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BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO TAP HAI NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM



BO GlAO DUC VA DAO TAO PHAN TRONG LU^N (Tong Chu bien) - TRAN DANG SUYEN (Chu bien phan Van) BUI MINH TOAN (Chii bien phan Tieng Viet) - LE A (Chii bien phan Lam van) LE NGUYEN CAN - DANG ANH DAO - NGUYEN VAN DUONG PHAN THI THU HIEN - NGUYEN THAI HOA - D 6 KIM HOI NGUYEN XUAN NAM - DOAN DUC PHUONG - VU DUONG QUY DANGDUC SIEU -TRINH THI THU TIET- HABINH TRI Ngu van 11 TAP HAI (Tdi bdn ldn thut ba) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

Ban quy^n thu6c Nha xuSft ban Giao due Vi6t Nam - B6 Giao due va Dao tao. 01-2010/CXB/573-1485/GD Ma s6': CH112T0

LUll BI|T KHI X U A T DlfONG(1) PHAN B O I C H A U KET QUA CAN OAT (Xudt duang luu bi$t) Cam nhan dugc ve dep lang man hao hung ciia nha chf sT each mang d i u th^ k[ XX va giong tha tam huyet soi trao cua Phan B6i Ch^u. TIEU DAN Phan BOi CMu (1867 -1940) ten thu6 nh6 la Phan Van San, bi$t hi$u chinh la Sao Nam, quS b lang Dan Nhifim, nay thupc thi tran Nam Dan, huyfn Nam Dan, tinh Ngh6 An. Vao nhiing nam cudi the' ki XK, khi phong trao Caii vuong ch6ng Phap th^t bai, Phan B6i Chau la mdt trong nhung nha nho Vi§t Nam dau tifen nu6i y tu6ng di tim mot con duong ciiu nuoc m6i. Sau khi d6 Giai nguygn (1900), 6ng bit diu vao Nam ra BSc, tim ngu6i ciing chi hudng, lap ra Duy tan hOi - to chuc cdch m ^ g theo dudng I6i dan chu tu sin dau tien 6 nuoc ta (1904). Theo chu truong cua hOi, dng lanh d^o phong trao Ddng du va xu^t duong sang Nheit Ban (1905). Tii do, su6t hai muoi ndm, 6ng bon ba, khi Nh?it Bin, khi Trung Qudc, khi Thai Lan dl muu su phuc qudc, nhung viec khong thanh. Nam 1925, thyc dan Phap bdt c6c dng d Thupng Hai (Trung Qu6<;), dua ve nudc, dinh bi m^t thii ti6u. Trudc lan sdng d^u tranh sdi sue cia nhan dan ck nudc, nha cam quyen bupc phai dua dng ra xu cdng khai t ^ Ha Ndi. Phan Bpi Chau dugc tring an, nhung bi giam long d Hu^ cho dei^ liic qua ddi. .» Khdng nhimg la nha y6u nudc va each m?ing, Phan Bpi Chau cdn la nha van ldn, de 1^ mOt kho tang tha vdn do sp. Nhung tdc pham chinh ciia dng: Vi$tNdm vong quoc su (1905), Hdi ngoai huyit thu (1906), Ngifc trung rhw (1914), TrungQuang tdm su (viet trong thdi Id luu vong d nudc ngoai), Phan Bdi Chdu nien bi^u (1929), Phan Sdo Nam vdn t^p, Phan Sao Nam tien sinh qudc vdn thi tdp (chii yeu tglp hpp tho van lam trong thdi Id b) giam Idng d Hue),... Vdi tu duy nh^y b6n va khdng ngtmg doi mdi, tai nang sang t^o da d?ing, phong phii, Phan Bpi Chau tung mpt thdi lam rung ddng bidt bao con tim yeu nudc bang nhirng vin tho sue sdi nhi^t huyet cua minh. Trong vdng may chye nam dau the ki XX, Phan Bpi Chau dupe coi la cay but xuat sic nhat cua van tho each m^ng. vao nhirng nam diu thd ki XX, ddi vdi eae nha y6u nudc Vi$t Nam, hudng vi Nhat Ban cung cd nghia la hudng v& mpt chan trdi mdi dly hi vpng va udc mo. Nam 1905, trudc liic 16n dudng sang Nhat Bin, dng lam bai tho Luu bi$t khi xudt duong de tir gia b ^ bd, d6ng chi. (1) Xudt duong: vugt bien di ra nudc ngoai. Phan Bpi Chad

VAN BAN Sinh vi nam tu yeu hi ki, Khang hiia ean khon tvr ehuyen di. Phien dm U baeh nien trung tu huu nga, Khoi thien tai hau canh v6 thuy. Bich nghia Giang son tu hi sinh do nhue, Hien thanh lieu nhien tung diee si! Nguyen tmc truong phong Dong hai khu, Thien triing bach lang nhat te phi. Da sinh lam ke nam nhi thi cung phai mong co dieu la, Ha lai de troi dat tu chuyen van lay sao ! Giua khoang tram nam nay, phai co ta chii, Ching nhe ngan nam sau lai khong co ai (de lai ten tudi) u ? Non song da chet, sdng chi nhue, Thanh hien da vang thi co doc sach cung ngu thoi! Mong dudi theo ngpn gio dai di qua bien Dong, Ngan dot song bac etipg bay len. Dich tha Lam trai phdi la a tren dai^^\\ Hd decdn khon^^^tu chuyen dai. Trong khodng tram ndm cdn co ta, Sau ndy muon thua, hd khong ai ? Non song dd chet, song them nhue, Hien thdnh^^^ cdn ddu, hoc cdng hodi! Muon vuat be Dong theo cdnh gio, Muon triing song bac tiin ra khai. TON QUANG PHIET dich'^' (Theo Vdn tha Phan Boi Chdu chon loc. NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1967) (1) Y tho nay dua theo quan nifim ve chi nam nhi (chi lam trai) eua cac nha nho thdi xua. (2) Cdn khdn {can: trdi, khdn: dat): chi trdi dat, vii tru. (3) Hiin thdnh: cac bac tai due vugt hin ngudi thudng, dupe dung d^ ggi nhiing ngudi sang lap Nho giao nhu Khdng Tii, Manh Tu. (4) Bin dich tha cua Tdn Quang Phiet nhin chung sat nghia va hay, rieng hai cau 6 va 8 nen ddi chieu vdi phan dich nghia.

HUlorNG DAN HOC BAI 1. Doc Ti^u ddn, chii y bdi canh lich sii dat nuac va nhiing ^nh huang tir nuac ngoai de hieu bai tha. 2. Tu duy mai m6, tao bao va khat vong hanh dong ciia nha chi si each mang trong budi ra di tim duang cuu nuac dugc bieu Ig nhu the nao ? Dvra tr6n cam xuc cua tac gia va nhung hinh anh nghe thuat trong bai tha, chti y tim, hieu cac van de sau : - Quan niem mai ve chi lam trai va tu the, tam voc cua con ngudi trong via tru. - Y thiic trach nhiem ca nhSn truac thoi cugc. -Thai do quyet Uet trudc tinh canh dat nuac va nhung tin dieu xua cii. - Khat vgng hanh dgng va tu th6' budi len duong. 3. Anh (chi) co nhan x6t gi ve hai cau 6 va 8 cua ban dich tho so voi nguyen tac (ddi chieu voi phan dich nghia) ? 4. Theo anh (chi), nhung yeu td nao da tao nen siic loi cudn manh me cua bai tha nay? GHINHO . Bang giong tha tam huyet co siic lay ddng manh me, Luu biet khi xuat duang da khac hoa ve dep lang man hao hung ciia nhk chf s7 each mang nhung nam dau the ki XX, vai tutudmg mai me, tao bao, bau nhiet huy^t s6i trao va khat vong chay bong trong budi ra di tim duong cuu nuae. LUYEN TAP Vi^t mot doan van trinh b^y nhung cam nhan eua anh (chi) ve hinh knh nghe thuSt 6 hai cau tha cudi bai.

NGHiA CUA CAU K^TQUACANDAT- Nhan thiie dugc hai thanh phin nghia eua e^u 6 nhung ndi dung phd bi^n va d§ nh|n th^y eua chung. •1 Co kl nang phan tich, iTnh hdi nghia ciia cau va kT nSng dat eau thd hien dugc Ccic thanh phIn nghia mot each phu hgp nhjft. V I - HAI THANH PHAN NGHIA CUA CAU 1. So sanh hai cau trong tvmg cap cau sau day va tra loi cau hoi neu a duoi. aj) Hinh nhuco mot thai hdn dd ao uac cd mot gia dinh nho nhd. (Nam Cao, ChiPheo) 83) Co mdt thai hdn dd ao udc cd mot gia dinh nho nhd. h{) N^u tdi ndi thi chac ngudi ta cQngbdng long... (Vu Trgng Phyng, Sdd6) b2) Neu tdi ndi thi nguoi ta cdng bdng Idng... -Hai cau trong mdi cap cau deu de cSp den ciing mot su vide. Su viec d6 la ^ ? -Ngoai noi dimg su viec, anh (chi) thay: + Cau nao the hien su viec nhung chua tin tuong chic chSn ddi vdi su viec ? + Cau nao the hien su phong doan cd dd tin cay cao ddi voi su viSc ? + Cau nao the hien su nhin nhan va danh gia binh thudng cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi strviec? 2. Tii su so sanh tren day, co the di den nhiing nhan dinh sau : Mdi cau thudng cd hai thanh phan nghia : de cap den mdt su viec (hoac mot vai su viec); bay to thai do, su danh gia cua ngudi noi ddi vdi su viec do. Thanh phan nghia thii nhat ggi la nghia su viec, thanh phan nghia thii hai ggi la nghia tinh thai.

Thong thuang, trong mdi cau, hai thanh phan nghia tren hoa quyen vdi nhau va khong the eg nghia su viec ma khdng co nghia tinh thai. Ngay ea d nhiing truang hgp cau khdng c6 tii ngii rieng the hien nghia tinh thai thi hghia tinh thai van tdn tai trong cau. Do la tinh thai khach quan trung hoa, nhu d cae cau 83, b2 tren dSy. Nhung cdng cd trudng hgp cau ehi cd nghia tinh thdi. Dd la khi cau chi cau tao bang tu ngu e4m than. Phan tich them vi du sau : Da bdm, thera y vdn vd deii cd tdi cd. Chd chd! (Nguyen Tuan, ChO nguoi tii til) Trong vi du nay, d cau thii nhat: - Nghia su vi$c chu ydu dugc bieu hien g cae tir ngQ y vdn vd deu cd tdi cd. - Thai dd ngac nhien cua ngudi ndi khi phat hien ra su that ve viec \"y van vo deu cd t£u ca\" dugc the hien d tu th^ra. - Ngoai ra, 6 cau nay, ngudi ndi cdn td thai do kinh can ddi vdi ngudi nghe thdng qua cac tu d<z, bdm. Cdn cau thii hai chi cd tir cam than chd chd n6n chi cd nghia tinh thai: bay td thai do than phuc. H-NGHIA SirVlfC Nghia su viec cua cau la thanh phan nghia ling vdi su viec ma cau de cap den. Su vide trong hidn thuc khach quan rat da dang va thudc nhieu loai khac nhau. Do dd, cau cung cd nhiing nghia su viec khac nhau. 6 miic do khai quat, cd the phan biSt mdt sd nghia su vide va phan biet cau bi^u hien nghia su viec nhu sau : - Cau bieu hien hanh ddng: Xudn Tdc Dd cat dat ddu vdo ddy roi mdi xuong cho nhiing nguoi. di dua. (Vu Trong Phung, Sodd) - Cau bieu hidn trang thdi, tinh chat, dac diem : + Trdi thu xanh ngdt may tdng cao. (Nguyin BChuyen, Vinh miia thu) + Ngdti ndi xudn di xudn lai lai. (H6 Xuan Huong, Tu tinh - bai II)

- Cau bieu hien qua trinh: Ld vdng trudc gid khe dua veo. (Nguyen Khuydn, Cdu cd mua thu) Cau bieu hien tu the: + Lam khom dudi. nui tieu vdi chu. (Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, Qua Deo N^ng) + Giua giudng thdt bdo ngoi tren mdt bd. (Nguyfin Du, Truyen KiSu) Cau bieu hien su tdn tai: + Cdn bac, cdn tien, cdn de tii. Met cam, het ruau, hit dng tdi. (Nguyfen Binh Khiem, Thdi dai) + Ngodi song thd the oanh vdng. (Nguyfen Du, Truyen Kieu) Cau bieu hien quan he : + Ddi Tdo Id mgt tay vai ve trong lang. (Nam Cao, C/ziPheo) -I- Ngua xe nhu nudc do quan nhu nerri. (Nguyen Du, Truy$n Kieu) Nghia su viec eua cau thudng dugc bieu hien nhd nhiing thanh phan ngii phap nhu chu ngu, vi ngii, trang ngii, khdi ngu va mdt sd thanh p h ^ phu khac. Mdt cau cd the bieu hien mdt su viec, ciing cd the bieu hien mdt sd su vi^c- , GHI NHO . Nghia eiia eau bao gom hai thanh phin : nghia su vide va nghia tinh thai. Nghia su viec la nghia ling vdi su viec dugc de c|p den trong cau. N6 thudng dugc bieu hien nhd eae tu ngCr ddng vai trd chu ngu, vj ngu, trang ngCr, khdi ngu va mot sd thanh phan phu khac.

