Vyakaran Shilp Class- 7

[k- foykse 'kCn ,d&nwljs dk foijhr vFkZ izdV djus okys 'kCnksa dks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA 'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse vkfn & fo\"k mfpr & vuqfpr Lons'k & vukfn ve`r & in~; ykHk & gkfu pj & vieku uohu & izkphu vk'kk & fons'k xn~; & n~os\"k jktk & jad mRFkku & nkuo tM+ & psru fiz; & vpj lEeku & vfHk'kki ykyp & larks\"k xq# & ukfLrd ljy & dfBu@tfVy vko';d & fujk'kk jkx & vlH; thou & ej.k lR; & Lrqfr tokuh & cq<+kik LFkwy & iru ekuo & fu/Zu iki & iq.; ltho & ew[kZ mn; & vLr vkdk'k & vfiz; ojnku & vuqRrh.kZ vknj & vuknj g\"kZ & voxq.k lkdkj & fujkdkj fo/ok & f'k\"; vkfLrd & nqxaZ/ vk;kr & fu;kZr fojks/ & mpyk uwru & iqjkru vkyL; & vuko';d lH; &
 izdV bgyksd &
 ijyksd mnkj & ew[kZ uohu & izkphu o`QrK & vlR; fuank & v'kkar mUufr & voufr lTtu & Hk{kd ozQ; & foozQ; vuqjkx & lw{e /uh & e/qj nks\"kh & funksZ\"k vuqowQy & ,fPNd Lokeh & lsod tkxj.k & futhZo midkj & vuqifLFkr ekSf[kd & fyf[kr & ikrky mRrh.kZ & 'kksd xq.k & l/ok]fo/qj lqxa/ & leFkZu xgjk &
 LiwQfrZ xqIr & vuqnkj iafMr & o`Qr?u 'kkar & nqtZu j{kd & fojkx dVq & izfrowQy vfuok;Z & 'k;u mifLFkr fganh O;kdj.k & 7 100

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse (foijhrkFkZd) fy[kksµ mUufr --------------------------- fojks/ --------------------------- fuank --------------------------- ca/u --------------------------- laiUu --------------------------- dVq --------------------------- la;ksx --------------------------- oknh --------------------------- catj --------------------------- papy --------------------------- lkdkj --------------------------- bgyksd --------------------------- vidkj --------------------------- izse --------------------------- dBksj --------------------------- mRFkku --------------------------- m/kj --------------------------- xqIr --------------------------- vknzZ --------------------------- liQy --------------------------- iki --------------------------- mRrh.kZ --------------------------- mifLFkr --------------------------- ferO;; --------------------------- izR;{k --------------------------- vL=k --------------------------- ljyrk --------------------------- f'k\"V --------------------------- oSj --------------------------- Lokeh --------------------------- 2- okD;ksa esa vk, js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn [kkyh LFkkuksa esa fy[kksA d- 'kkjnk dk lksuhir igq¡puk vko';d gS] ij lksuw dk ogk¡tkuk --------------------------- gSA [k- dkyw dks nks\"kh ik;k x;k vkSj lq'khy dks --------------------------- A x- vè;kfidk lnk --------------------------- dgrh gSa] vuqfpr ugha dgrhaA ?k- lqeuyrk us --------------------------- Hkkstu cuk;k vkSj dudyrk us csLoknA Ä- bl [kcj dks --------------------------- j[kuk] izdV er djukA p- vaxqfyeky oqQ[;kr MkowQ Fkk tcfd egkRek cqn~/ LkoZ=k --------------------------- FksA N- xaxk dk fueZy ty vc --------------------------- gksrk tk jgk gSA t- eq>s --------------------------- dfork,¡vPNh yxrh gSa] uhjl ys[k ughaA >- esjk --------------------------- HkkbZ ;gha ij gS] T;s\"B HkkbZ fons'k x;kA ×k- eksgu dks vius fgr& --------------------------- dk Hkh è;ku ugha jgrk gSA 101 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

x- vusdkFkZd 'kCn ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gksrs gSa] mUgsa vusdkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA ozQ-la- 'kCn vFkZ 1- vad la[;k (1] 2] 3 -----------)] xksn] ukVd dk Hkkx 2- vax nsg] vo;o] Hkkx] foHkkx] xkS.k ;k lgk;d oLrq 3- varj Hksn] vof/ 4- vuar varghu] vkdk'k] bZ'oj 5- vacj vkdk'k] oL=k] osQlj] dikl 6- v{kj uk'kghu] o.kZ] bZ'oj] czg~ek] czg~e 7- vFkZ dkj.k] iz;kstu] /u] eryc] O;k[;k 8- v/j fupyk] vksaB] chp esa 9- dud lksuk] xsgw¡] /rwjk 10- dj gkFk] gkFkh dh lw¡M+] VSDl] fdj.k 11- d.kZ dku] oqaQrhiq=k 12- dyk va'k] NksVk Hkkx] panzeaMy dk lksygok¡Hkkx] xq.k 13- dky lae;] e`R;q] ;ejkt 14- o`Q\".k nsodhiq=k] dkyk] ,d i{k 15- xq.k dkS'ky] /uq\"k dh Mksjh] jLlh] 'khy] LoHkko 16- ?ku ?kVk] ckny] ?kuk] Hkkjh gFkkSM+k 17- ny lewg] lsuk] i{k] Hkkx] iRrk 18- uhydaB ,d i{kh] f'ko 19- in iSj] pj.k] dfork dh iafDr;k¡] vksgnk 20- ikuh ty] thou] izfr\"Bk] dkafr 21- iwoZ igys] ,d fn'kk 22- Hkwr chrk le;] izsr] iapegkHkwr] izk.kh] txr 23- cy rkdr] cyjke] lsuk 24- Hkou lalkj] ?kj] egy] yksd 25- eku ekuuk] b””kr] vfHkeku 26- ewy tM+] dan] vkfn dkj.k] mRifRr LFkku 27- ;ksx tksM+] mik;] ;qfDr] è;ku] ;ksxkH;kl 28- y{eh /unsoh] fo\".kq dh iRuh] laifRr] deyk] lkSHkkX; 29- yksd lalkj] yksx 30- oa'k [kkunku] tkfr] ck¡l fganh O;kdj.k & 7 102

