September 2021

BOUNDLESS OCTOBER 2021 POWER & CORRUPTION

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR NOTES Dear readers, I’m thrilled to announce the launch of our September issue, this is our 5th issue at Boundless and it truly seems like we’ve reached a milestone! This issue’s theme is Power and Corruption, like every other bright idea, our News editor and Publishing director were behind this one too. Our subeditors and writers have put together some very interesting pieces for you to read addressing a range of global issues and introducing a line up of new school societies and projects! I’d like to thank Sereen, Anum, Manahil and our Creative directors Emaan Kasuri and Emaan Shams for all their hard work and dedication towards Boundless! I hope you enjoy reading this issue just as much as our writers enjoyed writing these articles for you! Happy Reading, Editor in Chief, Mehak Rehan We’re delighted to announce the publication of the September issue of Boundless! This issue features several page-turning articles, visuals and opinion pieces. The planning and publishing process ran smoothly and our team was able to overcome any and all challenges they encountered. I’d like to give special thanks to the rest of our superb Executive Team: Mehak Rehan, Anum Azhar and Manahil Fatima. The Creative Team also worked extremely hard on this issue and strived to make it our best publication yet. I truly believe the final product speaks for itself! We are extremely thankful for the support of our following and community of readers, and are excited to see that it continues to grow. Please do not hesitate to reach out to us and provide us with feedback or suggestions for upcoming issues. Happy reading! Managing Editor, Sereen Yusuf

As the News Editor for Boundless, I am extremely excited to present the September issue! For this month, our writers explored the theme “power and corruption”. The issue covers a range of topics, from the distribution of the Covid Vaccine to the modernized space race. It was amazing to see our writers come up with unique topics and make the newspaper their very own. The entire process of developing this issue, from deciding a theme all the way to publishing was smooth and organized, the credit of which goes to our truly remarkable team. Mehak, Manahil & Sereen are all people I was able to rely on and I can’t think of a better team to work with. The entire directorate also worked extremely hard on this issue, and I believe the end product was completely worth it. As the Boundless team continues to grow and develop, we are extremely grateful for our readers’ support. To our readers, I hope you are as excited to read the issue as I am! News Editor, Anum Azhar I am happy to announce to publication of our September Issue! Working on this issue really developed communication, time-management and organization skills for me along with a lot of our other team members. As Publishing Director, I could not be any happier with the way the issue turned out. The theme of Power & Corruption was a great opportunity for our writers to speak up about not only the historical, but the present situation in the world on topics they desired. Working with Mehak, Sereen and Anum was extremely motivating and it can easily be said that credit goes to them for keeping the team organized. Without them, I doubt things would’ve run as smoothly as they did. However, though the Executive Directors put in a lot of effort, so did the rest of our team - head over to the credits page! Hopefully, all the hard work has paid off and you are as excited and ready to read this issue as I am! Publishing Director, Manahil Fatima