LUYINTAP 1. Hay phan tich nghia su viec trong tiing eau tha d bai tha sau : Ao thu lanh leo nudc trong veo. Mot chiec thuyen cdu be tea teo. Sdng biic theo ldn hai gan ti, Ld vdng trudc gid kh§ dua v^o. Tang mdy la lung trdi xanh ngdt, Ngo true quanh co khdch vdng teo. Tua goi budng cdn Idu chdng duoc, Cd ddu dap ddng dudi chdn beo. (Nguyin Khuydn, Cdu cd miia thu) 2. Tach nghia tinh thai va nghia su viec trong nhiing eau sau : a) Cd mdt dng ri quy nhu Xudn kicdngdanhgid thuc, nhung cung ddngs^ Idm. (Vu Trgng Phyng, Sddd) b) Cd le hdn cung nhu minh, chon nhdm nghi mdt rdi. (Nguyin Tuan, Chic nguoi tu tu) c) Di ho cung phdn vdn nhu minh, vi den chinh ngay minh, minh cung khdng biit rd con gdi minh cd hu hay Id khdng! (Vu Trgng Phung, Sddd) 3. Chgn tii ngCr thich hgp nhat cd the dien vao chd trdng de cau sau the hidn dung hai tiianh phin : nghia su viec vi nghia tinh thai. Mot ke biet kinh min khi phdch, mdt ke biit tiic, biit trong nguoi cd tdi, /.../ khdng phdi Id kexdu hay Id vd tinh. {Theo Nguyin Tuan, Cha nguai tii tii) I I hinh nhu \\Z\\cdthi I I hdn I I lendo I I hoa chdng

VliT BAI LAM V A N S6 5 : NGHl LUAN V A N HOC K ^ QUA CAN DAT 0Van dung cac thao tac ISp lucin phan tieh, so sanh de viet bai van nghj luan v^ mdt van d^ vSn hgc. I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG Anh (chi) hay chuan bi trudc d nha : - Xem lai cdc bai: Phdn tich de, lap ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn; Thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich; Thao tdc lap ludn so sdnh. - Dgc lai cdc vdn ban van hgc da hgc de chuan bi lam bai. H-GOIYMdTSdDiBAI 1. Ngudi xua cd cau: \"Dan ba chd ke Thuy Van, Thuy Kieu\". Anh (chi) hay ndi rd y kien cua minh ve quan niem tren. 2. Cdm nhan cua anh (chi) ve hinh tugng nhan-vat Chi Pheo trong truy$n ngdn ciing ten cda Nam Cao ? 3. Phan tich thdi dd cda nhan vat Huan Cao ddi vdi vidn qudn nguc trong Cha ngudi tu til (Nguyin Tuan). HI - GUI t CACH LAM BAI - Vdi de 1, de phe phdn quan nidm khdng dung tren, cd the l^p l u ^ nhu sau: Theo cdc nha nho, Thuy Kieu cd nhirng hanh ddng ling xu khdng phii hgp vdi Id gido phong kien (neu ddrl chting). Dd la cdch ddnh gid sai, bdo thu, chi nhin su viec, eon ngudi mdt cdch phien dien. 10

Thuc ra, Thuy Kieu ddng thuang chii khdng ddng trdch. Bdn than Kiiu la mdt ngudi eon gdi tai sdc, diic hanh (thu^ chung trong tinh yeu, hieu thao vdi cha me, y thiic sdu sic vi nhan pham,...). Cugc ddi luu lac day dau khd cua nang la do che dg phong kidn tdn bao gay nen, mdc dii nang cd gugng day nhung khdng dugc. Dgc TruySn Kieu, ta biet dugc su tan ac, vd nhan dag cua che dd phong kien ddi vdi con ngudi, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi phu nii. - Vdi di 2, cin ndi rd vi cugc ddi nhan vat Chi Pheo qua cdc giai doan: ttr mdt cd ndng hien lanh den mdt con ngudi bi tha hod cd tdm hdn lin ngoai hinh (nhung chua m^t hit nhdn tinh). Tim nguyen nhan din din su tha hod eua ChiPhdo. Chi Pheo la nan nhan cua bon dia chu, cudng hao d ndng thdn trudc Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm 1945. - Di 3 ciing la mdt dang di phan tich nhan vat. Vide phan tich cin tap trurlg vao qud trinh chuyen bien tam li cua nhan vat trong su phdt trien cua truyen. Giai doan diu : Vien quan nguc biet dai rfuan Cao, nhung Huin Cao lai td thdi dd khinh bac. Giai doan sau : Hufo Cao cam \"tam Idng bidt nhdn lien tai\", viet chii tdng vidn qudn nguc vd ndi nhiing Idi tam huyit. Cin nhan xet hai thdi do do tuy khdc nhau, nhung deu hgp 11, phu hgp vdi hoan canh va nhan cdch cua nhan vdt Huan Cao. 11

HAU TROI TAN DA K^T QUA CAN OAT ~->^ Cam nhan dugc tam hdn lang man dgc dao ciia thi sT Tan Da va nhOng dau hieu ddi mdi ca ve ndi dung va nghe thuat theo hudng hien dai ciia tha ca Viet Nam vao dIu nhiing nam 20 ciia the ki XX. ^ TIEU DAN Tan Da (1889 -1939) tdn khai sinh la Nguyin Khac Hieu, que d lang Khe Thugng, huyen Bat Bat, tinh Son Tay (nay thudc huyen Ba Vi, Ha Ndi). Que huong dng nlm ben bd sdng Da, gan chan mii Tan Vien. Ong sinh ra va ldn len trong budi giao thdi, Han hgc da tan ma Tay hpe cung mdi bit dau, nen con ngudi dng, ki ca hgc van, Idi sdng va su nghiep van chuong deu mang dau an \"ngudi cua hai the ki\" (Hoai Thahh). Tan Da theo hpe chii Han tir nho, nhung sau hai khoa thi Huong hong, dng bd thi, chuyen sang sang tac van chuong qudc ngii. Vao nhiing nam 20 cQa the ki XX, ten tudi Tan Da noi len nhu mpt ngdi sao sang trSn thi dan. cac tac pham chinh cua Tan Da: Khdi tinh con I, II (tha -1916,1918), Giac mdng con I, II (truy$n phifiu luu viin tudng - 1916, 1932), Khdi tinh bdn chinh, Khdi tinh bdn phii (luan thuyet -1918), Cdn chai (thova van xudi -1921), ThaTdnDd (1925), Gidc mdng Urn (tu truyen -1928),... Dieu tam hon mdi me, \"cai tdi\" lang man bay bdng, vira phdng khoang, ngdng nghfinh, vira cam thuong, uu ai trong tho van dng da chinh phuc the he doe gia mdi dau thd ki XX. Giiia liic tho phii nha nho tan cude. Tin Da cd loi di rieng, vira tim ve vdi ngpn nguon tho ea dan gian va dan tdc, vira cd nhiing sang tao dpc dao, tai hoa. Thovan dng cd thi xem nhu mdt gach ndi giiia hai thdi dai van hpe cua dan tdc: trung dai va hien dai. Bai Hau Troi in trong tap Cdn chci, xua't ban lan dau nam 1921. Trong tac pham nay cdn cd nhiing bai ndi tieng khac nhu Cdn chai, Lo vdn e, Tdng biet,... Tan Da 12

VAN BAN Dem qua chang biet cd hay khdng, Chang phai hoang hdt, khdng ma mdng. That hdn ! That phach! That than the ! That dugc len tien - sudng la limg. Nguyen luc canh ba ndm mdt minh, Vat chan dudi bdng ngpn den xanh. Nam buon, ngoi day dun nudc udng, Udng xong am nude, nam ngam van. Choi van ngam chan lai choi trang Ra san cimg bdng di tung tang Tren trdi bdng thay hai cd xudng Mieng cudi mum mim cimg ndi rang: - \"Trdi nghe ha gidi ai ngam nga, Tieng ngam vang ca sdng Ngan Ha'^'l Lam Trdi mat ngil, Trdi duong mSng Cd hay len dpc, Trdi nghe qua.\" Udc mai bay gid mdi gap tien! Ngudi tien nghe tieng lai nhu quen! van chuong nao cd hay cho lam Trdi da sai goi thdi phai len. Theo hai cd tien len dudng may Vii vu khdng canh ma nhu bay. Cua son dd chdi, oai rue rd Thien mon de khuydt'^'nhu la day! vao trdng th^y Trdi, sup xudng lay Trdi sai tien nii dat Idi day. Ghe banh nhu tuyet vari nhu may Truyen cho van si ngdi choi day. Chu tien ngdi quanh da tinh tuc'^^ Trdi sai pha nude de nhap gigng. Truyin cho \"van si dgc van nghe !\" - \"Da bam lay Trdi con xin dgc.\" (1) Ngdn Hd {ngdn: bac; hd: con sdng): ten gpi eua dai sao day dac vat ngang bau trdi, trdng nhu mdt ddng sdng bac. (2) Thien mon dekhuyet {thien mon : cua trdi; dekhuyet: cai lau canh ciia d cung vua hoac cung trdi): chi eua trdi. (3) Tinh tuc {tinh hay tinh : yen ISng; nic: tni lai, d lai): ngoi yen ehd, ngdi yen lang. 13

Dgc het van van sang van xudi Het van thuyet li l^i van chai Duong con d^c y dgc da thich Che trdi nh^p gigng cang tot hgi. Van dai hoi tot ran cung may! Trdi nghe, Trdi ciing lay lam hay. Tam^i^ nhu nd d^, Co^^) i^ i^oi Hing Nga^3^ Chiic Nii<*^ chau ddi may Song Thanh, Tiiu Nggc^^ Idng tai diing Dgc xong mdi bai ciing vd tay. - \"Bam con khdng ddm man<^^ cua Trdi Nhiing dng van eon in cd roi Hai quyen Khoi tinh vdn thuyet 11 Hai Khdi tinh con la vdn choi Thdn tien, Gidc mdng van tieu thuyet Ddi guang, Len sdu vdn vi ddi Quyen Ddn bd Tdu Idi vdn dich Den quyen Len tdm^''^ nay Id mudi Nhd Trdi van eon cdn bdn dugc Chua biet con in ra may muoi ?\" Van da giau thay, 1^ 1dm loi Trdi nghe Trdi cung bat budn cudi! Chu tien ao udc tranh nhau dan: - \"Anh gdnh len day bdn chg Trdi!\" Trdi l£U phe cho : \"Vdn that tuydt! Vdn tran duac the chic cd it! (1) Tdm : ten mpt ngdi sao, d day tac gia cdn lay ci nghia chii tdm la \"Idng d^\" di vidt nd dd (mdt Idi choi chu). (2) Ca: ten mpt ngdi sao. Ca (chu Han) cdn cd nghia la \"cai thung\", \"cdi m?t\", ttr dd tac gid lay nghia bdng de vidt le luai (mdt Idi choi chii). (3) Hdng Nga: ten gpi mat trang, ciing chi ngudi con gai d^p. (4) Chiic NO: ten mpt ngdi sao 6 phia bdc sdng Ngan Ha, ciing la ten ngudi con gai dft vii trong truyfin co Nguu Lang - Chiic NU. (5) Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc: ten hai thj nii cua ba Tay Vuong MSU trfin trdi. (6) Man: ddi tra. (7) Khdi tinh, Khdi tinh con, Thdn tien, Gidc mgng, Ddi guang Len sdu, Ddn bd Tdu, Lin tdm : ten cac tac phdm cua Tin Da. 14