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fy[kksA --------------------------------------- d- dky % --------------------------------------- [k- Jh % --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- x- o`Q\".k % --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ?k- uhydaB % Ä- cy % --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- p- vuar % --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- N- dud % --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa tks vusdkFkZd 'kCn ugha gSa] muosQ vkxs xyr dk fu'kku (8) yxkvksA d- ?ku ?kVk ?kuk o\"kkZ [k- ny lsuk iRrk iq\"i x- vFkZ /u eryc laifRr ?k- dj gkFk gkFkh VSDl Ä- cy 'kfDr lcy lsuk p- varj var% dj.k Hksn vof/ ?k- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn ,sls dbZ 'kCn gksrs gSa tks vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij vkrs gSaA buosQ Kku ls viuh ckr dks de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa dgus dh {kerk vkrh gSA blls Hkk\"kk lqanj curh gSA ozQ-la- vusd 'kCn ;k okD;ka'k ,d 'kCn 1- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus gks izR;{k 2- ftls dkVk u tk losQ vdkV~;@vdVuh; 3- tks fn[kkbZ u ns vn`'; 4- ftldh rqyuk u gks losQ vrqyuh;@vuqie 5- c<+k&p<+kdj dgh xbZ mfDr vfr';ksfDr 6- ftlesa /S;Z u gks v/hj 7- fcuk fdlh fu;e osQ vfu;fer 103 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

ozQ-la- vusd 'kCn ;k okD;ka'k ,d 'kCn 8- dbZ jk\"Vªksa ls lacaf/r varjkZ\"Vªh; 9- ftldh vk'kk u gks vizR;kf'kr 10- ftldk ewY; vk¡dk u tk losQ vewY; 11- de Hkkstu djus okyk vYikgkjh 12- tks oS/ ugha gS voS/ 13- ftldk mipkj u fd;k tk losQ vlkè; 14- uHk esa ?kweus okyk uHkpkj 15- ”kehu ij pyus okyk Fkypj 16- ty esa jgus okyk typj 17- tks nwljksa ls bZ\";kZ djrk gS bZ\";kZyq 18- ftlus ½.k pqdk fn;k gS m½.k 19- tks dM+ok cksyrk gS dVqHkk\"kh 20- tks cqjs ekxZ ij pyrk gS oqQekxhZ vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d&,d 'kCn fy[kksA ----------------------------- d- dbZ jk\"Vªksa ls lacaf/r ----------------------------- [k- ftldh vk'kk u dh xbZ gks ----------------------------- x- tks nwljksa ls bZ\";kZ djrk gS ----------------------------- ?k- tks oS/ ugha gSa ----------------------------- Ä- ”kehu ij pyus okyk ----------------------------- p- lc dks leku n`f\"V ls ns[kus okyk ----------------------------- N- de Hkkstu djus okyk ----------------------------- t- tks fn[kkbZ u nsa ----------------------------- >- uHk esa ?kweus okyk ----------------------------- ×k- tks dM+ok cksyrk gSA 2- okD;ksa esa Nis jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d&,d 'kCn fy[kdj okD; nksckjk fy[kksA d- rktegy ns[kus ;ksX; LFky gSA ------------------------------------------------------- [k- ftldk nks\"k ugha Fkk dks e`R;qnaM ns fn;k x;kA ------------------------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 104

x- ftlesa /S;Z ugha gS ;qod >xM+us yxkA ------------------------------------------------------- ?k- de Hkkstu djus okyk O;fDr uhjksx jgrk gSA ------------------------------------------------------- Ä- lar ckyo`Q\".k us 'kj.k esa vk, gq, ckyd dks ikykA ------------------------------------------------------- ?k- leku yxus okys ij fHkUukFkZd 'kCn oqQN 'kCn lquus ;k i<+us esa leku yxrs gSa] ijarq muosQ vFkZ fHkUu gksrs gSaA ,sls oqQN 'kCn uhps fn, x, gSaA mUgsa è;ku ls if<+, vkSj muosQ varj lefa>,A ozQ-la- 'kCn vFkZ ozQ-la- 'kCn vFkZ 1- voyac lgkjk 13 mu ^ml* dk cgoq pu vfoyac Åu xeZ j's ks oQs /kxs rqjar mi;qDr mfpr 2- vis{kk mi;qZDr Åij dgk x;k mis{kk rqyuk] vk'kk 14- vksj fn'kk] rji+ Q vkSj rFkk 3- mnj fujknj dy vkus okyk ;k chrk gvq k dy mnkj dky le;] ;ejkt isV 15- dj gkFk 4- dkV dfj gkFkh dkB n;kyq] fo'kky gn; izek.k lcrw iz.kke ueLdkj 5- diV dkVuk 16- ifjek.k ek=kk dikV ifj.kke iQy ydM+h iw¡N neq 6- oqQYk iwN iNw uk owQy Ny 17- cfy cfynku cyh 'kfDr'kkyh 7- x`g njok”kk ckx cxhpk] yxke xzg ck?k 'kjs ;ksx] oa'k 18- /jk /jrh 8- fpj /kjk ioz kg phj fdukjk fu/u eR` ;q fu/Zu xjhc 9- N=k ?kj 19- Nk=k fganh O;kdj.k & 7 i`Foh] 'kfu vkfn xzg 10- ri rc nsj 20- 11- fnu oL=k nhu Nkrk 21- 12- fn'kk n'kk fon~;kFkhZ riL;k 22- ml le;] fiQj fnol 23- xjhc vksj 24- voLFkk 105

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vkxs mfpr vFkZ fy[kksA d- ifj.kke ¾ ------------------------ [k- oqQy ¾ ------------------------ ifjek.k ¾ ------------------------ owQy ¾ ------------------------ x- /jk ¾ ------------------------ ?k- dj ¾ ------------------------ /kjk ¾ ------------------------ dfj ¾ ------------------------ Ä- vkfn ¾ ------------------------ p- N=k ¾ ------------------------ vknh ¾ ------------------------ Nk=k ¾ ------------------------ 2- mfpr 'kCn pqudj [kkyh LFkkuksa esa fy[kksA (lqr] lwr) d- ----------------------------- dkrdj [kknh rS;kj dh tkrh gSA (jDr] fjDr) [k- MkWDVj us ?kk;y dks ----------------------------- p<+k;kA (diV] dikV) x- mBdj ----------------------------- can dj nksA (izokg] ijokg) ?k- ty osQ rs”k ----------------------------- esa ukSdk pyrh xbZA (vpkj] vkpkj) Ä- iwfj;ksa osQ lkFk ----------------------------- [kkuk vPNk yxrk gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 106