STUDENT ADVICE

TAKING THE ANTICIPATED: EASY OR HARD? Tips to get through MYP 5 By Shehrezade Naveed By: Zara Azam WHAT ARE THE ANTICIPATED EXAMS? MYP 5 (Grade 10) is a very important grade for all Anticipated Exams are a newfound concept that students as it is an essential part of their college TNS Beaconhouse has begun to take part in. It's a applications. I personally struggled quite a lot during way for students to take vigorous and my last year of MYP, which is why I will be giving challenging DP courses for two years by taking advice and suggestions that I wish my seniors had told one or two SL (standard level) subject exams in me! the first year along with their Internal Assessments. This path, if you choose to take it, Advice no. 1; stay focused on your work. During the has a lot of benefits such as having more time in last year of MYP 5, there will be a lot on your plate and the second year to prioritise the remaining four it is extremely important to complete it. Getting or five subjects, the extended essay, theory of distracted by our personal lives is very easy. We knowledge exhibition and paper, the CAS work would all prefer to hang out with our friends rather and the internal assessments. than do school work. But let me tell you something - I too believed this and it did not have a positive impact BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES on my performance. Unfortunately, this is not the best Giving anticipated exams at the end of your first choice if you plan on scoring high in your finals. year of DP has many advantages. As mentioned Maintaining focus during classes is the best thing you earlier, DP anticipated exams provide you with can do for yourself because you won’t have to study an opportunity to get done with 1 or 2 SL subjects, the same thing all over again at home and put yourself giving you ample time to prepare for the rest of under so much pressure. your subjects next year. HL (higher level) subjects also have more content to cover so Advice no. 2; time management is KEY! I cannot stress having more time to study for those subjects is enough how important managing your time is. This extremely beneficial. Giving these exams also skill will help you the most during your time in MYP 5 clears your schedule for DP 2 which also allows as it will help you reduce tension and prioritize your for more time to focus on the college applications time. Effective use of time will give you more time to process. achieve better results as you will have spare time to keep improving your work. I’ll give you guys a Although there are many advantages of giving personal example of what happens when you don’t anticipated exams, there are also some manage your time properly: I used to procrastinate downfalls. The amount of work to be done in the and not complete my work and assignments all the first year of DP may result in you not having an active social life. The biggest challenge you'll face time which caused a lot of anxiety and stress. I used to is dealing with your stress, as everyone around get panic attacks because I would waste my time you will constantly remind you of the freedom that you won't have in the DP 1. Your schedule watching Netflix and using social media, instead of may be extremely hectic as many students may completing my work on time. This constant pattern of also be involved in a multitude of extra- procrastination took a big toll on my mental health. I curricular activities during their first year. You will have to work tirelessly and put in a lot of started getting depressed and I became extremely effort to cover the syllabus for the exams. But unmotivated to study and complete my work. always remember, it is possible! GO THROUGH WITH THE ANTICIPATED OR NOT? In my opinion, as someone who has gone through the Anticipated Exams, I would highly suggest you take at least one because if you don't, you’ll be going into extremely tough years ahead. I took the Math Application SL anticipated exam and couldn't be happier with the result!

There was a time where I completely gave up and If you follow this advice and remain consistent thought to myself, “I can’t do this anymore, I’m then I believe you will get the results you desire. going to fail”. It was very hard for me to get back Don’t give up and keep pushing yourself to stay on track, but I got more serious about my studies and started working hard. My advice to you guys focused and work hard, and it will all be over is, DO NOT waste your precious time on activities before you know it! Well, then there’s DP which is that aren’t important. You can watch Netflix and a totally different story, but for now, just focus on go out and hang out with friends anytime, but you don’t get an unlimited amount of time when it excelling in your final year of MYP. Good luck comes to assignment deadlines - so be extremely guys! careful with your time! Advice no. 3; manage your schedule! This is probably the most useful advice anyone will ever give you. There is a specific way to go about in your last year of MYP and if you follow it, you’ll do really well without stressing out. When the first term starts, you are supposed to start working on your personal project. I highly suggest doing the same project you did the year before because you will already have done most of the secondary research. I would recommend getting done with the personal project as soon as you can, so that you can start working on your elective portfolios. The elective portfolio is the most time-consuming task you must complete in your last year of MYP. Hence, it is crucial to give this subject a lot of your time and attention. If you take my example, I was struggling to finish my Music e-portfolio. This was due to the fact that I was drained from all the work I had done for my personal project. If I had effectively managed myself during my project report, I would’ve had ample time to start working on my music portfolio. At one point, my teacher, who expected a level 7 from me, thought that I would fail when he noticed my non-serious attitude. I eventually started working hard again when my family and teachers made me realize what a big mistake I was making by giving up and not completing my work. Despite all odds, I did complete my music portfolio, but it wasn’t my best work! So, please note the importance of managing and balancing your schedule! To conclude, it is important to reach out for assistance if you face any challenges. But if you implement the advice I have mentioned above and learn from the mistakes I made in my final year, you will do really well without putting too much pressure on yourself. Make sure to focus and pay attention in class. Put equal time and effort in your subjects; to be efficient, make notes in your classes and do as many past papers as possible.