Nhdi van chudt dep nhu sao bang! Khi vdn hiing manh nhu may chuyin! Em nhu gid thoang, tinh nhu suong! Dim nhu mua sa, lanh nhu tuyet! Ching hay van si ten hg ^ ? Ngudi d phuong nao, ta chua biet.\" - \"D^, bam lay Trdi con xin thua Con ten Khac Hieu hg la Nguyin Que dA chau vi Dia ciu Sdng Da nui Tdn nude Nam Viet.\" Nghe xong Trdi ngg rndt luc lau Sai bao thidn tao'^' lay sd xet. Thien tao tra sd xet vua xong D$ sd len trinh Thugng de trdng - \"Bam qua cd ten Nguyin Khac Hieu Day xudng ha gidi vi tdi ngdng.\" Trdi ring: \"Khdng phdi Id Trdi ddy, Trdi dinh sai con mdt viec nay La vi^c \"thign luang\"'^) cua nhan lo?u, Cho con xudng thuat ciing ddi hay.\" - \"Bim Trdi, canh con thuc ngheo khd Trin gian thudc dat cung khdng cd Nhd Trdi nam xua hgc it nhiiu Vdn lieng cdn mdt bung vdn dd. Giiy ngudi muc ngudi thue ngudi in Mudn cua hang ngudi bdn phudng phd. Vdn chuong ha gidi re nhu beo Kiem dugc ddng lai thue rat khd. Kiem dugc thdi it tieu thdi nhieu Lam mai quanh nam chang du tieu. (1) Thien tdo: chd d eia Trdi, trong cau nay tac gid mudn ndi mdt vi quan trdng coi sd sach tren trdi. (2) Thien luang : theo Tin Da, thien luang d mdi con ngudi m^f thuOc vao su tu dudng eua ban than. 6 nhiiu tac pham khac, Tdn Da van tu nhan minh la ngudi dupe Trdi trao cho nhi$m vu lam sao cho thiin luang dupe hung thinh 6 ha gidi : Hai chti \"thien luang\" thdng Hieu nha - Ddm xin khdng phv Trdi trdng mong (Tiin dng Cdng lin chdu Trdi). 15

Lo an lo mdc h^t ngay thdng Hgc ngay mdt kem tudi ngay cao Sue trong non yeu ngoai chen rap Mdt cay che chdng bdn ndm chiiu. Trdi 1^ sai con vi$c nang qud Biet lam cd dugc ma ddm theo.\" Rang: \"Con khdng ndi Trdi da biet Trdi diu ngdi cao, Trdi thiu het Thdi con cur vi md lam dn Ldng thdng chd ngai chi suong tuyet I\" vang nhdi Trdi day, lay xin ra Trdi sai Khien Nguu'^' ddng xe tiin Xe trdi da chuc ngoai thifin mdn Chu tien theo ra ciing tiin bi$t. Hai hang luy bi$t gipt suong roi Trdng xudng tran gian v^n djm khoi. Thien tien'^* d lai, trich tien'^' xudng Theo dudng khdng khi vi tran ai. D6m khuya khi thanh sao thua vdng Trang ta dua Idi ve non Doai'*'. Non Doai da tdi que tran gidi, Trdng len chu tien khdng cdn ai. Tidng ga xao xac, tiing ngudi d$y Giiia san cdn dung ridng ngam ngiii. Mdt nam ba tram sau muoi dem, Sao duoc mdi d6m Ifin hau Trdi I (Theo Tuyin tdp Tdn Dd, NXB van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1986) (1) Khien Nguu: ten mdt ngdi sao d phia nam sdng Ngan Ha, cung la ten chang chan trau trong truyen cd Ngicu Lang - Chiic Nu, da duoc Ngpc Hoang gk Chiic Nu cho, nhung vi pham tdi, bi Ngpc Hoang phat, mdi nam chi dupe qua cau 6 Thudc (bdc qua sdng Ngan Ha) gap Chiic Nii mpt lan vao ngay th& tich (7 - 7 am lich). (2) Thien tien: tien d tren trdi. (3) Trich tiin: tifin bi day xudng hij gidi. 6 nhiiu tac pham khac, Tan Da ty nh?in minh la trich tiin. (4) Non Dodi: niii d vi phia tay, chi qu6 huong cua Tin Da (nui Tin Vien d phia tay eua Ha N0i). 16

HUlorNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Anh (chi) hay phan tieh khd tha diu. Cdch vao de eua bai tho ggi cho ngudi dgc cam gidc nhu the nao vi eau ehuyen ma tdc gia sdp ke ? 2. Tdc gia da ke l^i chuyen minh dgc tho cho Trdi va chu tien nghe nhu the nao ? (Thdi dg cua tdc gid, cua chu tien vd nhirng loi khen cua Trdi.) Qua doan tha dd, anh (chi) cam nh§n dugc nhung diiu ^ vi cd tinh nha tha va niem khao khdt chan thdnh cua thi si ? N h ^ xet vi gigng ke eua tac gia. 3. Cdm hiing chu dao cua bai tha la cam hiing lang man, nhung trong bai lai cd mdt doan rat hi^n thuc. Dd la doan tha ndo ? Tim hieu y nghia doan tha dd. Theo anh (chi), hai ngudn cam hiing nay d thi si Tan Da cd mdi hen he vdi nhau nhu the nao ? 4. v i mat nghe thuat, bai tha nay cd gi mdi va hay ? (Chu y cdc m$t: the loai, ngdn tir, cdch bieu hien cdm x^c, hu eau nghe thu^t,...) ,— CHI NHO . Qua bai Hau Trai, Tdn Da da manh dan tu bieu hien \"cai tdi\" ca nhan - mdt \"cai tdi\" ngdng, phdng tung, tu y thiic ve tai nang, gia tri di'eh thue eiia minh va khao khat dugc khing djnh giua eude ddi. Bai thd cd nhieu sang tao trong hinh thiic nghe thuat : the tha theft ngdn trudng thien kha tu do, gigng di^u thoai mai, tu nhien, ngdn ngCr gian dj, sdng ddng, hdm hfnh. LUYEN TAP 1. Bai Hau Trdi cd y tudng gi hoac cau tha nao lam cho anh (chi) thich thu nha't ? Hay viet mdt doan van trinh bay cam xuc cua minh. 2*. Anh (chi) hiiu the ndo la \"ngdng\" ? Cdi \"ngdng\" trong van chuong thudng bdc Id mdt thdi do sdng nhu the ndo ? (Cd the dan chirng qua nhirng tdc pham da hgc.) Cai \"ngdng\" ciia thi si Tan Da tiong bai tha nay bieu hien d nhiing diem ndo vd cd the giai thich ra sao ? 2.NGavAN.11/2-A 17

NGHiA CUA CAU (Tiep theo) HI-NGHIA TINH THAI Nghia tinh thdi la mdt linh vuc phiic tap, gdm nhieu khia canh khdc nhau. Bai nay chi tap trung vao hai trudng h g p : 1. Su nhin n h p i , danh gia va thdi do cda ngudi ndi ddi vdi su vi$c dugc de c$p den trong cau. Khi d i cap den su vide nao do, ngudi ndi khdng the khdng bdc Ig thdi dg, su ddnh , gid eua minh ddi vdi su viec dd. Dd cd the la sii tin tudng chdq chan, su hoai nghi, su phdng dodn, su ddnh gia cao hay thap, tdt hay xau, su nhan manhiiodc coi nh^,... ddi vdi sir vi$c. Mdt sd vi du (tii ngii the hi$n nghia tinh thdi dugc in dam): - Khing dinh tinh chan thyc cua su vide: + Su that Id ddn ta da lay lai nudc Vi^tNam tii tay Nhdt, chii khdng phdi tU tayPhdp. (Ho Chf Minh, Tuyin ngdn Dgc Idp) + Bd Kien qud cd y mudn ddn xip ciing hdn that. (Nam Cao, C/w'P/ieo) - Phdng dodn su vide vdi do tin cay cao hode vdi dd tin c$y thap: + Khi Chi Pheo mdmdt thi trdi sdng da Idu. Mdt trdi chdc dd len cao, vd ndng ben ngodi chac Id rue ra. {Nam Cao, Chi Phio) + Hinh nhu trong y mu, mu nghi: Chung mdy d nhd tao, thi nhiing thii cda chdng mdy cung nhu cua tao. (Kim Lan, lang) - Ddnh gid v i miic do hay so lughg ddi vdi mdt phuang didn nao do cua suviee: + Tdi xin thi vdi dng rdng, tuy chinh phu cd cho tdi hai trdm mdu don diin that, nhung tdi mdt theo vdo cdi ay cd den sdu vg,n bgx:, md vdn chua thu vi mqt xu ndo cd! (VuTrpngPhyng, Gjd/jgro) + Vdi lai, dem hg chi mua bao diem hay gdi thuoc Id cung. (Th^ch Lam, Hai diia tre) - Ddnh gia sy viec cd thue hay khdng cd thyc, da xdy ra hay chua xdy r a : + Gid thu dem qud khdng cd thi thi hdn chet. (NamCao, C/iiPftdo) + Hdn nhdt mdt hdn gach vd, toan ddp ddu. {Nam Cao, Chi Phio) 18 2.NG0VANII/2-B

- Khang dinh tinh tat yeu, su cin thiet hay kha ndng cua su vi^c : + Viic til bd vdn hod cha dng vd tieng m? de phdi Idm cho moi ngudi An Nam tha thiit vdi gidng ndi lo ldng. (Nguyin An Ninh, Tieng m? de - nguon gidi phdng cdc ddn toe bi dp bdc) + Tao khdng the Id ngudi luong thiin nita. • (Nam Cao, Chi Pheo) + Trudng ki khdng chiin nhdt dinh thdng lai. (Trudng Chinh) 2. Tinh cam, thdi dp cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngudi nghe Ngudi ndi the hien rd thdi dg, tinh cam ddi vdi ngudi nghe thdng qua cdc tii ngii xung hd, tii ngii cam than, tir tinh thai d cudi cau,.... Vidu: - Tinh cdm tiidn mat, gin gdi: + Em thdp den len chi Lien nhe ? (Th^eh Lam, Hai dda tre) + Cdi chdng ndy sdp gay roi chi nhi ? (Ih^ch Lam, Hai diia tre) - Thdi dd buc tiic, hdch dich: ... ^ Ong li cau mat, lac ddu, gia roi song to bdng ngdn chdn cdi lin trdi, ddm doa: - Ke mdy, theo linh quan, tao chieu so dinh, thi ldn ndy den lugt mdy roi. (Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Tinh thdn thid^c) - Thai dd kinh can: Ngudi loong toong dap: - Bdm chi mdi cd hai dng a Hdi Phdng vd dHd Ngive trinh so sdch. (Vu Trpng Phyng, Gidng td) ^ : GHI NHO . Nghia tinh thai the hien thai do, su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi su viec hoac ddi vdi ngudi nghe. Nd ed thi dugc bdc Id rieng qua eae tu ngu tinh thai trong cdu. • 19

