took him to Masjid Al-Haram, opened his chest, washed it with Zam Zam water and filled in Noor-e-Elahi. After due arrangements Muhammad SAW rode on a ‘Burraq’, performed two Rakats at Yathrib, Babal, Egypt valley and reached to Masjid Al-Aqsa along with Gabriel AS. He tied his Burraq with the same ring on the door of Aqsa which was used by other Prophets (pbut) for tieying of their riding animals. Allah says in Surah Isra, “Glorified is He, Who took with Him His Servant (Muhammad SAW) for a journey by night from Al-Masjid-Al-Haram (the Sacred Mosque at Makkah) to Al-Masjid-Al-Aqsa (the Farthest Mosque in Jerusalem ‘Palestine’), whose environs We have blessed so that We might show him Our Signs. He (Allah) is All-Hearing, All-Seeing indeed.” Al-Aqsa doors were opened. In Masjid-e-Aqsa all Messengers of Allah from Adam (PBUH) to Jesus (PBUH) were present. All performed 2 Rakat Prayer led by Prophet SAW. Before the start of Ascension he was offered with two drinks by Gabriel wine and milk and he opted for milk. Hazrat Gebriel said, “O Prophet of Allah! You have saved your Ummah from further trial.” ASCENSION-MA’IRAJ / ISRA Then Allah took him to the Heavens. On the first heaven he met with Adam (PBUH) along with two groups on his right and left. The group at right was his children of Paradise, they were pleased. And the group at his left was crying being the people of Hell. On the second heaven he was welcomed by Zakariya, Yahya, Isa (pbut), on the third by Yousuf (Joseph pbuh), on the fourth by Idrees (pbuh), on the fifth by Harun (Aaron pbuh)), on the sixth by Hazrat Musa (Moses pbuh) and on the seventh heaven by Hazrat Ibrahim (Abraham (pbuh)) the forefather of Muhammad SAW. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

64 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He was taken to go for a visit of Paradise; there he met with ‘Rizwan’ the keeper of Paradise. All angels and Hurs welcomed him in honorable way. He visited all Paradise. Then he was taken to Hell. There he met with the keeper of Hell ‘Malik’ a rigid faced angel who never smiles. He showed the view of Hell to Prophet SAW. The Prophet was taken to Sidrat-ul-Muntaha, the last boundary near the Lot Tree. Angel Gabriel AS stopped there and asked him to move forward alone. Muhammad asked why he did not accompany him. He replied, “If I could go near to that boarder my wings will burn out. This is the point beyond which no one else ever crossed except you.” The Prophet SAW went forward and became close to Allah and talked, as Qur’an says, “They both became so close like two bows or even more near than that.” Muhammad SAW was honored with 5 times Prayers in a day along with countless bounties and blessings for which his Ummah will get the reward of 50 Prayers. He remained there on Ascension for 18 / 30 years as measured by the worldly time. He was descended back to Masjid-e-Aqsa where his Burraq was tied. He rode on it and returned back to Makkah. When he reached back the latch of his door was still swinging and the bed was warm. It seems that the time on earth was stopped. He told the whole event to the Pagans of Makkah, but they ridiculed. When Abu Jahl asked Abu Bakr RA about the truth of this event, he replied, “If Muhammad SAW says this then I accept it all truth.” Thus Abu Bakr RA won the title of Al-Siddique (the most honest) from Allah thorugh Gabriel by the tongue of Muhammad SAW. SIGNIFICANE OF MA’IRAJ th In the 10 year of Prophet-hood he received the grief of Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija RA and the year was declared as A’am-ul-Huzn. During the visit of PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

65 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Ta’if Muhammad SAW was badly disappointed due to ill behavior of the people. So Allah has decided to give honor to Muhammad SAW through Ma’iraj. It strengthened him fully both in spirit and belief and prepared him for the next phase of his Prophet-hood which was to start from the migration to Yathrib. THE PLEDGES OF AQABAH th During the season of Hajj in 10 PH a group of six people from Yathrib came to accept Islam. They heard from the Jews Scripture that there was a perfect time when a Prophet SAW was to appear in Arabia. They went back to invite their fellow tribes towards Islam. FIRST PLEDGE OF AQABA Next year a group of 12 from Yathrib came to meet Prophet SAW at the place of Aqaba. After accepting Islam they took oath on the hands of Prophet that they will never worship idols, never kill their children and never commit crimes. It was the first pledge of Aqaba. SECOND PLEDGE OF AQABA In the following year 73 men and 2 women came from Yathrib and they offered an oath of allegiance to Prophet SAW to help and protect him and also invited him to Yathrib as leader of community. This is called the second pledge of Aqaba. WHY DID THE PROPHET SAW MIGRATE TO YATHRIB (MADINAHH)? There are the following reasons which led to the migration of Prophet SAW to Yathrib. a. Due to hostility of Quraish the preaching of Islam became difficult. b. Due to death of Abu Talib there was no one to support him in Makkah. c. People of Yathrib invited the Prophet SAW and accepted him their leader. d. As the migration of Abyssinia was successful, this built confidence in Muslims to migrate to Yathrib. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

66 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF e. The Pagans of Makkah planned in Dar-un-Nadwa to kill him. f. Gibriel brought the commandment of Allah to leave Makkah by night. EVENTS OF MIGRATION As per plotting at Dar-un-Nadwa for the killing of Prophet SAW; eleven / seventeen leaders of Quraish under the command of Abu Jahl surrounded the house of Muhammad to carry out his execution. The Holy Prophet and Hazrat Ali were inside the house. Meanwhile the command of Allah reached to Muhammad SAW through Gabriel to leave Makkah. He replied, “How it could be, as they have surrounded the house.” Gabriel said, “By Allah’s help.” He asked Hazrat Ali to be on his bed and join him after handing over the trusts of Quraish which he kept with him. He came out reciting Surah Yasin from his house, cast out handful of sand at the disbelievers. As soon as he threw out the pebbles to disbelievers the dust storm spread, causing invisibility to prevail and he reached to the house of Abu Bakr RA. Allah says in Qur’an, “What you cast the sand, actually it was casted all by Allah.” Abu Bakr RA was waiting there, so they moved towards the Cave of Saur. In the morning they saw Hazrat Ali was lying on his bed. They asked about him but he did not give any clue. When Muhammad SAW and Abu Bakr settled in the cave; a pigeon made a nest outside the cave and laid eggs, a shrub grew at the mouth of cave and a spider made a cobweb by will of Allah. Hazrat Abu Bakr covered all holes with his shirt pieces except a single hole, so he put his foot on it. Holy Prophet SAW was lying asleep in his lap. A snake bit on his foot, drop of tear fell on the Prophet SAW forehead. He woke up and applied his salvia on the foot of Abu Bakr RA at the same moment the sting pain vanished. When the Prophet SAW asked the snake why he sting him? PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