SCHOOL AFFAIRS

Quill & Scroll Book Week If guessed correctly, they won books published by By: Manahil Fatima two of Pakistan’s great authors, Sidra Sheikh and Faizan Soofi. We were impressed with the great As a member of the Quill and Scroll Team, I can literary knowledge the students at TNS hold! proudly say that our first annual event was successful. In the third week of September, the team We also organized two Character Days in which the decided to host a ‘Book Week’ to promote literary entire school dressed up as their favorite characters activities in school. After weeks of planning and an from chosen books! The Quill and Scroll team unexpected turn of events, the week finally arrived! decided to dress up as characters from Alice in Wonderland. We were delighted to see all the We started the week off by setting up our Book Drive. students dress up as well. This was a great initiative to promote students and teachers in the entire school to donate gently- Lastly, we hosted Author Book Talks with three used/new books to our society throughout the week. prominent Pakistani authors throughout the week. At the end of the week, we were ecstatic to see that The first two sessions we had were with Sidra the TNS community had managed to donate around Sheikh, the author of “The Light Blue Jumper,” a 300 books which we then donated to a school and humorous sci-fi novel. Sidra told us about her orphanage in Lahore, Aabroo Welfare Organization. writing process, how she expressed her ideas Aabroo is an NGO which offers free education, through her writing and where she got the idea for nutrition, clothing and health assistance to her intergalactic themed novel. She also spoke about underprivileged children in urban slums. They her next book, which is a sequel to “The Light Blue provide informal and formal education, Jumper.” The next session we hosted was with technological and vocational training and teach Faizan Aslam Soofi, the youngest published author children about informational technology. We were in Pakistan. Faizan has written multiple books, with honored to contribute to the Aabroo community. his first one being published at the age of ten! He was a true inspiration for all of our students, giving us On Monday and Tuesday, we conducted an arts and tips on how to balance out personal and academic crafts activity with the primary years students at lives while undertaking such a huge project. He also TNS. While distributing bookmark templates, we got told our students about some tips and tricks they can to know them and had a discussion about their use if they ever choose to write a book. We also favorite books and characters. Our team was happy hosted Zoya Mughal, a former TNS student and to see the students were extremely passionate about published author. She wrote the book, “Flying books, as was reflected in their artworks. Similarly, Without Wings” as a part of her Personal Project in on Wednesday and Thursday one member from the MYP 5. She talked to us about her inspirations and Quill & Scroll team along with one volunteer from how she started writing. She gave motivational MYP/DP visited each of our primary year classrooms. answers and a brief introduction to the next book Each volunteer read a book to the primary years class she is currently writing. and had a discussion about their favorite scenes, characters and dialogues from their respective books. Our team members then distributed drawing templates to each of the students and asked them to draw their favorite scene from the book that was read to them. We were thrilled to see how well the final drawings turned out! Some of the bookmarks and drawings can be found on the bulletin board outside the nurse’s office at school! Another successful activity that took place during the week was the Read Aloud! In this activity, Quill & Scroll’s content writer read one passage per day from pre-selected books over the PA system to the entire school. Students were given the entire day to guess which book the passage was from.

We were extremely pleased and honored to host such influential and inspiring authors! We hope the TNS community enjoyed Book Week. It was a great learning experience for not only the team, but the entire student body. We look forward to conducting more activities in the near future. If you would like to be part of such activities by becoming a member of the society, email us at [email protected] and fill out the following form: https://forms.gle/eXNSCJqqsoUMkpMh9 TBIS - Your Window To The World of Business! The National English Honor Society By Salena Akbar By Sereen Yusuf Have you ever been interested in the business world but have never had the chance to demonstrate your As the Head of the Literature Department at TNS, I skills? The Business Investment Society (TBIS) is am extremely excited to announce that TNS here to help you showcase your true potential! Our Beaconhouse has been granted a school charter and goal is to pave the way for the future business has become one of the official chapters of the leaders of tomorrow. National English Honor Society! TBIS is a student-led society at TNS, which is open to The National English Honor Society (NEHS), founded high school students from grades 9 to 12. We at TBIS and sponsored by Sigma Tau Delta, is the only prepare emerging business leaders to work with international organization exclusively for like-minded individuals. We help them develop secondary students and faculty who, in the field of leadership skills and provide real-life experiences to English, merit special note for past and current aid in pursuing careers in entrepreneurship, accomplishments. marketing, finance and management. In 2005, National English Honor Society launched Founded by the President, Ayleen Sheikh, Vice and has been growing steadily since, becoming one of President, Abdullah Asif and Secretary General, the largest academic societies for secondary schools. Huzayn Buksh based on their common passion for NEHS recognizes the academic accomplishments of business and investing, TBIS is an excellent high school students and promotes their continuing representation for what they aim to accomplish in interest in the English language arts. NEHS is the only the future. Our targets and goals ensure our high school honor society exclusively for students of objective is focused in adhering to our members' English. As such, it provides a unique opportunity to needs and providing them with the absolute best in engage students, teachers, and local schools in the business management platforms. valuable experience of discipline-related national The society intends on partaking in upcoming inter- honor-society participation. The mission of NEHS is school events which may include the Aitchison to confer national distinction upon secondary school Business Concept and Wharton Global Highschool students for high achievement in the English Investment Competition. The society also plans to language arts, build a national community of hold sessions with experts in the field such as academic achievers, provide, through local chapters, investment bankers and successful entrepreneurs cultural stimulation in high school environments, who can help students gain extended knowledge, encourage interest in the English language arts, and experiences, and insight into their chosen career serve society by fostering literacy. Immediate paths. benefits of affiliation with NEHS include academic We are excited to announce the opening of both recognition, scholarship and award eligibility, and membership and leadership positions from October opportunities for networking with others who share 1st! If you are interested in learning more about the enthusiasm for, and accomplishment in, the language society or have any queries, follow us on Instagram arts. https://www.instagram.com/tns.tbis/ or contact us at [email protected].