LUYEN TAP 1. Phan tich nghia su viec va nghia tinh thdi trong cdc cau sau: a) Ngodi ndy ndng do cdnh cam Chdc trong ay ndng xanh lam nggn diia. {To Hvai, Tieng hdt sang xudn) b) Tdm dnh chup hai me con kia rd rdng Id mg Du vd thdng DUng. (Nguyen Hong, Mff DM) c) That la mdt cdi gdng xiing ddng vdi tdi dn sdu ngucri tic til. (Ngay&nTuan.Chii ngudi ta tii) d) Xua nay hdn cMsdng bdnggidt cuop vd doa nQ.t. Niu khdng cdn sitcmd gidt cuop, doa nqt nita thi sao ? Dd ddnh, hdn chi manh vi liiu. {NamCao, Chi Pheo) 2. Xdc dinh nhiing tii ngii the hien nghia tinh thdi trong cdc cau sau : a) Ndi ciia ddng tdi, thdng be hay dn chdng ldn Idm. b) Cugc ddu tranh chdng Icii ke thii cd thi con gay go, quyit Hit han nita. c) Nd mua chiic do ndy nhiing hai trdm ngdn dong day. d) Anh da hen din dif sinh nhdt kia md! 3. Chgn tii ngir tinh thai d cot B diin vao chd trdng cua cau d cot A de t$o nen cau cd nghia tinh thai phu hgp vdi nghia su viec. AB a) Chi Pheo /.../ dd trdng trudc thay tuoi gid cua hdn, ddi ret di vd dm dau, vd cd dgc, cdi ndy cdn ddng sg han ddi ret vd dm chdle tdn «dau. {Theo Nam Cao, ChiPheo) hinh nhu b) Hdm nay trong dng gido ciing cd td tdm /.../ hg khdng phdi di ggi ddu. {Theo Thach Lam, Hai diia tre) c) Bdng bdc minh mdng ngd xudng ddt mot vungvd keo ddi ' din /.../ hdng rdo hai bin ngd. {Theo Thach Lam, Hai dua tre) 4. Ddt eau vdi mdi tir ngu' tinh thai sau day: chua biit chimg. Id cung, it ra, nghe ndi, chd le, hod ra, su that Id, ca md, dac bi$t Id, ddy md. 20

v d i VANG XUAN DIEU KET QUA CAN OAT - Cam nhan dugc niem khao khat sdng manh lidt, sdng hit minh va quan ni$m ve thdi gian, ve tudi tre va hanh phuc ciia-Xuan Dieu. Thay dugc su ket hop nhuan nhj giua mach cam xuc manh liet, doi dao va mach luan If sau sac ; nhCrng sang tao dgc dao ve nghe thuat cua nha tha. TIEU DAN Xuan Dieu (1916 - 1985) cdn cd but danh la Trao Nha, ten khai sinh la Ngd Xuan Dieu. 6ng than sinh Xuan Dieu la mpt nha nho, que d larig Trao Nha (nay la xa Dai Ldc), huyen Can Lde„- tinh Ha Tinh; me thi si que d Gd Bdi, xa Tiing Gian, huyen Tuy Phudc, tinh Binh Dinh. Xuan Dieu ldn len d Quy Nhom. Sau khi tdt nghiep tii tai, dng di day hpe tu va lam vien chuc d MI Tho (nay la Tiin Giang), sau dd ra Ha Ndi sdng bang nghi vidt van, la thanh vien cua Tu luc van doan. Xuan Dieu tham gia Mat tran Vi6t Minh ttr trudc Cach niang thang Tam nam 1945. Ong hang say hoat dpng trong linh vuc van hoa nghe thuat. Ca eude ddi dng gdn bd vdi nen vin hoc dan tdc. Ong la U^ vien Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Vipt Nam cdc khoa 1, H, 111. NSm 1983, Xuan Di^u duoc bau la Vien SI thdng tail Vien Han lam nghe thuat Cdng hoa dan chu Due. Xuan Dieu la nha tho \"mdi nhat trong cac nha tho mdi\" (Hoai Thanh). Ong da dem den cho tho ca duong thdi mdt siic sdng mdi, mdt ngudn cam xiic mdi, the hien mdt quan niem sdng mdi me cimg vdi nhiing each tan nghe thuat day sang tao. Ong la nha tho eia tinh yeu, cua miia xuan va tudi tri vdi mpt gipng tho sdi ndi, dam say, yeu ddi thdm thidt. Tii sau Cach mang, tho Xuan Dieu hudng manh vao thue t i ddi sdng va rat giau tinh thdi su. Ong co vii va hang hai thi nghiem khuynh hudng tang cudng chat hien thuc trong tho. Xuan Dieu la mdt cay biit cd sue sang tao manh liet, ddi dao, bin bi, ed ddng gdp to ldn tien nhiiu linh vuc ddi vdi nin van hpe Viet Nam hien dai. Xuan Dieu xiing dang vdi danh hieu mot nha tho ldn, mdt nghe si ldn, mpt nha van hoa ldn. Ong diloc Nha nude tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hoc nghe thuat (1996). Xuan Dieu de lai mdt su nghiep van hoc ldn, tieu biiu la cac tap tho: Tha tha {1938), Gui huang cho gid (1945), Riing chung (1960), MUi Cd Mau - Cam tdy (1962), Hai dot sdng (1967), Tdi gidu ddi md'f (1970), Thanh ca (1982) ; cac tip van xudi: PfidH thdrigddng (1939), Trwowg ca (1945) ; cic tap tieu M n phd binh, nghien cuu van hpe: Nhiing buac duang tu tudng tua tdi (1958), (2dc nhd tho cd dien Viit Nam, hai tap (1981, 1982), Cdng i/i^c Zam t^o (1984),... Xuan Dieu Vdi vdng duoc in trong tap Tha tha, la mdt trong nhirng bai tho tieu biiu nhat cda Xuan Dieu trudc Cach mang thang Tam. 21

VAN BAN Tdng va Dinh Liin Tdi mudn tit ning di Cho mdu dung,nhat mat; Tdi mudn huge gid lai Cho huong dung bay di. Cda ong budm nay ddy tuin thdng mat'i'; Ndy ddy hoa eua ddng ndi xanh ri; Ndy day Id cua canh ta pha phat; Cua yen anh'^) ^^y ^^y khuc tinh si; Vd ndy ddy dnh sdng chop hdng mi, Mdi budi sdm, thin Vui hang gd cua; Thdng gieng ngon nhu mdt cap mdi gin; Tdi sung sudng. Nhung vdi vdng mdt nua: Tdi khdng chd ning ha mdi hoai xuan'3'. Xudn duong tdi, nghia la xudn duang qua, . Xudn cdn non, nghia Id xudn se gid, Md xudn hit, nghia Id tdi cdng mit. Ldng tdi rdng, nhung lugng trdi cii chat, Khdng cho ddi thdi tri cua nhdn giam, Ndi 1dm chi ring xuan vdn tuin hoan''*^ Neu tudi tri chang hai lin thim 1^^^'! Cdn trdi dit, nhung ching cdn tdi mai, Ndn bdng khudng tdi tiec cd dit trdi ; Miii thdng ndm diu rdm vi chia phdi, Khip sdng nui vin than thim tiin biet... Con gid xinh thi thao trong Id biec, ' Phdi chdng hdn vi ndi phdi bay di ? Chim rgn rdng bdng diit tiing reo thi, Phdi chdng sg dd phai tan sip sua ? (1) Tuan thdng mdt (hay tudn trdng mdt): theo phong tuc chSu Au, 30 ngay sau li kit hdn gpi la thang mat ciia va chdng. (j cau tho nay, cum tii tudn thdng mat cdn cd nghia: mua xuan hoa nd nhiiu, ong budm di hiit tihuy hoa di l^y mat. ca hai nghia diu ndi len ^ vui sdng manh liet. (2) ygh anh: chim ydn chim oanh, con trdng con mat ludn qu& qui^ nhau, thudng dupe so sanh vdi su thfoi thidt trong tinh yeu nam nir, vp chdng. (3)/fo(ii JCM/Jn: nhd tide miia xuan. (4) Tudn hodn: theothii t\\f ma xoay vin. 6 day y ndi miia xuan vin trd di trd lai. (5) Trong bin in lin dau, cau tho nay la \"Neu ddn nira khdng phai rSng gap lai!\". 0 day ghi theo cau tho tac gia da siia lai. 22

Chang bao gid, di! Chang bao gid niia.;. Mau di thdi! Mua chua ngd chiiu hdm, Ta mudn dm Cd su sdng mdi bit diu mon mdn; Ta mudn riit may dua vd gid lugn, Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yeu, Ta mudn thau trong mgt cdi hdn nhiiu Va non nudc, va cay, va cd rang, Cho chenh chodng mtii tham, cho da diy dnh sdng, Cho no ne thanh sac cua thdi tuoi; - Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn can vdo nguoi! (Theo Tha tha, NXB Ddi nay. Ha Ndi, 1938) HUdNG D A N HOC BAI 1. Bai tha cd the chia Idm miy doan ? Neu y chinh cua tiing doan. 2. Xudii Di$u cdm nhdn vi thdi gian nhu the ndo ? Vi sao nhd tho cd tam trang vdi vdng, cudng quyt trudc su trdi qua nhanh chdng cua thdi gian ? 3. Hinh dnh thidn nhien, su sdng quen thudc dugc tde gid cdm nhan va diin ta nhu thi nao ? Hay chi ra nhirng net mdi trong quan niem cda Xudn Dieu vi eude sdng, tudi tri va hanh phde. 4. Hay nhan xdt vi ddc diem cua hinh dnh, n^dn ttr, nhip didu trong d o ^ tha cudi cua bai tha. Nhd tha da sdng tao dugc hinh dnh nao ma anh (chi) cho Id mdi mi, ddc ddo nhit ? , GHI N H O , Voi vang la Idi giyc gia hay sdng manh lidt, sdng hit minh, hay quy trgng tung gidy, tung phut eiia eude ddi minh, nhat la nhung thdng nam tudi tre cua mgt hdn tha ydu ddi, ham sdng din cudng nhidt. Tu tudng dd dugc t h i hidn qua mdt hinh thiie ngh§ thudt didu luyen : su ket hgp nhuan nhj giCra mach cam . xijc va mach ludn If, gigng di§u say md, sdi ndi, nhung sang tao ddc dao ve ngdn ttr va hinh anh tha. LUYEN TAP Trong Nhd vdn hi$n dq,i, nhd phe binh, nghien ciiu vdn hgc Vu Nggc Phan da viit: \"Vdi nhung ngudn cdm hiing mdi : ydu duong vd tudi xudn, du luc vui hay luc budn, Xudn Didu cung ru thanh nien bang gigng ydu ddi tham thia\". Qiia phdn tich bdi tho Vgi vdng, anh (chi) hay 1dm sdng td nhdn dinh tren. 23

THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO K^T QUA CAN OAT - • Hiiu dugc muc dieh, yeu elu ciia thao tac Idp luan bac bd. • Biet each Idp luan bac bd trong bai nghj ludn. - MUC DICH, YiU CAU CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN B A C BO Trong ddi sdng cung nhu trong sdch bdo, ta cd the bit gdp nhiing y kien sai lim, nhiing Idi ndi, bdi viet lech lac, thieu chinh xdc (trai ngugc vdi thuc ti, vdi d^o If, khdng phu hgp vdi chan li,... hoac sir dung cdch, lap luan khdng Idgic, phdn khoa hgc,...). Trudc nhiing tinh hudng iy, ta thudng tiao ddi lai, tranh luan di bdc bd y kiin sai tidi dd. Tic diin tiing Viit giai thich: \"Bdc bd (dg): bdc di, gat di, khdng chap nhdn. Bdc bd y kiin. Bdc bd ludn diiu vu khdng. Du dn bi bdc bd.\"''' v i bdn chat, nghi ludn la tranh ludn di bdc bd nhiing quan diem, y kiin khdng dung; bay td vd benh vuc nhiing quan diim, y kien dung dan. De nghi ludn thdm sau sac vd gidu tinh thuyit phuc, can phai biet bdc bd, tiic la dung cdc li le vd din chiing»dung din, khoa-hgc de chi rd nhiing sai lim, Idch l^c, thieu khoa hgc eda mdt quan diim, y kien ndo dd. Khi bdc bd y kien ngudi khdc, cin nim chdc nhiing sai lim cua hg, dua ra cdc 11 le vd bang chiing thuyet phuc vdi thdi do thing thin nhung can trgng, cd chiing muc, phu hgp vdi hoan canh vd ddi tugng tranh ludn. H-CACHBACBO 1. Dgc cdc doan trich sau vd trd Idi cdc cdu hdi. a) Khdi ddu chuangTV, ndi vi cd tinh Nguyin Du ta dgc thdy: \"Trudc hit ta phdi ghi diiu nhdn xit quan trgng ndy: Nguyin Du la mdt con binh thdn kinh\" (tr. 20) roi xa mdt chut it: \"... mdt cdnh dim thu, trong mdt tup Uu dudi mdt nggn doi, thi SI dang quan quai tren giudng, vi binh thdn kinh cua minh\" (tr. 131). Ta tu hdi: Tdc gid '2) cdn cii vdo ddu md biit nhu vdy rdng Nguyin Du mdc binh thdn kinh, mdt th a \"binh thdn kinh khdng cd su tSn thuang vi khi quan \"?Cdn cii vdo nhiing chung ngdn cua ngudi dong thdi vdi Nguyen Du, hay vdo nhiing di but cua thi si ? (1) Hoang Phe (ChA bien), Tiidiin ti^ng Viit, NXB Da NSng - Trung tam Tii diin hpe, 2002. (2) Nguyin Bdeh Khoa (Truong Tihi), Nguyin Du vd \"Truyin KiSu\", 1942. 24