67 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF He replied, “O Messenger of Allah I have been waiting for hundreds of years to see your glorious face in this cave. Now the moment came he made hurdle in my way. Therefore I had to do this.” The son of Abu Bakr RA used to bring news and his daughter Asma RA food and milk for them. Makkans sent their spies in pursuit. When they reached at the mouth of the cave Abu Bakr became afraid. Allah sent His consolation in these words of Qur’an, “When he (Muhammad SAW) said to his fellow (Abu Bakr), “Don’t fear Allah is with us.” After seeing all signs on the cave the infidels returned disappointed. They announced the prize of 100 camels for the one who capture him. After three nights Abdullah bin Uraqit appointed guard by Abu Bakr RA reached the cave with two camels and both of them left for Yathrib. This journey started in 622 AH. They took the sea side, travelled the whole night, remained on rest the day, took food and milk. Suraqa bib Malik the Arab brave in want to win the prize of 100 camels approached near to him, his horse fell down, he remounted but his horse sank in sand till neck and he fell forward. He sought apology from the Prophet SAW and came back. He told to Qurish that what he saw is sufficient for any sane man to believe in Muhammad SAW. On their way to Yathrib 80 men along with Buraidah bin Al-Hassan accepted Islam. On eighth day of their journey they reached Quba. They stayed and constructed the first Masjid of Islam. Hazrat Ali RA joined there the Prophet SAW. They started their journey and in between Quba and Yathrib the first Jumma Prayers were performed. On entering Yathrib Hazrat Hamza RA saw him and told the people about Muhammad SAW. They all welcomed him, young girls of Yathrib sung welcoming notes, “The moon has risen upon us; thanks giving became due on us.” Everyone wanted his stay in his home. He said where ever his camel sat he would stay there. The camel sat before the house of Abu Ayyub Ansari RA. He stayed in his house till construction of Masjid-e-Nabvi and his rooms. The land which was selected for Masjid belonged to two orphan brothers Sahal and PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

68 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Suhail. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA paid for the land and the Masjid was built along with two rooms for Prophet SAW. This year was announced the first year of Hijra as beginning of Islamic calendar. IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION Muslims took sigh of releif from the cruelties and persecution of Quraish. Islam started to spread rapidly. The brother hood relation was introduced between Ansar and Muhajirin. The charter of Madinah was signed between Jews and Muslims. Both parties were granted freedom of religion by this charter. The Holy Prophet SAW established first Islamic Common Wealth and became head of state. His decision became final in all matters. Ist Islamic Hijra calendar introduced form this date during the Caliphate of Umar RA. The strength of Muslims increased with every passing day. It was great event in Islamic history. Previous Questions: Q1. (a) Describe two events from the life of Prophet (SAW) that illustrate the way he treated non-muslims (10) (2009 0/N) (b) How can these examples help Muslims today in their relationships with non-Muslims? (2009 0/N) Q3. (a) Write an account of the first migration of the Muslims to Abyssiniya. (10) (b) Why did the people of Makkah pursue these Muslims? (2009 M/J ) Q4. (a) Write about the life of Prophet (SAW) up until the first revelation. (10) (b) Why was his relationship with his wife Khadija important? (2010 M/J) Q5. (a) Describe the events relating to Prophet (SAW) experiences in caves. (10) (b) Explain the significance of one of these experiences for the development of Islam. (4) (2010 M/J) Q6. (a) Describe the main difficulties encountered by the Prophet (SAW) himself during his time in Makkah after his call to Prophethood. (10) (b) How does his conduct in one of these difficulties provide an example for the Muslims today? (4) (2010 0/N) PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

69 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Q7. (a) Give an account of the events of the Prophet (SAW) night journey and ascension Isra-wa-Mairaj. (10) (b) Explain the importance of this event to Prophet (SAW) himself. (4) (2011 M/J) Q8. (a) Write about the Prophet (SAW) interaction with Quraish while he lived in Makkah before and after revelation. (10) (b) Why did the Quraish fact they needed to reject the Prophet (SAW) message? (4) (2011 0/N) Q9. (a) Describe three qualities of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that make him a model for humankind. (10) (b) How can Muslims put one of these qualities into practice? (4) (2012 O/N) Q10. (a) Give an account of the events surrounding the Pledges of Aqaba and the main details in them.(10) (b) How were these pledges important for the future community of Muslims? (4) (2012 Q11. (a) Write about the Prophet’s activities in spreading Islam outside Makkah, before the migration to Madina. (10) (2014 O/N) (b) Choose one quality shown by the Prophet in these activities and explain how Muslims today can learn from it. (4) Q12. (a) Outline the Prophet’s experiences in the cave of Hira and Saur. (10) (2014 O/N) (b) In what respects were the Prophet’s experiences in the cave of Saur important for his Prophethood? (4) ______________________________________________________________________________ PROPHET’S LIFE IN MADINAH. FIRST YEAR OF HIJRA MUWAKHAT (BROTHER HOOD) There were two categories of Muslim, those who migrated from Makkah and those who were inhabitants of Yathrib. Immigrants were called Muhajirin and inhabitants were Ans’ars. As Muhajirin were helpless, needy, having no PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

70 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF shelter and food. Therefore the Prophet introduced between them the relationship of Muwakhat (brother hood). Allah says in Qur’an, “Indeed the believers are brothers.” On establishment of Muwakhat the immigrants settled there within no time. The Ans’ars set such examples of sacrifice for Muhajirin that it were not known to the world before. They distributed everything what they possessed equally among their brethren gladly. CHARTER OF MADINAHH Charter of Madinah was signed between Muslims and Jews. Muslims under the leadership of Muhammad SAW became first party and three tribes of Jews (Banu Qainqah, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza) became the second party. Conditions to this charter were the following. 1. Muslim and Jews would be allies; they would help one another at the time of war from outside. 2. Both would share expenses of war. 3. Both would live peacefully side by side. 4. Both the parties will respect each other. 5. Both would enjoy freedom of religion and practice tolerance. 6. Muhammad SAW would be regarded as leader of Madinah having all powers. This charter is landmark in the history of mankind. It guaranteed protection of life and property along with freedom of religion. Each section had complete autonomy in regard to its internal affairs. This treaty established the Holy Prophet SAW as head of state of Madinah. CONSSTRUCTION OF MASJAD-E-NABVI Muhammad SAW constructed Masjid in Madinah in which he himself took part as labour. The land of two orphan brothers was acquired by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, This Masjid was not only a spiritual center but was a center of learning, a political and military headquarter as well. All affairs of state were conducted there from. Allah says in Qur’an, m PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