21 eqgkojs (Idioms) dHkh&dHkh ge ckr] lh/s vFkks± esa u djosQ yk{kf.kd vFkks± esa djrs gSaA yk{kf.kd vFkZ esa ckr djus osQ fy, eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls okD;ka'k tks lkekU; vFkZ osQ LFkku ij fo'ks\"k vFakZ izdV djrs gSa] mUgsa ^eqgkojk* dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk esa eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls fo'ks\"k izHkko iM+rk gSA okD; esa iz;ksx djrs le; eqgkojksa dk :i cny Hkh tkrk gSA 1- viuk&lk eqg¡ysdj jg tkuk (yfTtr gksuk) & tc lksgu dh mRlkg ls nh xbZ lykg ij fdlh us Hkh è;ku u fn;k rks og viuk&lk eq¡g ysdj jg x;kA 2- vius eq¡g fe;k¡feV~Bw cuuk (viuh iz'kalk Lo;a djuk) & vius eq¡g fe;k¡feV~Bw D;ksa curs gks\\ tks dgrs gks mls djosQ Hkh fn[kkvksA 3- vax&vax <hyk gksuk (cgqr Fkd tkuk) & etnwj lqcg ls gh dke dj jgk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k mldk vax&vax <hyk gks x;k gSA 4- vaxkjs mxyuk (ozQks/ esa dBksj opu cksyuk) & Nk=kksa dks vkil esa >xM+rs ns[k vè;kfidk vaxkjs mxyus yxhA 5- vk¡[ksa fcNkuk (cgqr vknj&lEeku djuk) & Hkkjrh;ksa dh ijaijk jgh gS fd vfrfFk osQ Lokxr esa vk[ksa fcNk nsrs gSaA 6- v¡xwBk fn[kkuk (le; iM+us ij euk dj nsuk) & jes'k tSls fe=k dk D;k ykHk_ ”k:jr iM+us ij ges'kk v¡xwBk fn[kk nsrs gSaA 7- vax&vax eqLdkuk (vfr izlUu gksuk) & iq=k osQ d{kk es izFke vkus ij ekrk&firk dk vax&vax eqLdkus yxkA 8- vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk ([kjh&[kksVh lqukuk) & mfnr osQ vPNs vad u vkus ij mlosQ ekrk&firk us mls vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA 107 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

9- vk¡[ksa rjluk (fdlh dks ns[kus dk rhoz bPNk gksuk) & jktsanz fons'k D;k x;k fd ik¡p lky rd ?kj ugha ykSVkA mldks ns[kus osQ fy, mlosQ ekrk&firk dh vk¡[ksa rjlus yxhA 10- vk¡[ksa [kqyuk (gks'k vkuk) & lc oqQN yqV tkus osQ ckn lksgu dh vk¡[ksa [kqyhA 11- vk¡[ksa mBkuk (cqjh n`f\"V Mkyuk) & ;fn fdlh fons'kh us Hkkjr dh vksj vk¡[ksa mBkdj ns[kk rks mldh [kSj ughaA 12- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk (cgqr I;kjk) & izR;sd larku vius ek¡&cki dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gksrh gSA 13- vkxccwyk gksuk (cgqr ozQks/ djuk) & vkxccwyk D;ksa gksrs gks\\ viuh ?kM+h yks vkSj pyrs cuksA 14- vkLrhu dk lk¡i (diVh fe=k) & rqe ftl fe=k osQ fy, tku fNM+drs gks] og rks okLro esa vkLrhu dk lk¡i gSA lcosQ lkeus rqEgkjh fuank djrk fIkQjrk gSA 15- bZaV dk tokc iRFkj ls nsuk (nq\"V dh nq\"Vrk ls c<+dj nq\"Vrk djuk) & ;fn ikfdLrku us gekjs ns'k ij vkozQe.k fd;k rks ge Hkh bZaV dk tokc iRFkj ls nsaxsA 16- mYyw cukuk (ew[kZ cukuk) & Hkksys&Hkksys yksxksa dk tekuk x;k_ bUgsa lHkh mYyw cukrs gSaA 17- ,d gh FkSys osQ pV~Vs&cV~Vs (,d tSls) & vktdy fdl ij fo'okl fd;k tk,_ lHkh ,d gh FkSyh osQ pV~Vs&cV~Vs gSaA 18- dej dluk (rS;kj gksuk) & ozQkafrdkfj;ksa us vaxzs”kksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, dej dl yhA 19- dku drjuk (c<+&p<+dj ckr djuk) & jeu] rqEgkjh NksVh cgu de ugha] cM+ksa&cM+ksa osQ dku drjrh gSA 20- dk¡Vs fcNkuk (ck/k Mkyuk) & esjs ekxZ esa dk¡Vs fcNkdj rqe eq>s esjs y{; ij igq¡pus ls ugha jksd ldrsA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 108

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr osQ fy, mi;qDr eqgkojs fy[kksµ d- vaxkjs mxyuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vax&vax eqLdkuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vkLrhu dk lk¡i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ dku drjuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fy[kks rFkk mUgsa vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx Hkh djksµ d- vk¡[ksa fcNkuk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- mYyw cukuk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vkx ccwyk gksuk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vkM+s gkFkkas ysuk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ vkLrhu dk lk¡i -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p- dk¡Vs fcNkuk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr viw.kZ okD;ksa dks mi;qDr eqgkojksa ls iwjk djksA d- eSa gj gky esa lIkQyrk izkIr dj yw¡xk] rqe pkgs --------------------------------- A 109 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