Khdng thi ddu. Vi di but ciia Nguyin Du, tdc gid cd ddn mdy cdu trich bdi \"Man hung\", bdi \"U cu\", nhung nhiing cdu dd chi ndi rdng Nguyin Du mdc binh thdi, chd khdng ndi Id mdc binh thdn kinh. Pa-xcan cdng la ngudi mang binh, md tu tudng dng vdn sdng sugt vd khoe manh phi thudng. Tdc gid dd cdn cu vdo cdi khiiu do gidc cua Nguyin Du, biiu thi ra a bdi \"Vdn ti thdp loQLi chung sinh\" vd mdy bdi tha khdc nita. Tdc gid cho rdng Nguyin Du dd trdng thdy ma quy thuc (a bdi \"Lam giang\") chd khdng phdi thdy chung trong titdng tugng. Cdn cii vdo mdy bdi tha md quyit dodn rdng ngudi Idm ra nd mdc chung benh log,n thdn kinh din ndi ludn ludn trdng thdy do hinh, dd Id mdt su qud bao. Gia diS'^^ tdc gid lai khdng dem bdng chung ndo khdc nua dibenh vuc thuyit cua dng ngodi cdi ldng tin qud quyit cua dng... Di chiing rdng mdt ngudi trdng thdy ma quy thuc md ddn mdy cdu tua nhu: \"DI ngan bdng bao loi - Hdng ddo kiin ki quy\"^^\\ thi loi Idp ludn dy cd khoa hgc khdng ? Niu khdng cd bdng chiing gi khdc mdy bdi tha td sg hdi vd sdu mudn cua Nguyin Du, thi cdi md tdc gid bdo Id do gidc (hallucinations), ta cho Id tudng tugng cua nghi si. Cd nhiing thi siAnh CdtLgi, Na Uy, Dan Mach thudng sdn thu tudng tugng kl di, cd khi qudi di ay.. Thiit tudng mgt ngudi ban ngdy trdng thdy ma quy, ban dim trdng thdy dm hon, tdt phdi Id mdt ngudi cd bd thdn kinh rdi loan vd khung hgdng tdi cue do vd ngudi dy khdng tdi ndo cd dugc cdi nghi thuat minh mdn cuaki tao ra \"Truyin Kiiu\". (Dinh Gia Trinh, Hodi vong ciia li tri, NXB Van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1996) b) Nhiiu dong bdo chung ta, dibiin minh viic tic bd tiing m^ de, dd than phiin rdng tiing nudc minh ngheo ndn. Ldi trdch cii ndy khdng cd casd ndo cd. Hg chi biit nhiing tic thdng dung cua ngdn ngu vd cdn ngheo nhiing tit An Nam^^^ han bdt cii ngudi phu nd vd ndng ddn An Nam ndo. Ngdn ngd ciia Nguyin Du ngheo hay gidu ? Vi sao ngudi An Nam cd thi dich nhiing tdc phdm cda Trung Qudc sang nudc minh, md lai khdng thi viit nhiing tdc phdm tuang tu? Phdi quy ldi cho su ngheo ndn cua ngdn ngd hay su bdt tdi ciia con ngudi ? (Nguyin An Ninh, Tieng mede- nguon gidi phdng cdc ddn tgc bi dp bdc) c) [...] Cd ngudi bdo: Tdi hiit, tdi bf binh, mdc tdi! Xin ddp lai: Hut thudc Id quyin cda anh, nhung anh khdng cd quyin ddu ddc nhiing ngudi 6 gdn anh. Anh udng rugu say mem, anh Idm anh chiu. Nhung hut thudc thi rigudi gdn anh cung hit phdi luSng khdi dgc. Diiu ndy hdng nghin cdng trinh nghiin ciiu dd chiing minh rdt rd. (1) Gia di: hon nira, them niia. (2) cau nay ed nghia: Bd sdng Id sut dm dm nhu sdng dQ - Sdng ldn nhu thdy cd quf la, (3) An Nam: ehi Viet Nam thdi dd. 25

Va con, nhiing ngudi Idm viic cung phdng vdi nhiing ngudi nghiin thudc cung bi nhiimd^c, cung dau tim mach, viim phi qudn, cungbi ung thu. Anh cd quyin hut, nhung cd mdt ngudi khdc, xin mdi anh ra ngodi sdn, ngodi hdnh lang md hut. Tdi nghiep thay nhiing cdi thai cdn ndm trong bung me, chi vi cd ngudi hdt thudc ngoi cg,nh me md thai bi nhiim dgc, roi me de non, con sinh ra ddsuyyiu. Hut thudc canh m0t ngudi ddn bd cd thai qud Id mdt tdi dc. Bd vd anh hdt, chu bdc hut khdng nhiing ddu dgc con em md cdn niu guangxdu... (Nguyin Khdc Vien, On dich, thudc Id) Cdu hdi: Trong ba doan trich tren: - Lulin diim nao bi bdc bd ? Bdc bd bdng cdch nao ? - Luan cii ndo hi bdc bd ? Cdch bdc bd ra sao ? - Cdch lap ludn ndo bi bdc bd ? Hdy phdn tich. 2. Hay cho biet cdc cdch thiic bdc bd. GHINHd- • Bdc bd Id dung If le va chiing eii 66 gat bd nhung quan d i i m , y kiin sai lech hode thiiu chfnh xac,... tu dd, ndu y kiin diing ciia minh d i thuyit phyc^ ngudi nghe (ngudi dgc). • Cd t h i bdc bd mdt ludn d i i m , ludn cu hoac each lap ludn bing each ndu tdc hai, ehi ra nguydn nhdn hode phdn tfch nhung khfa canh sai Ideh, thiiu chfnh xdc,... eua ludn diem, ludn eii, Idp luan ay. • Khi bac bd, cin td thai dd khdch quan, ddng muc. LUYINTAP 1. Dgc hai doan trich sau vd tid ldi cdc cdu hdi. a) Ngudi ta thudng ndi: \"Ciing qud thi gay\". Ke si chi lo khdng cung cdi dugc, cdn gay hay khdng Id vi$c cua trdi. Sao lai dodn trudc Id segdy md chiu ddi cdng ra mim ? Ngd Td Vdn la m0t chdng do vdi. Vi cdng cdi md ddm ddt chdy din td, chdng Igi yiu ma, Idm mdt viic hon cd thdn vd ngudi. Bdi thi dugc ndi tiing vd dugc gid chdc vi 6 Minh ti, th4t Id xiing ddng. Vdy ke si, khdng nin kiing sg sif cdngcdi. (Nguyin Dii, Chuyen chiic phdn sif din Tdn Viiri) 26

b) Tu trudc din nay dd cd nhiiu dinh nghia vi tha, nhung ldi dinh nghia ndo cung vdn khdng du. Cd ngudi nghi rdng tha Id nhung ldi d?p. Nhung ddu phdi nhu vdy. Dudi nggn but cua Ho Xudn Huang, nhiing chii tdm thudng cua ldi ndi hdng ngdy ndm na mdch que dd trd thdnh nhiing ldi tha dugc truyin tung mdi. Vd NguyinDu khdng nhiing di lai nhungcdu thanhu \"Maicdtcdch, tuyittinh thdn\" md cdn viit: \"Thodt trdng ldn Igt mdu da. An gi cao ldn ddy dd lam sao!\" Cung khdng phdi tha Id nhiing di tdi \"dep\", phong hoa tuyit nguyit cda cdc cu ngdy xua, hode nhiing nha mdng sdu luy ciia cdc chdng vd ndng rhgt thdi truac Odch mang. Nhd thaPhdp Bd-da-le dd Idm bdi tha ndi tiing vi cdi xdc chd chit ddy ddi bg, vd & thdi chung ta, cdi xe dap, khdu ba-dd-ca, cho din cdi ba Id trin vai chiin si, bdng ddy thep gai hung dc cua don gidc,... diu cd thi dem ndi trong tha. Nhd tha ngdy nay khdng di tim cdi mudn ddi viin vdng bin ngodi cudc sdng thvc cua con ngudi... (TheoN^yknDmhThi, Mdy ^ nghi vi tha, bao Vd« ngh^, ngay 30 - 4-.2003) Cdu hdi: - Chi ra y kiin.^quan diem ma Nguyin Dii vd Nguyin Dinh Thi da bdc bd d hai doan trich tren. - Cdch bdc bd va gigng vdn cua hai tdc gid cd nhiing net gi khdc nhau ? - Anh (chi) nit ra dugc nhiing bdi hgc gi vi cdch bdc bd ? 2. Trong Idp cd b ^ cho ring: Khdng kit ban vdi nhiing ngudi hgc yeu. Anh (chi) hay bdc bd quan niem dd. 27

TRANG GIANG HUYCAN K^T QUA CAN OAT • Cam nhdn dugc ndi budn ed dan trudc vQ tru rdng Idn, ndi sdu nhan the, niim khao khdt hod nhdp vdi cugc ddi va tinh cam ddi vdi qud huang dat nudc eua tac gia. • Thay dugc mau sic cd dien trong mdt bai tha mdi. V^ TIEUDAN Huy Can (1919 - 2005) ten khai sinh la Cu Huy Can, que d lang An Phii, huyen Hirong Son (nay la xa Ddc An, huyen Vii Quang), tinh Ha Tinh. Thud nhd, Huy Can hoc d que, rdi vao Hud hpe ddn hit trung hpe. NSm 1939, dng ra Ha Npi hpe d Trudng Cao ding Canh ndng. Tir nam 1942, Huy Can tich cue hoat ddng trong Mat tran Viet Minh. Ong tham du Qudc dan dai hpi Tan Trao, dupe bin vao Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng toan qudc. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, dng lien tuc tham gia chinh quyin each mang, giir nhiiu trpng trach khac nhau: Thii trudng Bd Van hoa, Bd trudng dac trach cdng tac Van hoa - Nghe thuat tai Van phdng Hdi ddng Bd trudng, kiem Chu tich Uy ban Trung uong Lien hiep van hpe nghe thuat Viet Nam,... Huy Can yeu thich tho ca Viet Nam, tho Dudng va chiu nhiiu anh hudng cua van hpe Phap. Ong la mpt trong nhiing tac gia xuat sac cua phong trao Thd mdi. Tac pham dang chii y nhft eua Huy Can trudc Cach m?ing la Liia thiing (tap tho dau tay, sang tac khoang 1937 - 1940); ngoai ra, dng cdn mdt so tac pham khac nhu Kinh cdu tif (van xudi - 1942), Vd trii ca (tho, sang tac khoing 1940 -1942). Hon mudi nam sau Cach mang, Huy Can it ed tho in. Nhimg ttr nam 1958, dng sang tac ddi dao va ed nhiiu ddi mdi, tim thay su hoa dieu giiia eon ngudi va xa hpi, tieu biiu la cac t^p tho: Trdi mdi ngdy lai sdng (1958), Ddt nd hoa (1960), Bdi tha CUQC ddi (1963), NhOngndm sdu muoi (1968), Chi^n trudnggdn ddn chidn trudngxa (1973), Ngdy hdngsdng ngdy hang tho (1975), Hdt lai gieo (1984), Ta vi vdi hiin (1997),... Tho Huy can ham siic, giau eh^t suy tudng, triet il. Ong la mdt trong nhiing guong mat tidu biiu cua tho ea Viet Nam hien dai va da dupe Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hoc nghe thuat (1996). Huy can Trdng giang \\a mdt trong nhiing bat tho hay nhat, tidu bieu nhat eila Huy Can. Theo tac gia, bai tho nay dupe vidt vao mCia thu nam 1939 (in trong t$p Liia thiing) va cim xiic dupe khoi gpi chii ydu tii cdnh sdng Hdng menh mang sdng nudc... 28