71 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “Definitely the Masjid (a place of worship for Muslims) which was found on piety from the very first day (the Masjid-e-Nabvi) has greater right that you stand therein.” It was simple square building; the walls were built of unbaked bricks, in roof the date palm trunks were used as beams and pillers; the roof was filled with leaves and mud. Two rooms for residence of Muhammad SAW were also built initially. A large platform in one corner was built as a center of education and shelter for poor Muslims known as Suffah. Masjid-e-Nabvi is the holiest place after Ka’bah. AZAN (CALL FOR PRAYERS) Azan to call the Muslims for congregation Prayers in Masjid was introduced, under the suggestion of Hazrat Umar RA. Previously drum beat was used to call for Prayers. As Muhammad SAW did not like it therefore when Hazrat Umar RA and Ibn-e-Zubair told the Prophet SAW about their dreams; he accepted it by the will of Allah thorugh the revelation by Gabriel and named it Azan. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as first Muazzan. SECOND YEAR OF HIJRAH (2 AH) Fasting on all adult Muslims became obligatory. Zakat made obligatory on all rich Muslims. Qibla was changed from Jerusalam to Ka’bah. Muslims were permitted to fight in the way of Allah. BATTLE OF BADR: 2 AH. CAUSES OF WAR The growing power of Muslims in Madinah was looked upon by infidels of Makkah as threat to their survival. They filled with enmity and jealousy and wanted to crush them forever. The leadership and supremacy of Muhammad SAW was also not digested by them. They wanted to teach lesson to Madinites for their help what they extended to Muhajirin. Abdullah bin Ubay also joined them to check the growing power of Muslims, as he himself wanted to head the state of Madinah. Holy Prophet SAW sent a party of nine of his followers under Abdullah bin Jahash to check the outskirts of Madinah and to keep an eye on the movement PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

72 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF of Quraish. The party suddenly had an encounter with caravan of Amar bin Hazarmi, a Quraish leader in which he killed. Makkans were dependent on trade, and there was only one route which passed near Madinah towards Syria and Iraq. Increasing power of Muslims in Madinah was a serious threat to safety of their trade route in future. A rumor spread out in Makkah that a caravan of Abu Sufiyan returning from Syria was attacked by Muslims. Actually this rumor was a plot of Abu Jahl to further instigate the sentiments of Qurish against Muslims. Abu Jahl gathered an army of 1000 and advanced towards Madinah to attack. When the news came to Muhammad SAW he called a council of war in Masjid-e- Nabvi and unanimously decided to fight Quraish. As Allah had already declared in Qur’an, “And fight in the way (cause) of Allah against those who fight you and do not cross the limit.” EVENTS OF WAR OF BADR When news of attack on Madinah reached to Abu Sufiyan, he sent a message to Abu Jahl to retreat, but he moved on as it was his personal venture. Muslim army comprising upon 313 men reached at Badr prior to Quraish, as they were late for the joining of the caravan of Abu Sufiyan. The Holy Prophet SAW selected the best site as the rising sun would not shine in the eyes and settled his army. They dug several water pits to make it readily available. At night rain started and the Muslim army collected sufficient water for their use. During whole night Muhammad SAW weepingly prayed to Allah for success by imploring, “O Allah! If this small band of your believers perished, there will be no one alive to worship you and your Deen will vanish forever.” They sighs of imploring were so painful to listen that at one time Hazrat Abu Bakr RA had to interfere by saying, “O Muhammad! Don’t kill yourself by crying; Allah will definitely fulfill His promise.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

73 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Allah replied to the call of Muhammad SAW in these words of Qur’an, “Recall! When you were imploring before your Rabb (Lord) for help so He accepted your request (by saying), “Indeed I will help you with one thousand angels following one another.” Early in the morning on 623 AD, Muhammad SAW arranged his small army, hardly having sufficient arms but filled with the power of belief to fight in the way of Allah. He passed on some important instructions:- a. Do not break your lines. b. Do not start fighting until I order. c. Discharge your arrows when target is in reach. d. Start throwing stone when enemy rushes towards you. e. If he reaches more near; then fight hand to hand. As per Arab custom, Shaiba, Utba and Waleed came forward to fight one on one. From Muslim side Hazrat Bilal, Muwayih bin Haris and Abdullah bin Rawaha stepped forward to fight but they declined on the ground that they are not equal to them. Then Ubaida bin Harith RA, Hazrat Hamza RA and Hazrat Ali RA accepted their challenge. They killed their opponents and fierce battle started. Abu Jahl was killed by Hazrat Hamza RA. 70 killed in Makkan’s army, 70 brought as prisoner. Muslims lost 14 lives. EFFECTS OF BADR This battle was turning point in the history of Islam. The victory not only encouraged the Muslims but also caused to strengthen in their faith in Allah and Muhammad SAW. The tribes in outskirts of Madinah started to think about the might of Muslims and thus accepted Islam. A Jews tribe of Banu Qainqa broke the Charter of Madinah and was expelled. The back bone of Quraish was broken as their brave leaders like Utba, Shaiba, Waleed and Abu Jahl were killed. Some prisoners were released on ransom and others on teaching to read and write to 10 children in Madinah. Some of them who were sent to well off Muslims for taking care; later on accepted Islam. The hypocrites under Abdullah bin Ubay became more careful after this event. The day of Badr is named as Yom-ul-Furqan and Yom-ul-Fatah by Allah in Qur’an. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

74 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF BATTLE OF UHAD: 3 AH. CAUSES Quraish thought the rise of Islam in Madinah was great threat to their political and commercial interests. They could not digest the defeat in Badr. They wanted to take revenge and regain the lost respect at all cost. Abu Sufiyan and his wife Hinda vowed not to take bath till the revenge of Abu Jahl and others was taken. Hinda promised freedom to her slave Wahashi bin Harb on the killing of Hazrat Hamza RA. Women of killed in Badr were instigating the fire of war among Makkans all the time. Traders of Makkah set aside a reasonable amount for war. The hypocrites and Jews again assured for help and victory to Quraish. Abu Aamir a leader of Khazraj (a hypocrite) went to Makkah to give them assurance of his people’s help and accompanied them to Uhad. EVENTS OF UHAD Muhammad SAW called on his council of war in which it was unanimously decided to fight outside Madinah. Although Prophet SAW wanted to face them in Madinah and Abdullah bin Ubay also supported him, but due to majority suggestion of companions of Prophet he had to accept the decision. Uhad is about 5km away from Madinah. Muhammad SAW set out towards Uhad with 1000 men. On the way Abdullah bin Ubay detached his 300 men on the plea that his opinion about fighting inside Madinah was not accepted. So his plan to assist Makkans revealed. Due to separation of 300 Jews the Prophet SAW was left with just 700 only. There were 100 armoured men in Muslim army having 19 horses only. On the other side Quraish were 3000 seasoned warriors, including 700 armored soldiers, 200 horses, 2000 camels under the leadership of Abu Sufiyan, while the cavalry command was under Khalid Bin Waleed. Muhammad SAW army reached the sandy plain beneath the peacks of Uhad. He selected the place for his army, made his camp in the inner entrance of mount. He appointed a batch of 50 archers under the command of Abdullah bin Jubair RA to guard a pass between Uhad and Ainan form PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

