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Th\u1ebf l\u00e0\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ecf:\t\u00c9mile\tph\u00e0n\tn\u00e0n\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u1ea5y\t\u0111\u1eb1ng,\tSophie\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f9a\tc\u1ea3\tpha\ttr\u00f2;","nh\u01b0ng\tr\u1ed3i\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng,\tth\u1ea5y\tanh\ts\u1eafp\ts\u1eeda\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u1eadn\td\u1eef,\tc\u00f4\t\u0111\u01b0a\tm\u1eaft\tnh\u00ecn\tanh \u0111\u1ea7y\td\u1ecbu\td\u00e0ng\tv\u00e0\ty\u00eau\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tv\u00e0,\ttrong\tkh\u00ed\tn\u1eafm\tl\u1ea5y\ttay\tt\u00f4i,\tc\u00f4\tch\u1ec9\tth\u1ed1t\tra\tc\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\tl\u1eddi,\tnh\u01b0ng\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ecdng\tnhe\tnh\u01b0\tgi\u00f3\ttho\u1ea3ng:\tK\u1ebb\tph\u1ee5\tb\u1ea1c!\t\u00c9mile\tth\u00ec\tqu\u00e1 ng\u1ed1\tn\u00ean\tch\u1eb3ng\thi\u1ec3u\tg\u00ec\tchuy\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y.\tT\u00f4i\tth\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\thi\u1ebfu;\tt\u00f4i\tr\u1eddi\t\u00c9mile\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u01b0\u1ee3t Sophie\tg\u1eb7p\tri\u00eang\tt\u00f4i. 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V\u00e0i\tth\u00e1ng\tsau,\tm\u1ed9t\tbu\u1ed5i\ts\u00e1ng\t\u00c9mile\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\tv\u00e0o\tph\u00f2ng\tt\u00f4i,\tv\u00e0\tv\u1eeba\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1eeba \u00f4m\th\u00f4n\tt\u00f4i:\tTh\u1ea7y\t\u01a1i,\txin\th\u00e3y\tban\tkhen\tcon\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ea7y;\tanh\tta\thy\tv\u1ecdng\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1eafp C\u00f3\t vinh\t d\u1ef1\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u00e0m\t cha.\t \u00d4i!\t Bao\t nhi\u00eau\t l\u00e0\t lo\t l\u1eafng\t s\u1ebd\t b\u1eaft\t nhi\u1ec7t\t t\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang con\tph\u1ea3i\tg\u00e1nh\tch\u1ecbu,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tcon\tv\u1eabn\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f2n\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u1ea7y!\tCon\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd n\u00f3i","r\u1eb1ng\tcon\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u1ea7y\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00f2n\tph\u1ea3i\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tcon\ttrai\tsau\tkhi\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tb\u1ed1\tn\u00f3 n\u00ean\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tCon\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ecf\t\u00fd\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00f3\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tm\u1ed9t\tai\tkh\u00e1c\tngo\u00e0i\tcon ra l\u1ea1i\tho\u00e0n\tth\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\tthi\u00eang\tli\u00eang\tv\u00e0\td\u1ecbu\tng\u1ecdt\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u1ebf,\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tcon c\u0169ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u1ef1a\tch\u1ecdn\tc\u1ea9n\tth\u1eadn\tcho\tcon\ttrai\tcon\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\tl\u1ee9a ch\u00e9n\tcho\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tcom\tNh\u01b0ng\txin\th\u00e3y\tc\u1ee9\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ea7y\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tth\u1ea7y\ttr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i\tXin\th\u00e3y\tkhuy\u00ean\tb\u1ea3o\tch\u00fang\tcon,\th\u00e3y\tch\u0103m\ts\u00f3c\tv\u00e0\th\u01b0\u1edbng\td\u1eabn\tch\u00fang\tcon, ch\u00fang\tcon\ts\u1ebd\td\u1ec5\tb\u1ea3o:\tCh\u1eebng\tn\u00e0o\tcon\tc\u00f2n\ts\u1ed1ng,\tcon\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f2n\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u1ea7y.\tCon c\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t h\u01a1n\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t h\u1ebft,\t gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u00e2y\t khi\t nh\u1eefng\t ch\u1ee9c\t n\u0103ng\t l\u00e0m\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u.\t Th\u00e2y\t \u0111\u00e3\t ho\u00e0n\t t\u1ea5t\t ch\u1ee9c\t n\u0103ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh;\t xin\t h\u00e3y\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t d\u1eabn cho con\tb\u1eaft\tch\u01b0\u1edbc\tth\u1ea7y;\tv\u00e0\txin\tth\u1ea7y\th\u00e3y\tngh\u1ec9\tng\u01a1i,\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fac\tr\u1ed3i.","Ch\u00fa\tth\u00edch [1] \tC\u00e1c\ttr\u00edch\td\u1eabn\ttrong\tb\u00e0i\tn\u00e0y,\ttr\u1eeb\tkhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tri\u00eang,\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch \u00c9mile\thay\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tc\u1ee7a\tL\u00ea\tH\u1ed3ng\tS\u00e2m\tv\u00e0\tTr\u1ea7n\tQu\u1ed1c\tD\u01b0\u01a1ng. [2] \tL.Kant:\tTr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi:\tKhai\tminh\tl\u00e0\tg\u00ec?\t(1784):\t\\\"Khai\tminh\tl\u00e0\tvi\u1ec7c\tcon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111i\t ra\t kh\u1ecfi\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00f4ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng\t th\u00e0nh\t do\t ch\u00ednh\t m\u00ecnh\t t\u1ef1\t chu\u1ed1c\t l\u1ea5y\/...; Ausgew\u00e0hte\tkleine\tSchnften,\tMeiner\tVerlag\t1999,\ttr.20. [3]\t L.Kant.\t To\u00e0n\t t\u1eadp\t (S\u0103mtliche\t Werke),\t t\u1eadp\t 8,\t Kant\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1ebd\t S\u01b0\t ph\u1ea1m\t h\u1ecdc (K.Vorl\u00e3nder\t\u1ea5n\th\u00e0nh),\ttr.193. [4]\tS\u0111d,\ttr.195. [5] \t J.J.R\t ouseau:\t Confessions,\t b\u1ea3n\t ti\u1ebfng\t Anh\t c\u1ee7a\t J.\t M.\t Co\t hen,\t New\t York, Pengrain,\t1953,\ttr129-30 [6]\tD\u1eabn\ttheo\tJ\u00f4rg\tRuhloff,\tProblematising\tCritique\tin\tPedagogy,\t1998,\ttr.97. [7]\tD\u1eabn\ttheo\tRuhloff,\t1998,\ttr.98. [8]\tQuan\tni\u1ec7m\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u1ea1nh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tMang\tMontessori\t(1870-1952), nh\u00e0\t c\u1ea3ic\u00e1ch\t gi\u00e1o\t d\u1ee5c\t c\u1ef1\t ph\u00e1ch\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u00dd\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ea1i.\t B\u00e0\t nh\u00ecn\t h\u1ecdc\t sinh\t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng\t \\\"b\u00e0o\t thai\t tri\t th\u1ee9c\/\u201d,\t nh\u1eefng\t \u201ck\u1ef3\t quan\t cu\u1ed9c\t s\u1ed1ng\/\u201d\t m\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u1ea7y\t c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch\t nhi\u1ec7m\t vun\t b\u1edfi:\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u1ea7y\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u1ebd\t ph\u1ea3i\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u00e1ch\t gi\u1eef\t im\t l\u1eb7ng\t thay\t v\u00ec n\u00f3i;\tph\u1ea3i\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tthay\tv\u00ec\th\u01b0\u1edbng\td\u1eabn,\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\tkho\u00e1c\tl\u00ean\tm\u00ecnh\tt\u1ea5m\t\u00e1o\tcho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t khi\u00eam\t nh\u01b0\u1eddng\t v\u00e0\t say\t m\u00ea\t thay\t v\u00ec\t v\u1ebb\t ki\u00eau\t ng\u1ea1o\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tph\u1ea1m\tsai\tl\u1ea7m\\\".\t\\\"Kh\u00e1c\tv\u1edbi\tlo\u00e0i\tv\u1eadt\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\\\"l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh\ts\u1eb5n\\\"\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tc\u00f3\tph\u1ed1i\th\u1ee3p\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3,\tn\u00ean\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ee9:\tKh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra\tcho\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\ttr\u00e1i\tl\u1ea1i,\tcon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u00ecm\tki\u1ebfm\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tcho\tm\u00ecnh\\\". Ta\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t \u1ea3nh\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t t\u1ef1\t n\u01a1i\t John\t Dewey\t (1859-195Z) v\u1edbi\t m\u00f4\t h\u00ecnh\t \\\"tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ecdc\t Dewey\\\"\t n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng.\t (Xem:\t J.\t Dewey:\t D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\tv\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c.\tB\u1ea3n\td\u1ecbch\tc\u1ee7a\tPh\u1ea1m\tAnh\tTu\u1ea5n,\tNXB\tTri\tth\u1ee9c,\t2008).","[9] \t Cu\u1ed9c\t th\u1ea3o\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t v\u00e0\t \u0111ang\t di\u1ec5n\t ra\t r\u1ea5t\t s\u00f4i\t n\u1ed5i\t chung\t quanh\t Quy\u1ec3n n\u0103m\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tgi\u1edbi\tt\u00ednh\tv\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tn\u1eef\th\u1ecdc\tsinh\t(qua nh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tSophie,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1ee3\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tlai\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00c9mile).\tM\u1ea5y\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u1ed5i\tb\u1eadt: -S\u1ef1\t b\u00ecnh\t \u0111\u1eb3ng\t nam\t n\u1eef\t c\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t ngh\u0129a\t v\u1edbi\t vi\u1ec7c\t xem\t nam\t n\u1eef\t l\u00e0\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng\tnhau?\t(Ph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\tc\u00e0ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnam\tgi\u1edbi\tth\u00ec\tc\u00e0ng\t\u00edt\tc\u00f3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u00ean\tnam gi\u1edbi,\tr\u1ed1t\tcu\u1ed9c\tnam\tgi\u1edbi\tv\u1eabn\tgi\u1eef\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tch\u1ebf\tng\u1ef1?) -\u201cB\u1ea3n\tt\u00ednh\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\u201d\tl\u00e0\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\ttrong\tquan\th\u1ec7\tv\u1edbi\thai\tgi\u1edbi\tt\u00ednh?\t\u0110\u00e2u\tl\u00e0 c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t vi\u1ec7c\t xem\t nh\u1eb9\t c\u00e1c\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00e1c\t bi\u1ec7t\t gi\u1eefa\t hai\t \u201cb\u1ea3n\t t\u00ednh\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\u201d, n\u1ebfu\tc\u00f3?\tV\u00e0\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\td\u1ecb\tbi\u1ec7t\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\thai\tgi\u1edbi\tt\u00ednh? -Vai\t tr\u00f2\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1eddi\t s\u1ed1ng\t t\u00ecnh\t d\u1ee5c\t trong\t gia\t \u0111\u00ecnh\t h\u1ea1t\t nh\u00e2n?\t V\u00e0\t n\u00f3i\t chung,\t t\u1ea7m quan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tvi\u1ec7c\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh\th\u1ea1t\tnh\u00e2n\ttrong\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i? C\u00e1c\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ee9\t c\u1ee7a\t Rousseau\t trong\t Quy\u1ec3n\t n\u0103m\t \u0111\u00e3\t k\u00edch\t th\u00edch\t s\u1ef1\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi\t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ee9\t c\u1ee7a\t phong\t tr\u00e0o\t n\u1eef\t quy\u1ec1n\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ea1i,\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t t\u1eeb\t Mary Wollstonscraft. [10] \tQuy\u1ec3n\t\u00c9mile\thay\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tCarl\tBessai\td\u1ef1ng\tth\u00e0nh phim. [11] \tJohn\tLocke\t(\t1632-1704),\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh,\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1\ttr\u00ed\tn\u0103ng\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t(1690),\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\ttr\u1ebb\tem\t(1693). Nh\u1eefng\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tc\u00f3\tk\u00e8m\td\u1ea5u\t*\tl\u00e0\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ecbch. [12] S\u1ef1\t gi\u00e1o\t d\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t l\u00e0\tquan\t tr\u1ecdng\t h\u01a1n\tc\u1ea3,\tv\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\t d\u1ee5c\t \u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\t n\u00e0y \t r\u00f5\t r\u00e0ng\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u1ec1\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ph\u1ee5\t n\u1eef-n\u1ebfu\t \u0110\u1ea5ng\t T\u1ea1o\t t\u00e1c\t ra\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\t\u1ea5y\tthu\u1ed9c\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u00e0n\t\u00f4ng,\tth\u00ec\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho\th\u1ecd\ts\u1eefa\t\u0111\u1ec3\tnu\u00f4i\tcon.\tV\u1eady c\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\th\u00e3y\tlu\u00f4n\t\u01b0u\tti\u00ean\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb;\tb\u1edfi,\tngo\u00e0i\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tcoi\ts\u00f3c\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\ts\u00e1t\th\u01a1n\t\u0111\u00e0n\t\u00f4ng,\tv\u00e0\tlu\u00f4n\tc\u00f3 \u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tnhi\u1ec1u\tth\u00eam,\tth\u00ec\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ecd\tquan\tt\u00e2m\th\u01a1n\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u,\tb\u1edfi \u0111a\ts\u1ed1\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u1ea3\tph\u1ee5\th\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\tch\u1ecbu\ts\u1ef1\tchi\tph\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111o\u1ea1t\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tc\u00e1i,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\t\u0111\u00f3 con\tc\u00e1i\tkhi\u1ebfn\th\u1ecd\tc\u1ea3m\tnh\u1eadn\tr\u1ea5t\tr\u00f5,\tho\u1eb7c\tt\u1ed1t\tho\u1eb7c\tx\u1ea5u,\thi\u1ec7u\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c h\u1ecd\tt\u1eebng\tgi\u00e1o\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tcon.\tC\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tlu\u1eadt,\tlu\u00f4n\tquan\tt\u00e2m\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tt\u00e0i\ts\u1ea3n v\u00e0\tr\u1ea5t\t\u00edt\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\tb\u1edfi\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a\tlu\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tan\tb\u00ecnh\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9c\t h\u1ea1nh,\t kh\u00f4ng\t cho\t c\u00e1c\t b\u00e0\t m\u1eb9\t \u0111\u1ee7\t uy\t quy\u1ec1n.\t Tuy\t nhi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ecba\t v\u1ecb\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\th\u01a1n\t\u0111\u1ecba\tv\u1ecb\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcha,\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tn\u1eb7ng\tnh\u1ecdc\th\u01a1n;\ts\u1ef1\tch\u0103m","s\u00f3c\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tc\u1ea7n\th\u01a1n\tcho\ttr\u1eadt\tt\u1ef1\tt\u1ed1t\tl\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh;\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ecd\tg\u1eafn\tb\u00f3\th\u01a1n v\u1edbi\t con\t c\u00e1i.\t C\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ee9a\t con\t trai\t thi\u1ebfu\t t\u00f4n\t tr\u1ecdng\t cha\t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tmi\u1ec5n\tth\u1ee9;\tnh\u01b0ng\tn\u1ebfu,\ttrong\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee9\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tn\u00e0o,\tm\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a\t tr\u1ebb\t kh\u00e1\t b\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ebfu\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ee9c\t thi\u1ebfu\t t\u00f4n\t tr\u1ecdng\t m\u1eb9,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t mang\t n\u00f3\t trong b\u1ee5ng,\t\u0111\u00e3\tnu\u00f4i\tn\u00f3\tb\u1eb1ng\ts\u1eefa\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m\tr\u00f2ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tqu\u00ean\t\u0111i\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\t\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9\tch\u0103m\tlo\tcho\tn\u00f3,\tth\u00ec\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u00f3p\tch\u1ebft\tngay\tk\u1ebb\tkh\u1ed1n\tn\u1ea1n\t\u1ea5y\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t qu\u00e1i\tv\u1eadt\tkh\u00f4ng\tx\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi.\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tb\u1ea3o\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tb\u00e0\tm\u1eb9 nu\u00f4ng\tchi\u1ec1u\tcon.\tCh\u1eafc\th\u1eb3n\ttrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\th\u1ecd\tsai,\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\t\u00edt\tsai\th\u01a1n\tc\u00e1c v\u1ecb\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\th\u01b0\th\u1ecfng\tcon.\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1eb9\tmu\u1ed1n\tcon\tm\u00ecnh\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac,\tmu\u1ed1n\tn\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ea1nh\tph\u00fac\tngay\tt\u1eeb\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd.\tTrong\tvi\u1ec7c\tn\u00e0y\tb\u00e0\t\u0111\u00fang:\tN\u1ebfu\tb\u00e0\tl\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tv\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c,\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ec9\tv\u1ebd\tcho\tb\u00e0.\tTham\tv\u1ecdng,\ts\u1ef1\tkeo\tki\u1ec7t,\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u00ean\tch\u1ebf,\ts\u1ef1 lo\t xa\t gi\u1ea3\t t\u1ea1o\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t cha,\t s\u1ef1\t h\u1eefng\t h\u1edd\t sao\t nh\u00e3ng,\t s\u1ef1\t v\u00f4\t c\u1ea3m\t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\th\u1ea1i\tcho\tcon\ttr\u1ebb\tg\u1ea5p\ttr\u0103m\tl\u1ea7n\tt\u00ecnh\ty\u00eau\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tm\u00f9\tqu\u00e1ng\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\t b\u00e0\t m\u1eb9.\t V\u00e0\t ch\u0103ng,\t c\u1ea7n\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t c\u00e1i\t ngh\u0129a\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111em\t l\u1ea1i\t cho\t danh\t t\u1eeb m\u1eb9,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tti\u1ebfn\th\u00e0nh\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y. [13]\tB\u1ec1\tngo\u00e0i\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\th\u1ecd,\tsong\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\tdo\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\tbi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u1ea1t,\tanh\tta\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\tcho\th\u1ecd\thi\u1ec3u\tanh\tta\tc\u00f3\tnhu c\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u1ecd\tgi\u00fap\t\u0111\u1ee1,\tv\u00e0\tch\u1eb3ng\tc\u00f3\tg\u00ec\t\u1edf\tanh\tta\tb\u1ed9c\tl\u1ed9\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ecd\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u\t\u1ea5y. [14] \tB\u1edfi\tth\u1ebf\tchi\u1ebfn\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ec1n\tc\u1ed9ng\th\u00f2a\tt\u00e0n\t\u00e1c\th\u01a1n\tchi\u1ebfn\ttranh\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n\t ch\u1ee7.