22 yksdksfDr;k¡ (Proverbs) yksdksfDr yksxksa esa dbZ mfDr;k¡izpfyr gksrh gSaA ^yksd* vkSj ^mfDr* 'kCnksa osQ ;ksx ls ykdksfDr 'kCn cuk gSA yksdksfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk\"kk esa fo'ks\"k lkSan;Z vk tkrk gSA yksdksfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vf/dka'kr okD;ksa osQ var esa fd;k tkrk gSA • yksdksfDr Hkh eqgkojksa dh Hkk¡fr viuk lkekU; vFkZ NksM+dj fdlh fo'ks\"k vFkZ dks izdV djrh gSaA • eqgkojksa dh Hkk¡fr yksdksfDr dk iz;ksx Hkh mlosQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS mudk vFkZ iz;qDr ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj u gh yksdksfDr esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij muls feyrs&tqyrs vU; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA yksdksfDr;k¡] muosQ vFkZ rFkk okD; iz;ksx 1- vosQyk puk HkkM+ ugha IkQksM+ ldrk & vosQyk vkneh cM+s dke ugha dj ldrk&vosQys jktkjke us vkWfIkQl esa c<+rs Hkz\"Vkpkj osQ f[kykIkQ vkok”k mBkbZ] ij fdlh us mldh ugha lquhA lp gh dgk gS&vosQyk puk HkkM+ ugha IkQksM+ ldrkA 2- vc iNrk;s gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡pqx xbZa [ksr & volj pwdus osQ ckn iNrkuk csdkj gS& igys rks eu yxkdj i<+kbZ ugha dhA vc vuqRrh.kZ gksus ij jksus&/ksus ls oqQN ugha gksxkA fdlh us lp dgk gS& vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksrA 3- v/ty xxjh Nydr tk; & FkksM+k Kku j[kus okys vf/d ?keaM+ djrs gSa_ iwjs xk¡o esa jkenkl gh vosQyk ,slk O;fDr gS] tks vaxzs”kh dk FkksM+k cgqr Kku j[krk gSA blh dkj.k og VwVh&IkwQVh vaxzs”kh cksydj xk¡o okyksa ij jkSc tekrk jgrk gSA fdlh us lp dgk gS&v/ty xxjh Nydr tk;A 4- Å¡ph nqdku IkQhdk idoku & fn[kkok vf/d] okLrfodrk de geus rks ekMZu LohV~l dk cgqr uke lquk FkkA ogk¡dh feBkbZ [kkbZ rks fujk'kk gh gkFk yxhA ml ij rks ogh mfDr pfjrkFkZ gqbZ&Å¡ph nqdku IkQhdk idokuA 5- vkxs oqQvk¡ihNs [kkbZ & lc vksj ls eqlhcr gksuk&cspkjk vkseizdk'k D;k djs\\ viuh iRuh dh ekurk gS rks ek¡ukjk”k vkSj ;fn ek¡dh ekurk gS rks iRuh uk[kq'kA mldh rks ogh n'kk gS&vkxs oqQvk¡ ihNs [kkbZA 6- ,d vukj lkS chekj & ,d oLrq osQ vusd xzkgd&bl dk;kZy; esa fyfid osQ pkj LFkku fjDr gSa] ftuosQ fy, ik¡p lkS vkosnu i=k vk, gSaA bls dgrs gSa&,d vukj lkS chekjA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 110

7- mYVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡Vs & dlwjokj dk funksZ\"k ij gkoh gksuk&,d rks xyr lkbM ls vkdj esjs LowQVj ij VDdj ekj nh vkSj mYVs eq>s nks\"kh Bgjk jgs gksA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ&mYVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡VsA 8- dgk¡jktk Hkkst dgk¡xaxw rsyh & nks vleku O;fDr;ksa dh rqyuk&rqe vius fon~;ky; dh laxhr vkpk;kZ dh ryq uk yrk exa 's kdj ls dj jgs gks ij ;g rks ogh ckr gbq Z dgk¡jktk Hkkts dgk¡xxa w rys hA 9- ,d rks pksjh&nwljk lhuktksjh & vijk/h gksus osQ ckotwn vdM+uk&,d rks viuh lkbfdy ls esjh dkj dk 'kh'kk rksM fn;k] nwljs eq>h ij vdM+ fn[kkrs gks\\ lp gh dgk gS& ,d rks pksjh&nwljk lhuktksjhA 10- ,d iaFk nks dkt & ,d dke ls nksgjk ykHk&eSa bykgkckn ijh{kk nsus x;k Fkk] ogk¡ifo=k laxe esa Luku Hkh dj vk;kA bls dgrs gSa&,d iaFk nks dktA 11- [kjcwts dks ns[kdj [kjcwtk jax cnyrk gS & laxr dk izHkko vo'; iM+rk gS&'kgj esa vkdj Hkksyk&Hkkyk jkeukFk Hkh IkSQ'ku djus yxk gSA fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS&[kjcwts dks ns[kdj [kjcwtk jax cnyrk gSA 12- dkyk v{kj HkSal cjkcj & vui<+ gksuk rqe bl Vsyhxzke dks nhuw ls i<+us osQ fy, dg jgs gks\\ tkurs ugha mlosQ fy, rks dkyk v{kj HkSal cjkcj gSA 13- [kksnk igkM+ fudyh pqfg;k & ifjJe vf/d] IkQy de&cspkjs dkS'ky us ik¡p yk[k #i, yxkdj u;k O;kikj rks 'kq: dj fn;k] exj o\"kZ osQ var esa equkIkQk gqvk] osQoy rhl g”kkjA bls dgrs gaS&[kksnk igkM+] fudyh pqfg;kA 14- peM+h tk,] ij neM+h u tk, & cgqr datwl gksuk&lsB /uhjke osQ ikl eafnj osQ fy, pank ek¡xus csdkj gh tk jgs gksA tkurs gks mldk rks ogh gky gS&peM+h tk, ij neM+h u tk,A 15- xaxk x, xaxknkl] tequk x, tequknkl & voljoknh gksuk] vfLFkj fopkjksa dk O;fDr&lsokjke igys turk ny esa Fkk] fIkQj yksdny esa 'kkfey gqvkA vktdy dkaxzsl dh ljdkj gS blfy. dkaxszl esa 'kkfey gks x;k gSA ml ij rks ;gh dgkor ykxw gksrh gS&xaxk x, xaxknkl] tequk x, tequknklA 16- pksj dh nk<+h esa frudk& vijk/h O;fDr lnk vk'kafdr jgrk gS&nqdku ij pksjh gqbZA mlh fnu nqdku dk ,d deZpkjh xk;c gks x;kA eq>s ml deZpkjh ij pksjh esa 'kkfey gksus dk lansg gqvk D;ksafd pksj dh nk<+h esa frudkA 17- pkj fnu dh pkn¡uh fIkQj v¡/sjh jkr& FkksM+s fnu dh ekSt] fIkQj ogh d\"V&iwtk ikB osQ fnu esa eafnj osQ iqtkjh dks [kwc nku feyrk gS] ij fIkQj iwjs o\"kZ Hkj dksbZ ugha iwNrkA bls dgrs gSa&pkj fnu dh pk¡nuh fIkQj v¡/sjh jkrA 111 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