Membership in NEHS is an honor bestowed on Please feel free to reach out in case of any queries. individuals selected for their accomplishments in Website: https://www.nehs.us/about/index.shtml the field of English and in overall academic Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tns.nehs/ achievement. Members of the National English Email: [email protected] Honor Society must be chosen from students who Phone number: +92 305 4400000 have demonstrated exceptional ability in such areas as literary analysis, media studies, composition, linguistic study, and creative writing. To be considered for membership, attendance at TNS Chapter of AIAS TNS must be equivalent to one semester prior to By Anum Azhar being considered. The student must also have achieved a minimum overall and English grade I am extremely excited to announce that TNS point average of a 3.0 (on a 4.0 scale) prior to Beaconhouse is now officially the first induction. All new NEHS members must pay a one- international highschool chapter of the AIAS! time, $15 fee when enrolled into the Society. As all literary activities fall under the large NEHS The American Institute of Architecture Students umbrella, the NEHS chapter at TNS will comprise of (AIAS) is an independent, nonprofit, student-run all literary societies, clubs and subgroups including organization dedicated to providing unmatched but not limited to: the official school newspaper progressive programs, information, and resources (Boundless), the official school magazine (Rise Up & on issues critical to architecture and the Write), the school yearbook, the Quill & Scroll experience of education. The AIAS aims to promote International Journalism Society, the official excellence in education, training, and practice; to school book club (Hooked on Books), the literary foster an appreciation of architecture and related journal published by the American Institute of disciplines; to enrich communities in a spirit of Architecture Students (Crit) and the newsletter collaboration; and to organize students and published by the Key Club. Chapter members will combine their efforts to advance the field. engage in services from producing websites and newsletters to introducing literary projects and Since 1956, the American Institute of Architecture offering journalistic educational activities for Students (AIAS) has functioned as an younger students at the middle and primary school intercollegiate network and representational voice level. Members will help organize literary events for architecture students. It was originally modeled such as an authors’ panel, a literature festival or a roughly on the professional association called the visit to the local library. American Institute of Architects (AIA). Writing is one of the major \"pillars\" of the English The association publishes Crit, Journal of the AIAS discipline. NEHS hopes to be a resource to foster (short for critique) and hosts an international writing by all members, students and adults. convention for students and professionals called Various opportunities for writing have been FORUM. The organization also fulfills an advocacy crafted since the founding of NEHS to encourage role by representing its members to the American and reward members for putting their thoughts to Institute of Architects, the Association of Collegiate paper or screen. For example, their Intellectual Schools of Architecture (ACSA), the National Freedom Challenge asks members to argue for the Council of Architectural Registration Boards inclusion or exclusion of texts that some might find (NCARB) and the National Architectural objectionable. Their annual Writing Contest also Accrediting Board (NAAB). The organization was encourages literary participation. This year, the founded in 1956; it was originally called the genre is “poetry”. Students are encouraged to ‘National Architectural Student Association’ submit carefully crafted poems during four (NASA). application windows, two during the first semester At the heart of all AIAS activities is a cooperative and two during the second semester. effort designed to transform today’s students into the architect and design professional of tomorrow The induction is set to take place in late November. Thus, we will be opening membership applications for the National English Honor Society soon. Stay tuned for the application form and more updates about the society!