75 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF penetrations of enemy behind the Muslims. They were strictly ordered not to leave the pass at any cost till further instruction of Prophet SAW. When war started, the Muslilms fought bravely. Infidels could not face the attack of Muslims, so the condition of their army worsened. They started to flee from the battlefield. The Muslims started to collect booty. It looked as the war is over. On seeing all that 40 of the archers stationed on the mount of Uhad left their posts to have their share in booty. Abdullah bin Jubair asked them to wait till the order of Prophet SAW but they did not listen. A hawked eyed Khalid bin Waleed saw the chance, moved his cavalry from behind, killed Abdullah bin Jubair and his 10 arch men and attacked from behind the Muslim Army. Harassment prevailed, many Muslims killed, Hazrat Hamza RA was killed by Wahashi bin Harb and his body was molested by Hinda. Muhammad SAW was very sad at the news. He called to recollect the army. At the same moment Ubay bin Abi Waqas and others targeted his face with stone and broke his two teeth; injured his lower lip and forehead. He fell down in a pit unconsciously, seven companions martyred to save him, Hazrat Ali and others helped him out. A rumor of Prophet’s killing spread out, Muslims started to run away from the battlefield. Abu Sufiyan asked about the life of Muhammad SAW, Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA; when no response given to him, he said, “Islam is finished now, La’at and Uzza became victorious.” At the same time Muhammad SAW replied, “Islam is alive and will remain forever.” Muhammad SAW stood up on the hill top and called the Muslims to gather, when gathered they pursued the infidels for long distance; but they did not return to fight again. All martyrs buried collectively and they returned back to Madinah. RESULTS OF UHAD In this battle 70 Muslims martyred including Hazrat Hamza RA. On the infidel’s side the total loss of their lives was 150. It is mentioned in all authentic books of history of Islam like Tabqat-e-Sa’ad, Ibn-e-Hisham and Almaghazi that 31 infidels were killed by Hazrat Hamza, 20 by Abu PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

76 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Dajana, 10 by Hazrat Abu Bakr, 15 by Hazrat Ali, 16 by Hazrat Umar, 7 by Hazrat Zubair, 5 by Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf and remaining by other companions of Prophet. Allah says in Qur’an, “Even though you got loss (in the battle of Uhad) but the loss on the side of infidels was greater than you.” It was infidels who left the battlefield first and the Muslims under the leadership of Prophet followed them for five miles. The loss in the battle of Uhad had a bit negative effect on newly Muslim desert tribes. Many of them broke their treaties. Banu Salma invited 70 Muslim preachers and killed them. They brought to submission after many expeditions. After the battle of Uhad Muslims learnt a lesson of abeyance of Prophet SAW at all cost. Allah says in Holy Qur’an, “You cannot become believer until and unless you obey Messenger SAW in all matters.” It became clear to them that the greed of wealth will lead them to destruction. They became more loyal, united and obedient to Muhammad SAW. th IMPORTANT EVENTS OF 4 HIJRA Soon after the battle of Uhad the following laws were revealed. 1. Laws about Orphans. 2. Rights of Women and Hijab. 3. Marriage Laws. 4. Prohibition of Wine, Gambling, and Game of chance. The following verse of Qur’an revealed, “O you who believe! Indeed wine and gambling and idols and divining arrows are filth of Shaitan’s (Satan’s) craftsmanship, avoid of that so that you may become ever successful. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

77 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF BATTLE OF TRENCH (AHZAB OR KHANDAQ): 5 AH. CAUSES After the battle of Badr Abu Sufiyan challenged the Prophet SAW to attack Madinah next year. To meet this challenge the Prophet SAW advanced towards Badr along with 1500 men. He waited upon Quraish for eight days but they could not come. The loss of Muslims in the battle of Uhad encouraged Quraish to attack Madinah. The role of Jews for conduction of this war was very important. They not only invited Quraish but also instigated the suburb tribes to join fighting against Muslims. Banu Ghatfan and Banu Nazir played a negative role and supported Quraish. The most vital cause of the war as has been in previous that they were frightened by the Muslims growing power which threatened their trade route. EVENTS OF BATTLE OF TRENCH The Jews, Makkans and their allies gathered an army of 10000 equipped men and marched towards Madinah to finish Islam. Muhammad SAW made consultation in a council and agreed to the proposal of Salman Farsi RA to dig a trench to defend Madinah. The Muslims completed their task in a week’s time in the northern side of Madinah as it was open and exposed to enemy. Other surrounding parts of Madinah were naturally fortified. When the allied forces reached Madinah they found no way to approach Muslims due to superior planning of Prophet SAW. So they decided to lay siege to Madinah. There were small fights in trench but no major war took place. As per secret plan of alliance the Jews of Banu Quraiza were to fight from inside Madinah to help Quraish, but they refused at that stage. Abu Sufiyan was in hurry but he could not do anything. Meanwhile Muhammad SAW won over most of the Banu Ghatfan elders, who made compromise with PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

78 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Prophet SAW. Within fifteen days of siege the Makkans and their allies faced shortage of food and fodder. Their animals started to die. The harsh climate favored Muslims and Allah sends windstorm for the help of Muslims. Qur’an says, “O you who believe! Remember the Favor of Allah upon you, when the forces (of the disbelievers) came against you and We sent against them the wind (storm) and the forces (of angels) that you did not see. And Allah is Watchful of what you do.” Due to strong windstorm camps overturned, their animals untied and ran away where their direction was. All this forced them to retreat in the night. As the next morning the plain was empty and there was no enemy. Muhammd SAW said to the gathering of Muslims by the orders of Allah, “O Muslims! Quraish will never attack you after this year forever; it will be you who will go after them.” RESULTS OF WAR OF TRENCH The success in the battle of Ahzab / Trench improved the position of Islam in Arabia. In outskirts of Madinah the stories of successful defense of Muhammad SAW against Quraish were heard with great charm. The prestige of Quraish was lost. Muhammad SAW was recognized an absolute ruler of the city. The neighboring tribes became allies of Muslims in majority. Banu Quraiza was punished to expel from Madinah due to violation of Charter of Madinah. In the light of Torah’s injunctions their nominated arbitrator Sa’ad bin Mu’az has issued a decree against them and some of them were killed and other expelled. BAIT-E-RIZWAN Muhajirin were complaining about the home sickness in a mild way to Prophet SAW. There has been about six years in Madinah that they could not see their relatives. In the meantime Muhammad SAW saw a dream that he was going to perform a pilgrimage along with his companions in Holy Ka’bah. Therefore in 6 AH Muhammad SAW along with his 1400 followers departed for Umra to Makkah. When the news reached to Quraish they decided to PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