VAN BAN Bdng khudng trdi rdng nhd sdng ddi H.C Sdng ggn trdng giang'\" budn diep diep, Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song, Thuyin vi nudc lai, siu trdm ngd; Cui mdt cdnh khd lac may ddng. La tho cdn'2^ nhd gid diu hiu, Dau tieng ldng xa van chg chiiu'^l Ndng xudng, trdi len sdu chdt vdt ; Sdng dai, trdi rdng, ben ed heu''*'. Beo dat ve ddu, hdng ndi hang; Menh mdng khdng mdt chuyen dd ngang. Khdng ciu ggi chut niem thdn mat, Lang le bd xanh tiep bdi vdng. Ldp Idp mdy cao dun nui bac, Chim nghieng cdnh nhd : bdng chiiu sa'^'. Ldng qud dgn dgn vdi con nude'^^ Khdng khdi hoang hdn cung nhd nhd'^'. {Lua thiing, NXB Ddi nay. Ha Ndi, 1940) (1) Trdng giang {trdng hay trudng: dai, giang: sdng): sdng dai, ciing la sdng ldn. (2) Cdn: dam dat ho^c cat ndi cao len; d day la may con nhd giiia sdng. (3) Vdn chQ chiiu (vdn: vi cudi): ehp cudi chieu, ngudi da ve g4n het. (4) Cd liiu: tra trpi, vdng vi. (5) Bdng chiiu sa {sa: roi xudng): bdng chiiu budng xudng. (6) Con nudc: (miic) nudc sdng hay biin dang len hay nit xudng mdi ngay. (7) cau tho jiay dupe gpt tir hai cau tho trong bai Ldu Hodng Hdc (Hoang Hae lau) eua nha tho Thdi Hidu thdi Dirdng (Trung Qudc): \"Nhat md huong quan ha xii thj ? - Yen ba giang thuang sii nhan sau\". Tdn Da dich tho: Qui huang khudt bdng hodng hdn - Trin sdng khdi sdng cho budn ldng ai. 29

HUIOMGDANHQCBAI l.Anh (chi) hiiu the nkove cau tha de til Bdng khudng trdi r0ng nha sdngddi ID^ tir dd cd mdi lien h$ gi vdi hire tranh thidn nhidn vd tdm t r ^ g cua tdc gid trong bdi thg? 2. Ndu cam nghi vi dm di$u chung cda todn bai thd. 3. Vi sao ndi biic tranh thien nhidn trong bdi tha d$m mdu sic co diin ma vin gin gui, than thugc ? 4. Tinh yeu thien nhidn d ddy cd tham dugm ldng yeu nudc thim kin khdng ? Vi sao ? 5. Phan tich nhung ddc sac nghe thu?lt cua bdi tha (the tha thit ngdn, thu phdp tuong phdn, cdc tCt Idy, cdc bien phap tu tir,...). , GHI NHO . Qua bai tha mdi mang ve dep cd d i i n , Huy Can da bdc Id ndi sau eua mdt cdi tdi ed dan trudc thien nhien rdng ldn, trong dd thim dugm tinh ngudi, tinh ddi, Idng yeu nudc tham kfn ma thiet tha. >^ LUYEN TAP 1. Cdch cdm nh^n khdng gian va thdi gian tiong bdi tha ndy cd ^ ddng chd y ? 2*. Vi sao cau tha cudi Khdng khdi hodng hdn cung nha nhd M lam cho ngudi dgc lien tudng din hai cati tha trong bdi Ldu Hodng Hgc cua Thdi Hi^u ? 30

LUYlN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO K^TQUACANOAT • Cung ed va ndng cao hiiu biit vi thao tde Idp ludn bdc bd. • Van dyng dugc thao tac Idp ludn bac bd thfeh hgp trong bai vdn nghi luan. 1. Phdn tich cdch bdc bd trong hai d o ^ tiich sau: a) [...] Cu0c sdng riing khdng biit gi hit a bin kia ngudng cua nhd minh Id mgt CU0C sdng ngheo ndn, dii nd cd day du tiin nghi din ddu di nita. Nd gidng nhu mdt mdnh vudn dugc chdm sdc cdn than, ddy hoa tham, sgch si vd ggn gdng. Mdnh vudn ndy cd thi Idm chu nhdn cua nd im dm m0t thdi gian ddi, nhdt Id niu ldp rdo bao quanh khdng cdn lain hg vuong mdt nda. Nhung hied m0t can ddng tdndi lin Id cdy cdi se bi bdt khdi ddt, hoa se ndt vd mdnh vudn sexdu xi han-bdt ki mgt noi hoang dgi ndo. Con nguoi khdng thihgnh phuc vdi mgt hgnh phuc mdng manh nhu thi. Con ngudi cdn mdt dgi duong minh mdng bi bdo tdp Idm noi sdng, nhung roi Igi phdngii vd trong sdng nhu trudc. Sdphdn ciia nhiing cdi tuy$t ddi cd nhdn, khdng bdc 10 ra khdi bdn thdn, chdng cd gi ddng them mudn. {Theo A. L. Ghec-xen, 3555 cdu danh ngdn, NXB van hoa - Thdng tin, Ha Ndi, 1997) b) Nay trdm dang ghe chiiu ldng nghe, ngdy dim mong mdi, nhung nhiing ngudi hgc r0ng tdi cao chua thdy cd ai tim din. Hay trdm it ddc khdng ddng diphd td chdng ? Hay dang thdi dS ndt chua thi ra phgng su vuong hau chdng ? Kia nhu, trdi cdn tdm tdi, thi ddng qudn tu phdi trd tdi. Nay duang d budi ddu ciia nin dgi dinh, cdng viic vita moi ma ra. Ki cuang nai triiu chinh cdn nhiiu khiim khuyit, cdng viic ngodi biin duang phdi lo toan. Ddn cdn nhgc m$t chua Igi sue, md due hod cda trdm chua kip nhuan thdm khdp nai. Trdm nam ndp lo ldng, ngdy m0t ngdy hai vgn viic ndy sinh. Nghi cho ki thi thdy rdng: M0t cdi c0t khong thi da ndi m0t cdn nhd ldn, muu luge m0t ngudi khdng thidifng nghi$p tri binh. Suy di tinh Igi trong vdm trdi ndy, cd cdi dp mudi nhd dt phdi cd ngudi trung thdnh tin nghia. Hudng nay trin ddi ddt vdn hiin r0ng ldn nhu thi ndy, hd trong dd Igi khdng cd Idy m0t ngudi tdi danh ndo ra phd gidp cho chinh quyin budi ban ddu cua trdm hay sao ? (Ngd Thi Nh?im, Chieu cdu hiin) 31

2. Trong budi hdi thao ve kinh nghiem hgc mdn Ngu vdn cua ldp cd hai quan ni$m: a) Mudn hgc gidi mdn Ngii van chi cin dgc nhiiu sdch, hgc thudc nhiiu tha van. b) Khdng can dgc nhiiu sdch, khdng can hgc thudc nhiiu tha vdn, chi cin luyen nhiiu vi tu duy, vi cdch ndi, cdch viit la cd the hgc gidi mdn Ngii vdn. Anh (ehi) hay bdc bd mdt tiong hai quan niem dd, rdi di xuat mdt vdi kinh nghiem hgc Ngu van tdt nhat. 3. Cd quan niem cho rdng : \"Thanh nidn, hgc sinh thdi nay phdi biet nhudm tdc, hut thudc Id, udng rugu, vao cdc vu trudng,... the mdi Id cdch sdng \"sdnh dieu\" cua tudi tie thdi hdi nhdp\". Anh (chi) hay lap ddn y vd viet bdi nghi ludn bdc bd quan niem tren. 32

TRA BAI LAM V A N S 6 5 KET QUA CAN OAT- • Thay ro nhQng uu diem va nhugc diem trong bai lam van sd 5. • Rut ra dugc nhung kinh nghiem de lam tdt han cae bai viet sau. 1. Xac dinh yeu cau bdi viit a) Xdc dinh cdc yeu ciu cu the cua bdi viet. b) Ddi chieu nhiing yeu ciu tren vdi thirc te bai viit cua minh di nhdn ra nhirng uu diim vd nhugc diim. 2. Xay dung lai dan y chi tiet Ggi y ddn y cho bdi 1dm van di sd 3. a) Mo bdi - Gidi thi^u truyen Chii ngudi td tii eua Nguyin Tudn vd cdc nhdn vdt chinh. - Neu chu di ciia bdi viit: Thdi do cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vien quan nguc. b) Thdn bdi Nen phdn tich thdi do eua Huan Cao theo hai giai doan : - Giai d o ^ diu : + Vien qudn nguc biet ddi Huan Cao nhung Huan Cao lai td thdi do khinh bac. (Trich din chiing di phan tich.) + Nhdn xet vi thdi do, ldi ndi eua vien quan nguc vd Huan Cao. + Phan tich vi sao Huan Cao ed thdi do nhu vdy. Thdi do dd cd phu hgp vdi nhdn cdch cua Huan Cao khdng ? 3NG0VAN 11/2-A 33

- Giai doan sau: + Huan Cao cdm ddng vi \"tam ldng biet nhdn lien tdi\" cua vidn quan nguc, dd t$ng chii vd khuyen bao vien quan nguc nhiing ldi tam huyit. (Trich din chung de phan tich.) + N h ^ xet vi thdi do vd ldi ndi cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vidn quan nguc. Yi sao ldi ndi vd thdi do cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vien qudn nguc lai hodn todn khdc trudc ? Thdi do dd cd phu hgp vdi nhdn cdch eua Huan Cao hay khdng ? c) Kit bdi - Nguyin Tudn dd ve nen hinh dnh Huan Cao : + Vira cao ngao, bat khudt, viia chan tinh, tdi hoa; + Biit yeu quy nghe thuat, biit trdn trgng nhiing tam ldng tdt trong thien ha, biit di cao thidn luong cua eon ngudi. - Nguyin Tuan da thdnh cdng trong nghe thuat mieu td tdm 11 nhan vat. 3. Sua chiia nhiing sai sdt cu thi trong bai viet - Dgc nh$n xet cua thay (cd). - Sua lai cdc sai sdt (neu ed) trong bdi viit. 3 4 S.NGOVAN 11/2-B

V l i T BAI LAM VAN SO 6 : NGHI LUAN XA HOI •• • (Bai lam a nha) KET QUA C A N OAJ • Trinh bay dugc quan niem, y kien ciia minh mdt each chat che, thuyet phuc. • Van dung kit hgp dugc cac thao tac lap ludn : phan tfch, so sanh, bac bd. • Quan tam d i n nhCrng van de xa hdi dat ra, cd quan diem va each giai quyet dung dan. I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG - Day la bdi viet d nhd nen hgc sinh cd diiu kien lua chgn di tdi, thu thdp tu Ueu vd suy ngim kl cdng. Tuy nhien, cin trdnh hien tugng khdng tap trung, phdn tdn suy nghi, viit nhiiu lin khdng xong. Nen chuan bi chu ddo, suy nghi that ki rdi tap trung tu tudng viit bai trong thdi gian an dinh nhu thdi quen vd yeu ciu viit bdi d ldp. - c i n dgc lai ndi dung bdi hgc d tiit Viit bdi lam vdn sd5 de nit kinh nghiem. On tap cdc bdi hgc vi thao tde lap ludn phan tich, so sdnh, bdc bd vd biet cdch su dung kit hgp cdc thao tdc dd trong mdt bdi vdn nghi ludn. II - GUI Y MOT SO DE BAI 1. Anh (chi) hay trinh bay suy nghi eua minh vi \"benh vd cdm\" tiong xd hdi hien nay. 2. Anh (chi) hdy trinh bdy suy nghi cua minh vi \"benh thdnh tich\" - mdt \"cdn hdnh\" gdy tdc hai khdng nhd ddi vdi su phat triin cua xd hdi ta hidn nay. 3. Hay phdn tich tdc hai cua thdi do thieu trung thuc trong thi cu. Theo anh (chi), 1dm thi ndo di khac phuc dugc thdi do do ? 4. Hdy viet bdi tham gia eude van ddng tim gidi phdp dam bdo an todn giao thdng. 5. Theo £inh (chi), 1dm the ndo di mdi trudng sdng cua chung ta ngdy cang xanh, s?ich, dep ? 35