\t Nh\u01b0ng,\t n\u1ebfu\t nh\u01b0\t cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t vua\t \u00f4n\t h\u00f2a\t h\u01a1n,\t th\u00ec\t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a\t b\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t m\u1edbi\t kh\u1ee7ng\t khi\u1ebfp:\t L\u00e0\t k\u1ebb\t th\u00f9\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t th\u00ec\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t l\u00e0m\t b\u1ea7y\t t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd. [15] \t M\u1ed9t\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ed1\t c\u1ee7a\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p,\t th\u1eddi\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t c\u00f2n\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ean\t Lac\u00e9desmonie,\t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\t v\u00ec\t s\u1ef1\t gi\u00e1o\t d\u1ee5c\t kh\u1eafc\t kh\u1ed5\t mang\t t\u00ednh\t qu\u00e2n\t s\u1ef1.\t Danh\t t\u1eeb\t ri\u00eang\t Spartiate, ch\u1ec9\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u00e2n\tth\u00e0nh\tSparte,\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u00ednh\tt\u1eeb\tn\u00f3i\tl\u00ean\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u01b0\u01a1ng\tngh\u1ecb v\u00e0\tnghi\u00eam\tkh\u1eafc. [16] \t Resgulus\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1ecb\t t\u01b0\u1edbng\t v\u00e0\t quan\t ch\u1ea5p\t ch\u00ednh\t c\u1ee7a\t La\t M\u00e3.\t Sau\t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eafng,\tn\u0103m\t255\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tCarthage\tb\u1eaft\tl\u00e0m\tt\u00f9\tbinh.\tN\u0103m\t250 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN,\tCarthage\tc\u1eed\t\u00f4ng\tv\u1ec1\tLa\tM\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tvi\u1ec7c\ttrao\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tt\u00f9\tbinh, nh\u01b0ng\t do\t khuy\u00ean\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t Vi\u1ec7n\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00e3o\t La\t M\u00e3\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ea5p\t thu\u1eadn\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\tc\u1ee7a\tCarthage,\tkhi\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tCarthage,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tx\u1eed\tt\u1ed9i\tch\u1ebft\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u1ef1c\th\u00ecnh. [17] Nh\u00e0\t h\u00f9ng\t bi\u1ec7n\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00ednh\t kh\u00e1ch\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ath\u00e8nes\t (\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ef7\t 4\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN),\t h\u1ecdc \t tr\u00f2\t c\u1ee7a\t Platon,\t t\u1eebng\t qu\u1ea3n\t l\u00fd\t th\u00e0nh\t c\u00f4ng\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u00e0i\t ch\u00ednh\t c\u1ee7a\t Ath\u00e8nes\t v\u00e0\t c\u1ea5p","chi\tph\u00ed\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tnhi\u1ec1u\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh. [18]\t\u1ede\tnhi\u1ec1u\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tl\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tT\u1ed5ng\th\u1ee3p\tParis,\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t y\u00eau\t m\u1ebfn,\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t h\u1ebft\t s\u1ee9c\t qu\u00fd\t tr\u1ecdng,\t v\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t tin\t l\u00e0\t r\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\td\u1ea1y\td\u1ed7\tthanh\tni\u00ean,\tn\u1ebfu\th\u1ecd\tkh\u00f4ng\tbu\u1ed9c\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0m\ttheo\tt\u1eadp\tqu\u00e1n\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c\tl\u1eadp.\tT\u00f4i\t\u0111ang\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tvi\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tk\u1ebf\tho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u00e0\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t ngh\u0129\t ra.\t C\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t s\u1ebd\t mu\u1ed1n\t ch\u1eefa\t b\u1ec7nh\t khi\t th\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh\tch\u1eb3ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tthu\u1ed1c\tch\u1eefa. [19] Ti\u1ebfng\t Latin,\t l\u1eddi\t c\u1ee7a\t M\u00e9trodore,\t tri\u1ebft\t gia\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p\t (330\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-227 *\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN),\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tvi\u1ec7n\td\u1eabn\tb\u1edfi\tCic\u00e9ron,\tch\u00ednh\tkh\u00e1ch\tv\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\th\u00f9ng\tbi\u1ec7n\tLatin (106\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-43\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN):\tV\u1eadn\tm\u1ec7nh\tr\u1ee7i\tmay,\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tl\u00ean\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tng\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tgiam\tng\u01b0\u01a1i\tl\u1ea1i:\tTa\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00f3ng\tk\u00edn\tm\u1ecdi\tn\u1ebbo\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u01a1i\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tlu\u1ed3n l\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u01a1i\tta. [20] *\tTi\u1ebfng\tLatin\ttrong\tnguy\u00ean\tb\u1ea3n:\tB\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee1\tgi\u00fap\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi,\tv\u00fa\tem\tnu\u00f4i\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00e0o\tt\u1ea1o,\t\u00f4ng\tth\u1ea7y\td\u1ea1y\tb\u1ea3o.\t(Varron\tl\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1c\th\u1ecdc,\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong nh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e0\tb\u00e1ch\tkhoa\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tLa\tM\u00e3\t(116\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-27\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN). [21] *\tTr\u00edch\td\u1eabn\tBuffon,\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tPh\u00e1p\t(1707-1788). [22] *\tT\u00e9ti\u00e8re:\td\u1ea3i\tv\u1ea3i\tgi\u1eef\tcho\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tn\u1eb1m\tnghi\u00eang,\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttr\u1ebb\tkh\u1ecfi\tb\u1ecb\tng\u1ea1t\tdo tr\u1edb. [23] \t T\u00f4i\t lu\u00f4n\t th\u1ea5y\t s\u1ef1\t li\u00ean\t minh\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u1ee5\t n\u1eef\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t th\u1ea7y\t thu\u1ed1c\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t trong nh\u1eefng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t k\u1ef3\t c\u1ee5c\t t\u1ee9c\t c\u01b0\u1eddi\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t Paris.\t Ch\u00ednh\t nh\u1edd\t ph\u1ee5\t n\u1eef\t m\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\tnh\u1edd\tth\u1ea7y\tthu\u1ed1c\tm\u00e0\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00e0m\ttheo \u00fd\tm\u00ecnh.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tta\tng\u1edd\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ea7y\tthu\u1ed1c\tParis\tc\u1ea7n\tc\u00f3\tki\u1ec3u\tkh\u00f4n\tkh\u00e9o\tnh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u00e0nh\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng. [24] \t N\u1eef\t th\u1ea7n\t bi\u1ec3n\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p,\t l\u1ea5y\t nh\u00e0\t vua\t P\u00e9l\u00e9e\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t tr\u1ea7n\t th\u1ebf\t v\u00e0\t sinh\t ra Achille. [25] \tKhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tth\u1ea5y\tPlutarque\tvi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\tquan\tt\u01b0\tph\u00e1p\tCaton,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcai tr\u1ecb\tth\u00e0nh\tRome\tv\u1edbi\tbao\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u00edch,\tt\u1ef1\tm\u00ecnh\td\u1ea1y\td\u1ed7\tcon\ttrai\tt\u1eeb\tkhi\tc\u00f2n\ttrong n\u00f4i,\tc\u1ea9n\tth\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ee9c\tb\u1ecf\th\u1ebft\tm\u1ecdi\tvi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\tm\u1eb7t\tkhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnu\u00f4i\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng,\tt\u1ee9c l\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1eb9,\tchuy\u1ec3n\td\u1ecbch\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eafm\tr\u1eeda\tcho\t\u0111\u1ee9a\tb\u00e9;\tkhi\tta\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tth\u1ea5y\tSu\u00e9tone\tvi\u1ebft","r\u1eb1ng\t Auguste,\t ch\u00faa\t t\u1ec3\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t m\u00e0\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t chinh\t ph\u1ee5c\t v\u00e0\t t\u1ef1\t m\u00ecnh\t cai\t qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00edch\tth\u00e2n\td\u1ea1y\tc\u00e1c\tch\u00e1u\tvi\u1ebft,\tb\u01a1i\tl\u1ed9i,\tc\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc,\tv\u00e0\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\tc\u00f3 c\u00e1c\tch\u00e1u\t\u1edf\tquanh\tm\u00ecnh,\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebb\tt\u1ea7m\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tth\u1eddi \u1ea5y,\th\u1ecd\tti\u00eau\tkhi\u1ec3n\tb\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng\ttr\u00f2\tng\u1edb\tng\u1ea9n\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady;\tch\u1eafc\th\u1eb3n\tdo\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u00f3c\tqu\u00e1 thi\u1ec3n\tc\u1eadn\tn\u00ean\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\tnh\u00e2n\tth\u1eddi\tch\u00fang\tta. [26]*\tGouverneur:\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1ea1y\td\u1ed7,\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ea1o,\tx\u01b0a\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ecbch\tl\u00e0\ts\u01b0\tph\u00f3. [27]\tX\u1ee9\ts\u1edf\tthu\u1ed9c\tCh\u00e2u\tPhi. [28]\tMi\u1ec1n\tB\u1eafc\t\u00c2u\tthu\u1ed9c\tNa\tUy,\tTh\u1ee5y\t\u0110i\u1ec3n,\tPh\u1ea7n\tLan\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. [29]\tThu\u1ed9c\tB\u1eafc\t\u00c2u. [30]\tB\u1ed9\tl\u1ea1c\tg\u1ed1c\tM\u00f4ng\tC\u1ed5,\ts\u1ed1ng\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e0i\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u1ea1nh\tgi\u00e1\tmi\u1ec1n\tB\u1eafc\tSib\u00e9rie. [31] \tX\u1ee9\ts\u1edf\tthu\u1ed9c\tCh\u00e2u\tPhi. [32] \t \u0110\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t tr\u00edch\t t\u1eeb\t b\u00e1o\t ch\u00ed\t Anh,\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00f4ng\t thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i,\tb\u1edfi\tn\u00f3\tg\u1ee3i\tl\u00ean\tnhi\u1ec1u\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i. \u201c\tM\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u00ean\tl\u00e0\tPatrice\tOneil,\tsinh\tn\u0103m\t1647,\tv\u1eeba\tk\u1ebft\th\u00f4n\tl\u1ea7n\tth\u1ee9\tb\u1ea3y\tv\u00e0o n\u0103m\t1760.\t\u00d4ng\tt\u1eebng\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\ttrong\t\u0111\u1ed9i\tlong\tk\u1ef5\tbinh\tv\u00e0o\tn\u0103m\tth\u1ee9\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea3y tri\u1ec1u\t vua\t Charles\t II,\t v\u00e0\t trong\t nhi\u1ec1u\t binh\t \u0111o\u00e0n\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u0103m\t 1740,\t th\u00ec\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9.\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ttham\tgia\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\tchi\u1ebfn\td\u1ecbch\tc\u1ee7a\tvua\tGuillaume\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc\t De\t Marborough.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00f4ng\t n\u00e0y\t x\u01b0a\t nay\t ch\u1ec9\t u\u1ed1ng\t bia\t lo\u1ea1i\t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng;\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t d\u00f9ng\t rau\t c\u1ee7\t v\u00e0\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0103n\t th\u1ecbt\t trong\t v\u00e0i\t b\u1eefa\t m\u1eddi\t gia \u0111\u00ecnh.\tL\u1ec7\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tx\u01b0a\tnay\tl\u00e0\tth\u1ee9c\td\u1eady\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\tng\u1ee7\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\ttr\u1eeb phi\t ngh\u0129a\t v\u1ee5\t kh\u00f4ng\t cho\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0m\t v\u1eady.\t Gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u00e2y\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111ang\t \u1edf\t tu\u1ed5i\t m\u1ed9t\t tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi\tba,\tnghe\tr\u00f5,\tkh\u1ecfe\tm\u1ea1nh,\t\u0111i\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\tch\u1ed1ng\tg\u1eady.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\ttu\u1ed5i\tcao,\t\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng\t ng\u1ed3i\t r\u1ed7i\t l\u00fac\t n\u00e0o,\t v\u00e0\t Ch\u1ee7\t nh\u1eadt\t n\u00e0o\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t nh\u00e0\t th\u1edd\t x\u1ee9,\t c\u00f3\t c\u00e1c con,\tc\u00e1c\tch\u00e1u,\tch\u1eaft,\t\u0111i\tc\u00f9ng.\u201d [33]\tPh\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\t\u0103n\tb\u00e1nh\tm\u1ef3,\trau,\tc\u00e1c\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0103n\tt\u1eeb\ts\u1eefa:\tm\u00e8o\tc\u00e1i\tv\u00e0\tch\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tc\u0169ng\t\u0103n nh\u1eefng\tth\u1ee9\t\u1ea5y;\tngay\tc\u1ea3\ts\u00f3i\tc\u00e1i\tc\u0169ng\t\u0103n\tc\u1ecf.\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ttinh\tt\u00fay\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\ts\u1eefa.\tC\u00f2n\tph\u1ea3i\txem\tx\u00e9t\ts\u1eefa\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tlo\u00e0i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tch\u1ec9\t\u0103n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ecbt,\tn\u1ebfu","nh\u01b0\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tlo\u00e0i\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady:\tT\u00f4i\tnghi\tng\u1edd\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y. [34]\t D\u00f9\t c\u00e1c\t d\u1ecbch\t nu\u00f4i\t d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t l\u00e0\t ch\u1ea5t\t n\u01b0\u1edbc,\t song\t ch\u00fang\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft\t \u00e9p\t t\u1eeb\t th\u1ee9c\t \u0103n\t \u0111\u1eb7c.\t M\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111ang\t lao\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t m\u00e0\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0103n\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t canh\t s\u1ebd suy\t y\u1ebfu\t nhanh\t ch\u00f3ng.\t N\u1ebfu\t \u0103n\t s\u1eefa,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u1ea5y\t s\u1ebd\t ch\u1ecbu\t \u0111\u1ef1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u1ed1t\t h\u01a1n,\t v\u00ec s\u1eefa\t\u0111\u00f4ng\tl\u1ea1i. [35]\t Nh\u1eefng\t ai\t mu\u1ed1n\t tranh\t lu\u1eadn\t th\u00eam\t v\u1ec1\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t l\u1ee3i\t v\u00e0\t b\u1ea5t\t l\u1ee3i\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u1ebf\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0103n chay\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t xem\t c\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i\t lu\u1eadn\t do\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t Cocchi\t v\u00e0\t b\u00e1c\t s\u0129\t Bianchi,\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tvi\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tn\u00e0y. [36] \t \u201c\u1ede\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ed1\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t l\u00e0m\t tr\u1ebb\t em\t ng\u1ea1t\t th\u1edf\t V\u00ec\t c\u1ee9\t gi\u1eef\t ch\u00fang\t trong nh\u00e0\t v\u00e0\t m\u1eb7c\t nhi\u1ec1u\t qu\u1ea7n\t \u00e1o.\t Nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t d\u1ea1y\t d\u1ed7\t ch\u00fang\t c\u1ea7n\t ph\u1ea3i\t bi\u1ebft\t r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng\t kh\u00ed\t l\u1ea1nh\t ch\u1eb3ng\t h\u1ec1\t l\u00e0m\t h\u1ea1i\t tr\u1ebb\t m\u00e0\t khi\u1ebfn\t ch\u00fang\t kh\u1ecfe\t m\u1ea1nh\t h\u01a1n,\t c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\tn\u00f3ng\tl\u00e0m\tch\u00fang\ty\u1ebfu\t\u0111i,\tkhi\u1ebfn\tch\u00fang\ts\u1ed1t\tv\u00e0\tgi\u1ebft\tch\u00fang. [37] \tT\u00f4i\tn\u00f3i\tn\u00f4i,\t\u0111\u1ec3\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1eeb\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\td\u00f9ng,\tv\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tt\u1eeb\tkh\u00e1c,\tsong t\u00f4i\ttin\tr\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111u\t\u0111\u01b0a\tn\u00f4i\tcho\ttr\u1ebb,\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eadp\tqu\u00e1n\tn\u00e0y\tnhi\u1ec1u\tkhi c\u00f3\th\u1ea1i\tcho\tch\u00fang. [38]\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tP\u00e9rou\tx\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00e1nh\ttay\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u1ebb\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ef1\tdo\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e3 r\u1ea5t\tr\u1ed9ng;\tkhi\tb\u1ecf\tt\u00e3,\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tch\u00fang\ttho\u1ea3i\tm\u00e1i\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\th\u1ed1\t\u0111\u00e0o\td\u01b0\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0 c\u00f3\tl\u00f3t\tv\u1ea3i\tv\u00f3c,\th\u1ecd\tcho\ttr\u1ebb\txu\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u1eeda\tng\u01b0\u1eddi;\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tc\u00e1nh\ttay\tch\u00fang t\u1ef1\t do,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u1eed\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t v\u00e0\t u\u1ed1n\t m\u00ecnh\t t\u00f9y\t th\u00edch,\t kh\u00f4ng\t ng\u00e3\t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng.\tKhi\tch\u00fang\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u01b0\u1edbc,\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u01b0a\tb\u1ea7u\tv\u00fa\tcho ch\u00fang\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ed7\th\u01a1i\txa\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u00fat,\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1i\tm\u1ed3i\t\u0111\u1ec3\tbu\u1ed9c\tch\u00fang\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111i.\tC\u00e1c ch\u00fa\tb\u00e9\tda\t\u0111en\t\u0111\u00f4i\tkhi\tc\u00f2n\tb\u00fa\t\u1edf\tt\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tnh\u1ecdc\tnh\u1eb1n\th\u01a1n\tnhi\u1ec1u:\tCh\u00fang\td\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t b\u00e0n\t ch\u00e2n\t \u00f4m\t l\u1ea5y\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00ean\t h\u00f4ng\t m\u1eb9,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t qu\u1eb7p\t ch\u1eb7t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ee9c\t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tb\u00e1m\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea5y\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1nh\ttay\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1eb9\ttr\u1ee3\tgi\u00fap.