79 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF oppose them. Muslims reached near Makkah along with their sacrificial animals, camped at Hudabiya. Prophet SAW sent Khirash bin Ummayah to tell about the intention of Muslims, but he was retained. Prophet SAW then dispatched Hazrat Uthman RA having letter of Prophet SAW with 10 companions as delegation. He was also taken in custody by Quraish. Meanwhile rumours spread out in Muslim camp that he has been killed. The Prophet SAW asked his companions to take a pledge on his hands to sacrifice their lives for the cause of Islam, and will not leave till taking revenge of Uthman and companions. Allah says, “Indeed Allah was pleased with the believers, when they were pledging allegiance to you (O Muhammad SAW!) under the tree. And He (Allah) knew what was in their hearts. Therefore He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with an early approaching victory.” The pledge was taken on behalf of Uthman therefore it is called Bait-e-Rizwan in the history of Islam. This showed the Muslim’s immense love for Allah and Muhammad SAW. TREATY OF HUDABIYA: 6 AH The Quraish sent a messenger to conclude a treaty with Muslims when they were stationed at Hudabiya for Umra in Ka’bah which is called a Treaty of Hudabiya. The terms of treaty as follow. a. Muslim should return this year without Umra, come next year without arms except a sword in scabbard. b. They would stay in Makkah for three days, slaughter their animals and go back. c. If any infidel goes to Madinah on accepting Islam would be returned back. d. If a Muslim goes to Makkah on leaving Islam he will not be returned back. e. There would be no war for 10 years. f. The Arab tribes would be free to join in alliance with either party. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

80 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF IMPORTANCE OF TREATY OF HUDABIYA The terms of treaty showed superiority of Muhammad SAW for the cause of Islam. Although this treaty looked against Muslims at its first glance, but Allah has declared it as open victory in Qur’an, “(O Muhammad SAW)! We have given you an open victory indeed.” th It comes true when in 8 AH, Makkah came under the sway of Islam. Due to peace for ten years Muslims were allowed to move freely between Makkah and Madinah. It helped to preach Islam easily in Arabia. Many of the tribes who joined in alliance came to know about Islam closely. Those who came to Madinah on accepting Islam were sent back, but they moved towards Syria and other states; thus creating problems for Makkan’s trade. Due to the treaty the political status of Muslims was acknowledged. They became economically and politically strong enough to utilize any opportunity for their success. RELATIONS OF PROPHET SAW WITH JEWS (622-632) After signing the charter of Madinah, Muslims and Jews became two parties. Jews were granted civil and religious rights. They became allies, assurities were given for not to fight with each other, and collected defense of Madinah was guaranteed. There were three tribes of Jews in Madinah, Banu Qainqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza. They thought as per their religious Books that the last Prophet SAW would be from among them. But the rising power of Islam was creating threat to their economical and commercial interests. Banu Qainqa was the first tribe to break the treaty of Madinah, as they fought against Muslims in the battle of Badr and Uhad. Their leader Ka’ab openly propagated against Muhammad SAW and joined with Abu Sufiyan secretly. He tried to murder the Holy Prophet SAW too. They used to insult Muslim women in market, but Muhammad SAW showed patience at every occasion, but all in vain. In 3 AH, the siege was laid down against Qainqa, and they were expelled from Madinah and Ka’ab was executed due to his bad activities. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

81 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Banu Nazir fought against Muslims in the battle of Uhad. It was totally against the Charter of Madinah. In 4 AH they also plotted to murder the Holy Prophet SAW. Therefore the Prophet sent Muhammad Bin Musailma RA with an ultimatum to leave Madinah within 10 days. They rejected and shut them up in their forts. A siege was laid down to their forts for two weeks and they expelled from Madinah. Banu Quraiza was the last clan of Quraish who sought excuse for their previous mistakes and promised to abide by the terms of treaty. But during the battle of Trench they revolted from inside the city, caused murder and bloodshed against Muslims. The Prophet SAW surrounded their settlements and they surrendered. Sa’ad bin Mu’az was appointed arbitrator at their own wish, who decided their fate according to their Book Torah. Their youth were executed and others expelled to Syria. Allah says in Qur’an, “And He (Allah) has brought down from their forts, those of the people of the Book (the Jews), who had backed them (the disbelievers) and cast terror in their hearts (to the extent) that some of them you killed and others made captives.” The most of the Jews who expelled from Madinah took shelter in Khyber. CHARTER OF CHRISTIANS: (6 AH, 628 AD) In 6 AH, the Holy Prophet SAW granted a Charter to the Christians. The following were the major points of the Charter:- a. No unfair taxation would be made against them. b. No Bishop would be expelled from his Monastery. c. They would be given due respect. d. No pilgrim would be detained from the performance of pilgrimage. e. No Church would be demolished for construction of Masjid. f. Christian women married to Muslims would enjoy their own religion. g. Muslim would help in repair of Churches. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

82 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF This charter was a great monument of tolerance at the part of Muhammad SAW and the Muslims at large. All Caliphs after the death of Prophet SAW observed the term fully. MESSAGES TO INVITE THE KINGS AND EMPERORS TOWARDS ISLAM (7 AH) During the seventh year of Hijra Muhammad SAW dispatched about 32 letters to various heads of states. The important amongst them are:- HARACLIUS THE ROMAN EMPEROR On receiving the letter he called upon Abu Suffiyan the Quraish leader, who was in the city to his court and interrogated about the Holy Prophet SAW. On the revelation of the qualities of the Prophet SAW he was greatly impressed and he gave great importance and respect to his letter but he did not accept Islam due to fear of loss of his throne. CHOSROES PERVAIZ THE PERSIAN EMPEROR He torn out the letter of Prophet SAW into pieces and mistreated the messenger. Muhammad SAW made prophesy of his decline and the kingdom as well. Both fulfilled as he was murdered by his own son and the kingdom perish during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA. NEGUS THE ABYSSINIAN EMPEROR On receiving the letter he accepted Islam happily, as he was well aware about the truth of Muhammad SAW and Islam. CYRUS THE RULER OF EGYPT He sent a polite reply along with some presents to the Holy Prophet including Hazrat Maria Qibtiya RA from whom the son of Prophet SAW Ibrahim was born and a horse named Duldul. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

83 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF RULERS OF BAHRAIN AND OMAN After reading the letter of Prophet SAW they both accepted Islam. KHYBER EXPEDITION The Jews who were expelled from Madinah settled there in Khyber. They started to conspire against Islam and Muslims actively. They started plotting to invade Madinah with the help of Bedouins on the instigation of Makkans. In early 7 AH they looted Muslim caravans, murdered them and even plundered the near villages of Madinah. Since they posed a serious danger to Islam, the Holy Prophet SAW decided to attack them. The Holy Prophet led an army of 1600 men towards Khyber. On learning the Jews fortified themselves in their strong fortresses. Muslims laid siege for 20 days. Strong resistance was made by them by stoning and showering arrows. The fortresses started to fell down in the hands of Muslims one after another. But the last one, named Qamus showed great resistance. Muhammad SAW said, “Tomorrow I will give the flag to the one who will be the winner.” In the morning he called Hazrat Ali, put his mouth salvia on his eyes (as he had eye sore), handed his sword to him and prayed for his victory. He overthrown the gate of Qamus, fought with Marhab and killed him. He was given the title of Asad ul Allah, the lion of God. Majority of the Jews surrendered and they promised to pay Jizia. The inhabitants were allowed to live there on the contribution of share of their products to Madinah government. BATTLE OF MUTAH (7 AH-629 AD) The Muslim envoy to Basra, Haris bin Umair was killed by a chief of Mutah tribe. Mutah came under the Byzantine emperor, therefore Prophet SAW decided to punish the murderer. He dispatched an army of 3000 under Zaid bin Haritha. He advised the troops that at the death of Zaid, Jaffar bin Abu PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