18- ty esa jgdj exj ls cSj& rkdroj rFkk cM+s yksxksa ls 'k=kqrk Bhd ugha gksrh&vjs fe=k! rqe vius nÝ+ rj osQ eSustj dk fojks/ djosQ Bhd ugha dj jgsA tkurs ugha ty esa jgdj exj ls cSj vPNk ugha gksrkA 19- ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal& 'kfDr'kkyh dh fot; gksrh gS&ch: osQ ikl iSlk Hkh gS vkSj cM+s yksxksa dk laj{k.k HkhA blfy, og pquko thr x;kA fdlh us Bhd dgk gS&ftldh ykBh mldh HkSalA 20- tkdks jk[ks lkb;k¡ekj loSQ ufga dks;& Hkxoku ftldh j{kk djrk gS] mls dksbZ gkfu ugha igq¡pk ldrk&bruh Hkh\"k.k lM+d nq?kZVuk esa ,d NksVs ls ckyd dks [kjksap rd ugha vkbZA fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS&tkdks jk[kS lkb;k¡ekj loSQ ufga dks;A vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fy[kks vkSj vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx Hkh djksA d- vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡pqx xbZ [ksr & ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- v/ty xxjh Nydr tk; & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- tSlh djuh] oSlh Hkjuh & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- tkdks jk[ks lkb;k¡ekj loSQ ufga dks; & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ nwj osQ <ksy lqgkous & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr osQ fy, mi;qDr yksdksfDr fy[kksA d- ,d oLrq osQ vusd xzkgd ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- voljoknh gksuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- lcdk viuk&viuk fopkj gksuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- foijhr dk;Z djuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ xq.k u gksus dk cgkuk cukuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p- cgqr datwl gksuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 112

23 vifBr xn~;ka'k (Unseen Passages) vifBr xn~;ka'k ikB~; iqLrdksa ls u fy, x, xn~;ka'k vifBr xn~;ka'k dgykrs gSaA bu xn~;ka'kksa osQ n~okjk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh ikB~; iqLrdksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; xn~;ka'kks osQ vFkZ xzg.k djus dh {kerk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk mudh Hkk\"kk dh vfHkO;fDr dk Hkh ewY;kadu gksrk gSA vifBr xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa dk mRrj nsrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, & 1- loZizFke vifBr xn~;ka'k osQ ewyHkko dks le>us osQ fy, mls nks&rhu ckj i<+uk pkfg,A 2- fn, x, xn~;ka'k osQ eq[; fopkjksa ;k ckrksa dks js[kkafdr djuk pkfg,A 3- lkj ys[ku ljy] lqcks/ vkSj vius 'kCnksa esa gh fy[kuk pkfg,A 4- ftruk iwNk x;k gS] mruk gh mRrj nsuk pkfg,A 5- 'kh\"kdZ p;u djrs le; xn;~ k'a k oQs iFz ke rFkk vfa re okD; dks fo'k\"s k lko/kuh ls i<u+ k pkfg,A 6- fn, x, xn~;ka'k dk ewyHkko vkSj mn~ns'; 'kh\"kZd ls Li\"V gks tkuk pkfg,A 7- lkj dk 'kh\"kZd NksVk o mi;qDr gksuk pkfg,A vifBr xn~;ka'kksa osQ mRrj lfgr oqQN mnkgj.k & 1- vk/qfud ekuo rs”kh osQ lkFk nkSM+ jgk gSA mls vius y{; dk irk ugha] mls viuh eafty dk irk ugha] blfy;s mls [kqn ugha irk fd mls tkuk dgk¡gSA mldh ;k=kk y{;ghu gSA mldh ;k=kk dk dksbZ mn~ns'; utj ugha vkrkA bldk ,d eq[; dkj.k gS fd u rks og fdlh dks vius ls ;ksX; curk ns[k ldrk gS vkSj u gh fdlh dks vius ls vkxs fudyrk gqvk ns[kdj lgu dj ldrk gSA vkt euq\"; esa LokFkZ rFkk O;fDrxr mUufr dh ,slh Hkw[k tkx mBh gS fd bl Hkw[k us mls bUlku ls gSoku cuk fn;k gSA vkt osQ euq\"; dk ,d ek=k y{; jg x;k gS ^tSls&rSls nwljksa ls vkxs fudyuk] nwljksa dks ihNs NksM+uk vkSj ;gh ugha mUgas gkfu igq¡pkus ls Hkh ihNs u gVukA* vkt dk ekuo nwljksa ls vkxs c<+us osQ fy, viuh bUlkfu;r dks Hkwy cSBk gS] vius ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks NksM+ cSBk gS rFkk vuqfpr lk/ukas dks viuk jgk gSA euq\"; lksprk gS fd vkt osQ lanHkZ esa ogh lcdk Lokeh gksxk] ogh lc ij fu;a=k.k djsxk] tks lcls vkxs gksxk] ftlosQ ikl lcls vf/d /u&laink gksxh] lcls vf/d ,s'o;Z gksaxs] blhfy, og nwljksa dks oqQpydj Hkh lcls vkxs fudy ldrk gSA 113 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