IH-GOIYCACHLAHIIBAI Dua vdo di bai, cin tien hanh mdt sd cdng viec sau: - Xdc dinh van di vd yeu ciu nghi luan. - Thu thdp tu lieu. - Xdc dinh he thdng luan diem, ludn cii vd ed gdng dp dung cdc thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich, so sdnh, bdc bd mdi hgc. - Lap ddn y vd viit theo ddn y. m PQC THEM \"GIAC\" TAI NAN GIAO THONG Sau khi nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hod ra ddi, Bdc Ho dd chi ra ring: Cdi ddi, cdi ddt Id gidc. Trong sud't may chuc ndm qua, Nhd nudc vd nhdn dan Vidt Nam da khdng ngiing nd luc dau tranh diet gidc ddi, gidc ddt. Thdnh tuu xod ddi giam ngheo cua Viet Nam dugc du ludn qudc te ddnh gid cao. Tuy nhien, trong qud trinh phdt trien dat nudc cung da xuat hien mdt sd tieu cue, mat trdi, trong dd tai nan giao thdng (TNGT) la mdt vi du. Theo Quy Phdng chdng thuong vong chdu A, binh quan mdi ngdy t^ Vi^t Nam ed khodng 35 ngudi chit v^ TNGT. Mdi nam, sd ngudi chit vi TNGT ca ch\\ic ngdn ngudi. Hai vu TNGT mdi ddy den vdi hai vi gido su ndi tiing cdng khien cho du ludn khdng khdi suy ngim vi tinh ttang \"gidc\" TNGT d nudc ta. [...] Nhiiu ngudi nudc ngodi din Viet Nam cdng bay td su lo ngai vi tinh ti^g mat an todn giao thdng mdi khi ra khdi nhd. Qua dd du cho thay, TNGT da khien nhiing ngudi khdch nude ngodi cdm thay bat an. Khdch du lich nudc ngodi din Viet Nam ngdy cdng gia tang. Tuy nhien, nhiiu ngudi chi den mdt lin vd khdng hen ngay tdi ngd. Mdt tiong nhiing nguyen nhdn khiin du lich Viet Nam kem hap din Id tinh trang giao thdng hdn loan. Mdt ngdy \"gidc\" TNGT cdn hoanh hdnh thi khdng chi ngdnh du lich bi dnh hudng ma nd cdn la hiim hoa gieo ric ndi dau cho mdi gia dinh vd cho ca xd hdi. {Theo Tham Hdng Thuy, bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, 19 - 12 - 2006) 36

CH6NG B$NH V6 CAM Trdi qua cdc eude chien tianh chdng xdm luge, nhiing cugc dg sue vdi thien tai khic nghiet, nhdn dan ta da cd truyin thdng doan kit, thuong yeu dum bgc ldn nhau. Tinh ldng, nghia xdm, thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than da trd thdnh dao 11 eua dan tdc. Hien nay, eude sdng vdt chat ngdy cdng dugc cdi thidn hon, ngudi ta di cd xu hudng lo vun vdn cho bdn thdn vd gia dinh minh, it quan tam den nhiing van di cua xd hdi, Trudc kia, dng cha ta ha phe phdn thdi xau ehi biet thu v6n cho rieng minh : \"Den nhd ai nha nay rang\", \"Chdy nhd hdng xdm binh chdn nhu vai\". Cugc sdng quanh ta hien nay khdng thieu nhiing ngudi nhu thi. Hg sdng thd a vdi mgi viec dang diin ra, nhd ndo ddng cua biet nhd iy. Nhd hdng xdm cd hoan nan, cd con cdi bi roi vdo cam biy cua cdc te nan xd hgi hg cung bdng quan nhu khdng biit. Di dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, hg cung bd qua nhu khdng nhin thay. Thay lu tre cdi nhau, ddnh nhau, hg cung 1dm ngo. Trudc canh khd dau cua nhiing ngudi tdn tdt, bat hanh, hg cung khdng may may xuc ddng,... Benh vd cam da 1dm cho eon ngudi nhu vd tri, vd gidc, khdng the hod nhdp vdi cdng ddng. Trong cdng vide, benh vd cam lam cho eon ngudi gidng nhu mdt cdi mdy, \"sdng cip d di, tdi cap d vi\" mdt cdch don dieu vd te nhat. Con ngudi mac benh vd cam trong cdng viec, chic chin hieu qua cdng viec se khdng cao. Ld cdn bd, cdng chiic cua Nhd nudc, mic benh vd cam se din den xa rdi nhdn dan, tic trdch trong cdng viec. Mdt bdc si vd cam khdng the cd tinh thuong ngudi benh, nhit Id nhiing ngudi benh ngheo. Khdng thiiu nhiing tordng hgp vi vd cam md ngudi benh khdng dugc chdm sdc chu ddo, din den nhiing cdi chet ddng tiic. Mdt thiy gido vd cam ehi gidng bdi cho xong chuydn, cdn ndi gi den tinh nghia thiy trd, tdn tdm day bao, nhat Id nhiing trd cdn hgc kem, gia dinh khd khan. Cdn bd vd cdm se khdng the nhin thay hoan cdnh cua mdi ngudi ddn, khdng thiy nhirng ndi biic xuc trong khu ddn cu de tim cdch thdo gd, quan lieu, xa rdi ddn vd di roi vdo te \"hdnh\" ddn. Tinh thirong^d cdi quy gid cua con ngudi; benh vd cdm da 1dm mat pham chat iy, khdng khdc gi bien ddng mdu hdng hdo trd thdnh mdu trang. Trdi tim mdi con ngudi cin dugc thap sdng udc ma, khdt vgng, y chi vd su sdng tao gan bd vdi cdng ddng. Diiu dd se chdng dugc hdnh vd cdm vd 1dm cho cugc ddi cda con ngudi cd y nghia. • {Theo Didu Huong, bao Nhdn ddn Chu. nhdt, 17 - 12 - 2006) 37

DAY T H O N Vi DA HANMACTCJ KETQUACANOAT- • Cam nhan dugc bai tha la biic tranh phong canh va cQng la tdm canh, the hien ndi budn cd dan qiia Han Mae Tu trong mgt mdi tinh xa xdm, vd vgng. Dd eon la tam Idng thiet tha eua nha tha vdi thien nhien, cugc sdng va con ngudi. • Nhdn biit su van dgng ciia tii tha, tam trang chii t h i trCr tinh va but phdp dgc dao, tdi hoa eua mdt nha tha mdi. TI^U DAN Han Mac Tu (1912 - 1940) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Tri, sinh d lang Le Mi, tdng Vd Xa, huyen Phong Lpc, tinh Ddng Hpi (nay la tinh Quing Binh) trong mpt gia dinh vien chiic ngheo theo dao Thien Chiia. Cha mat sdrn, dng sdng vdi me d Quy Nhon va cd hai nam hpe trung hoc tai Tnrdng Pe-lo-ranh (Pellerin) d Aue. Sau do dng lam cdng chiic d Sd Dac diin Binh Dinh roi vao Sai Gdn lam bao. Den nam 1936, mac benh phong, dng vi han Quy Nhon chiia benh va mat tai trai phong Quy Hoa. Tuy eude ddi nhiiu bi thuong nhimg Han Mac Tu la mdt trong nhiing nha tho cd sire sang tao manh me nhat trong phong trao Tho mdi. Ong lam tho tii nam 14, 15 tudi vdi cac biit danh : Minh Dud Thi, Phong Tran, Le thanh,...; bat dau bang tho cd diin Dudng luat, sau chuyen sang sang tac theo khuynh hudng tho mdi lang man. Qua dien mao het siic phiic tap va day bi an cua tho Han Mae Td, ngirdi ta vin thay rd mpt tinh yeu ddn dau ddn hirdng vi cudc ddi tran the. Tac pham chinh: Gdi qui (1936), ThaDiin (1938), Xudn nhu y, Thuang thanh khi, Cdm chdu duyin, Duyin ki ngo (kich tho -1939), Qudn tiin hoi (kich tho), Chai giiia miia trdng (tho van xudi - 1940). Ngoai tap Gdi qui in liic sinh thdi, cdn toan bd tho Han Mac Tu chi dupe in thanh tap sau khi dng mdt. Han Mac Tii Ddy thdn ViDa (lile dau ed ten dddy thdn ViDa) sang tac nam 1938, in trong tap ThaDiin (ve sau ddi thanh Dau thuang). Theo mdt sd tai lieu, bat tho dupe gpi cam hiing tur mdi tinh cua Han Mae Tu vdi mdt cd gai vdn que d VI Da, mdt thdn nhd ben ddng sdng Huong noi xii Hue tho mdng va tru tinh. 38

VAN BAN Sao anh khdng vi choi thdn VI'^) ? Nhin ndng hdng cau nang mdi len Vudn ai mudt qud xanh nhu nggc Ld true che ngang mat chii dien'^'. Gid theo ldi gid, mdy dudng may Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa bdp'^' lay Thuyin ai ddu bin sdng trdng dd Cd ehd trdng vi kip tdi nay ? Ma khdch dudng xa, khdch dudng xa Ao em trang qud nhin khdng ra 6 ddy suong khdi md nhdn anh'^' Ai biit tinh ai cd dam dd ? {Dau thuang, NXB Hdi Nha van, Ha Ndi, 1995) HUIDMG D A N HOC BAI 1. Phdn tieh net dep eua phong canh va tam trang cua tde gia trong khd tha diu. 2. Hinh anh gid, nidy, sdng, trdng trong khd tho thii hai ggi cam xuc ^ ? 3. d khd tha thu ba, nhd tha bdc Id tdm su cila minh nhu thi ndo ? Chut hodi nghi trong cdu tha \"Ai biet tinh ai ed dam dd ?\" cd bieu hi$n niim tha thiet vdi cudc ddi khdng ? Vi sao ? 4. Cd gi ddng chu y trong tu tho vd but phdp cua bai tha ? (1) Thdn Vi: thdn Vi Da (cd ban chep la VJ Gia, tit gdc la ViDd-vi: lau, dd: canh ddng) nSm d ngoai vi thanh phd Hue, ed phong einh vudn tuoc rat xinh xan, nen tho. (2) Mat chu diin: mat vuong nhu chii diin (tieng Han),mpt kieu khudn mat phiic hau (theo quan nidm tudng mao thdi xua). (3) Bap: ngd. (4) Nhdn dnh : hinh ngirdi, bdng ngudi. 39

.GHINHO. Vdi nhung hinh anh bieu hidn ndi tdm, but phdp ggi ta, ngdn ngCr tinh te, giau I idn tudng, bdi tha DSy thdn Vf Da la buc tranh dep ve mdt m i i n que dat nudc. Id tieng Idng eua mdt con ngudi tha thiet yeu ddi, yeu ngudi. LUYEN TAP 1. Nhiing cdu hdi trong bdi tha hudng tdi ai vd cd tdc dung gi trong viec biiu hien tdm trang cua tdc gia ? 2. Hodn cdnh sdng tdc vd ndi dung bdi tha ggi cho anh (chi) cam nghl ^ ? 3*. Ddy Id bdi tha vi tinh yeu hay ve tinh que ? Vi sao bdi tha diin ta tdm trang rieng cua nhd tha lai tao dugc su cdng hudng rdng rdi vd lau bin trong tdm hdn cdc the he ban doc ? 40

CHIEU T 6 | HO CHI MINH (M6) K£T QUA CAN OAT -.^ • Thay dugc ve dep eiia tam hdn Hd Chf Minh : dii hoan canh khac nghiet den dau vdn ludn hudng v i su sdng va dnh sang. • Cam nhan dugc biit phap ta canh ngu tinh vua ed dien vtra hien dai eiia bai tha. Tllu DAN Thang 8 -1942, vdi danh nghia la dai bieu cua Viet Nam doe lap ddng minh hdi va Phan bd qudc te phan xam luoc ciia Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh sang Trung Qudc di tranh thd su vien tro cua thi gidi. Sau nua thang di bp, vira den Tiic Vinh, tinh Quang Tay, Ngudi bi chinh quyin Tudng Gidi Thach bat giam vd cd. Trong sud't mudi ba thang d tu, tuy bi day ai vd eilng cue khd nhung Ho Chi Minh vin lam tho. Ngudi da sang tac 134 bai tho bang chii Hdn, ghi trong mpt cudn sd tay, dat ten la Ngifc trung nhdt ki {Nhdt ki trong tii). Tap tho duoc dich ra tieng Viet va in Ian dau vao nam 1960. Chiiu tdi (Md) la bai thii 31 eiia tap tho. Cam hung cua bai tho dupe gpi len tren dudng chuyen lao eiia Ho Chi Minh tir Unh Tay din Thidn Bao vao cudi thu nam 1942. VAN BAN Quyen dieu quy lam tim tuc thu, Phiin dm Cd vdn man man do thien khdng; Son thdn thieu nii ma bao tuc, Dich nghia Bao tuc ma hodn, Id dl hdng. Dich tha Chim mdi vi riing tim cdy ngu, Chdm may le trdi King Id tren ting khdng; Thiiu nii xdm nui xay ngd, Ngd xay vtra xong. Id than dd do. Chim mdi vi rimg tim chdn ngu, Chdm mdy trdi nhe gida tdng khdng; Cd em xdm nui xay ngd tdi, Xay hit. Id than dd rue hong. NAM TRAN dich (HO CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2002) 41