84 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Talib will lead, and on the death of Jaffar RA Abdullah bib RAwaha RA will lead the army. Romans sent their 1,00,000 forces to confront the Muslims. It was unequal battle, all the leaders martyred one by one. At last Khalid bin Waleed took charge of troops, scared the enemy’s away and brought Muslims back safely. CONQUEST OF MAKKAH (8 AH, 630 AD) Banu Bakr the allies of Quraish looted plundered and killed some men of Banu Khuza the allies of Muslims. As it was an open violation of the Treaty of Hudaibiya, so the case was brought to the notice of the Prophet SAW. He put up three proposals before Quraish. 1. The Banu Bakr should pay the blood money. 2. The Quraish should dissolve the alliance with Banu Bakr. 3. The Quraish should dissolve the treaty. The Quraish accepted the third option. Soon they felt the gravity of the situation and Abu Suffiyan himself went to Madinah for negotiations but it was too late. Muhammad SAW prepared an army of 10 thousand men and moved towards Quraish, encamped at a place of Mar-ul-Zahara about eight miles away from Makkah. At night Abu Suffiyan was brought to the Prophet SAW as he was on a spy survey of Muslim forces. He accepted Islam and his house was declared Dar-ul-Aman, a protected house. It’s mean whosoever would enter in his house would be safe. On his return Abu Suffiyan told Quraish that Muslims are large army therefore they could not resist them. The Muslim army was divided in four parts. They entered Makkah from all four sides. Muhammad SAW ordered his men not to fight until they are attacked. The group under the leadership of Khalid bin Waleed had an encounter with Banu Bakr and their 23 men killed. When Muhammad SAW entered Makkah, his head was lowered and he was reciting the verse of Qur’an. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

85 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “Truth has approached and falsehood has vanished. Indeed the falsehood is bound to vanish.” The Holy Prophet SAW cleared the Ka’bah from 360 idols. Hazrat Bilal Habashi rose up the roof of the Ka’bah and called Azan, and the Zuhr Prayer was performed in lead of Muhammad SAW. All Makkans surrendered and gathered around Ka’bah. Muhammad SAW asked them, “What treatment do you expect from me today.” They all cried out, “We believe, it will be good for us, because you are a noble brother and son of noble brother.” At this the Prophet SAW replied, “There is no blame on you. Go, you all are free today.” The prophet extended general amnesty to Makkans. Even the bitterest enemies of Islam like Hinda, and Habashi were forgiven. Only nine persons the most heinous in crimes against Islam and Muhammad SAW were brought to kill. He remained in Makkah for 20 days, all embraced Islam. It is an unparallel peaceful conquest in the history of the world. Qur’an says, “(O Muhammad SAW)! When help of Allah and the victory comes (to you). You see the Mankind entering the Religion of Allah (Islam) in crowds.” IMPORTANCE OF THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAH Due to peaceful conquest of Makkah the following has occurred. a. The enemies of Prophet SAW became faithful allies. b. The Tauheed of Allah established in Makkah. c. The House of Allah (Ka’bah) once again devouted to His worship. d. It paved the way to spread Islam throughout Arab. e. The political situation of Islam strengthened. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

86 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF f. Within few days many tribes entered Islam. g. The forgiveness by the Prophet SAW created good impression in the minds of Arabs. BATTTLE OF HUNAIN (8 AH, 630 AD) When the news of conquest of Makkah reached to Banu Saqif of Hunian they along with Banu Hawazan decided to fight as they could not tolerate it. Muhammad SAW knew about it therefore he raised an army of 12,000 and set out from Makkah. When they reached in a pass the enemy started to shower arrows upon them from both sides, which was totally unexpected for them. Therefore many Muslims fled in panic. Allah says in Qur’an, “Certainly Allah has helped you (O believers!) in many fields and on the day (the battle) of Hunain too. When you were proud of your great number but it did not help you at all. And despite of its vastness the Earth was constricted upon you; then you turned back in retreat.” Allah sent angels as a help to Muslim forces and they won the battle of Hunain, for which Qur’an says, “Afterward Allah has sent down His tranquility on His Messenger SAW and on the believers and sent down forces (of angels for help) which you did not see and punished those who disbelieve. And that is the recompense of the disbelievers.” Many of Banu Saqif men fled to take refuge in Ta’if. Muslims captured a vast booty of war including 6000 prisoners, large number of camels, thousands of sheep, gold and silver etc. Shayma bint Halima Sa’adia was also brought to him as prisoner, he treated her well. The defeat of Banu Saqif and Hawazan convinced the other nomadic tribes that the Prophet SAW was invincible. Thus the supremacy of Islam and sovereignty of Madinah was ensured all over Arabia. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

87 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF THE SIEGE OF TA’IF Malik bin Auf the chief of Banu Saqif with his men went to Ta’if and fortified there. Ta’if was a walled city having proper water and food supply. The Prophet SAW sent an army of 1000 men under the command of Khalid bin Waleed, he laid siege for 20 days. The enemy hurled stones and shot arrows very frequently, due to which many Muslims wounded and many martyred. Muslims on the advice of Prophet SAW set up their camp at higher place and shelled stones by catapult on the fortress. Muslims found an opportunity to enter under the shelter of wood made water tanks. But due to pouring down the molten hot iron by the enemy Muslims received burn injuries. The Holy Prophet SAW ordered to cut off the line of enemy. They enemy asked for mercy. The Prophet SAW announced, “Whosoever comes down from the fort would be freed.” Many surrendered, others remained intact in fort. After 20 days the siege th was lifted and Muhammad SAW returned back to Madinah. In 9 AH, all the Ta’if tribes came to Madinah and embraced Islam. TABUK EXPEDITION (9 AH, 631 AD) The Byzantine Christians and Ghassanids did not like the growing power of Islam after the battle of Muta. So they planned to crush Madinah. When the news reached to Prophet SAW, he gathered the believers in Masjid-e-Nabavi and addressed them to encourage, as draught, famine, hot summer, shortage of water and food discouraged many. It was a long journey through the desert to reach the formidable enemy. The hypocrites under Abdullah bin Ubay were busy to make excuse of intense heat and also stopped others. Allah said in Qur’an “Those who stayed behind (in Tabuk expedition) were happy with their sitting back to the displeasure of the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) and they disliked to take part in Jihad with their wealth and lives and they said (stopping others), “Do not march in the heat.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