\tCh\u00fang\td\u00f9ng hai\tb\u00e0n\ttay\tv\u00edu\tl\u1ea5y\tb\u1ea7u\tv\u00fa,\tv\u00e0\tb\u00fa\tli\u00ean\tt\u1ee5c\tkh\u00f4ng\tphi\u1ec1n\th\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u00e3,\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u1eb9\ttrong\tkhi\t\u1ea5y\tv\u1eabn\tl\u00e0m\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.\tT\u1eeb\tth\u00e1ng\tth\u1ee9\thai\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tn\u00e0y\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111i,\thay\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u00fang\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0 b\u00f2\tl\u1ebft\ttr\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tg\u1ed1i\tv\u00e0\tb\u00e0n\ttay.\tVi\u1ec7c\tluy\u1ec7n\tt\u1eadp\t\u0111\u00f3\tkhi\u1ebfn\tch\u00fang\tv\u1ec1\tsau\td\u1ec5\td\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y\t trong\t t\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t \u1ea5y\t nhanh\t g\u1ea7n\t b\u1eb1ng\t ch\u1ea1y\t tr\u00ean\t hai\t b\u00e0n\t ch\u00e2n.\t \u201c(\t L\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed\t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean,\tt\u1eadp\tIV,\ttr.\t192). \u00d4ng\tDe\tBuffon\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tb\u1ed5\tsung\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00e1c\tth\u00ed\td\u1ee5\ttr\u00ean\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tAnh, t\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u1eadp\tqu\u00e1n\tv\u00f4\tl\u00fd\tv\u00e0\tman\tr\u1ee3\td\u00f9ng\tt\u00e3\tn\u1ecbt\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u1ebf\tb\u1ecf.\tXin\t\u0111\u1ecdc","th\u00eam\tDu\tl\u1ecbch\t\u1edf\tXi\u00eam\tla\tc\u1ee7a\tLa\tLoub\u00e8re;\tDu\tl\u1ecbch\t\u1edf\tCanada\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u00e0i\tLe\tBeau v.v..T\u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t vi\u1ec7n\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t hai\t m\u01b0\u01a1i\t trang,\t n\u1ebfu\t c\u1ea7n\t ph\u1ea3i\t kh\u1eb3ng\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ef1c. [39] \tBi\u1ec7t\tdanh\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u1eef\tth\u1ea7n\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tAth\u00e9na,\th\u00e3y\tn\u1eef\tth\u1ea7n\tLa\tM\u00e3\tMinerve. [40] \tTrong\tm\u1ecdi\tgi\u00e1c\tquan\tth\u00ec\tkh\u1ee9u\tgi\u00e1c\tl\u00e0\tgi\u00e1c\tquan\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tch\u1eadm\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u1edf tr\u1ebb\t em:\t Cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t hai\t ho\u1eb7c\t ba\t tu\u1ed5i\t d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u1ebb\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea3m\t nh\u1eadn\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u00e1c m\u00f9i\td\u1ec5\tch\u1ecbu\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu;\tv\u1ec1\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tdi\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\ttr\u1ebb\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1edd\t\u01a1\tho\u1eb7c\t\u0111\u00fang\th\u01a1n l\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tv\u00f4\tc\u1ea3m\tm\u00e0\tta\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tth\u1ea5y\t\u1edf\tnhi\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1eadt. [41] \t Hermann\t Boerhaave\t (1688-1738)\t nh\u00e0\t y\t h\u1ecdc\t v\u00e0\t h\u00f3a\t h\u1ecdc\t danh\t ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tH\u00e0\tLan [42] \tChuy\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tngo\u1ea1i\tl\u1ec7;\tv\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec1u\tkhi\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb tho\u1ea1t\tti\u00ean\tn\u00f3i\tkh\u00f3\tnghe\tnh\u1ea5t\tth\u00ec\tv\u1ec1\tsau\tkhi\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u00e1t\tcao\tti\u1ebfng\tl\u1ea1i\tth\u00e0nh\t\u1ed3n \u00e0o\t \u1ea5m\t \u0129\t nh\u1ea5t.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111i\t v\u00e0o\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t t\u1ec9\t m\u1ec9\t n\u00e0y,\t th\u00ec\t t\u00f4i\t s\u1ebd n\u00f3i\tm\u00e3i\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c;\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tgi\u1ea3\tn\u00e0o\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u1ebd\tph\u1ea3i\t\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng\tth\u00e1i qu\u00e1\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea5t\tc\u1eadp,\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00f3i\tx\u1ea5u\tm\u00e0\tra,\t\u0111\u1ec1u\ts\u1eeda\tch\u1eefa\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1eb1ng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i.\t T\u00f4i\t coi\t hai\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ch\u00e2m\t sau\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t t\u00e1ch\t r\u1eddi:\t Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n\t \u0111\u1ee7,\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t th\u1eeba.\t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ch\u00e2m\t th\u1ee9\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e1c\t l\u1eadp\t v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng,\tth\u00ec\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tch\u00e2m\tsau\tt\u1ea5t\tnhi\u00ean\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u00e0\tra. [43] *\t Tr\u00edch\t d\u1eabn\t nh\u00e0\t th\u01a1\t Latin\t Ovide\t (43\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-17\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN):\t N\u00f3\t s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh [44] \tS\u1eed\tgia\tLatin\t(cu\u1ed1i\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-\u0111\u1ea5u\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\t1). [45] \tKh\u00f4ng\tg\u00ec\tn\u1ef1c\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tk\u00e9m\tv\u1eefng\tv\u00e0ng\th\u01a1n\td\u00e1ng\t\u0111i\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0 h\u1ed3i\tb\u00e9\tb\u1ecb\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\td\u1eaft\tqu\u00e1\tnhi\u1ec1u\tb\u1eb1ng\td\u1ea3i\tbu\u1ed9c:\t\u0110\u00e2y\tl\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tph\u00e0m\tt\u1ee5c\tV\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tqu\u00e1\t\u0111\u00fang,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00fang\ttheo\tnhi\u1ec1u\tngh\u0129a. [46] \tXin\thi\u1ec3u\tl\u00e0\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u00f4i\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u1eefng\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tbi\u1ebft\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ecdi\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi. [47] *\tCh\u00ednh\tkh\u00e1ch\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAth\u00e8nes\t(525\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-460\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN).","[48] \tTh\u00e9mistocle\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ea1n\tb\u00e8\tr\u1eb1ng:\tTh\u1eb1ng\tb\u00e9\tm\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tb\u1ea1n\t\u0111ang\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y,\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ee7\tt\u1ec3\tc\u1ee7a\tHy\tL\u1ea1p;\tv\u00ec\tn\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tm\u1eb9\tn\u00f3,\tm\u1eb9\tn\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\thuy\tt\u00f4i,\tt\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\thuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAth\u00e8nes,\tc\u00f2n\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAth\u00e8nes\tch\u1ec9\thuy\td\u00e2n\tHy\tL\u1ea1p.\t\u00d4i!\tNhi\u1ec1u\tkhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t nh\u1eefng\t ch\u1ec9\t huy\t xi\u1ebft\t bao\t b\u00e9\t nh\u1ecf\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ebf\t ch\u1ebf\t l\u1edbn\t lao\t nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu\tt\u1eeb\t\u00f4ng\tho\u00e0ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111i\txu\u1ed1ng\td\u1ea7n\tt\u1eebng\tb\u1eadc\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tb\u00e0n\ttay\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean ng\u1ea5m\tng\u1ea7m\tkh\u1edfi\t\u0111\u1ed9ng. [49] \t Trong\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t C\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t quy\u1ec1n\t ch\u00ednh\t tr\u1ecb,\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh r\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tmu\u1ed1n\tri\u00eang\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1\tnh\u00e2n\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1eafp\t\u0111\u1eb7t\ttheo\tquy t\u1eafc\ttrong\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i. [50] \tThomas\tHobbes\t(1588679):\tTri\u1ebft\tgia\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh\t\u0111\u1ec1\txu\u1ea5t\tthuy\u1ebft\tli\u00ean\th\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa\t tri\t gi\u00e1c\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c.\t Kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u1ed5\t sung\t b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft\tl\u1ee3i\t\u00edch\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\tt\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\ttri\u1ebft\tl\u00fd\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\tm\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tl\u00e0\tk\u1ebft h\u1ee3p\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tkh\u1ebf\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tv\u1edbi\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tquy\u1ec1n\tl\u1ef1c\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i. [51] \tTa\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u1ea3m\tnh\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng,\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tn\u1ed7i\tkh\u1ed5\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu,\tni\u1ec1m vui\t\u0111\u00f4i\tkhi\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnhu\tc\u1ea7u.\tV\u1eady\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tmong\tmu\u1ed1n\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u1ebb\tm\u00e0\tta\tkh\u00f4ng bao\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tchi\u1ec1u\ttheo:\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tmong\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttu\u00e2n\tph\u1ee5c.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u00e0\tsuy\tra r\u1eb1ng\ttrong\tm\u1ecdi\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tch\u00fang\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u,\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fd\tdo\tkhi\u1ebfn\tch\u00fang y\u00eau\t c\u1ea7u.\t H\u00e3y\t cho\t tr\u1ebb,\t nhi\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ch\u1eebng\t n\u00e0o\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ea5y\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t g\u00ec\t \u0111em\t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcho\tch\u00fang\tni\u1ec1m\tvui\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1,\tlu\u00f4n\tt\u1eeb\tch\u1ed1i\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tch\u1ec9\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u do\t\u00fd\tng\u00f4ng\thay\t\u0111\u1ec3\tra\toai. [52]*\txem\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\t11. [53] *\t\u0110\u01a1n\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00f3\tchi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i,\tb\u1eb1ng\t0m3248. [54]*\tSagesse. [55] \tTa\tph\u1ea3i\ttin\tch\u1eafc\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\ts\u1ebd\tcoi\tl\u00e0\tt\u00ednh\tkh\u00ed\tb\u1ea5t\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\t\u00fd\tmu\u1ed1n n\u00e0o\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i\t \u00fd\t mu\u1ed1n\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t m\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea3m\t nh\u1eadn\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u00fd\t do.\t M\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb\tch\u1eb3ng\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tl\u00fd\tdo\tg\u00ec\th\u1ebft\ttrong\tm\u1ecdi\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tva\tch\u1ea1m\tv\u1edbi\t\u00fd\tng\u00f4ng\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3. [56] \t Kh\u00f4ng\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ec3\t cho\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ee9a\t tr\u1ebb\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t x\u1eed\t v\u1edbi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t l\u1edbn\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1edbi k\u1ebb\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tn\u00f3,\tngay\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tngang\th\u00e0ng\tn\u00f3.\tN\u1ebfu\tn\u00f3\td\u00e1m\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tth\u1eadt\ts\u1ef1","ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3\td\u00f9\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ea7y\tt\u1edb\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\td\u00f9\tl\u00e0\tg\u00e3\t\u0111ao\tph\u1ee7,\txin\th\u00e3y\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3 bao\tgi\u1edd\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u0169ng\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1ea1i\tn\u00f3\tg\u1ea5p\tb\u1ed9i\tnh\u1eefng\tmi\u1ebfng\t\u0111\u00f2n\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tsao\tcho\tn\u00f3 m\u1ea5t\t h\u1eb3n\t \u00fd\t mu\u1ed1n\t l\u00e0m\t l\u1ea1i\t chuy\u1ec7n\t n\u00e0y.\t T\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t th\u1ea5y\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00f4\t d\u1ea1y\t tr\u1ebb\t d\u1ea1i\t d\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn\tkh\u00edch\ts\u1ef1\t\u01b0\u01a1ng\tb\u01b0\u1edbng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb,\tk\u00edch\tth\u00edch\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u1eadp,\tt\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tm\u00ecnh,\tv\u00e0\tc\u01b0\u1eddi\tV\u00ec\tnh\u1eefng\tmi\u1ebfng\t\u0111\u00f2n\ty\u1ebfu\t\u1edbt\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tkh\u00f4ng\tngh\u0129\tr\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tch\u1eebng\t\u1ea5y\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u1ebft\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttrong\t\u00fd\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1eb1ng\tb\u00e9\t\u0111i\u00ean\tkh\u00f9ng,\tv\u00e0\tk\u1ebb\tn\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u1eadp\tkhi\tc\u00f2n\tnon\tn\u1edbt\tth\u00ec\tkhi\tl\u1edbn\ts\u1ebd\tmu\u1ed1n\tgi\u1ebft\tng\u01b0\u1eddi. [57]\tCh\u00ednh\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tm\u00e0\tph\u1ea7n\tl\u1edbn\ttr\u1ebb\tem\tmu\u1ed1n\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tch\u00fang\t\u0111\u00e3\tcho,\tv\u00e0 kh\u00f3c\t l\u00f3c\t khi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t mu\u1ed1n\t tr\u1ea3\t l\u1ea1i\t ch\u00fang.\t Chuy\u1ec7n\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t x\u1ea3y\t ra v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang\t n\u1eefa\t khi\t ch\u00fang\t \u0111\u00e3\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t r\u00f5\t th\u1ebf\t n\u00e0o\t l\u00e0\t trao\t t\u1eb7ng;\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5y\tgi\u1edd\tch\u00fang\tth\u1eadn\ttr\u1ecdng\th\u01a1n\tkhi\tcho. [58]*Vasco\tN\u00fanez\tde\tBalboa,\tnh\u00e0\tth\u00e1m\thi\u1ec3m\tT\u00e2y\tBan\tNha,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean \u0111i\tt\u1edbi\tTh\u00e1i\tB\u00ecnh\tD\u01b0\u01a1ng,\tn\u0103m\t1513. \t [59] \tV\u1ea3\tch\u0103ng,\tkhi\tb\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\tgi\u1eef\tl\u1eddi\th\u1ee9a\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee7ng\tc\u1ed1\ttrong\ttr\u00ed\t\u00f3c\t\u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb\tb\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ee9c\tn\u1eb7ng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00ednh\th\u1eefu\t\u00edch,\tth\u00ec\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tn\u1ed9i\tt\u00e2m,\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tl\u00f3\tra,\ts\u1ebd\t\u00e1p\t\u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed5n\tph\u1eadn\t\u1ea5y\tcho\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u00e2m,\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd thi\u00ean\tb\u1ea9m\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tnh\u1eefng\ttri\tth\u1ee9c\tth\u00edch\td\u1ee5ng\tv\u1edbi\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n.\tN\u00e9t\t\u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\tdo\tb\u00e0n\ttay\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tghi\td\u1ea5u,\tm\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tkh\u1eafc\tv\u00e0o l\u00f2ng\tta\tdo\t\u0110\u1ea5ng\tt\u1ea1o\tt\u00e1c\tm\u1ecdi\tl\u1ebd\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u00ecnh.\tT\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111i\tlu\u1eadt\tl\u1ec7\tnguy\u00ean\ts\u01a1\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c giao\t \u01b0\u1edbc\t v\u00e0\t ngh\u0129a\t v\u1ee5\t do\t lu\u1eadt\t \u1ea5y\t \u00e1p\t \u0111\u1eb7t,\t th\u00ec\t m\u1ecdi\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t h\u00e3o\t huy\u1ec1n\t v\u00e0\t h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng\ttrong\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\tlo\u00e0i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tK\u1ebb\tn\u00e0o\tch\u1ec9\td\u00ednh\tl\u00edu\tv\u1edbi\tl\u1eddi\th\u1ee9a\tV\u00ec\tl\u1ee3i\tl\u1ed9c\tth\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng\t r\u00e0ng\t bu\u1ed9c\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ea5y\t so\t v\u1edbi\t gi\u00e1\t nh\u01b0\t y\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ee9a\t g\u00ec\t h\u1ebft;\t ho\u1eb7c\t c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm\t th\u00ec\t quy\u1ec1n\t vi\t ph\u1ea1m\t l\u1eddi\t h\u1ee9a\t s\u1ebd\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t h\u01a1n\t trong\t ch\u01a1i\t c\u1ea7u\t v\u1ee3t (bisque:\tTh\u1ebf\th\u01a1n\t15\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\ttrong\ttr\u00f2\tch\u01a1i\tc\u1ea7u\tv\u1ee3t)\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00ec\tho\u00e3n\tvi\u1ec7c\tgi\u00e0nh\t\u01b0u th\u1eafng\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tgi\u00e0nh\t\u01b0u\tth\u1eafng\tv\u1edbi\tnhi\u1ec1u\tc\u00e1i\tl\u1ee3i\th\u01a1n.\tNguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tn\u00e0y quan\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u1ed9t\tb\u1ef1c,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u00e0o\ts\u00e2u;\tv\u00ec\tch\u00ednh\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1\tm\u00e2u\tthu\u1eabn\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n. [60] \t Th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t nh\u01b0,\t khi\t b\u1ecb\t bu\u1ed9c\t t\u1ed9i\t V\u00ec\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u00e0nh\t vi\t x\u1ea5u,\t k\u1ebb\t ph\u1ea1m\t t\u1ed9i\t ch\u1ed1i\t c\u00e3i \u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tb\u1ea3o\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u00ecnh\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tthi\u1ec7n.\tL\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\ty\tn\u00f3i\td\u1ed1i\tth\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\tv\u00e0\tn\u00f3i\td\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tnhi\u00ean. [61]\tKh\u00f4ng\tg\u00ec\th\u1edb\th\u00eanh\tth\u00f4\tl\u1ed7\th\u01a1n\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tkhi\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tc\u00f3","l\u1ed7i:\t L\u00fac\t \u0111\u00f3\t n\u1ebfu\t n\u00f3\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1ecb\t bi\u1ebft\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m,\t n\u00f3\t s\u1ebd\t coi\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1ecb gi\u01b0\u01a1ng\tcho\tn\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tb\u1eaby,\tv\u00e0\t\u00fd\tn\u00e0y\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\tc\u0169ng\tkhi\u1ebfn\tn\u00f3\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c v\u1ecb.\tN\u1ebfu\tn\u00f3\tcho\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft,\tn\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ef1\tnh\u1ee7:\tT\u1ea1i\tsao\tm\u00ecnh\tl\u1ea1i\th\u1edf\tra\tl\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tch\u1ee9?\tV\u00e0\tth\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1m\td\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tn\u00f3i\td\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u00e0nh\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tkhinh\txu\u1ea5t\tn\u01a1i\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb. [62]*\t\u0110\u1ed3ng\t20\tfrancs. [63] \t M\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u1ea7n\t hi\u1ec3u\t r\u1eb1ng\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t gi\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u00e1p\t c\u00e1c\t c\u00e2u\t h\u1ecfi\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t khi\t n\u00f3 th\u00edch,\t m\u00e0\t khi\t t\u00f4i\t th\u00edch;\t n\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t s\u1ebd\t l\u00e0\t khi\u1ebfn\t m\u00ecnh\t ph\u1ea3i\t ph\u1ee5c\t t\u00f9ng\t \u00fd\t mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0o\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\tl\u1ec7\tthu\u1ed9c\tnguy\thi\u1ec3m\tnh\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1ea7y\tgi\u00e1o c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e2m\tv\u00e0o,\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ecdc\ttr\u00f2\tm\u00ecnh. [64] \t Quy\t t\u1eafc\t kh\u00f4ng\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t l\u00e0m\t h\u1ea1i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi:\t Kh\u00e1c\t bao\t h\u00e0m\t quy\t t\u1eafc\t d\u00ednh\t l\u00edu v\u1edbi\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i\t lo\u00e0i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u00edt\t h\u1ebft\t m\u1ee9c\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3,\t v\u00ec,\t trong\t t\u00ecnh\t tr\u1ea1ng\t x\u00e3\t h\u1ed9i,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0y\tt\u1ea5t\tnhi\u00ean\tg\u00e2y\th\u1ea1i\tcho\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkia.\tQuan\th\u1ec7\t\u1ea5y\t\u1edf\ttrong\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt,\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tg\u00ec\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tn\u00f3.\tXin\th\u00e3y\tt\u00ecm\ttr\u00ean\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eafc\tn\u00e0y ai\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ed1t\th\u01a1n,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\thay\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u00f4\t\u0111\u1ed9c.\tM\u1ed9t\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tdanh ti\u1ebfng\tn\u00f3i\tr\u1eb1ng\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tk\u1ebb\t\u00e1c\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01a1n\t\u0111\u1ed9c;\tt\u00f4i\tth\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\tb\u1ea3o\tr\u1eb1ng\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ed1t m\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01a1n\t\u0111\u1ed9c.\tN\u1ebfu\tm\u1ec7nh\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y\t\u00edt\tt\u00ednh\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\th\u01a1n,\tth\u00ec\tn\u00f3\tl\u1ea1i\tth\u1eadt\th\u01a1n\tv\u00e0 c\u00f3\tl\u00fd\tl\u1ebd\th\u01a1n\tm\u1ec7nh\t\u0111\u1ec1\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc.\tN\u1ebfu\tk\u1ebb\t\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01a1n\t\u0111\u1ed9c\ty\ts\u1ebd\tg\u00e2y\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\th\u1ea1i\tg\u00ec?\tCh\u00ednh trong\tx\u00e3\th\u1ed9i\ty\tm\u1edbi\tb\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tn\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\t\u00e2m\tm\u01b0u\tc\u1ee7a\ty\u00eau\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u00e0m\th\u1ea1i\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tmu\u1ed1n\tv\u1eb7n\tl\u1ea1i\tl\u1eadp\tlu\u1eadn\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ed1t\tth\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tb\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i\tvi\u1ebft\tc\u00f3\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\tn\u00e0y. [65]*\tCh\u00ednh\tkh\u00e1ch,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tLa\tM\u00e3\t(\t93\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-46\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN). [66] *\t M\u1ed9t\t v\u1ecb\t t\u01b0\u1edbng\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00ednh\t kh\u00e1ch\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t La\t M\u00e3\t (138\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-78\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN). [67] \t Theo\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u,\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t J.J.Rousseau\t mu\u1ed1n\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t tri\u1ebft\t gia Ph\u00e1p\t\u00c9tienne\tBonnot\tde\tCondil1ac\t(1715-1780). [68] \tTrong\tkhi\tvi\u1ebft,\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tngh\u0129\th\u00e0ng\ttr\u0103m\tl\u1ea7n\tr\u1eb1ng,\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\td\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t c\u0169ng\t cho\t c\u00f9ng\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u1eeb\t \u1ea5y\t c\u00f3\t c\u00f9ng\t nh\u1eefng\t ngh\u0129a\t \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ee7\tphong\tph\u00fa\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00e1c\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t bao\t nhi\u00eau\t bi\u1ebfn\t h\u00f3a\t th\u00ec\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t ch\u1eebng\t \u1ea5y\t t\u1eeb\t ng\u1eef,\t ch\u1eebng\t \u1ea5y\t c\u00e1ch","n\u00f3i\tv\u00e0\tch\u1eebng\t\u1ea5y\tc\u00e2u.\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngh\u0129a\tm\u1ecdi\tt\u1eeb\tng\u1eef,\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1eebng \u0111em\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t thay\t th\u1ebf\t cho\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a,\t l\u00e0\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t hay, nh\u01b0ng\tb\u1ea5t\tkh\u1ea3\tthi;\tv\u00ec\tl\u00e0m\tsao\ttr\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tv\u00f2ng\tquanh?\tC\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngh\u0129a\tc\u00f3 th\u1ec3\t t\u1ed1t\t n\u1ebfu\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t dung\t t\u1eeb\t ng\u1eef\t \u0111\u1ec3\t t\u1ea1o\t n\u00ean\t ch\u00fang.\t M\u1eb7c\t d\u00f9\t v\u1eady,\t t\u00f4i v\u1eabn\ttin\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tr\u1eb1ng\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tr\u00f5\trang\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ecf\tngay\ttrong\tt\u00ecnh\ttr\u1ea1ng\tngh\u00e8o\tn\u00e0n c\u1ee7a\tng\u00f4n\tng\u1eef\tch\u00fang\tta,\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u0169ng\tcho\tc\u00f9ng\tnh\u1eefng t\u1eeb\t\u1ea5y\tc\u00f3\tc\u00f9ng\tnh\u1eefng\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\t\u1ea5y,\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\td\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed7i\tt\u1eeb\tbao nhi\u00eau\t l\u1ea7n\t th\u00ec\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t m\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t cho\t t\u1eeb\t \u1ea5y\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t \u0111\u1ee7\t do nh\u1eefng\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u00f3,\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed7i\tc\u00e2u\tm\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\t\u1ea5y\t\u1edf\tb\u00ean\ttrong\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i l\u00e0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t d\u00f9ng\t l\u00e0m\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t cho\t n\u00f3.\t Khi\t th\u00ec\t t\u00f4i\t b\u1ea3o\t r\u1eb1ng\t tr\u1ebb\t em\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng\tl\u1ef1c\tsuy\tlu\u1eadn.\tKhi\tth\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\tl\u1ea1i\tcho\tch\u00fang\tsuy\tlu\u1eadn\tkh\u00e1\ttinh\tt\u1ebf.\tT\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t l\u00e0\t t\u1ef1\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn\t trong\t c\u00e1c\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh,\t nh\u01b0ng\t t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tph\u1ee7\tnh\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng\tt\u00f4i\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\thay\tt\u1ef1\tm\u00e2u\tthu\u1eabn\ttrong\tc\u00e1ch\tph\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u. [69]\tM\u1ed9t\tth\u1ecb\ttr\u1ea5n\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ea1t\tSeine-saint\tDenis,\tn\u1eb1m\ttr\u00ean\tk\u00eanh\tSaint-denis,\tph\u00eda B\u1eafc\tParis,\tc\u00e1ch\tParis\tkho\u1ea3ng\t10\tc\u00e2y\ts\u1ed1. [70]\t Xem\t truy\u1ec7n\t Quinte-curce\t (quy\u1ec3n\t III,\t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t v\u1ecb).\t C\u00e2u\t chuy\u1ec7n\t n\u00e0y Montaigne\t c\u0169ng\t t\u1eebng\t k\u1ec3\t l\u1ea1i.\t \\\"Do\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u1ee9c\t th\u01b0\t c\u1ee7a\t Parm\u00e9nion,\t Alexandre \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00e1o\tcho\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\tPhilippe,\tth\u1ea7y\tthu\u1ed1c\tth\u00e2n\tt\u00edn\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng,\tb\u1ecb\tDarius mua\tchu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u1ed9c\t\u00f4ng:\t\u00d4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\tb\u1ee9c\tth\u01b0\t\u0111\u00f3\tcho\tPhilippe\t\u0111\u1ecdc,\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tth\u1eddi \u00f4ng\tu\u1ed1ng\tb\u00e1t\tthu\u1ed1c\tm\u00e0\tPhlippe\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tcho\t\u00f4ng\\\". [71] \t Ph\u1ea7n\t l\u1edbn\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t th\u00f4ng\t th\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t th\u00f4ng\t th\u00e1i\t theo\t ki\u1ec3u\t tr\u1ebb\t em.\t S\u1ef1\t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c\t l\u00e0\t do\t v\u00f4\t s\u1ed1\t h\u00ecnh\t \u1ea3nh\t nhi\u1ec1u\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t do\t v\u00f4\t s\u1ed1\t \u00fd\t ni\u1ec7m.\t C\u00e1c\t ni\u00ean\t hi\u1ec7u,\t c\u00e1c danh\t t\u1eeb\t ri\u00eang,\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecba\t \u0111i\u1ec3m,\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t c\u00f4\t l\u1eadp\t ho\u1eb7c\t b\u1ecb\t t\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111i\t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m,\tch\u1ec9\tl\u01b0u\tgi\u1eef\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tnh\u1edd\ttr\u00ed\tnh\u1edb\tv\u1ec1\tk\u00fd\thi\u1ec7u,\tv\u00e0\thi\u1ebfm\tkhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tnh\u1edb l\u1ea1i\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t g\u00ec\t trong\t c\u00e1c\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t \u0111\u00f3\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t th\u1eddi\t nh\u00ecn\t th\u1ea5y\t m\u1eb7t\t ph\u1ea3i hay\t m\u1eb7t\t tr\u00e1i\t c\u1ee7a\t trang\t gi\u1ea5y\t tr\u00ean\t \u0111\u00f3\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ecdc\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y,\t ho\u1eb7c\t th\u1ea5y\t h\u00ecnh\t \u1ea3nh trong\t\u0111\u00f3\tta\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u.\tKhoa\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ee3p\tth\u1eddi\tth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tth\u1ebf k\u1ef7\tg\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u1eeba\tt\u1ef1a\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady.\tKhoa\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tch\u00fang\tta\tl\u1ea1i\tkh\u00e1c:\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tta kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ecdc\t n\u1eefa,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t n\u1eefa,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t m\u01a1\t m\u00e0ng.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta m\u01a1,\tv\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\ttr\u1ecbnh\ttr\u1ecdng\tcoi\tnh\u1eefng\tgi\u1ea5c\tm\u01a1\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u00e0i\t\u0111\u00eam\tng\u1ee7\tkh\u00f4ng\ty\u00ean\tl\u00e0 tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t s\u1ebd\t b\u1ea3o\t l\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t c\u0169ng\t m\u01a1,\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t \u00fd\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady:\t Nh\u01b0ng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ec1\t c\u00f3\t \u00fd\t mu\u1ed1n\t l\u00e0m,\t l\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u1ea3m\t nh\u1eadn\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u1ea5c\t m\u01a1\t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\tl\u00e0\tgi\u1ea5c\tm\u01a1,\td\u00e0nh\tcho\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tgi\u1ea3\tt\u00ecm\txem\tli\u1ec7u\tch\u00fang\tc\u00f3\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\th\u1eefu\t\u00edch\tcho nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tt\u1ec9nh\tth\u1ee9c\thay\tkh\u00f4ng.","[72] \t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tb\u00e0i\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u00ec,\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u00e0i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean,\tnh\u01b0\t\u00f4ng\tFormey\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn x\u00e9t\tr\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u00fang. [73] \t T\u1ee9c\t l\u00e0\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t l\u1ea1i\t s\u1ef1\t ch\u1ea5t\t ph\u00e1c\t ki\u1ec3u\t Socrate,\t tri\u1ebft\t gia\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p\t (470 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-399\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN). [74] \t B\u00e0i\t 1:\t Qu\u1ea1\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1o.\t B\u00e0i\t 2:\t Ve\t v\u00e0\t ki\u1ebfn.\t B\u00e0i\t 3:\t B\u00f2\t c\u00e1i,\t d\u00ea\t c\u00e1i\t v\u00e0\t c\u1eebu\t c\u00e1i s\u00f4ng\tc\u00f9ng\ts\u01b0\tt\u1eed.\tB\u00e0i\t4:\tSu\tt\u1eed\tv\u00e0\tm\u00f2ng.\tB\u00e0i\t5:\tCh\u00f3\ts\u00f3i\tv\u00e0\tch\u00f3\tnh\u00e0. [75] \t Tr\u00edch\t d\u1eabn\t Quintilien,\t nh\u00e0\t h\u00f9ng\t bi\u1ec7n\t Latin\t (30-100):\t Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t h\u1ebft\t s\u1ebd\t ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef\tg\u00ecn\tsao\tcho\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb,\ttrong\tl\u00fac\tc\u00f2n\tch\u01b0a\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tham\tth\u00edch\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u1ecdc,\t\u0111\u1eebng thay\t s\u1ef1\t h\u1ecdc\t h\u00e0nh\t l\u00e0\t kh\u1ea3\t \u1ed1\t v\u00e0\t sao\t cho\t ni\u1ec1m\t o\u00e1n\t gh\u00e9t\t \u1ea5y\t m\u1ed9t\t khi\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ed9c\t l\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eebng\tkhi\u1ebfn\ttr\u1ebb\txa\tl\u00e1nh\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u1ecdc,\tkhi\tth\u1eddi\tk\u1ef3\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f2n\td\u1ed1t\tn\u00e1t\t\u0111\u00e3\tqua\t\u0111i. [76] \t Ng\u00e0i\t De\t P\u01a1urceaugnac\t (1669),\t h\u00e0i\t k\u1ecbch\t c\u1ee7a\t Moli\u00e8re.\t Nh\u00e0\t qu\u00fd\t t\u1ed9c\t t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb\tDe\tPourceaugnac\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tParis\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u01b0\u1edbi\tc\u00f4\tg\u00e1i\tJulie.\tAnh\tch\u00e0ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a Julie\tb\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tnhi\u1ec1u\ttr\u00f2\tkhi\u1ebfn\tPourceaugnac\tl\u00e2m\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1t\tt\u00ecnh\tth\u1ebf\to\u00e1i\to\u0103m v\u00e0\th\u00e0i\th\u01b0\u1edbc,\tbi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eddi\tgian\t\u1edf\tParis\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tta\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u01a1n\t\u00e1c\tm\u1ed9ng,\tcu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\t\u00f4ng\tr\u1eddi\tParis,\tch\u00e1n\tgh\u00e9t\tkinh\tth\u00e0nh\tv\u00e0\tvi\u1ec7c\th\u00f4n\tnh\u00e2n. \u1ede\t \u0111\u00e2y\t Rousseau\t mu\u1ed1n\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u1ea3nh\t III\t trong\t h\u1ed3i\t th\u1ee9\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1edf\t k\u1ecbch,\t khi nh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tSbrigani,\tt\u1eeb\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ttheo\td\u00f5i\t\u00f4ng\tDe\tPourceaugnac,\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tg\u1eb7p\t\u00f4ng\tta, v\u1edd\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t v\u1ec1\t ph\u00eda\t \u00f4ng\t ta\t ch\u1ed1ng\t l\u1ea1i\t nh\u1eefng\t g\u00e3\t l\u00eau\t l\u1ed5ng\t \u0111ang\t nh\u1ea1o\t b\u00e1ng\t trang ph\u1ee5c\tqu\u00ea\tm\u00f9a\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e0\tqu\u00fd\tt\u1ed9c\tt\u00ecnh\tl\u1ebb,\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tchi\u1ebfm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00f2ng\ttin\tv\u00e0\tl\u00f4i\tk\u00e9o \u00f4ng\tta\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1t\tnh\u1eefng\ttr\u00f2\tl\u1eeba\tph\u1ec9nh\tt\u1ee9c\tc\u01b0\u1eddi. [77] \t\u1ede\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0y,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00f2i\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tph\u1ea3i\tn\u00f3i\ts\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\th\u1ea5n\tg\u00ec,\tv\u00ec\tkhi\t\u1ea5y\tn\u00f3\tbi\u1ebft\tr\u00f5\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tthay\th\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ed5i\td\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt,\tv\u00e0\tn\u1ebfu\tn\u00f3\td\u00e1m\tn\u00f3i\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\td\u1ed1i\ttr\u00e1,\tth\u00ec\tn\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\tl\u1eadp\tt\u00fac\tb\u1ecb\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh l\u00e0\td\u1ed1i\ttr\u00e1. [78] \tTi\u1ebfng\t\u00dd,\td\u1ecbch\tsang\tti\u1ebfng\tPh\u00e1p:\tIl\tn\u2019y\ta\tpas\tici\tla\tracine-\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3 g\u1ed1c\tr\u1ec5. [79] \tXem\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\t11.","[80] *\t Charles\t Rollin\t (1661-1741):\t Nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t Ph\u00e1p,\t hi\u1ec7u\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\tParis.