HUliniGDANHOCBAl 1. So sdnh ban dich tha vdi ban dich nghia, tim nhiing chd chua sat vdi nguyen tac (chu y cau 2 vd cdu 3). 2. Phdn tich biic tianh thien nhien vd cam xuc cua nhd tha trong hai cdu diu. 3. Biic tranh ddi sdng dugc cdm nhdn tiong hai cdu sau nhu thi ndo ? 4. Nhan xit vi nghe thudt ta cdnh vd sii dung ngdn ngii tiong bdi tha. „ GHI NHO . Bdi Chieu tdi cho thay tinh yeu thien nhien, yeu cudc sdng, y chf vugt len hoan canh khdc nghiet ciia nhd tha chiin sT Hd Chf Minh. Bdi tha dam sdc thai nghe thudt ed dien ma hien dai. LUYiN TAP 1. Neu cam nghi cua anh (chi) vi su van ddng cua cdnh vat vd tdm ttang nha tha ttong bdi Chiiu tdi. 2. Trong bdi tha, hinh dnh ndo thi hidn tap trung ve dep tdm hdn Ho Chi Minh ? 3*. Trong bdi Dgc tha Bdc, Hodng Trung Thdng viit: Vdn tha cua Bdc, vdn tha thep Md vdn minh mdng bdt ngdt linh. Diiu dd thi hien tiong bdi tha Chiiu tdi nhu thi ndo ? 42

TWAY. TO HtJUfi' KET QUA CAN OAT - • Thay rd niem vui sudng, say me manh Met ciia Td Huu trong budi dau gap gd If tudng cdng sdn vd tac dung ki dieu eua If tudng vdi cugc ddi nhd tha. • Hieu dugc su van dgng cua eae yiu td trong tha tru tinh : tii tha, hinh anh, ngdn ngO, nhjp didu,... trong vide lam ndi bat tam trang eua cai tdi nha tha. ^ TI^U DAN Td Hiiu (1920 - 2002) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Kim Thanh, que d lang Phu Lai, xa Quang Thp, huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thila Thien - Hud. Thud nhd, dng hpe Trudng Qudc hoc (Hue). Nam 1938, Td Hiiu dupe kit nap vao Dang Cdng sin. Tir dd, su nghidp tho ca cua dng gdn lien vdi su nghiep each mang, tho dng ludn gdn bd va phin anh chan that nhiing chang dudng each mang day gian khd, hi siph nhung cung nhiiu thdng Ipi vi vang eiia dan tdc Viet Nam. Ngay dupe diing vao hang ngii nhung ngud^ ciing phan dau vi mdt li tudng cao dep la budc ngoat quan trpng trong eude ddi Td Hiru. Ghl nhan ki niem dang nhd dy vdi nhimg cdm xiic, suy tu sau sdc, Td Hiru vidt Tit dy. Bai tho ndm trong phan \"Mdu lua\" cda tap Tfir^y (tap tho gdm ba phdn : \"Mau lua\", \"Xiingxich\", \"Gidi phdng\"). TdHuu (1) Vi tac gid Td Hiiu se ed bai hpe rieng d chuong trinh Ngii van ldp 12. 43

VAN BAN Tir ay trong tdi bung ndng ha Mat trdi chan 11 chdi qua tim Hon tdi la mdt vudn hoa Id Rat dam huong vd rdn tiing chim... Tdi budc ldng tdi vdi mgi ngudi Di tinh tiang ttai vdi ttdm noi De hdn tdi vdi bao hdn khd Gin gui nhau them manh khdi ddi. Tdi dd Id eon eua van nhd Ld em eua van kiep phdi pha'^' Ld anh cua van diu em nhd Khdng do cam, cu bat cu bo^^'... Thang 7 -1938 (TO HUU, Tha, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2002) HUdNG DAN HOC BAI 1. To Hiiu da dung nhiing hinh dnh ndo di chi li tudng vd bieu hien niim vui sudng, say me khi bit gap 11 tudng ? 2. Khi dugc dnh sdng cua li tudng soi rgi, nhd tha dd cd nhiing nhdn thiie mdi ve le sdng nhu the ndo ? 3. Su chuyin bien sdu sic tiong tinh cdm cua nhd tha dugc the hien ra sao ? 4. Nhdn xet vi cdc bien phap tu tii dung tiong bdi tha. Cd ^ ddng chu y ttong nhip dieu cua cdc cdu tho ? , GHI NHO , Bai tha Tir ay la Idi tam nguyen eiia ngudi thanh nien yeu nudc gidc ngd If tudng cdng san. Su vdn dgng cua tdm trang nha tha dugc the hien sinh dgng bang nhCrng hinh anh tuai sang, cac bien phdp tu tu vd ngdn ngCr giau nhac didu. LUYEN TAP 1. Viit mdt doan vdn ndi len cam nghi cua anh (chi) vi khd tha md minh cho la hay nhat ttong bdi Tit dy. 2*. Giai thich vi sao jihd tha Che Lan Vien viit: \"Tat cd Td Hiiu, thi phdp, tuyen ngdn, nhiing yeu td 1dm ra anh cd thi tirn thay ttong t i bdo ndy, anh Id nhd tha cua van nha, huge ldng minh cung nhdn loai...\" (Ldi tua tap Trdm bdi tha cua Td Hun, NXB Vdn hgc. Ha Ndi, 1987). (1) Kiep phdi pha: dai dau suong gid, phai tan di; ngu y kiip sdng vdt va, eo cue. (2) Cu. bdt CM ba: ha vo, khdng chdn nuong than, lang thang kiem sdng. 44

/OOCTHEMv 1 ^ 1 T A N _ HO CHJ MINH TIEU D A N Trong canh tu day, Ho Chi Minh da chiing kien bao su that ve xa hdi Trung Qudc thdi Tudng Gidi Thgich. Lai Tan la noi ma Ngirdi da trdi qua trdn eon dudng tir Thien Giang den Liiu Chau thupc tinh Quang Tay. Bai tho mang ten dia danh nay la bai thii 97 trong sd 134 bai tho cua tap Nhdt ki trong tii, nd cho thay hien trang den tdi, thdi nat cua mdt xd hdi tudng la yen am, tdt lanh. VAN BAN Giam phdng ban trudng thien thien do, Phien dm Cdnh trudng tham thdn giai pham tiin ; Huyen trudng thieu ddng bien cdng su, Dich righia Lai Tan y cuu thdi binh thien. Dich tha Ban ttudng nha giam ngdy ngdy ddnh bac, Cdnh trudng tham lam an tien pham nhdn bi giai; Huyen trudng chong den 1dm viec cdng, Lai Tdn vin thdi binh nhu xua. Ban trudn^^^ nhd lao chuyin ddnh bgc, Gidi ngudi, cdnh trudn^^'> kiim dn quanh; Chong den^^\\ huyen trudng Idm cdng viic, Trdi ddt Lai Tdn vdn thdi binh. NAM TRAN dieh ( H 6 CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, Sdd) HU6NG DAN DOC THEM 1. Trong ba cdu diu, bd mdy quan lai d Lai Tdn da dugc mieu td nhu thi ndo ? Ban trudng, canh trudng, huydn trudng ed 1dm dung chiic ndng eua nhiing ngudi dai dien cho phdp luat khdng ? 2. Phdn tich sac thdi chdm biim, mia mai d cdu tha cudi. {Chu y: Ba chii vdn thdi binh cd y nghia gi ?) 3. Nhdn xet vi kit cau vd but phdp cua bdi tha. (1) Ban trudng: mdt chuc giam nguc. (2) Cdnh trudng: cdnh sat trudng. (3) Chong den : nguyen van thiiu dangla dot den (cd y kien cho la ddt ban den hut thudc phien). 45

ImJ NHO DONG TO HUU TIEUDAK Dau nam 1939, tinh hinh the gidi trd nen cang thing, eupc d?d chien lan thii hai cd nguy eo bimg nd, thue dan Phap quay lai dan ap phong trao each mang d Ddng Duong. Cudi thang 4 nam ay, Td Hiru bi chinh quyin thuc dan bdt d Hue trong mpt dot khung bd Ddng Cdng sdn. Nhd dong duoc viet trong nhiing ngay nha tho bi giam d nha lao Thira Phu (Hue). Bai tho nay thudc phan \"Xiing xich\" cua tap Tic dy. VAN BAN TeingVinh'i' Gi sdu bang nhiing trua thuong nhd Hiu quanh ben ttong mdt tieng hd! Ddu gid cdn thom dat nhd mui Ddu rudng tte'^' mdt thd yen vui Ddu tiing d ma xanh mon mdn Ddu nhiing nuong khoai nggt sin btii ? Dau nhiing dudng con budc van ddi Xdm nhd tianh thap ngu im hoi Giiia ddng ngdy thdng dm u dd Khdng ddi, nhung md ttdi cii ttdi... Gi sdu bdng nhiing trua hiu qu^nh 01 rugng ddng que thuang nhd oi! (1) Vinh : ddng ehi Nguyin Chi Thanh, ban hoat ddng each m^ng vdi Td Hiru. (2) Rudng tre (tieng dia phuong Trung Bd): rang tre, luy tre. 46

Ddu nhiing lung cong xudng ludng cdy Md biin hi vgng niic huong ngdy Vd ddu hit nhiing bdn tay ay Vdi gidng tung ttdi nhiing sdm mai ? Dau nhiing chiiu suong phu bdi ddng Lua mim xao xdc d ven sdng Vang len trong tieng xe lua nudc^^^ Mgt gigng hd dua hd^^ ndo nung Gi sdu bing nhiing trua thuong nhd Hiu quanh ben ttong mdt tiing hd ! Dau ddng hinh quen, ddu cd rdi Sao ma cdch biet, qud xa xdi Chao di thuong nhd, chao thuong nhd 6i me gia xa don chiic oi! Ddu nhiing hdn thdn tu thud xua Nhiing hdn quen dai gid dim mua Nhiing hdn chat phde hiin nhu dat Khoai san tinh que rat thidt thd! Ddu nhiing ngdy xua, tdi nhd tdi Bdn khoan di kiem le yeu ddi Van va theo mdi vdng quanh quan Mudn thodt, than di, budc ching rdi Roi mdt hdm nao, tdi thay tdi Nhe nhang nhu con chim cd loi'^^ Say ddng huong ndng vui ca hdt Tren chin ting cao bdt ngdt ttdi... (1) Xe lua nudc: hanh xe ldn, gdn nhiiu dng tre, vdu da vat mpt dau, khi banh quay cd the miic nudc tir sdng, sudi len trut vao mang ddn nudc tudi rudng. (2) Wo: mOt dieu hd miin Trung, dimg trong lao ddng (eheo dd, gia gao, dam vdi,...). Ngudi xudng hat ldi, ngudi xd hd theo: \"hp hd la hd\" (tir ho dupe nhdn m^inh, hd to hon di mpi ngudi cimg tap trung siic vdo dpng tac lao dpng). (3) Cd lai: son ca (chii thich cda nha tho). 47

Cho tdi chii diy, tdi chii day Tdi ma qua cua khdm'i' bao ngay Tdi thu tat cd tiong thim ldng Nhu cdnh chim budn nhd gid mdy. Gi sau bang nhiing trua hiu quanh 6i rudng ddng que thuong nhd oi! Thang 7 -1939 (TO HUU, r^o; Sdd) HUdNG DAN DOC THEM 1. Cam hung cua bai tha dugc ggi len bdi tieng hd vgng vdo nhd tu. Vi sao tieng hd lai ed siic ggi cdm nhu thi ddi vdi nhd tha ? 2. Chi ra nhirng cdu tha dugc dung 1dm diep khdc cho bdi tha. Phdn tich hieu qua nghe thudt cua chung trong vide the hien ndi nhd cua tdc gid. 3. Niim yeu quy thiet tha vd ndi nhd da diit cua nhd tho ddi vdi que huong, ddng bdo dugc dien ta bang nhiing hinh anh, tir ngii, gigng didu ndo ? 4. Neu cam nghi vi niim say me 11 tudng, khdt khao tu do vd hdnh ddng cua nhd tha qua doan tha tir cau Ddu nhiing ngdy xua, tdi nhd tdi din hit bdi. 5. Nhdn xet chung ve su v$n ddng cua tdm trang tdc gid trong bdi tha. (1) Khdm: nha giam, nha tu. 48