. This includes not only an active and involved The TNS Science Society By Minal Mustafa student membership but also a close and mutually supportive role for faculty, professionals, the Are you looking for a place where you can explore design community, and the corporate community the nature of science, and get an extensive view on who contribute to the advancement of the art and different scientific aspects? Then the TNS Science science of architecture. Society is the perfect place for you! Their mission is to advance leadership, design, and The TNS Science Society is an organization open to students from years 9 through 12. However, if you’re service among architecture students. in years 6-8, the Science Society has a STEM club open for you. STEM is an internationally recognized The AIAS strives to be ahead of the curve, providing education program in which they target students specifically interested in taking part in 4 subject their members with invaluable experiences that will areas: Science, Technology, Engineering, and prepare them for entering the profession and Mathematics. During the course of the club, students beyond. Their events and programs are geared will get a chance to take part in weekly challenges towards encouraging students to discover and ignite and activities where they would get to do hands-on their true passions. Each AIAS opportunity is work relating to the different subjects. In each developed to appeal to students of varying session, they would be given a global issue which backgrounds, experience levels, and interests. they would have to solve in a time frame of 1 hour, Through the Freedom by Design program and other after which they would have to present their community outreach, the AIAS empowers members solutions to the rest of the group. and students as a whole to be good citizens on their By being a part of the Science Society, students will campuses and in their communities. not only be better suited to tackle the challenges of TNS Chapter members will engage in activities such the MYP and DP curriculums, but they will also be as planned visits to heritage sites, like the Walled City able to develop their skills in critical thinking and of Lahore, inviting guest speakers & hosting scientific analysis, all while having fun with their conferences, and partaking in design-related peers. competitions. Members will also have the The Science Society is open to every student who is opportunity to be published in CRIT, the official enthusiastic about science and is interested in journal of the AIAS as well as to be on the global performing experiments. The Society is worth council of the AIAS. joining since you’ll get multiple opportunities to Each year, the AIAS honors individuals and groups have hands-on experiences, perform experiments for their exemplary work in areas such as leadership, and research on various scientific topics. The STEM collaboration, scholarship, and service. The AIAS club students will also be able to conduct the Honor Awards were developed to publicly recognize experiments the science society will be conducting. outstanding achievements by students, educators, and practitioners who have exhibited an exemplary This will be a great opportunity for them since commitment to the education and development of they may not be able to do these experiments until architecture students. I’m delighted to announce that The TNS Chapter of the AIAS has been nominated for MYP 5 or even DP. an AIAS Honor Award for: The science society meets every Monday from 4-5 pm while the STEM club meets every Wednesday being approved as the first international from 4-5 pm. Wondering how to join the society? highschool chapter of the AIAS being the first highschool chapter to have a You can email them member selected to be on the Global Council of ([email protected]) or you can message Representatives With the chapter achieving so much in just its first them on Instagram (@tns_science_society)! month, I can’t wait to see what we accomplish this academic year! Membership applications are still open, so if you’re interested in becoming part of the TNS Chapter of the AIAS, email us at [email protected]. Please feel free to reach out in case of any queries! Website: https://www.aias.org/about/about/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tns.aias/ Email: [email protected] Phone number: +92 309 0516306