\tC\u00f3\tti\u1ebfng\tt\u0103m\tV\u00ec\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tc\u1ea3i\tc\u00e1ch\ttrong\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tv\u00e0\tv\u00ec\tnh\u1eefng t\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\ts\u01b0\tph\u1ea1m,\tnh\u01b0\tKh\u1ea3o\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tm\u00f4n\th\u1ecdc\t(1726)\tv.v... [81] *\t Claude\t Fleury\t 640-1723):\t Tu\t s\u0129,\t s\u1eed\t gia\t Ph\u00e1p,\t vi\u1ebft\t cu\u1ed1n\t Kh\u1ea3o\t lu\u1eadn\t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\tl\u1ef1a\tch\u1ecdn\tv\u00e0\tv\u1ec1\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1eadp. [82] \t Jean-pierre\t de\t Crouzas\t (1663-1750):\t Tri\u1ebft\t gia\t Th\u1ee5y\t S\u0129,\t vi\u1ec7n\t s\u0129\t Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n\tl\u00e2m\tKhoa\th\u1ecdc,\tvi\u1ebft\tcu\u1ed1n\tKh\u1ea3o\tlu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\ttr\u1ebb\tem. [83] *\t\u00c1o\tngo\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tnam\tgi\u1edbi,\td\u00e0i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tg\u1ed1i. [84] \t\u1ede\tngo\u00e0i\ttr\u1eddi. [85] *\t Jean\t Chardin\t (1643-1713):\t Nh\u00e0\t du\t h\u00e0nh\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Ph\u00e1p,\t t\u1eebng\t th\u0103m\t \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9,\tBa\tT\u01b0,\tv\u00e0\t\u1edf\tBa\tT\u01b0\tnhi\u1ec1u\tn\u0103m.\t\u0110\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tNh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tdu\th\u00e0nh\t\u1edf Ba\tT\u01b0\tv\u00e0\t\u0110\u00f4ng\t\u1ea4n\t(1686). [86] *\tH\u00e9rodote\t(484\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-425\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN):\tS\u1eed\tgia\tHy\tL\u1ea1p,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcoi\tnh\u01b0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcha\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1eed\th\u1ecdc\u201d,\tl\u00e0\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tv\u0103n\txu\u00f4i\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tng\u00e0y\tnay. [87] \tC\u1ee9\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u00fa\tb\u00e9\tn\u00f4ng\tth\u00f4n\tch\u1ecdn\tch\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tth\u1eadt\tkh\u00f4\tr\u00e1o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tng\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c\tn\u1eb1m,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tta\tch\u01b0a\tt\u1eebng\tnghe\tn\u00f3i\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u1ea9m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tch\u1eb3ng\tl\u00e0m\t\u0111\u1ee9a n\u00e0o\tb\u1ecb\t\u1ed1m\th\u1ebft.\tV\u1ec1\tchuy\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y,\tm\u00e0\tnghe\tc\u00e1c\tth\u1ea7y\tthu\u1ed1c\tth\u00ec\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tcho r\u1eb1ng\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\thoang\td\u00e3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tt\u00ea\tb\u1ea1i\tV\u00ec\tb\u1ec7nh\tphong\tth\u1ea5p. [88] \tRousseau\tmu\u1ed1n\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea9u\tchuy\u1ec7n\tdo\tLocke\tk\u1ec3\tl\u1ea1i\ttrong\tt\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tv\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\ttr\u1ebb\tem:\tm\u1ed9t\ttri\u1ebft\tgia\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tScythe\t(b\u1ed9\tt\u1ed9c\tg\u1ed1c\tBa\tT\u01b0,\ts\u1ed1ng\ttr\u00ean th\u1ea3o\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1ea1i\tmi\u1ec1n\tB\u1eafc\tH\u1eafc\tH\u1ea3i)\tg\u1eb7p\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAth\u00e8nes,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0y\tkinh ng\u1ea1c\tth\u1ea5y\ttri\u1ebft\t gia\ttr\u1ea7n\t tr\u1ee5i\t\u0111i\tgi\u1eefa\t b\u0103ng\ttuy\u1ebft.\t Tri\u1ebft\tgia\tb\u00e8n\t h\u1ecfi:\tC\u00f2n\t \u00f4ng, sao\t \u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ch\u1ecbu\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t khi\t ph\u01a1i\t m\u1eb7t\t ra\t gi\u1eefa\t kh\u00ed\t l\u1ea1nh\t m\u00f9a\t \u0111\u00f4ng?\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ath\u00e8nes\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi:\tM\u1eb7t\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tquen\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3.\tTri\u1ebft\tgia\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tScythe\t\u0111\u00e1p\tl\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c\tth\u00ec:\tV\u1eady\t\u00f4ng\th\u00e3y\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tr\u1eb1ng\tt\u00f4i\tto\u00e0n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t\tc\u1ea3.","[89] \t\u1ede\tgi\u1eefa\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\t\u1edf\ttrong\ttr\u1ea1ng\tth\u00e1i\td\u00e2n\ts\u1ef1. [90] *\tPointurc,\tt\u1eeb\tdo\tMontaigne\td\u00f9ng,\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a\tm\u1ed1i\tlo\tng\u1ea1i,\tphi\u1ec1n\tn\u00e3o. [91] \t T\u00ean\t g\u1ecdi\t x\u01b0a\t c\u1ee7a\t eo\t bi\u1ec3n\t Dardanelles\t ng\u0103n\t c\u00e1ch\t c\u00e1c\t b\u00e1n\t \u0111\u1ea3o\t v\u00f9ng Balkans\tv\u1edbi\tmi\u1ec1n\tTi\u1ec3u\t\u00c1. [92] Xem\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\t53. [93] \tS\u1ef1\tho\u1ea3ng\ts\u1ee3\tn\u00e0y\tr\u1ea5t\tr\u00f5\tr\u1ec7t\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ee5\tnh\u1eadt\tth\u1ef1c\tl\u1edbn. [94] \t \u0110\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t nguy\u00ean\t nh\u00e2n\t kh\u00e1c\t n\u1eefa\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t r\u00f5\t b\u1edfi\t m\u1ed9t\t tri\u1ebft\t gia m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t hay\t vi\u1ec7n\t d\u1eabn\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m,\t m\u00e0\t ki\u1ebfn\t th\u1ee9c\t r\u1ed9ng\t l\u1edbn\t c\u00f2n\t d\u1ea1y\t b\u1ea3o\t cho\t t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng\txuy\u00ean\th\u01a1n. \u201cKhi\t m\u00e0,\t do\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u00ecnh\t hu\u1ed1ng\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t \u00fd\t ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\tv\u1ec1\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch,\tv\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tph\u00e1n\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ed9\tl\u1edbn c\u1ee7a\tg\u00f3c\thay\t\u0111\u00fang\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1edd\th\u00ecnh\t\u1ea3nh\tm\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tt\u1ea1o\tn\u00ean\ttrong\tm\u1eaft\tta\tth\u00ec khi\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u1ea5t\tnhi\u00ean\tta\tnh\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1ea7m\tv\u00f3c\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u1ea5y.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng\t n\u1ebfm\t tr\u1ea3i\t c\u1ea3m\t gi\u00e1c\t r\u1eb1ng\t khi\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t v\u00e0o\t ban\t \u0111\u00eam\t ta\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t b\u1ee5i\t c\u00e2y\t \u1edf g\u1ea7n\tta\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tc\u00e2y\tto\t\u1edf\txa\tta,\tho\u1eb7c\tta\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e2y\tto\t\u1edf\txa\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee5i\tc\u00e2y \u1edf\tg\u1ea7n;\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady,\tn\u1ebfu\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebft\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1edd\th\u00ecnh\td\u1ea1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang, v\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u1ec9\tl\u1ec7\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tni\u1ec7m\tn\u00e0o\tv\u1ec1\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tnh\u1edd\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tti\u1ec7n\t\u1ea5y, th\u00ec\tt\u1ea5t\tnhi\u00ean\tta\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f2n\tnh\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tn\u1eefa.\tM\u1ed9t\tcon\tru\u1ed3i\tbay\tnhanh\tqua,\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1eaft ta\t ch\u1eebng\t v\u00e0i\t pouce\t (\u0111\u01a1n\t v\u1ecb\t \u0111\u00f3\t chi\u1ec1u\t d\u00e0i,\t b\u1eb1ng\t 1\/12\t c\u1ee7a\t pied)\t v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang\t ta trong\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t \u1ea5y\t s\u1ebd\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t con\t chim\t \u1edf\t c\u00e1ch\t ta\t r\u1ea5t\t xa;\t m\u1ed9t\t con ng\u1ef1a\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tgi\u1eefa\tmi\u1ec1n\tqu\u00ea,\tv\u1edbi\tt\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tc\u1eebu\tch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n,\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang\tta\ts\u1ebd\tch\u1ec9\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tc\u1eebu\tl\u1edbn,\tch\u1eebng\tn\u00e0o\tta\tch\u01b0a\tnh\u1eadn ra\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tcon\tng\u1ef1a;\tnh\u01b0ng,\tkhi\tta\tv\u1eeba\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tn\u00f3,\tth\u00ec\tt\u1ee9c\tkh\u1eafc\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ebb\tto\tl\u1edbn nh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tcon\tng\u1ef1a,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\tch\u1ea5n\tch\u1ec9nh\tngay\tl\u1eadp\tt\u1ee9c\tph\u00e1n\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh. 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ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tch\u1ea1y\ttr\u1ed1n\thay\tkh\u00f4ng\td\u00e1m\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tg\u1ea7n,\tth\u00ec\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\t \u00fd\t ni\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0o\t kh\u00e1c\t v\u1ec1\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0y\t ngo\u00e0i\t \u00fd\t ni\u1ec7m\t v\u1ec1\t h\u00ecnh\t \u1ea3nh\t m\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t t\u1ea1o\t ra trong\tm\u1eaft,\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\ts\u1ebd\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1eebng\tnh\u00ecn\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\th\u00ecnh\tb\u00f3ng\tkh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\tv\u00e0\tqu\u00e1i\tg\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1ea7m\tv\u00f3c\tv\u00e0\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00f9.\tV\u1eady\tth\u00e0nh\tki\u1ebfn\tv\u1ec1\ty\u00eau\tma\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tc\u01a1 s\u1edf\t thi\u00ean\t nhi\u00ean,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t d\u00e1ng\t v\u1ebb\t \u1ea5y\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ec9\t ph\u1ee5\t thu\u1ed9c\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t\t tr\u00ed\t t\u01b0\u1edfng 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\u0111em\tl\u1ea1i\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eaft\tta\ttrong\tb\u00f3ng\tt\u1ed1i;\tv\u00ec,\tkhi\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\th\u00e3y\tc\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tchi\u1ebfu\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tta\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ea5y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tn\u00e9t\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3,\tdo\tc\u00e1ch\txa\th\u01a1n\tth\u00ec c\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\t\u1edf\tgi\u1eefa\th\u01a1n,\tn\u00ean\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tta\tc\u0169ng\tph\u1ea3i\tth\u1ea5y\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tn\u00e9t n\u00e0y\t\u00edt\tr\u00f5\tr\u1ec7t\th\u01a1n\tkhi\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u1edf\txa\tta\th\u01a1n;\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tta\tnh\u1edd\tv\u00e0o\tth\u00f3i\tquen m\u00e0\ttr\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tl\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tm\u00e0\tng\u00e0i\tde\tBufon\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y.\tD\u00f9\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u1ea3ng\tgi\u1ea3i\tn\u00e0o\th\u01a1n\tth\u00ec\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tv\u1eabn\thi\u1ec7u\tqu\u1ea3,\tv\u00e0\tkinh nghi\u1ec7m\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tx\u00e1c\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y. [95] \tTi\u1ebfng\tLatin:\t\u0110am\tm\u00ea\tkh\u00f4ng\tn\u1ea3y\tsinh\tt\u1eeb\tth\u00f3i\tquen. [96] \tNh\u1eb1m\tluy\u1ec7n\tcho\ttr\u1ebb\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd,\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tc\u0169ng\tch\u1ec9\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1ee3i\t\u00edch\tr\u00f5\tr\u00e0ng\tv\u00e0\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ec3\thi\u1ec3u\tr\u00f5;\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\td\u00e0i d\u00f2ng,\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\tth\u1eeba;\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u1eebng\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttrong\tl\u1eddi\tl\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\tch\u1ed7\tkh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u\thay\tm\u1eadp\tm\u1edd.","[97] \tTheo\tKinh\tTh\u00e1nh,\tSaul\tl\u00e0\tv\u1ecb\tvua\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tlsra\u00e9l. [98] \tNh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tch\u00ednh\ttrong\ts\u1eed\tthi\tOdyss\u00e9e\tc\u1ee7a\tHom\u00e8re,\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4n\tkh\u00e9o, t\u00e0i\tgi\u1ecfi,\tk\u1ebft\th\u1ee3p\tm\u01b0u\tm\u1eb9o,\tt\u00e0i\tn\u0103ng\tthuy\u1ebft\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ee9c\tm\u1ea1nh\tv\u00e0\tl\u00f2ng\td\u0169ng c\u1ea3m. [99] *\tM\u1ed9t\tlo\u1ea1i\tphong\tc\u1ea7m\tx\u01b0a. [100] \t Rousseau\t mu\u1ed1n\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t v\u1ebb\t vang\t trong\t l\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed\t Gen\u00e8ve: N\u0103m\t1602,\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tGen\u00e8ve\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tb\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1ed9t\tk\u00edch\tban\t\u0111\u00eam\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\tto\u00e1n\tqu\u00e2n\tSavoie,\tgi\u1eef\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tcho\tx\u1ee9\ts\u1edf. [101] \tV\u0169\ts\u01b0\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng\tc\u1eeda\tParis,\tdo\thi\u1ec3u\tr\u00f5\tgi\u1edbi\tgiao\tthi\u1ec7p\tv\u1edbi\tm\u00ecnh,\tn\u00ean\tt\u1ecf ra\tng\u00f4ng\tcu\u1ed3ng\tv\u00f4\tl\u00fd\tV\u00ec\tm\u01b0u\tm\u1eb9o,\tv\u00e0\tg\u00e1n\tcho\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ea7m quan\ttr\u1ecdng\tm\u00e0\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1edd\tth\u1ea5y\tl\u00e0\tbu\u1ed3n\tc\u01b0\u1eddi,\tnh\u01b0ng\tk\u1ef3\tth\u1ef1c\th\u1ecd\tl\u1ea1i\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ee9c k\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecdng\t\u00f4ng\tta\tV\u00ec\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3.\t\u1ede\tm\u1ed9t\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt\tkh\u00e1c\tkh\u00f4ng\tk\u00e9m\tph\u00f9\tphi\u1ebfm, ng\u00e0y\tnay\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f2n\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\tdi\u1ec5n\tvi\u00ean\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0m\tra\tv\u1ebb\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3,\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tk\u00e9m.\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tn\u00e0y\tlu\u00f4n\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tth\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\t\u1edf\tPh\u00e1p.\tT\u00e0i\tn\u0103ng\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1,\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\th\u01a1n\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u1eeba\tb\u1ecbp\tb\u1eb1ng,\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t hoan\t ngh\u00eanh\t t\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u00f3.\t \u1ede\t \u0111\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t khi\u00eam\t nh\u01b0\u1eddng\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ee9c\t t\u00ednh\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t k\u1ebb ngu\tng\u1ed1c. [102] \t\u0110\u01a1n\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00f3\tchi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i\tx\u01b0a,\tb\u1eb1ng\t1m949. [103] \tTheo\tth\u1ea7n\ttho\u1ea1i\tHy\tL\u1ea1p,\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u00e1i\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00ecnh\tng\u1ef1a, con\t c\u1ee7a\t Kh\u1ed5ng\t l\u1ed3\t Cronos.\t Kh\u00e1c\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t qu\u00e1i\t v\u1eadt\t kh\u00e1c\t d\u1ed1t\t n\u00e1t,\t th\u00f4\t b\u1ea1o, Chiron\tnh\u00e2n\th\u1eadu\tv\u00e0\tgi\u1ecfi\tgiang\tt\u1eebng\td\u1ea1y\td\u1ed7\tAchille,\tHercule,\tv\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u00e2n v\u1eadt\tth\u1ea7n\ttho\u1ea1i\tkh\u00e1c. [104] \tD\u1ea1o\tch\u01a1i\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tqu\u00ea,\tnh\u01b0\tl\u00e1t\tn\u1eefa\tta\ts\u1ebd\tth\u1ea5y.\tC\u00e1c\tch\u1ed1n\td\u1ea1o\tch\u01a1i\tc\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\t n\u01a1i\t th\u00e0nh\t th\u1ecb\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t h\u1ea1i\t v\u1edbi\t tr\u1ebb\t em\t nam\t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t n\u1eef.