88 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF To meet the expanses of war Muhammad SAW asked for monetary help as well. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA brought all what he has from his home. When he asked what he left behind. He replied, “I have left the name of Allah and Muhammad SAW in my home.” Hazrat Umar RA contributed half of his household things. Hazrat Uthman Ghani RA took the burden of half the army’s food and equipments and also donated 300 loaded camels and 10000 gold coins. Women donated their ornaments. It was a great example of devotion. Muhammad SAW proceeded with his 30000 men. On reaching the battlefield of Tabuk Ghassanids and Byzantines became fearful and scattered away without fighting. Muslims gained great political advantage which they might have got, had they been encountered. The Prophet SAW stayed there for 20 days and the tribes came to Prophet SAW; he wrote a letter of guarantee for their protection. Thus those who had been allies of Byzantine before became supporters of Muslims. Islamic state was extended to the borders of Byzantine. It was the last of 27 battles of Prophet SAW. No conqueror in the known history of the world had ever achieved such great success with so little loss of life. Eventually the whole Arabia became safe and protected for all to live. THE FAREWILL PILGRIMAGE / LAST SERMON OF PROPHET SAW (10 AH, 632 AD) th As Muhammad SAW announced to go for Hajj in 10 year of Hijra the Muslims from all over Arabia flocked to join him. A hundred and forty th th thousand followers left Madinah on 25 of Zil Qa’ed, reached on 4 of Zil Hajj and put on Ahram at Meeqat. “Labaik” the words of Talbiya warmed the whole atmosphere. The Holy Prophet SAW performed Umra and stayed th in Makkah for 4 days. On 8 he did Tawaf, kissed Hajr-e-Aswad, prayed two Rakats at station of Ibrahim, made Sa’i between Safa and Marwa and th proceeded to Mina and stayed for night. On 9 he made for Arafat and delivered historic Sermon while sitting on she-camel ‘Qaswa’ in the following words:- PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

89 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF 1. He asked the people to listen him carefully and covey to others. 2. He declared the life, property and honor of everyone sacred. 3. Unsury prohibited in total. 4. Rights of women declared. 5. Rights of husband and wife pronounced. 6. Rights of slaves on equal treatment enforced. 7. Brother-hood, equality prevailed, and superiority conditionalized with piety. 8. Fundamental beliefs and concepts of Islam like, Salah, Zakah, Fastings, Hajj, obedience of Allah and Messenger SAW, clearance of loan, non commission of adultery were stressed. 9. Adherence to Qur’an and Sunnah declared as a source of Guidance for ever. 10. Finality of Prophet-hood announced. On completion of his Sermon he asked the people, “Have I fully conveyed the message of Allah?” The sky roared up with the words of confirmation from all sides. Then the Holy Prophet SAW looked up to the heavens and said, “O Allah! Bear witness that I have fulfilled my mission.” At the same time the last verse of Qur’an revealed to him, “Today I have perfected your Religion for you and completed all My Blessings upon you and chosen for you Islam as your Religion.” After the last Sermon he offered Zuhr and Asr Prayers jointly and returned back to offer remaining Hajj rites. He stayed in Muzdalfah one night, at morning left for Mina, sacrificed 63 camels, put off Ahram and then shaved his head. After performing tawaf-e-Ifada at Ka’bah he came back to Mina, stayed there for three days for Jamarat / stoning Satan and then returned back to Madinah. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

90 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF SIGNIFICANCE / IMPORTANCE OF FAREWELL SERMON It is known in the history of Islam as Hijja-tul-Wida ‘Farewell Pilgrimage’, Hujjat-ul-Islam ‘Finalization of Islamic Faith’, or Hajj-e-Akbar ‘the Greatest Pilgrimage’. It is important due to Arafat Sermon by the Holy Prophet SAW. This last Sermon is so important in the history that every spoken word is an eye opener and ever applicable to mankind till last day on the earth. Completion of Deen-e-Islam took place during that Pilgrimage. And thus the mission of Prophet SAW also accomplished. THE LAST DAYS OF HOLY PROPHET SAW th On 29 of Safar-ul-Muzaffar he fell ill. His duration of illness stretched to about fortnight. He kept on leading Prayers in Masjid-e-Nabavi for ten days, but the last 5 days of his life were surrounded with weakness, as he could not walk without reliance. Once due to weakness he could not lead Prayers, so he asked Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to lead. Meanwhile he took reliance of Hazrat Ali RA went out of his chamber and joined the Prayers to led. On the last day of his life he raised the curtain of his room, had a glimpse of Masjid-e-Nabavi and became fresh, beautiful smiling was on his holy face as usual, he has sent for his beloved daughter Hazrat Fatima RA, whispered something in her ear that he was leaving soon, she started crying; he whispered again that she would be the first to join him in Paradise, and she smiled. Then he gave her the glad tidings of the leader of the whole women folk in Paradise. Then he called for his beloved grandsons Hassan RA and Hussain RA, kissed them, declared will for their respect and honor for all. He showered his affection to Hazrat Ali RA and all others. He met with all his wives and advised them for good. He was very weak and the body was getting warm due to fever. Hazrat Ayesha was dipping cloth in water and putting on his face. Towards PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

91 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF afternoon a heavy breathing with some words heard from his holy mouth, “My Rab is great. O Allah! Forgive my Ummah.” He died on 12 of Rabi-ul-Awal on Monday in 11AH. th KHATAM-UN-NABEEN, THE SEAL OF PROPHETS (PBUT) Hazrat Muhammad SAW is the last Prophet of Allah in the line of Prophets, as his message is the last one too. Allah says in Qur’an, “Muhammad SAW is not the father of anyone of your men, but he is the Messenger SAW of Allah and the last of the Prophets (PBUT).” Therefore we should understand and believe in the finality of Prophet-hood. A Muslim must believe in the uniqueness and the title of the “Khatam-un- Nabeen ‘The seal of Prophets’. Muhammad SAW himself said, “I am the seal of Prophets (pbut) and there is no Prophet after me.” The Prophet-hood, message and revelation of all the previous Prophets had been limited for their own people, area and time, while the Prophet-hood of Muhammad SAW is universal. Allah says, “And (O Muhammad SAW)! We have only sent you to the whole Mankind as a bearer of good news and a warner.” The message sent to Muhammad SAW has been finalized and is not for specific nation, time and place. The Deen ‘a complete code of life’ has been perfected for all times to come. And the Prophet SAW has been sent as a merciful Messenger for all the worlds. Qur’an says, “And We have sent you (O Muhammad SAW!) only as a mercy for (all that exist in) all the Worlds.” Therefore the chapter of divine revelation, sending of Messenger or any other Deen has been closed forever after Muhammad SAW. So we as a Muslim should believe in Khatam-un-Nabeen ‘the seal of Prophets’ as it is the decision of Allah Almighty. PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