SSPORTS

Nepotism/power dynamics in Pakistani cricket Russia Banned From Olympics management By Mujtaba Qureshi By Yahyaa Khan Those watching the Olympics in Tokyo may have noted The issue of nepotism in Pakistan is growing fast with the passage of time as players are not getting that Russian athletes are participating under the ROC, selected on the basis of their skill level and technical capability. This kind of favoritism is practiced or Russian Olympic Committee, rather than their towards legacies from cricket families. The upcoming T20 World Cup and the specialization of home country's flag. Because Russia is now barred the sub continental teams in this format comes with its advantages, but still without a blend of youth, from the Olympic Games, the 335 Russian competitors experience and merit the outcome can be disastrous. Last minute appointment of foreign coaches for the who competed in this year's Summer Games are Pakistani team can also be an irrational move considering the Kiwis and English Cricket boards termed neutrals’ due to the fact that Russia is have abandoned their tours of Pakistan. currently banned from the Olympics. First of all let's What can the management do to improve the future of cricket in Pakistan? discuss what doping really means. Doping is the use of They can restructure their domestic cricket, back to the departmental form of cricket and make it more forbidden athletic performance-enhancing substances competitive hence they'd be tapping the right talent. Playing cricket in school, college and other clubs of by athletes in competitive sports. Most international the country should be boosted and sponsored for better results and providing financial relief for the sports organisations, including the International budding talent. Getting wide exposure through the media will also encourage new talent. Olympic Committee, consider the use of performance- The PSL franchises can play a part in nurturing such enhancing substances to be unethical and hence a talent and the PCB can even think of starting leagues at the grass root level. Selection of coaches on prohibit it Now that we know what doping is, lets see merit at the grass root level has also been a challenge as the accountability process is hardly defined, what Russian athletes are resulting in the formation of a poor bench strength in the country not capable enough to challenge the representing & how long Russia has been banned from senior players. major sporting events. Doping among Russian A lot of expectations now rest on the Prime Minister of Pakistan who himself is an ex cricketer to lead by competitors is distinguished from doping among example and set the tone for a process resulting in the induction of talent on the basis of fair play and foreign competitors because the Russian government merit. itself has provided steroids and other drugs to athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned the Russian Federation from all major sporting events in 2019 due to widespread violations of anti-doping regulations, including an attempt to disrupt ongoing investigations by manipulating computer data.This prompted the formation of the ROC, a loophole that allows Russian competitors who have demonstrated they are unrelated to the doping crisis to compete in Tokyo. While the Russian competitors in Tokyo are still wearing the Russian colors - white, blue, and red, they are barred from displaying any sort of national representation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was instructed by the IOC that all public displays of the organization’s participant name should use the acronym ‘ROC’ not the full name ‘Russian Olympic Committee’. This implies that the ROC is represented by a flag with an Olympic flame in Russian colours above the five Olympic rings, rather than the Russian flag. The Russian national anthem is replaced by Pyotr Tchaikovsky's \"Piano Concerto No. 1\". On the medal board, the ROC was in the top five. After investigators discovered that Russia manipulated drug-testing data in order to cover up state-sponsored doping operations involving over 1,000 athletes, the World Anti-Doping Agency imposed a ban on the country. Russia also can’t be represented as a country at the 2022 World Cup or the 2022 Winter Olympics, which are set to take place before the ban is lifted in December 2022.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Haber Process A miracle or a weapon of mass The Weaponization of Technology to Exercise destruction Power By Nafeesa ahmed By Muhammad Siddiqui The Haber process is a process used for the production In general, science and technology have been used of ammonia and a component of nitrogen and hydrogen. to exercise power for decades. The US ended World It was not developed with peaceful intentions but rather War II by using the work of scientists Albert for the necessities of war. It was developed in the 1900s Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer to create the by Fritz Haber and was later changed to become an atomic bomb, which killed over 150,000 people and industrial beneficial process. Also known as the Haber- ended the second World War, solidifying the US as a Bosch process, it is considered to be one of the bigger world superpower. The US won the war through technological advances. The process is started by an the abuse of science, and were not the first nor the extreme pressure which by forces produces a chemical last to do this. A modern-day example of reaction. Nitrogen is mixed with hydrogen to produce weaponization of science to exercise their power is the chemical Ammonia. China. This country is a modern day surveillance state where technology is frequently used to The Haber’s process is used for the production of monitor the activities of its citizens. fertilizers so that food demands can be met. Thus, China is one of the most surveilled countries in the increasing agricultural production also increased the world. For every six residents, there is a camera population since food requirements were being met. equipped with a state-of-the-art facial recognition Alongside this, production also increased, due to which system, which identifies the race, ethnicity, and farmers benefited financially. This also prompted some political party of every person it captures. farmers to experiment with different chemicals in Additionally, social platforms such as WeChat - the order to increase crop yield. The process was initially most popular communication platform in China - used by Germans for producing crops after their sources are constantly monitored, with AI models being were cut off from British supplies. trained to detect any signs of defiance or rebellion. However, ammonia was also a source of nitric acid used Chinese Officials believe that by constantly in the first world war. Germany used it for munitions surveilling it’s citizens, it will prevent them from during the war after their nitrate supplies were cut grouping together and starting an uprising or from Chile. Germany began producing ammonia at rebellion. A move that has clearly worked. major rates and this allowed them to make explosives However, this has come at the cost of its citizen’s for many years. Furthermore, due to his support for the freedom. Anything someone says or does can and Germans, Haber developed a new weapon – poison gas – will be used against them, whether it’s offhanded which resulted in the death of thousands of troops in a comments, or lifesaving information. matter of minutes. It was a weapon of pure chaos and When Li Wenliang, a Chinese doctor warned his destruction. friends and colleagues about a potential virus spreading across China, and told them to wear Despite the destruction caused by the process, The protective clothing, he was summoned to the Public Haber Process is the very reason why we haven’t starved Security Bureau where he was told to sign a letter. to death. It’s crucial for increasing crop yield, which has In the letter he was accused of \"making false allowed the Earth to support such a large population. comments\" that had \"severely disturbed the social order\". summoned by the Public Security Bureau where he was told to sign a letter admitting to spreading “false comments” and “disturbing social order”. This was of course only a few days before the Covid Pandemic started, killing 1.23M people in total. Because of China’s tight grip on it’s citizen’s it was able to censor information it didn't want to get out, and because of that it was given the power to enable the pandemic we are still going through to happen, by suppressing information and limiting personal freedom.