\t Ch\u00ednh\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00f3\t ch\u00fang b\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tki\u00eau\tc\u0103ng\tph\u00f9\tphi\u1ebfm\tv\u00e0\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u00ecn:\tCh\u00ednh\t\u1edf Luxembourg,\tTuileries,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\t\u1edf\tPalais-royal,\tm\u00e0\tgi\u1edbi\tthanh\tni\u00ean\tsang\ttr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a\tParis\ts\u1ebd\tmang\tl\u1ea5y\tc\u00e1i\tv\u1ebb\tx\u1ea5c\tx\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u00e0\th\u1ee3m\th\u0129nh\tkhi\u1ebfn\th\u1ecd\tth\u00e0nh\th\u1ebft\ts\u1ee9c\tl\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch,\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ecb\tgh\u00e9t\tb\u1ecb\tla\t\u00f3\tph\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tkh\u1eafp\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u.","[105] *\tH\u1ecda\ts\u0129\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\t(th\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tIV\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN),\tdanh\tti\u1ebfng\tb\u1eadc\tnh\u1ea5t\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i. [106] \tXem\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\t53. [107] \tT\u1eeb\tb\u1ea5y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnay\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u1eadu\tb\u00e9\tb\u1ea3y\ttu\u1ed5i\tt\u1eebng\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tk\u1ef3\tl\u1ea1 h\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa. [108] \tXem\tArcadie\tc\u1ee7a\tPausanias;\txin\txem\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tv\u0103n\tc\u1ee7a\tPlutarque,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p\tl\u1ea1i\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y. [109] \tS\u1eed\tgia\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\t(202\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-120\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN). [110] \t D\u1eabn\t l\u1eddi\t nh\u00e0\t th\u01a1\t Latin\t Horace\t (65\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-8\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN):\t Ch\u00fang\t ta sinh\tra\t\u0111\u1ec3\tti\u00eau\tth\u1ee5\thoa\ttr\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t. [111] \t Nhi\u1ec1u\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ef7\t nay\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Majorque\t \u0111\u00e3\t m\u1ea5t\t \u0111i\t t\u1eadp\t qu\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y;\t t\u1eadp\t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0o\tth\u1eddi\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1eafn\tn\u00e1\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tr\u1ea5t\tn\u1ed5i\tti\u1ebfng. [112] \t T\u00f4i\t bi\u1ebft\t r\u1eb1ng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Anh\t khoe\t khoang\t r\u1ea5t\t nhi\u1ec1u\t v\u1ec1\t l\u00f2ng\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n\tt\u00ednh\tt\u1ed1t\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\th\u1ecd,\tm\u00e0\th\u1ecd\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tgood\tnatured\tpeople\t(d\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\tc\u00f3\tb\u1ea3n t\u00ednh\tt\u1ed1t);\tnh\u01b0ng\ttha\th\u1ed3\tcho\th\u1ecd\tm\u1eb7c\ts\u1ee9c\tr\u00eau\trao\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y,\tch\u1eb3ng\tai\tl\u1eb7p\tl\u1ea1i\t\u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y\tsau\th\u1ecd. [113] \t Nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Banian\t (m\u1ed9t\t trong\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u00e1o\t ph\u00e1i\t thu\u1ed9c\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t B\u00e0lam\u00f4n\t \u1edf \u1ea4n\t\u0110\u1ed9-ND)\tki\u00eang\t\u0103n\tm\u1ecdi\tlo\u1ea1i\tth\u1ecbt\tc\u00f2n\tnghi\u00eam\tng\u1eb7t\th\u01a1n\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tGaure,\tc\u0169ng hi\u1ec1n\t h\u1eadu\t g\u1ea7n\t nh\u01b0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t Gaure;\t nh\u01b0ng\t b\u1edfi\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t kh\u00f4ng\t thu\u1ea7n\t khi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1edd\tph\u1ee5ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ee3p\tl\u00fd\tb\u1eb1ng,\tn\u00ean\th\u1ecd\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u01b0\u01a1ng\tthi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady. [114] \tM\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\td\u1ecbch\tgi\u1ea3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tAnh\tc\u1ee7a\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u00eau\tl\u00ean\ts\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ea3\thai\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u1eeda\tch\u1eefa.\t\u0110\u1ed3\tt\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\tth\u1ea7y\tthu\u1ed1c\tngo\u1ea1i khoa\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1ee9ng;\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ed3\tt\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u00e0\th\u1ed9i\tth\u1ea9m\tho\u1eb7c ngang\t v\u1edbi\t h\u1ed9i\t th\u1ea9m\t trong\t vi\u1ec7c\t x\u00e9t\t x\u1eed\t c\u00e1c\t tr\u1ecdng\t t\u1ed9i,\t c\u00f2n\t th\u1ea7y\t thu\u1ed1c\t ngo\u1ea1i khoa\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn.","[115] \tC\u00e1c\tKh\u1ed5ng\tl\u1ed3\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u1eaft\ttrong\tth\u1ea7n\ttho\u1ea1i\tHy\tL\u1ea1p. [116] \tM\u1ed9t\td\u00e2n\tt\u1ed9c\t\u1edf\tch\u00e2u\tPhi,\tchuy\u00ean\t\u0103n\th\u1ea1t\tsen. [117] \tPlutarque:\tNh\u00e0\ts\u1eed\th\u1ecdc\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\t(46-120)\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tcu\u1ed1n\tNh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi song\th\u00e0nh\t(n\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tki\u1ec7t\txu\u1ea5t\tHy\tL\u1ea1p,\tLa\tM\u00e3\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i)\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\tv\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c\tch\u00ednh\ttr\u1ecb\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tt\u00f4n\tgi\u00e1o. [118] \t N\u1eef\t th\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u00ec\t nhi\u00eau\t (v\u1edbi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t La\t M\u00e3\t x\u01b0a),\t sau\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a\t v\u1edbi\t D\u00e9m\u00e9ter,\t n\u1eef\t th\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t \u0111ai\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t canh\t t\u00e1c,\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00f9a\t m\u00e0ng\t (v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tHy\tL\u1ea1p). [119] \tBacchus-v\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tLa\tM\u00e3-,\thay\tDionysos-v\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tHy\tL\u1ea1p-l\u00e0\tv\u1ecb\tth\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a\tnho,\tc\u1ee7a\tr\u01b0\u1ee3u\tvang\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tsay\ts\u01b0a\thoan\th\u1ec9. [120] *\tM\u1ed9t\tv\u00f9ng\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tx\u01b0a,\tthu\u1ed9c\tmi\u1ec1n\tTi\u1ec3u\t\u00c1. [121] \tC\u00e1c\ts\u1eed\tgia\tx\u01b0a\tc\u00f3\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tki\u1ebfn\tgi\u1ea3i\tm\u00e0\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng,\tcho\td\u00f9\tc\u00e1c s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u00e0y\t nh\u1eefng\t ki\u1ebfn\t gi\u1ea3i\t n\u00e0y\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00fang.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t ch\u00fang\t ta ch\u1eb3ng\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u1ee3i\td\u1ee5ng\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\th\u1ebft;\tn\u1ec1n\tph\u00ea\tb\u00ecnh\tuy\u00ean b\u00e1c\t thu\t h\u00fat\t h\u1ebft\t th\u1ea3y;\t n\u1ebfu\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t r\u1ea5t\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u00fang,\t th\u00ec mi\u1ec5n\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tr\u00fat\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\th\u1ecdc\tb\u1ed5\t\u00edch.\tNh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tbi\u1ebft\tl\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i\tc\u1ea7n\tcoi\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111an\td\u1ec7t\tnh\u1eefng\tchuy\u1ec7n\thoang\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,\tm\u00e0\tb\u00e0i h\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tl\u00fd\tl\u1ea1i\tr\u1ea5t\tph\u00f9\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tl\u00f2ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi. [122] *\tLes\ttr\u00e9sors\tde\tl\u2019automne:\tC\u00e1c\ttr\u00e1i\tc\u00e2y,\tqu\u1ea3\tnho. [123] \tNatia.\tT\u00f4i\td\u00f9ng\tt\u1eeb\tn\u00e0y\ttheo\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u00dd,\tv\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t ngh\u0129a\t trong\t ti\u1ebfng\t Ph\u00e1p.\t N\u1ebfu\t t\u00f4i\t sai,\t c\u0169ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t l\u1eafm mi\u1ec5n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\thi\u1ec3u\tt\u00f4i. [124] \tS\u1ee9c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00f3i\tquen\tl\u00e0\tdo\tt\u00ednh\tl\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u00e1c\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0\tt\u00ednh\tl\u01b0\u1eddi\tnh\u00e1c\tn\u00e0y\tt\u0103ng\tth\u00eam\tkhi\tta\tbu\u00f4ng\tm\u00ecnh\ttheo\tn\u00f3:\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tth\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\td\u1ec5\td\u00e0ng\th\u01a1n\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m:\tCon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\td\u1ec5 \u0111i\ttheo\th\u01a1n.\tB\u1edfi\tth\u1ebf\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tth\u1ea5y\ts\u1ee9c\tchi\tph\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00f3i\tquen\tr\u1ea5t\tl\u1edbn","\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tgi\u00e0\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tu\u1ec3\to\u1ea3i,\tr\u1ea5t\t\u00edt\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tthanh\tni\u00ean\tv\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t linh\t ho\u1ea1t.\t Ch\u1ebf\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u1ea5y\t ch\u1ec9\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u00e2m\t h\u1ed3n\t y\u1ebfu\t \u0111u\u1ed1i,\t v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i\tng\u00e0y\tl\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0m\tch\u00fang\ty\u1ebfu\t\u1edbt\tth\u00eam.\tTh\u00f3i\tquen\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\th\u1eefu\t\u00edch\tv\u1edbi\ttr\u1ebb\tem l\u00e0\tph\u1ee5c\tt\u00f9ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tt\u00ednh\tt\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt,\tc\u00f2n\tth\u00f3i\tquen\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t h\u1eefu\t\u00edch\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u1edbn\tl\u00e0\tph\u1ee5c\tt\u00f9ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tl\u00fd\ttr\u00ed.\tB\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\tth\u00f3i\tquen n\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00f3i\tx\u1ea5u. [125] *\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t h\u1ecdc\t tr\u00f2\t c\u1ee7a\t Aristote\t m\u00e0\t Rousseau\t n\u00f3i\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t Alexandre\t III (356\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-323\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN),\t vua\t x\u1ee9\t Mac\u00e9doine,\t c\u00f2n\t tu\u1ea5n\t m\u00e3\t mang\t t\u00ean Buc\u00e9phale.\t Nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ea5y\t Buc\u00e9phale\t b\u1ecb\t kinh\t ho\u1ea3ng\t V\u00ec\t c\u00e1i\t b\u00f3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3, Alexandre\tb\u00e8n\t\u0111\u1ec3\tng\u1ef1a\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tdi\u1ec7n\tv\u1edbi\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ebf\tng\u1ef1\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tng\u1ef1a. [126] \tNg\u00e0y\t24\tth\u00e1ng\t6. [127]\t T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t nh\u1ecbn\t n\u1ed5i\t c\u01b0\u1eddi\t khi\t \u0111\u1ecdc\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u1eddi\t ph\u00ea\t b\u00ecnh\t tinh\t t\u1ebf\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng Formey\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00e2u\t chuy\u1ec7n\t nh\u1ecf\t n\u00e0y:\t \\\"C\u00e1i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t l\u00e0m\t tr\u00f2\t \u1ea3o\t thu\u1eadt\t mu\u1ed1n\t thi\t \u0111ua v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ee9a\t tr\u1ebb\t v\u00e0\t tr\u1ecbnh\t tr\u1ecdng\t thuy\u1ebft\t gi\u00e1o\t \u00f4ng\t th\u1ea7y\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ee9a\t tr\u1ebb\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tthu\u1ed9c\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u1eadu\t\u00c9mile.\t\u00d4ng\tFormey\th\u00f3m\th\u1ec9nh\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u00e0n\tk\u1ecbch\tnh\u1ecf\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1eafp\t\u0111\u1eb7t,\tr\u1eb1ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\t\u1ea3o\tthu\u1eadt bi\u1ebft\tvai\ttr\u00f2\tm\u00ecnh\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u00f3ng;\tv\u00ec\tqu\u1ea3\tth\u1eadt\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u00f4i\tch\u01b0a\th\u1ec1\tn\u00f3i\tra.\tNh\u01b0ng b\u00f9\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u00e3\t bao\t nhi\u00eau\t l\u1ea7n\t t\u00f4i\t t\u1eebng\t tuy\u00ean\t b\u1ed1\t r\u1eb1ng\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ec1\t vi\u1ebft\t cho\t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tm\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\tc\u0169ng\tph\u1ea3i\tn\u00f3i\tk\u1ef3\th\u1ebft\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ecd! *\t Johann\t Heinrich\t Samuel\t Formey\t (1711-1797),\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n,\t th\u01b0\t k\u00fd\t Vi\u1ec7n\t H\u00e0n l\u00e2m\tBerlin,\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tki\u00ean\tquy\u1ebft\tph\u1ea3n\tb\u00e1c\thai\tkh\u1ea3o\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tRousseau\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng,\tv\u1ec1\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tngh\u1ec7\tthu\u1eadt,\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tcu\u1ed1n\tAnti-\u00c9mile\t(Ph\u1ea3n- \u00c9mile),\txu\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea3n\tn\u0103m\t1763. [128] \tT \u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t ph\u1ea3i\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t hay\t ch\u0103ng\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t gi\u1ea3\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3\t kh\u00e1\t ngu\t ng\u1ed1c\t \u0111\u1ec3\t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\ttrong\tl\u1eddi\ttr\u00e1ch\tm\u1eafng\tn\u00e0y\tm\u1ed9t\tdi\u1ec5n\tng\u00f4n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u00f4ng\tth\u1ea5y\txui\tt\u1eebng\tt\u1eeb m\u1ed9t\t nh\u1eb1m\t \u0111i\t t\u1edbi\t m\u1ee5c\t \u0111\u00edch\t c\u1eeda\t m\u00ecnh?\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u00f3\t ph\u1ea3i\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t hay\t ch\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00e1\tngu\tng\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u1ec3\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u00e0m\ttr\u00f2\t\u1ea3o\tthu\u1eadt\tn\u00f3i\tn\u0103ng nh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean?\tT\u00f4i\tc\u1ee9\tng\u1ee1\t\u00edt\tra\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tt\u00e0i\tngh\u1ec7\tkh\u00e1 t\u1ea7m\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t n\u00f3i\t n\u0103ng\t theo\t tinh\t th\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ecba\t v\u1ecb\t h\u1ecd.\t Xin h\u00e3y\txem\tc\u1ea3\tph\u1ea7n\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tti\u1ebfp\ttheo.\t\u0110\u00f3\tch\u1eb3ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u00f3i\tra\th\u1ebft\tm\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u\tv\u1edbi\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tn\u00e0o\tngo\u00e0i\t\u00f4ng\tFormey\thay\tsao?","[129] \tV\u1eady\tn\u1ed7i\tnh\u1ee5c\tnh\u00e3,\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkh\u00f4ng\thay\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\tdo\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u00e0m\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t do\t c\u00e1ch\t l\u00e0m\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t di\u1ec5n\t tr\u00f2\t \u1ea3o\t thu\u1eadt.\t B\u1edfi\t \u00f4ng\t Formey mu\u1ed1n\t chi\u1ebfm\t l\u1ea5y\t cu\u1ed1n\t s\u00e1ch\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i\t khi\t t\u00f4i\t c\u00f2n\t s\u1ed1ng,\t v\u00e0\t cho\t in\t n\u00f3\t ra\t ch\u1eb3ng theo\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1ee9c\tn\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ecf\tt\u00ean\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tt\u00ean\t\u00f4ng\t\u1ea5y\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\tth\u1ebf\tth\u00ec\tch\u00ed \u00edt\t\u00f4ng\t\u1ea5y\tc\u0169ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1ecf\tc\u00f4ng,\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tn\u00f3i\tl\u00e0\tl\u00e0m\tra\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch,\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tn\u00f3. [130] \tLigne:\t\u0110\u01a1n\tv\u1ecb\t\u0111\u00f3\tchi\u1ec1u\td\u00e0i\tx\u01b0a,\tb\u1eb1ng\tl\/12\tc\u1ee7a\tpouce.\tM\u1ed9t\tpouce\tb\u1eb1ng 1\/12\tc\u1ee7a\tpied.\tM\u1ed9t\tpied\tb\u1eb1ng\t0m\t3248. [131] T\u00f4i\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tth\u1ea5y,\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1eddi\tgi\u00e1o\thu\u1ea5n\tuy\u00ean\tth\u00e2m\tgi\u1ea3ng\tcho\ttr\u1ebb em,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t ngh\u0129\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t vi\u1ec7c\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t ch\u00fang\t nghe\t m\u00ecnh\t \u00edt\t h\u01a1n\t vi\u1ec7c\t l\u00e0m\t cho nh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tl\u1edbn\tc\u00f3\tm\u1eb7t\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00f3\tnghe\tm\u00ecnh.