d- vkt osQ ekuo dh ;k=kk y{;ghu D;ksa gS\\ i. mls vius y{; dk irk ugha gSA ii. mlesa cqn~f/ dh deh gSA iii. og /u osQ ihNs Hkkx jgk gSA iv. mlus ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks NksM+ fn;k gSA mRrj- i. mls vius y{; dk irk ugha gSA • - ekuo dh y{;ghu ;k=kk dk D;k dkj.k gS\\ i. euq\"; fdlh dks vius ls ;ksX; curk ;k vius ls vkxs fudyrk ugha ns[k ldrkA ii. euq\"; nwljksa ls bZ\";kZ j[krk gSA iii. euq\"; osQoy Lo;a dks /uh vkSj lw[kh cukuk pkgrk gSA iv. og vagdkjh gSA mRrj- i. euq\"; fdlh dks vius ls ;ksX; curk ;k vius ls vkxs fudyrk ugha ns[k ldrkA x- vkt osQ euq\"; esa fdl izdkj dh Hkw[k txh gS\\ i. /u dh ii. lq[k dh iii. osQoy viuh mUufr dh iv. izfln~f/ izkIr djus dh mRrj- iii. osQoy viuh mUufr dh ?k- ^tSls&rSls* nwljksa ls vkxs fudyus dk D;k vk'k; gS\\ i. HkkX; osQ lgkjs vkxs fudyuk ii. ifjJe osQ cy ij vkxs fudyuk iii. HkkX; vkSj ifjJe nksuksa osQ cy ij vkxs fudyuk iv. mfpr&vuqfpr dk è;ku j[ks fcuk vkxs fudyuk mRrj- iv. mfpr&vuqfpr dk è;ku j[ks fcuk vkxs fudyukA Ä- mUufr dk laf/&foPNsn gS& i. mr$ufr ii. mu~$ufr iii. mu$ufr iv. mr~$ufr mRrj- iv. mr~$ufr 2- leLr xzaFkksa ,oa Kkuh] vuqHkoh tuksa dk dguk gS fd thou ,d deZ{ks=k gSA gesa deZ osQ fy, thou feyk gSA dfBukb;k¡,oa nq%[k gekjs 'k=kq gSa] ftudk gesa lkeuk djuk gS vkSj muds fo#n~/ la?k\"kZ djosQ gesa fot;h cuuk gSA fo'o osQ izk;% leLr egkiq#\"kksa osQ thou o`Rr gesa ;g f'k{kk nsrs gSa fd egkurk dk jgL; la?k\"kZ'khyrk gSA ifjJe] n`<+ bPNk&'kfDr o yxu vkfn ekuoh; xq.k O;fDr dks la?k\"kZ djus vkSj thou esa liQyrk ikus dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrs gAaS ifjJe u djus okyk vde.Z ; O;fDr vliQy gkus s ij HkkX; dks nk\"s k nds j lra k\"s k dj yrs k gAS fganh O;kdj.k & 7 114

d- leLr xzaFkksa ,oa vuqHkoh tuksa osQ vuqlkj thou gS& i. ,d pqukSrh ii. ,d dlkSVh iii. ,d deZ{ks=k iv. ,d /eZ{ks=k mRrj- iii. ,d deZ{ks=k • - gekjs 'k=kq gSa& i. dfBukb;k¡,oa nq[k ii. dfBukb;k¡vkSj cqjkb;k¡ iii. nq[k ,oa jksx iv. nq[k ,oa oqQlaxfr mRrj- i. dfBukb;k¡,oa nq[k x- fo'o osQ izk;% lHkh egkiq#\"kksa osQ vuqlkj egkurk dk jgL; gS& i. vPNs laLdkj ii. ln~xq.k iii. la?k\"kZ'khyrk iv. Lokoyacu mRrj- iii. la?k\"kZ'khyrk ?k- liQyrk dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrs gSa& i. n`<+ bPNk&'kfDr] yxu vkSj ifjJe ii. ifjJe] vkRefo'okl vkSj /S;Z iii. yxu] lkgl vkSj n`<+ bPNk&'kfDr iv. n<` + bPNk&'kfDr] vPNh f'k{kk] vPNs lLa dkj mRrj- i. n`<+ bPNk&'kfDr] yxu vkSj ifjJe vH;kl dk;Z 1- Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkh Lora=k Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa] Hkkjr osQ fuekZrkvksa us /eZfujis{krk dh uhfr dks viukdj ;g fln~/ dj fn;k Fkk] fd Lora=k Hkkjr esa etgch dV~Vjrk ;k fgalk dks dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA jkT; dh n`f\"V esa lHkh /eZ leku gSaA lHkh dks vius&vius /eZ dk ikyu djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk gSA fiQj Hkh vusd ckj lkaiznkf;drk ;k /kfeZd enka/rk dh fpaxkjh le;&le; ij lqyx mBrh gS] tks Lora=k Hkkjr osQ eLrd ij dyad dh Hkk¡fr gSA buls u osQoy yksdra=k dh tM+sa [kks[kyh gksrh gSa vfirq tu&thou Hkh vLr&O;Lr gks tkrk gSA ;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gS] fd ftl ns'k us lewph ekuork dk izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk] vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] mlh ns'k esa /eZ osQ uke ij vkt Hkh le;&le; ij [kwu dh gksfy;k¡[ksyh tkrh gSaA bl etgch Vdjko vkSj [kwu&[kjkcs osQ nks dkj.k gSa&etgch tquwu vkSj jktuhfrd vnwjnf'kZrkA vaxzstksa us vius 'kkludky esa bl /kfeZd enka/rk dk cht cks;kA mUgksaus fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa iwQV Mkydj viuk LokFkZ fln~/ fd;kA Hkkjr&ikd c¡Vokjk mlh dk ifj.kke FkkA d- ;g oSQls fln~/ gksrk gS fd Hkkjr /eZfujis{k jkT; gS\\ 115 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