Unequal Distribution of the Covid Vaccine 2. Countries with enough resources for By Ammar Rehan development of vaccines have an ethical obligation Due to the pandemic, the demand for Covid vaccines has to provide vaccines to underdeveloped countries. exponentially increased. There are 15 types of vaccines These countries should work on assisting other developed for the coronavirus. The three major countries with production, consumption and vaccines with the greatest efficacy rates were Pfizer, distribution. A fair adaptation must be made in Moderna and Sinopharm. Pfizer has a 95% efficacy rate order to eradicate this virus worldwide. according to the healthy debate, Moderna has an There are a lot of social organizations, which could efficacy rate of 94.1% and Sinopharm “A large phase 3 help with this pandemic. NGOs like Red Cross, trial in Brazil showed that two doses, administered at an CMMB, Americares and many more work for interval of 14 days, had an efficacy of 51% against humanitarian causes and if these NGOs work symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, 100% against together towards the equal supply and distribution severe COVID-19, and 100% against hospitalization of vaccines, the spread of the virus can be severely starting 14 days after receiving the second dose” hampered. according to WHO. All of these vaccines are crucial for According to an industrial company in London, combatting this pandemic. They provide protection there are enough vaccines in the whole world and from the virus and if infected, reduce the severity of the by the end of 2021 9.5 billion doses will be disease. Due to the incredibly large demand, there was produced. Each country could be provided with the an immediate shortage of the vaccines as production quantity of vaccine they need, which will decrease was still in its early stages. At first there was a shortage the chances of deaths in each country. of these vaccines and only selected developed countries were receiving them. These Covid-19 vaccines are being distributed by WHO. But these vaccines are not being distributed equally around the world. Many countries that have not industrialized enough are not being provided with the covid-19 vaccine. Most underdeveloped countries are not getting the covid-19 vaccines and the ones that are, only get a small percentage. Pakistan was given 76.1 million vaccine doses and 11.8 percent are fully vaccinated. Turkey got 107 million doses and 52.8 percent are fully vaccinated. The US received 389 million vaccines and 55.7 are fully vaccinated. Canada received 55.7 million and 7.10 are fully vaccinated. The UK received 93.4 million and 67 percent are fully vaccinated. \"Although many people in rich countries will receive a vaccine for COVID-19 this year, many people in poor countries will likely have to wait years to get one,\" said Hassoun from the MINT epaper. Here are two suggestions to make vaccine distribution more fair and eliminate all forms of bias. 1.Governments must make proposals to the FDA for fair distribution taking into consideration health problems for individuals. Most individuals with low immunity levels or severe medical cases live in underdeveloped countries where access to these vaccines will take longer than most, therefore we should not discriminate against them on the basis of location. These proposals can be made to bring attention to the inequality of vaccine distribution and not allow rich countries to hoard over vaccines, nor can individuals face discrimination based on location of country and its willingness for vaccinations.