92 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF THE PROPHET SAW AS A MODEL OF EXCELLENCE Muhammad SAW is source of Guidance for human beings in their personal as well as in their public life. He is the model of excellence for all in all walks of life. He has an ideal character. Allah says, a. “And (O Muhammad SAW)! You are on an excellent standard of character indeed.” b. Indeed the best role model for you is only in the (personality of Muhammad SAW Messenger of Allah.” He has ideal manners as he said, “Indeed I have been raised to accomplish the best of manners only.” He was the greatest leader, an ideal administrator, wise statesman, a just judge equal to foe and friends, a great legislator, a courageous commander, a loving husband and an affectionate father. Once Hazrat Ayesha RA was asked about the character of Prophet SAW, she said, “His character was like Qur’an.” HONESTY AND TRUTHFULNESS / AL-SADIQ AND AL-AMIN An orphaned born child reached to the zenith of his character, the people started to call him Al-Sadiq (the Truthful) and Al-Amin (the Trustworthy). Al-Sadiq (the Truthful) Once a caravan came to Makkah to sell the horses. Muhammad SAW bought the one, rode on it and gone by saying that he was bringing money. The seller was a bit worried about his payment because he did not know even the name of buyer. A women leader of caravan satisfied him that the light of his face is not of false. If he could not come I will pay you at his part. Meanwhile PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

93 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF Muhammad SAW came back with payment and proved the truthfulness of his words. On the dispute of fixation of Black Stone in Ka’bah his arbitration was accepted only on one ground that he was Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin. When he called upon all the Makkans to Safa for Islam and asked them, “If I say a huge army is ready to attack you from behind the mountain; what would be your reaction.” They all replied to become ready to defend, because he did not tell lie even once in his life. During the preaching of Islam Quraish abused him, called him poet, mad, magician and bewitched one but never called him liar. Abu Jahl used to say, “Muhammad I do not say that you are liar, but I don’t think right what you say.” Al-Amin (the Trustworthy) Hazrat Khadija RA was so impressed by the trustworthiness of Prophet SAW what he proved during trade tour of her goods to Syria that she married him. Even though Quraish became enemy of Prophet SAW due to preaching of Islam, but still they used to keep their belonging as a trust with him. At the time of migration although the life of Muhammad SAW was at risk, even then he directed Hazrat Ali RA to return their belonging and come after him as he will be waiting at Qubbah. Allah says in Qur’an regarding this quality of Prophet, “Indeed you are a Trustworthy Messenger.” COURAGE AND BRAVERY He was courageous and determined and never shown weakness at the time any danger that he faced. In all of 27 battles in his life he always remained steadfast near the enemy lines. Hazrat Ali RA said, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

94 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “We used to take refuge of Prophet at the time of heated battle.” His courage and bravery was of no match in the battle of Uhad and Hunain when many of his companions were running away from the battlefield, he kept on fighting while calling others to come back. It was his courage and bravery that save the situation on both the occasions. One night there was unrest in Madinah due to the news of enemy’s attack. He Muhammad SAW rode on the bare back of horse, advanced ahead to the all probable places of danger; came back with the message, “Go to sleep peacefully as there is no danger.” KINDNESS The Prophet SAW was very kind to everyone without discrimination. He said, “Allah is not kind to him who does not show kindness to others.” On hearing the extension of cruel act of one of his followers to her young daughter during ignorance, the Prophet SAW was so moved that his tears began flowing from his eyes till his beard became wet. His kindness does not bound human beings only. He was kind to all that what exists in this world. Once passing by a weak camel due to hunger, he said to the owner, “Fear Allah with regard to these animals; ride them in health and leave them in health.” One of his followers captured the bird with her youngs. Muhammad SAW ordered him to go and keep them in their nest by saying, “Do you like that your infants be imprisoned along with their mother. You don’t! Therefore be kind to all around you,” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

95 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF JUSTICE AND EQUALITY The Prophet SAW always treated people with absolute justice without discrimination in his individual capacity or as head of state. Once a Muslim woman of high family brought for stealing, on verification of facts she was sentenced to cut the hand. Hazrat Usama RA asked for concession being a high family woman. The Prophet replied, “Even if my daughter Fatima had committed theft I would certainly have cut off her hand.” A tax collector in Khyber killed. His cousin appealed for revenge against Jews. The Prophet SAW asked, “Can you swear that he was killed by the Jews?” As there was no eye witness therefore the Prophet asked nothing from Jews and paid blood money from the state treasury. MERCY AND FORGIVENESS Muhammad SAW was born merciful to all that exists in this world. Allah says, “You have been sent only as a mercy to all the worlds.” His whole life is full of such incidents in which he has been merciful and forgiving to others. a. At the time of conquest of Makkah he forgave all those who had been his bitterest enemies during his whole life. He forgave Hinda who had molested the body and chewed the liver of Hazrat Hamza RA. b. He took mercy on Habashi who had killed Hazrat Hamza RA and forgave him too. c. Habbar bin Aswad who killed his pregnant daughter Hazrat Zainab RA on her way to Madinah, was also forgiven by him. He Said, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

96 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “Be merciful to what is on the earth, the one in heaven will definitely be Merciful to you.” PATIENCE AND STEADFASTNESS After first revelation during the life in Makkah Muhammad SAW was targeted at every step of his life but he did not give up patience at all. He called, poet, magician, mad, jinni affected; a thorny bushes were planted in his way, rubbish was thrown on him, fleece of camel was put on his back when he was prostrating, he was strangulated, he was boycotted, he was stoned to bleeding in Ta’if, he was plotted to kill but he never lost his steadiness in the way of Allah. He always used to pray for their Guidance. Once he saw an old woman standing with a knot of her luggage. On asking she told that she was moving to her sister village, because there in Makkah has born a magician named Muhammad, on his seeing and talking everyone converts to his religion. So she did not want to leave her forefather’s religion. The Prophet SAW loaded her luggage on his back and took her to her destiny. When he was coming back, she advised him to take care of Muhammad and asked him what his name was. He replied, “I am Muhammad SAW to whom Makkan’s called magician.” She embraced Islam by saying, “Magicians are not like you.” SIMPLICITY Muhammad SAW was simple in all definitions of simplicity. He was informal in his habits, ate what available, wore clean clothes, being a ruler used to sat on floor, accepted invitation of even a common man and sat with him on sand, ate bread of course flour, spent many days on mere dates. Hazrat Ayesh RA said, PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF

97 PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF “The Prophet’s family did not have any storage of grain to satisfy them for two consecutive days till death.” His companions used to stand up to respect him but stopped them by saying, “Do not stand up for me as the non Muslims do to show respect to their kings.” THE HOLY PROPHET SAW RELATIONS WITH OTHER STATES Allah has revealed the guiding principle for the foreign policy in Qur’an by saying, “O Mankind! Be in piety to your Rabb (Lord), Who has created you from a single soul and created its mate from it and from both of them He spread countless men and women.” The Holy Prophet SAW has established the first Islamic state in Madinah after his migration. Islam teaches to abide by all promises, treaties and pacts signed between Muslims and others. For which Qur’an says, “And fulfill your promise; for the promise you will be asked indeed.” There is an example of Treaty of Hudaibiya when it was not signed, only the terms were agreed upon; meanwhile a Muslim Abu Jandal escaped from Makkah and reached to Holy Prophet SAW but he was sent back. The teachings of Islam elaborate not to be the first one to dissolve the treaty once signed. Makkans were the first to violate and dissolve the Treaty of Hudaibiya. Allah says in Qur’an, “When they have already dissolved the treaty, then there is no binding on you to carry on.” PROFESSORDRIAZMUHAMMADARIF