i. Hkkjr dh /eZfujis{krk uhfrA ii. etgch dV~Vjrk vkSj fgalk osQ fy, dksbZ LFkku u gksukA iii. jkT; dh nf` \"V ls lHkh /ek±s dks leku ekuuk rFkk lHkh dks vius /e&Z ikyu dh Lor=a krkA iv. mi;qZDr lHkhA • - Lora=k Hkkjr osQ eLrd ij dyad gS& i. tkfrokn dh HkkoukA ii. lkaiznkf;drk vkSj /kfeZd enka/rkA iii. /kfeZd ena/rk vkSj Hkz\"Vkpkj iv. lkaiznkf;drk vkSj vuq'kklughurkA x- yksdra=k dh tM+sa [kks[kyh gksrh gSa& i. Hkz\"Vkpkj vkSj vuq'kklughurk lsA ii. fgalk vkSj Hkz\"Vkpkj lsA iii. lkaiznkf;drk rFkk etgch dV~Vjrk lsA iv. etgch dV~Vjrk vkSj vkradokn lsA ?k- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj gekjk nqHkkZX; D;k gS& i. ftl ns'k esa izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] vkt ogha v'kkafr vkSj fgalk dk okrkoj.k gSA ii. ftl ns'k esa izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] vkt mlh ns'k esa le;&le; ij [kwu dh gksfy;k¡[ksyh tkrh gSaA iii. ftl ns'k esa izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] vkt mlh ns'k esa vkradokn gSA iv. ftl ns'k esa izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] vkt mlh ns'k osQ yksxksa esa HkkbZpkjk ugha gSA Ä- e”kgch Vdjko vkSj [kwu&[kjkcs osQ dkj.k gSa& i. etgch tquwu rFkk vf'k{kkA ii. etgch tquwu vkSj /eZ dk foo`Qr :iA iii. /kfeZd dV~Vjrk vkSj jktuhfrd vnwjnf'kZrkA iv. etgch tquwu vkSj jktuhfrd vnwjnf'kZrkA 2- ;g fufoZokn lR; gS fd] O;fDrRo dk leqfpr fodkl viuh gh Hkk\"kk osQ iBu&ikBu ls gksrk gSA vkt ns'k esa ftl izdkj vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQ fon~;ky;ksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZ gS] rFkk ftl izdkj izR;sd O;fDr vius cPpksa dks vaxzs”kh ekè;e n~okjk i<+kus dks vfuok;Z ekuus yxk gS] mls ns[kdj rks ,slk ugha yxrk fd fganh gekjs lafo/ku n~okjk Loho`Qr gekjs ns'k dh jktHkk\"kk gSA fons'kh Hkk\"kk osQ ekè;e ls i<+us osQ dkj.k ckyd vius fopkjksa dks iwjh rjg O;Dr ugha dj ikrkA og ;FksPN Kku Hkh izkIr fganh O;kdj.k & 7 116

ugha dj ikrk] D;ksafd vaxzs”kh esa i<+h gqbZ lkexzh dks og Bhd ls le>rk ugha] jV ysrk gSA blhfy, f'k{kk'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd izkjafHkd d{kkvksa esa ekr`Hkk\"kk gh f'k{kk dk ekè;e gksuk pkfg,A d- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj D;k fufoZokn lR; gS\\ i. O;fDrRo dk leqfpr fodkl viuh Hkk\"kk osQ iBu&ikBu ls gksrk gSA ii. ln~xq.kksa dk leqfpr fodkl viuh gh Hkk\"kk osQ iBu&ikBu ls gksrk gSA iii. ns'k dk fodkl viuh gh Hkk\"kk osQ iBu&ikBu ls gksrk gSA iv. O;fDrRo dk fodkl dbZ Hkk\"kkvksa osQ iBu&ikBu ls gksrk gSA • - vkt ns'k esa fdl izdkj osQ fon~;ky;ksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZ gS\\ i. futh fon~;ky;ksa dhA ii. vPNh f'k{kk u nsus okys fon~;ky;ksa dhA iii. f'k{kk osQ uke ij O;kikj djus okys fon~;ky;ksa dhA iv. vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQ fon~;ky;ksa dhA x- ^fganh gekjs lafo/ku n~okjk Loho`Qr jktHkk\"kk gS*&,slk D;k ns[kdj ugha yxrk\\ i. ns'k esa vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQ fon~;ky;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k dks ns[kdjA ii. ns'k esa vaxzs”kh osQ c<+rs izHkko dks ns[kdjA iii. fganh dh vis{kk dks ns[kdjA iv. vaxzsth ekè;e osQ fon~;ky;ksa dh ck<+ rFkk izR;sd O;fDr n~okjk vius cPpksa dks vaxzs”kh ekè;e n~okjk i<+kus dks vfuok;Z ekurs ns[kdjA ?k- f'k{kk 'kkfL=k;kas dk ;g D;kas ekuuk gS fd ikz jfa Hkd d{kkvkas eas f'k{kk ekè;e ekrH` kk\"kk gkus k pkfg,\\ i. ckyd fons'kh Hkk\"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks iwjh rjg O;Dr ugha dj ikrkA ii. fons'kh Hkk\"kk esa ckyd ;FksPN Kku Hkh izkIr ugha dj ikrkA iii. vaxzs”kh ls i<+h lkexzh dks iwjh rjg le> ugha ikrk] cl jV ysrk gSA iv. mi;qZDr lHkhA Ä- mi;qZDr xn~;ka'k dk mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd pqfu,A i. ekr`Hkk\"kk ii. ekr`Hkk\"kk f'k{k.k dk egÙo iii. ekr`Hkk\"kk dh mis{kk iv. f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk\"kk ;k fons'kh Hkk\"kk 117 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

24 laokn ys[ku (Dialogue Writing) ge vius fopkjksa ;k Hkkoksa dks nks izdkj ls izdV djrs gSa & • cksydj (ekSf[kd :i esa) • fy[kdj (fyf[kr :i esa) ukVdksa] Hkk\"k.kksa] fopkj xksf\"B;ksa vkfn esa Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA laoknksa esa Hkh Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ckrphr ;k okrkZyki dks laokn dgk tkrk gSA okrkZyki esa laoknksa dk fof'k\"V LFkku gSaA buosQ n~okjk okrkZyki vkd\"kZd cu tkrh gSA vr% laokn fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,% 1- laokn NksVs o jkspd gksus pkfg,A 2- laoknksa dh Hkk\"kk ljy vkSj cksypky dh gksuh pkfg,A 3- laoknksa esa LokHkkfodrk cuh jguh pkfg,A 4- laokn fo\"k; ls lacf/r gksA 5- laokn esa cukoVhiu u gksA 6- laokn ik=kksa dh vk;q] in] 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk vkfn osQ vuqowQy gksus pkfg,A 7- laoknksa dh 'kSyh ltho o eqgkojsnkj gksuh pfkg,A laokn&ys[ku osQ oqQN mnkgj.k d- nks fe=kksa dh vius thou&y{; osQ ckjs es ckrphrA dey & vt;] rqeus vius Hkfo\"; osQ ckjs esa Hkh oqQN lkspk gS\\ vt; & gk¡] lkspk gS! eSa cM+k gksdj ,d O;kikjh cuuk pkgrk gw¡A dey & rks D;k rqeus Hkh vktdy osQ oqQN Hkz\"V rFkk csbZeku O;kikfj;ksa tSlk cudj osQoy /u dekuk gh vius thou dk mn~ns'; cuk fy;k gS\\ vt; & ugha] ugha] eSa csbZekuh ls /u ugha dekÅ¡xk] ij thou esa d:¡xk osQoy O;kikj rFkk og Hkh bZekunkjh ls! ij rqeus D;k lkspk gS\\ dey & eSusa rks lkspk gS] fd cM+k gksdj eSa ,d MkWDVj cuw¡A vt; & vjs! MkWDVjh esa rks O;kikj ls Hkh vf/d dekbZ gSA vk, fnu chekfj;k¡c<+rh tk jgh gSa vkSj MkWDVj yksx euekuh iQhl olwy djosQ viuh tscsa Hkj jgs gSaA xjhc yksx rks cspkjs fganh O;kdj.k & 7 118