\tT\u00f4i\ttin\tr\u1ea5t\tch\u1eafc\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u00f4i\tn\u00f3i\t\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y,\tv\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tquan\ts\u00e1t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u1edf\tch\u00ednh\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tt\u00f4i. [132] \tKhi\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tgi\u1ea3i\tth\u00edch\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tg\u00ec\tcho\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb,\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tlong\ttr\u1ecdng\tnho nh\u1ecf\t\u0111i\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tl\u1eddi\tgi\u1ea3ng\tc\u00f3\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tkhi\u1ebfn\tn\u00f3\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd. [133] \tR\u01b0\u1ee3u\tvang\tb\u00e1n\tl\u1ebb\t\u1edf\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0ng\tr\u01b0\u1ee3u\tParis,\td\u00f9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tpha di\u00eam\t toan,\t song\t \u00edt\t khi\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t ch\u00ec,\t b\u1edfi\t l\u1ebd\t c\u00e1c\t qu\u1ea7y\t trong\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u1eeda\t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tl\u00f3t\tth\u1ee9\tkim\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u1ea5y,\tv\u00e0\tr\u01b0\u1ee3u\tvang\ttr\u00e0n\tra\tt\u1eeb\tc\u1ed1c\t\u0111ong,\tkhi\ttr\u00f4i\tqua\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdng\t l\u1ea1i\t tr\u00ean\t ch\u1ea5t\t ch\u00ec\t n\u00e0y,\t bao\t gi\u1edd\t c\u0169ng\t h\u00f2a\t tan\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t ch\u00ec\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3.\t Th\u1eadt k\u1ef3\t l\u1ea1\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u00f3i\t x\u1ea5u\t th\u1eadt\t hi\u1ec3n\t nhi\u00ean\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eadt\t nguy\t hi\u1ec3m\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh\ts\u00e1t\tdung\tth\u1ee9.\tNh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00fang\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u1ea3\tgi\u1ea3,\tdo\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u1ea5y khi\tu\u1ed1ng\tlo\u1ea1i\tvang\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf,\t\u00edt\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tb\u1ecb\tch\u00fang\tg\u00e2y\tnhi\u1ec5m\t\u0111\u1ed9c. [134] \tAx\u00edt\tth\u1ea3o\tm\u1ed9c\tr\u1ea5t\td\u1ecbu.\tN\u1ebfu\tl\u00e0\tax\u00edt\tkho\u00e1ng,\tv\u00e0\tk\u00e9m\tlo\u00e3ng,\ts\u1ef1\tk\u1ebft\th\u1ee3p\ts\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng\tkh\u1ecfi\tg\u00e2y\ts\u1ee7i\tb\u1ecdt. [135] *\t V\u1ecb\t th\u1ea7n\t hi\u1ec7n\t th\u00e2n\t cho\t s\u1ef1\t tinh\t kh\u00f4n\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00e9o\t l\u00e9o\t trong\t th\u1ea7n\t tho\u1ea1i\t Hy L\u1ea1p,\t th\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t Th\u01b0\u01a1ng\t m\u1ea1i,\t c\u1ee7a\t H\u00f9ng\t bi\u1ec7n,\t s\u00e1ng\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t v\u1ecb\t \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng,\tnh\u1eefng\tnh\u1ea1c\tc\u1ee5\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tv.v... [136] *\tTri\u1ebft\tgia\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\t(384\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN-322\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN).","[137] \tNh\u00e0\tv\u1ea1n\tv\u1eadt\th\u1ecdc\tLa\tM\u00e3\t(23-79). [138] \tXem\tch\u00fa\tth\u00edch\t11. [139] *\t Ti\u1ec3u\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t Anh\t Daniel\t De\t Foe,\t xu\u1ea5t\t b\u1ea3n\t \u1edf\t Anh\t n\u0103m 1719,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ecbch\tngay\tsang\tti\u1ebfng\tPh\u00e1p. [140] *\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\thoang\td\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tRobinson\tc\u1ee9u\ttho\u00e1t\tkh\u1ecfi\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ea7y\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\thoang d\u00e3\t kh\u00e1c,\t \u0111i\t theo\t Robinson\t v\u00e0\t gi\u00fap\t \u0111\u1ee1\t ch\u00e0ng\t tr\u00ean\t hoang\t \u0111\u1ea3o.\t Robinson\t \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean\tcho\tanh\tta\tnh\u01b0\ttr\u00ean\tV\u00ec\tg\u1eb7p\tanh\tta\tv\u00e0o\tng\u00e0y\tth\u1ee9\tS\u00e1u. [141] *\t D\u1eabn\t l\u1eddi\t c\u1ee7a\t P\u00e9trone\t (m\u1ea5t\t n\u0103m\t 65),\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t qu\u00fd\t t\u1ed9c,\t nh\u00e0\t v\u0103n\t La\t M\u00e3:\t T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9\tmu\u1ed1n\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea3i\tm\u00e0\tqu\u00e2n\tch\u00fang\tth\u00e8m\tthu\u1ed3ng. [142] \t Theo\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u,\t Saide\t c\u00f3\t the\t ch\u1ec9\t Sidon,\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ed1\t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e9nicie\t (mi\u1ec1n\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t x\u01b0a\t thu\u1ed9c\t ch\u00e2u\t \u00c1)\t m\u00e0\t Kinh\t Th\u00e1nh\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eafc\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t s\u1ef1\t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t b\u1ea3o\t v\u1eadt\t n\u1ebfu\t nh\u01b0\t v\u0103n\t c\u1ea3nh\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ec9\t r\u00f5\t \u0111\u1ea5y\t l\u00e0\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1ed9t\t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t(song\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tai). [143] *\t Jean-Daniel\t Lempereur\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t kim\t ho\u00e0n\t v\u00e0\t b\u00e1n\t \u0111\u1ed3\t ch\u00e2u\t b\u00e1u chuy\u00ean\tph\u1ee5c\tv\u1ee5\tc\u00e1c\tgia\t\u0111\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tqu\u00fd\tt\u1ed9c\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tPh\u00e1p,\tkho\u1ea3ng\tt\u1eeb\t1734\t\u0111\u1ebfn 1775.\t S\u00e9bastien-Louis\t Leblanc\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u00e0\t kim\t ho\u00e0n\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u00ean,\t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u00e0o\tkho\u1ea3ng\tn\u0103m\t1760. [144] \tTh\u1eddi\tgian\tm\u1ea5t\t\u0111i\tk\u00edch\tth\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang\tta,\tkhi\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111am\tm\u00ea c\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tch\u1ec9nh\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadn\th\u00e0nh\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1eddi\tgian\ttheo\t\u00fd\tch\u00fang.\t\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3\t c\u1ee7a\t hi\u1ec1n\t nh\u00e2n\t l\u00e0\t tr\u1ea1ng\t th\u00e1i\t b\u00ecnh\t \u1ed5n\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00ednh\t t\u00ecnh\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t an\t t\u0129nh\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n:\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3\tlu\u00f4n\t\u0111\u00fang\tv\u1edbi\tgi\u1edd\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tv\u00e0\tlu\u00f4n\tbi\u1ebft\tgi\u1edd\t\u0111\u00f3. [145] \t L\u00f2ng\t m\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t th\u00f4n\t qu\u00ea\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t \u1edf\t h\u1ecdc\t tr\u00f2\t m\u00ecnh\t l\u00e0\t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u00e1o\td\u1ee5c\tn\u00f3.\tV\u1ea3\tch\u0103ng,\tv\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tv\u1ebb\tt\u1ef1\tph\u1ee5 v\u00e0\tc\u1ea7u\tk\u1ef3\tki\u1ec3u\ts\u1ee9c\tm\u00e0\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\tr\u1ea5t\tth\u00edch,\tn\u00ean\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u00f3n\tm\u1eebng\t\u00edt\th\u01a1n\tnh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tkh\u00e1c;\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u1edf\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\tn\u00f3\t\u00edt\tvui\tth\u00edch,\tv\u00e0\t\u00edt\tb\u1ecb\th\u01b0\th\u1ecfng\tkhi\tgiao\tdu v\u1edbi\th\u1ecd,\ts\u1ef1\tgiao\tdu\tm\u00e0\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f2n\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ee7\tt\u1ea7m\tc\u1ea3m\tnh\u1eadn\ts\u1ee9c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn. T\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1eef\tkh\u00f4ng\td\u1ea1y\tn\u00f3\th\u00f4n\ttay\th\u1ecd,\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ecd\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tnh\u1ea1t\tnh\u1ebdo\tv\u00f4\tv\u1ecb,","th\u1eadm\tch\u00ed\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u01b0u\t\u00e1i\tb\u00e0y\tt\u1ecf\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ecd\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\tnam\tgi\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\ttr\u1ecdng\tth\u1ecb\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef,\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra\tcho\tm\u00ecnh\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tn\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t g\u00ec\t m\u00e0\t l\u00fd\t do\t kh\u00f4ng\t v\u1eeba\t t\u1ea7m\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3;\t m\u00e0\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ee9a\t tr\u1ebb\t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\tc\u00f3\tl\u00fd\tdo\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1eed\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00e1c\tv\u1edbi\tgi\u1edbi\tkia. [146] *\tLu\u1eadn\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tb\u1ea5t\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng. [147] *\tTheo\tVoltaire\t to\u00e0n\tt\u1eadp,\t (NXB\tMoland,\tParis,\t 1877-1885):\t\\\"Tu\t vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng\tGuyot\tDesfontaines\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u00f3i\tc\u00e2u\ttr\u00ean\tv\u1edbi\tB\u00e1\tt\u01b0\u1edbc\td'Argenson,\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\t B\u1ed9\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng\t Chi\u1ebfn\t tranh\t (1764).\t B\u00e1\t t\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u00e1p\t l\u1ea1i:\t T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ea5y\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft\\\".\t Tu\t vi\u1ec7n\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng\t (1685-1745)\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t Voltaire\t c\u1ee9u\t kh\u1ecfi\t ng\u1ee5c\t t\u00f9,\t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9i\tb\u1ea1c\tv\u00f4\t\u01a1n\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u00e0\tv\u0103n. [148] \tT\u00f4i\tcho\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ec1n\tqu\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00e2u\t\u00c2u\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tl\u00e2u\td\u00e0i n\u1eefa:\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u00f3i\ts\u00e1ng,\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1ea1ng\tth\u00e1i\tch\u00f3i\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111ang\ttr\u00ean\tb\u01b0\u1edbc suy\t tho\u00e1i.\t \u00dd\t ki\u1ebfn\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u00fd\t do\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t ch\u00e2m\t ng\u00f4n\t tr\u00ean; nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00fac\t n\u00f3i\t ra\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u00fd\t do\t \u1ea5y,\t v\u00e0\t m\u1ed7i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ch\u1ec9\t nh\u00ecn\t th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang\tqu\u00e1\tr\u00f5\tm\u00e0\tth\u00f4i. [149] \t \u00dd\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t Denys\t con\t (397\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-344\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN),\t con\t trai\t v\u00e0\t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t k\u1ebf\t nghi\u1ec7p\t Denys\t cha\t (430\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN-367\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN),\t tr\u1ecb\t V\u00ec\t Syracuse (th\u00e0nh\t bang\t x\u01b0a,\t thu\u1ed9c\t Italia).\t Sau\t khi\t th\u1ea5t\t b\u1ea1i,\t Denys\t con\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t Corinthe (thu\u1ed9c\tHy\tL\u1ea1p)\tv\u00e0\td\u1ea1y\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00f3. [150] \t \u00dd\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t Alexandre.\t Con\t trai\t c\u1ee7a\t Pers\u00e9e\t nh\u00e0\t vua\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u1ee7a Mac\u00e9doine\tb\u1ecb\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tLa\tM\u00e3\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tb\u1ea1i\tn\u0103m\t168\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN. [151] *\t V\u1ecb\t vua\t th\u1ee9\t b\u1ea3y\t v\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t v\u1ecb\t vua\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t La\t M\u00e3\t (t\u1eeb\t 534\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN \u0111\u1ebfn\t509\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tCN). [152] *\t\u00dd\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tCharles\t\u2013\tEdouard\tStuart\t(1720\t\u2013\t1788)\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1ebf\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tngai\tv\u00e0ng\u201d,\tch\u00e1u\tn\u1ed9i\tc\u1ee7a\tJacques\tII\t(1633\t\u2013\t1701)\tnh\u00e0\tvua c\u1ee7a\tba\tv\u01b0\u01a1ng\tqu\u1ed1c\tAnh,\tIrlande\tv\u00e0\t\u00c9cosse. [153] \tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ea3o\tt\u00f4i\tr\u1eb1ng,\tth\u00ec\t\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ebft\ts\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1ea5y\tth\u00f4i.\tTai\th\u1ea1i\tcho\tt\u00f4i\tl\u00e0 t\u00f4i\tvi\u1ebft\ts\u00e1ch,\tt\u00f4i\txin\tth\u00fa\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady;\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tsai\ttr\u00e1i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i,\tm\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tngh\u0129","r\u1eb1ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t chu\u1ed9c\t l\u1ed7i\t \u0111\u1ee7,\t v\u1edbi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u00fd\t do\t \u0111\u1ec3\t m\u1eafc nh\u1eefng\t sai\t tr\u00e1i\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t t\u1ef1.\t T\u00f4i\t vi\u1ebft\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u1ec3\t bi\u1ec7n\t gi\u1ea3i\t l\u1ed7i\t l\u1ea7m\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec1\tng\u0103n\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ecdc\tm\u00ecnh\tb\u1eaft\tch\u01b0\u1edbc\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ed7i\tl\u1ea7m\t\u1ea5y. [154]\tTu\tvi\u1ec7n\ttr\u01b0\u1edfng\tCharles-Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e\td\u1ec5\tSaint-Pierre\t(1658-1745). [155] \t \u1ede\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t kh\u00f4ng\t h\u1ec1\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ee3\t may\t nam:\t Y\t ph\u1ee5c\t nam\t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\tmay\tt\u1ea1i\tnh\u00e0. [156] *\t Tr\u00edch\t d\u1eabn\t Juv\u00e9nal\t (55-140)\t nh\u00e0\t th\u01a1\t ch\u00e2m\t bi\u1ebfm\t La\t M\u00e3:\t \u00edt\t ph\u1ee5\t n\u1eef chi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ea5u,\t\u00edt\tph\u1ee5\tn\u1eef\t\u0103n\tmi\u1ec7ng\tc\u01a1m\tl\u1ef1c\ts\u0129.\tC\u00e1c\tn\u00e0ng\tk\u00e9o\ts\u1ee3i\tl\u00ean,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\tc\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh\tho\u00e0n\tt\u1ea5t,\tc\u00e1c\tn\u00e0ng\tmang\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\ttrong\tgi\u1ecf... [157]*\tC\u00e2u\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\t\u00f4ng\tGuillaume\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tv\u1edf\tLu\u1eadt\ts\u01b0\tPatelin\t(1706)\tc\u1ee7a\tTu vi\u1ec7n\t tr\u01b0\u1edfng\t D.\t A.\t de\t Brueys,\t m\u00f4\t ph\u1ecfng\t v\u1edf\t h\u00e0i\t k\u1ecbch\t Ph\u00e1p\t khuy\u1ebft\t danh\t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng\t Th\u1ea7y\t Pierre\t Patelin\t (v\u00e0o\t kho\u1ea3ng\t n\u0103m\t 1464).\t Tr\u1ea3\t l\u1eddi\t c\u00e2u\t h\u1ecfi\t c\u1ee7a Patelin:\t\\\"\u00d4ng\tGuillaume,\t\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tcam\t\u0111oan\tl\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00e3\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tm\u00e0u\ts\u1eafc\tn\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?,\t\u00f4ng\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u00e1p:\t\u0110\u00fang,\t\u0111\u00fang,\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00e1c\tth\u1ee3\tnhu\u1ed9m\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\u201d V\u1ec1\t c\u00e1c\t ti\u1ebfn\t s\u0129\t lu\u1eadt\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u00e1p\t quan,\t Rousseau\t mu\u1ed1n\t n\u00f3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t vi\u1ec7c\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn\t s\u0129\t lu\u1eadt\t thu\u00ea\t vi\u1ebft\t lu\u1eadn\t \u00e1n\t v\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t vung\t ti\u1ec1n\t ra\t mua\t danh\t ti\u1ebfng. C\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tkh\u00f4ng\tr\u00f5\t\\\"ba\tngo\u1ea1i\tl\u1ec7\\\"\tch\u1ec9\tnh\u1eefng\tai,\tnh\u01b0ng\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\ts\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3\t ch\u1eafc\t l\u00e0\t Helv\u00e9tius\t (1715-1771),\t tri\u1ebft\t gia\t Ph\u00e1p\t m\u00e0\t Rouseau\t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t m\u1ed9, tham\tgia\tv\u1ecb\u1ebft\tB\u00e1ch\tKhoa\tth\u01b0\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcoi\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tgi\u00e0u\tc\u00f3\tl\u00e0m khoa\th\u1ecdc\tnghi\u1ec7p\td\u01b0. [158] *\tM\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u1ed9c\tth\u1ed5\td\u00e2n\t\u1edf\tB\u1eafc\tM\u1ef9. [159]\t T\u1eeb\t b\u1ea5y\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u00ecm\t ra\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i\t b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t kh\u00e1c\t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\t h\u01a1n.\t Hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t kh\u00fac\t x\u1ea1\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t theo\t v\u00f2ng\t tr\u00f2n\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e2y\t g\u1eady\t c\u00f3\t v\u1ebb\t to h\u01a1n\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t d\u00ecm\t trong\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t kia;\t nh\u01b0ng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t l\u00e0m\t thay \u0111\u1ed5i\tg\u00ec\ts\u1ee9c\tm\u1ea1nh\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1eadp\tlu\u1eadn,\tv\u00e0\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tkh\u00f4ng\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tm\u00e0\tk\u00e9m\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn. [160]\tUlysse,\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt\tch\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1eed\tthi\tOdyss\u00e9e,\ttr\u00ean\th\u00e0nh\ttr\u00ecnh\ttr\u1edf\tv\u1ec1\tqu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng,\t th\u1ea7n\t gi\u00f3\t Eole\t t\u1eb7ng\t Ulysse\t m\u1ed9t\t chi\u1ebfc\t bao\t da\t \u0111\u1ef1ng\t to\u00e0n\t gi\u00f3,\t t\u1eeb\t ng\u1ecdn Z\u00e9phyr\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111o\u00e0n\tt\u00e0u\tv\u1ec1\tqu\u00ea\th\u01b0\u01a1ng\tIthaque.