ARTS AND MUSIC

The Freedom of Art and Restriction of Class Then came the art we all know known as Realism. By Mahliqa Burki Realism started in 1849 after the French revolution. Due to the brutalities that had been going around, Art throughout the ages has taken many different forms. the French wanted people to be aware of what had At first it was a way to capture or remember something, happened. This time is known for showing the then as a way to show how something might look, and beautiful and sometimes terrifying sites but no now art is a way to communicate thoughts, feelings, matter what would attempt to show it in its truest belief etc. using any medium possible. Art in the past was form. This is when the relation between art and class predominantly used to record an event, person, or started to disappear since this type of art was anything that was meant to be remembered. It was of determined to show the reality of not just the course meant mainly for the higher-ups and mainly situations but the people as well in a true light. No showed their perspectives. longer were they fancy and ethereal or regal beings, Art dates back to the start of society. One of the most now people of a normal class, beggars and rural class notable examples is found in Ancient Egypt. During these were a subject in art. periods it was very common to make images of those of high power such as priests or Pharaohs and was meant Then came the revolutionary time of modernism for religious purposes such as Gods or stories. Art in this which lasted from around the 1860s to the 1970s. was very focused on religion and those in power since This period showcased many artists who became higher-ups were believed to be in some way related to or popular after their deaths such as Vincent Van Gogh, had some connections to the gods. Cezanne, Matisse, etc. These people were tired of The main purpose, however, of this art was meant to Realism, started to manipulate the world around instruct the common people in the laws, practices and them to be more dreamlike and showcasing how religion of the country. these artists viewed the world around them. Then came Medieval art, the time in which people The main reason this happened was since started exploring different mediums other than just photography and newspapers had come in and taken drawing any basic image?. This was the first time that away the main purpose of art at the time. Due to this frescos were painted, books were illustrated and tools artists could now draw anything without needing other than ivory, metal and glass were being used in art. some sort of narrative. This is when artists of this During this period, the main demographic of art did not kind were also disrespected, and their art was called change, it was still made to instruct people or to give odd or weird. light on some sort of cause. They used it mainly for the sake of religion and controlling the way people think. Lastly comes the most well-known artist of this time, This in turn made it difficult to find information on how Contemporary. This started in the 1970s as a way for Medieval common folk lived since their lives were not the artist to create whatever they wanted without given much importance. needing a purpose, no need of class, or even After this comes the most mind-boggling and true leap definition. Its main purpose is meant to create our for art, The Renaissance. . It started in Italy narrative inspired by our lives and our experiences. approximately around the 1400s. This period is where This is when art and class truly just did not matter science, art and literature truly made a great since now art is something that can vary and is one of appearance. This all combined to make a cesspool of the ways to show emotion or feeling in the purest creativity, new ideas and welcoming of new ideologies. sense. This was an exciting time to be alive, and the art almost perfectly showcased how it felt and how people wished Art, in the beginning, was meant to guide people to share their findings and their concerns on politics, towards a certain way of thinking, it was assumed science and religion. that only those that matter or had high class were This was mainly meant as a time to revitalize and revisit given importance, later on, it was meant as a way to old concepts and make them anew, since there were give normal people a chance to shine. And finally, art more discoveries made, art started to shift from religion is known as a way to express our thoughts or ways of to facts, nature and science, however religion was still a thinking with others. very popular theme. Art has evolved from being about the class of higher- Artists in this age were starting to get quite a lot of ups to that of our sense of one class and that art is for respect since they were showcasing such unique and out everyone. of the blue works, this made people truly admire and respect artists.

The Anthems of Revolution - The Civil Rights Through music, they were able to not only reach Movement and gain support from people in different states by Alinah Danish but also from all over the world, songs inspired and encouraged change. The songs communicated Music has played a critical role in encouraging, ideas of equality and pride to its audience which mobilizing and giving voice to the civil rights led to more people becoming aware of the movement. Martin Luther King, Jr. said; “They (the discrimination present in the US and to more freedom songs) give the people new courage and a protesting and standing with the African sense of unity. I think they keep alive a faith, a radiant Americans in the civil rights movement. hope, in the future, particularly in our most trying hours” It did not matter whether the songs were sung at mass meetings, during marches, sit - ins, or en route to jails in the south, they conveyed the moral urgency of the freedom struggle. The most famous freedom song is “We shall overcome”. This song was adopted as an unofficial anthem for the civil rights movement. It offered comfort, courage and hope as the protesters confronted prejudice and hate in the battle for equal rights for African Americans in the United States of America. The song included verses such as“we shall live in peace, someday” and “we shall overcome, someday” which offered hope for a better future. The lyrics “we shall overcome” were also used in a speech by Martin Luther King. The song “we shall overcome” and many more acted as a way to protest during the movement. For example; in Albany, young African American activists, associated with the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sang the song at mass meetings, this gave birth to the SNCC Freedom Singers who helped spread the word of the civil rights movement beyond the south through concert tours and recordings The singers were able to reach people across racial and regional divides to show who they (the African-Americans) were , this in turn resulted in more support for the movement. The freedom singers would often explain how particular songs were created during local struggles and events, and would often convey the goals for the movement. Betty Mae Fikes’s songs captured local details of Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama, Her version of “This little light of mine,” told the story of how non-violent protestors were brutally beaten and tear gassed by racist state troopers in March 1965. Freedom songs were sung by activists on the frontlines of the civil rights struggle, not only by the African Americans but also by hite-Americans, some of whom also wrote freedom songs. The famous song “we shall overcome'' was written by Pete Seeger, a white man. Songs started to embody a sense of pride which gave the African Americans confidence.