\tCh\u1eb3ng\tmay,\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ee7y th\u1ee7\ttr\u00ean\tt\u00e0u\tV\u00ec\tt\u00f2\tm\u00f2\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u1edf\tchi\u1ebfc\tbao\tda.\tB\u00e3o\tt\u1ed1\tn\u1ed5i\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111o\u00e0n\tt\u00e0u","v\u1ec1\t\u0111\u1ea3o\tc\u1ee7a\tEole. [161]\t V\u1ecb\t anh\t h\u00f9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t truy\u1ec1n\t thuy\u1ebft\t La\t M\u00e3.\t V\u00e0\t nh\u00e2n\t v\u1eadt\t n\u00e0y,\t xem Plutarque,\tNh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\t\u0111\u1eddi\tsong\th\u00e0nh,\tNxb\tTri\tth\u1ee9c\t2006. [162]\t Theo\t M.de\t Buffon\t th\u00ec\t \u1edf\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ed1\t v\u00e0\t \u1edf\t c\u00e1c\t gia\t \u0111\u00ecnh\t kh\u00e1\t gi\u1ea3,\t tr\u1ebb con\t\u0111\u00e3\tqu\u00e1\tquen\tv\u1edbi\tth\u1ef1c\tph\u1ea9m\td\u1ed3i\td\u00e0o\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ed5\td\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tth\u00ec\ttu\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ts\u1edbm h\u01a1n:\t\u1ede\tn\u00f4ng\tth\u00f4n\tv\u00e0\tv\u1edbi\td\u00e2n\tngh\u00e8o\tth\u00ec\ttr\u1ebb\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tch\u1eadm\th\u01a1n\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nu\u00f4i\t d\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t k\u00e9m\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00fang\t c\u00e1ch;\t v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang\t th\u00ec\t c\u1ea7n\t th\u00eam\t t\u1eeb\t hai \u0111\u1ebfn\tba\tn\u0103m\tn\u1eefa\t(L\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean,\tt\u1eadp\tIV\ttr.238).\tT\u00f4i\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tnh\u1eadn\tx\u00e9t\tm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1ea5p\t nh\u1eadn\t s\u1ef1\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t ch\u00ednh\t l\u00e0\t v\u00ec\t c\u00f3\t v\u00f9ng\t n\u00e0o\t m\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t n\u00f4ng\t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng\t t\u1ed1t\t v\u00e0\t \u0103n\t nhi\u1ec1u\t nh\u01b0\t \u1edf\t Valas,\t v\u00e0\t ngay\t c\u1ea3\t \u1edf\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t v\u00f9ng\t n\u00fai\t \u1edf\t \u00dd\t nh\u01b0 Frioul,\tv\u1eady\tm\u00e0\ttu\u1ed5i\td\u1eady\tth\u00ec\t\u1edf\tc\u1ea3\thai\tgi\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tch\u1eadm\th\u01a1n\t\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tph\u1ed1,\tn\u01a1i\t\u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa\t t\u00ednh\t khoe\t khoang\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t c\u1ef1c\t k\u1ef3\t b\u1ee7n\t x\u1ec9n\t trong\t \u0103n\t u\u1ed1ng\t theo c\u00e2u\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\t\\\"Nh\u1ecbn\t\u0103n\tm\u00e0\tm\u1eb7c\\\".\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tth\u1ea5y\t\u1edf\tv\u00f9ng\tn\u00fai\t\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng\t k\u1ebb\t trai\t l\u1edbn\t kh\u1ecfe\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u00e0n\t \u00f4ng\t m\u00e0\t gi\u1ecdng\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1eabn\t trong\t v\u00e0\t c\u1eb1m\t kh\u00f4ng r\u00e2u,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00f4\tg\u00e1i\tl\u1edbn\tb\u1ec1\tngo\u00e0i\tr\u00f5\tra\tv\u1ebb\tcon\tg\u00e1i\tm\u00e0\tch\u01b0a\tc\u00f3\td\u1ea5u\thi\u1ec7u\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tk\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a\t gi\u1edbi\t n\u1eef.\t T\u00f4i\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t ch\u1ec9\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t do\t \u1edf\t n\u01a1i\t \u1ea5y\t c\u00f3\t c\u00e1c phong\tt\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n,\t\u00f3c\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u00eam\t\u1ea3\tv\u00e0\tb\u00ecnh\tl\u1eb7ng\tl\u00e2u\th\u01a1n\tn\u00ean\tl\u00e0m\tch\u1eadm b\u1edbt\t s\u1ef1\t l\u00ean\t men\t trong\t d\u00f2ng\t m\u00e1u\t h\u1ecd\t v\u00e0\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t kh\u00ed\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ecd\t ph\u00e1t\t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm\th\u01a1n. [163]\tTheo\tLa\tRochefoucauld:\t\\\"l\u00f2ng\tth\u01b0\u01a1ng\tx\u00f3t\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\t\u00fd\tth\u1ee9c\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ed7i\t\u0111au kh\u1ed5\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tx\u1ea3y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1edbi\tta\tl\u1ed3ng\ttrong\th\u00ecnh\t\u1ea3nh\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u1ed7i\t\u0111au\tc\u1ee7a\tk\u1ebb\tkh\u00e1c;\t\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00f2ng\tng\u1eeba\tt\u1ebf\tnh\u1ecb\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\ttai\th\u1ecda\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tx\u1ea3y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tv\u1edbi\tta.\u201d [164] \tTheo\tLucr\u00e8ce:\tKhi\ttr\u00ean\tbi\u1ec3n\tc\u1ea3,\tgi\u00f3\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ed5i\ts\u00f3ng\tl\u1edbn\tth\u00ec\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0\tkhoan kho\u00e1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ttr\u00ean\tb\u1edd\tm\u00e0\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u1eefng\tgian\tlao\tc\u01a1\tc\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tk\u1ebb\tkh\u00e1c,\tkh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\tv\u00ec\tn\u1ed7i\tgian\tlao\tc\u01a1\tc\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tk\u1ebb\tkh\u00e1c\tl\u00e0\tni\u1ec1m\tl\u1ea1c\tth\u00fa\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang\tta,\tm\u00e0 v\u00ec\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh\ttho\u00e1t\tkh\u1ecfi\tc\u00e1i\ttai\th\u1ecda\tu\u00fd\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tkhoan\tkho\u00e1i\t(De la\tNature,\tII,\t1-4). [165]\t\u1ede\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tqu\u00ean\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tgi\u1edbi\tthi\u1ec7u\t\u00c9mile\tt\u1eeb\tQuy\u1ec3n\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb\tm\u1ed3\tc\u00f4i. [166]*\tL\u1ea5y\ttrong\tc\u00e2u\t\\\"\u0111\u1ed3ng\tb\u1ec7nh\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u00e2n\\\",\tt\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tl\u00e2n\tl\u00e0\tt\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m n\u1ea3y\tsinh\tt\u1eeb\ts\u1ef1\tgiao\tti\u1ebfp\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ee9a\ttr\u1ebb\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c.","[167] \t Ti\u1ebfng\t Latin:\t T\u00f4i\t bi\u1ebft\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t b\u1ea5t\t h\u1ea1nh,\t ch\u00ednh\t n\u00f3\t d\u1ea1y\t t\u00f4i\t c\u1ee9u\t gi\u00fap\t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111au\tkh\u1ed5,\tl\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tDidon\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1edbi\t\u00c9n\u00e9e\ttrong\t\u00c9n\u00e9ide,\tth\u01a1\tc\u1ee7a\tVirgile\tvi\u1ebft t\u1eeb\t n\u0103m\t 29\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u0103m\t 19\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t CN\t g\u1ed3m\t t\u00e1m\t b\u00e0i\t anh\t h\u00f9ng\t ca,\t c\u00e2u\t n\u00e0y\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e2u 630,\tb\u00e0i\t1. [168] \t Hi\u1ec7n\t nay\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t c\u00f3\t v\u1ebb\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u00fat:\t C\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t tr\u1edf\t n\u00ean\t \u1ed5n c\u1ed1\th\u01a1n,\tv\u00e0\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u0169ng\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tc\u1ee9ng\tc\u1ecfi\th\u01a1n. [169] \t\u00c9pict\u00e8te:\tTri\u1ebft\tgia\ttheo\tch\u1ee7\tngh\u0129a\tkh\u1eafc\tk\u1ef7\tthu\u1ed9c\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\t1. [170] \tGr\u00e8ve:\tqu\u1ea3ng\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u1edf\tParis,\tn\u01a1i\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tvui\tch\u01a1i\tc\u1ee7a\td\u00e2n ch\u00fang,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u1ee7\ty\u1ebfu\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tcu\u1ed9c\tx\u1eed\tt\u1eed\tt\u1eeb\t1310\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1830. [171] \tS\u1ef1\tquy\u1ebfn\tluy\u1ebfn\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u00e1p\tl\u1ea1i,\tt\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea1n\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady.\tT\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea1n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\ttrao\t\u0111\u1ed5i,\tm\u1ed9t\tkh\u1ebf\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tnh\u01b0\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ecdi\tkh\u1ebf\t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c,\tnh\u01b0ng\tn\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tkh\u1ebf\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tth\u00e1nh\tthi\u1ec7n\th\u01a1n\th\u1ebft.\tDanh\tt\u1eeb\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\tt\u1eeb\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tli\u00ean\tn\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\tn\u00f3.\tAi\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tb\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a\tb\u1ea1n\tm\u00ecnh\tth\u00ec\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tk\u1ebb\tx\u1ea3o\tquy\u1ec7t;\tb\u1edfi\tch\u1ec9\tnh\u1edd\ttrao\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea1n hay\tgi\u1ea3\tv\u1edd\ttrao\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea1n\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00ecnh\tb\u1ea1n. [172] \tCh\u00ednh\tc\u00e2u\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\th\u00e3y\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1eed\tv\u1edbi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\tnh\u01b0\tch\u00fang\tta\tmu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1eed\tv\u1edbi\tm\u00ecnh\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tth\u1eadt\ts\u1ef1\tl\u00e0\tl\u00fd\ttr\u00ed\tv\u00e0\tt\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea3m,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e2u\tl\u00e0 l\u1ebd\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u00e0\th\u00e0nh\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\ttrong\tkhi\tt\u00f4i,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tn\u00ean\tt\u00f4i\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c,\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tkhi\tt\u00f4i\ttin\tch\u1eafc\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea1o\t\u0111\u1ee9c,\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh\tl\u00e2m v\u00e0o\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady?\t V\u00e0\t ai\t m\u00e0\t tr\u00e0\t l\u1eddi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t cho\t t\u00f4i\t r\u1eb1ng\t khi\t theo\t \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\t\u1ea5y\tt\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00e1c\ttheo\t\u0111\u00fang\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\t\u1ea5y\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00f4i?\tK\u1ebb\t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u1ea7n\t h\u01a1n\t t\u1eeb\t t\u00ednh\t trung\t th\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f4ng\t b\u1eb1ng\t v\u00e0\t t\u1eeb\t th\u00f3i\t b\u1ea5t\t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a\tch\u00ednh\th\u1eafn;\th\u1eafn\ts\u1ebd\tqu\u00e1\ttho\u1ea3i\tm\u00e1i\tkhi\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng,\ttr\u1eeb\th\u1eafn\tra. C\u00e1i\t th\u1ecfa\t thu\u1eadn\t n\u00e0y\t d\u00f9\t cho\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3\t n\u00f3i\t th\u1ebf\t n\u00e0o\t v\u1ec1\t n\u00f3\t \u0111i\t n\u1eefa\t th\u00ec\t c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ee3i\t nhi\u1ec1u\t cho\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3\t l\u00f2ng\t t\u1ed1t.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t khi\t c\u00e1i\t m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00e2m\th\u1ed3n\tc\u1edfi\tm\u1edf\t\u0111em\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tt\u00f4i\tv\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tlo\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3 th\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tt\u00f4i\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh\t\u0111ang\t\u1edf\ttrong\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u1ea5y,\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u00ecnh\tkh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\t\u0111au\t\u0111\u1edbn\t m\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\tmu\u1ed1n\tcho\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u1ea5y\t ph\u1ea3i\t\u0111au\t\u0111\u1edbn\t t\u00f4i\tquan\t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u1ea5y\tV\u00ec\tt\u00f4i\ty\u00eau\tt\u00f4i,\tv\u00e0\tl\u1ebd\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e2u\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\tl\u00e0\t\u1edf\tch\u00ednh\ttrong\tt\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\tm\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tg\u1ee3i\tra\tcho\tt\u00f4i\tl\u00f2ng\tham\tmu\u1ed1n\ts\u1ef1\ttho\u1ea3i\tm\u00e1i\tcho\tm\u00ecnh\t\u1edf\tn\u01a1i n\u00e0o\tm\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u00ecnh\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u00f4i\tk\u1ebft\tlu\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng,\tc\u00e1c\tc\u00e2u\tch\u00e2m\tng\u00f4n\tc\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tri\u00eang\ttr\u00ean\tl\u00fd\ttr\u00ed\tm\u00e0\tth\u00f4i,\tch\u00fang","c\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tv\u1eefng\tv\u00e0ng\th\u01a1n\tv\u00e0\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\th\u01a1n.\tT\u00ecnh\ty\u00eau\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\td\u1eabn\txu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb\tt\u00ecnh\ty\u00eau\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tl\u00e0\tnguy\u00ean\tph\u00e1t\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng\tl\u00fd\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i.\tB\u1ea3n\tt\u00f3m\tt\u1eaft\tto\u00e0n b\u1ed9\tc\u00f4ng\tl\u00fd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\ttrong\tPh\u00fac\t\u00e2m\tth\u00f4ng\tqua\tt\u00f3m\tt\u1eaft\tc\u00e1c\tlu\u1eadt\tl\u1ec7. [173]\tTinh\tth\u1ea7n\tph\u1ed5\tbi\u1ebfn\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ecdi\tqu\u1ed1c\tgia\tl\u00e0\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\th\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\t cho\t k\u1ebb\t m\u1ea1nh\t ch\u1ed1ng\t l\u1ea1i\t k\u1ebb\t y\u1ebfu\t v\u00e0\t k\u1ebb\t c\u00f3\t ch\u1ed1ng\t l\u1ea1i\t k\u1ebb\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t g\u00ec:\t \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t\tl\u1ee3i\tn\u00e0y\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tngo\u1ea1i\tl\u1ec7\tn\u00e0o\tc\u1ea3. [174] *\tNh\u1eefng\tti\u1ec3u\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tLa\tCalpren\u00e8de. [175]\tXem\tDavila,\tCuiciardini,\tStrada,\tSolis,\tMachiavel\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00f4i\tkhi\tch\u00ednh\tc\u1ea3 de\tThou\tVertot\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebft\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tv\u1ebd\tch\u00e2n\tdung. [176]*\tPolybe:\tNh\u00e0\ts\u1eed\th\u1ecdc\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\t(220-120)\t\u1edf\tLa\tM\u00e3\tl\u00e2u\tv\u00e0\tth\u00e2n\tv\u1edbi\td\u00f2ng h\u1ecd\tScipion;\tt\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tcu\u1ed1n\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u01b0\u01a1ng\t40\tt\u1eadp.\t\u00d4ng\tn\u00f3i\tmu\u1ed1n\tthu\u1eadt\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1c s\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n.\tV\u00ec\tth\u00edch\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c,\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecf\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1eddi\tn\u00f3i\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u1eadt,\tch\u1ec9\td\u1eabn\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ec9 m\u1ec9\tv\u00e0\tv\u00f4\tt\u01b0. [177]*\t Salluste:\t Nh\u00e0\t s\u1eed\t h\u1ecdc\t La\t M\u00e3\t (86-35)\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t cu\u1ed1n\t \u00e2m\t m\u01b0u\t c\u1ee7a Catilina,\t Chi\u1ebfn\t tr\u1eadn\t c\u1ee7a\t Jugurtha\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t truy\u1ec7n\t l\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed.\t \u00d4ng\t ch\u00fa\t \u00fd\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\th\u01a1n\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n,\tr\u1ea5t\tnhi\u1ec1u\tch\u00e2n\tdung\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u1ed9i\ttho\u1ea1i\tdo\t\u00f4ng\tngh\u0129\tra;\tk\u00e9m kh\u00e1ch\tquan.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u00eanh\tph\u00e1i\td\u00e2n\tch\u1ee7\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1ee5c\tm\u1ea1\tt\u1ea7ng\tl\u1edbp\tqu\u00fd\tt\u1ed9c. [178]*\t Tacite:\t Nh\u00e0\t s\u1eed\t h\u1ecdc\t La\t M\u00e3\t cu\u1ed1i\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ef7\t I:\t Kh\u00e1\t kh\u00e1ch\t quan\t d\u00f9\t c\u00f3\t bi quan,\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec1u\th\u1ed9i\ttho\u1ea1i\tdo\t\u00f4ng\tngh\u0129\tra.\tTheo\tRacine\tth\u00ec\tTacite\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tth\u1eddi\tth\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ed5\tt\u00e0i\tnh\u1ea5t. [179] \t Thucydide:\t Nh\u00e0\t s\u1eed\t h\u1ecdc\t La\t M\u00e3\t (460-395)\t v\u1edbi\t Cu\u1ed9c\t chi\u1ebfn\t \u1edf\t b\u00e1n\t \u0111\u1ea3o P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se\t c\u00f3\t d\u1eabn\t ch\u1ee9ng\t t\u1ec9\t m\u1ec9,\t r\u1ea5t\t kh\u00e1ch\t quan\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t hi\u1ec3u\t c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1,\tnguy\u00ean\tnh\u00e2n\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ed1\t\u1ea5y. [180]\t C\u00f2n\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0\t cu\u1ed1n\t Anabase,\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t c\u1ee7a\t X\u00e9nophon\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1ec1\t cu\u1ed9c\t vi\u1ec5n chinh\tc\u1ee7a\tHy\tL\u1ea1p\tch\u1ed1ng\tArtaxerxe\tdo\tCyrus\ttr\u1ebb\tc\u1ea7m\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tv\u00e0\tr\u00fat\tlui. [181]*\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\tthu\u1eadt\tl\u1ea1i\tcu\u1ed9c\tx\u00e2m\tl\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u1ee9\tGaule."]
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