ljdkjh vLirkyksa dh yach ykbuksa esa yxs jgrs gSaA vkSj ogk¡Hkh nokbZ osQ uke ij mUgsa feyrh gSa rks nks&pkj xksfy;k¡A D;k rqe ,slk MkWDVj cuuk pkgrs gks\\ dey & fe=k! rqe xyr vuqeku yxk jgs gksA eSa cM+k gksdj ,slk MkWDVj cuuk pkgrk gw¡] tks dekbZ rks t:j djsxk] ij viuh dekbZ dk oqQN izfr'kr xjhcksa dh fpfdRlk esa [kpZ djsxkA vt; & fe=k] ;fn cqjk u ekuks rks eq>s rks blesa T;knk lPpkbZ utj ugha vkrhA dey & ;fn eSa MkWDVj cu x;k] rks rqe Lo;a ns[k ysukA esjs thou dk y{; ;gh gksxkA [k- ijh{kk fudV vkus ij nks fe=kksa osQ chp laokn eksgu % pkj ekpZ ls gekjh ijh{kk 'kq: gksus okyh gS vkSj oqQy ianzg fnu jg x,A vHkh rd esjh fganh dh rS;kjh 'kq: Hkh ugha gqbZ gSA D;k d:¡\\ oqQN le> esa ugha vkrkA eukst % ,slk D;ksa\\ fganh vPNh ugha yxrh D;k\\ eksgu % ugha] ,slh ckr rks ugha gSA ij foKku xf.kr vkSj vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ ls i+ qQjlr feys rc u! lkekftd fOkKku esa Hkh bruk jVuk iM+rk gS fd D;k crkÅ¡! eukst % ysfdu bl izdkj fganh dks rkd ij mBkdj j[k nsuk Hkh mfpr ughaA eksgu % ;g rks eSa Hkh ekurk gw¡ij d:¡D;k\\ vPNk] vc crkvks & tYnh&tYnh bldh rS;kjh oSQls d:¡\\ eukst % lquks] vc izfrfnu de&ls&de nks ?kaVs fganh osQ fy, j[kks vkSj igys ikB~; iqLrd osQ ikBksa dks è;ku ls i<+ks vkSj viuh dkWih esa fd, x, iz'uksRrj ;kn djksA fiQj O;kdj.k dks [kwc è;ku ls i<+ksA vxj ,d ckj mlosQ fu;e le> esa vk tk,¡rks fiQj mUgsa ;kn djuk dksbZ eqf'dy dke ughaA ,d dke djks] xxu ,M~;wlkWÝV dh ^uohu fganh O;kdj.k rFkk jpuk* iqLrd esjs ikl gSA mls ys tkvks vkSj mlh ls O;kdj.k dh rS;kjh djksA lc cgqr vklkuh ls le> esa vk tk,xkA eksgu % rks Bhd gS] ,slk gh djrk gw¡A ek¡&csVh osQ chp laokn oqQlqe % ek¡! ek¡! lHkh yksx lqukeh&ihfM+rksa osQ fy, oqQN&u&oqQN nku dj jgs gSaA D;k vkius oqQN nsus dk fu'p; fd;k gS\\ ek¡ % eaS vyx ls D;k ns ldrh g¡w cVs h\\ og rks rEq gkjs firkth oQs nÝ+ rj eas lHkh ykxs kas dk ,d fnu dk 119 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

ors u bdVB~ k djoQs mudh lgk;rk oQs fy, Hkts k x;k gAS bloQs vykok vkjS D;k d:\\¡ oqQlqe % D;k okdbZ ge oqQN vkSj ugha dj ldrs\\ ek¡] vkius esjs tUefnu osQ fy, tks iSls vyx ls l¡Hkky dj j[ks gSa] mUgsa fudky dj nhft,A ek¡ % ugha] ughaA og rks rsjs tUefnu dh ikVhZ osQ fy, gSaA oqQlqe % ek¡] ;g xyr ckr gSA ogk¡mUgsa ,d&,d iSls dh] ,d&,d nkus dh ”k:jr gS vkSj vki ikVhZ osQ fy, iSls cpkdj j[k jgh gSaA bl ckj eSa ugha eukrh viuk tUefnuA esjk tUefnu rks gj lky vkrk jgsxk] ysfdu Hkxoku u djs ,slk nqfnZu nksckjk vk,A eSa viuk xqYyd rksM+dj muosQ fy, iSls LowQy esa tek djk vkbZ vkSj vki tUefnu dh ikVhZ dk eksg ugha NksM+ ik jgh gSaA ek¡ % ugha] csVh] ,slh ckr ughaA rw bruh le>nkj gks xbZ gS] eSa ;g tku u ikbZA [kSj] ;g ys ik¡p g”kkj #i,A rw muosQ fy, tek djk vkA oqQlqe % ;g gqbZ u ckr! mudk vk'khokZn gh esjs fy, i;kZIr gksxkA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • loa kn&y[s ku Hkh ,d dyk gAS fdlh fo\"k; ij tc nks O;fDr ckrphr djrs g]aS tks mls ckrphr dks gh loa kn dgk tkrk gAS tc ml ckrphr dks fyf[kr :i fn;k tkrk g]S rks mls loa kn&y[s ku dgk tkrk gAS • ge vius fopkjks ;k Hkkoksa dks izdV nks izdkj ls djrs gSaA 1- cksydj 2- fy[kdj vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr osQ chp laokn fy[kksA d- cPpksa n~okjk gj le; Vh-oh- osQ lkeus cSBs jgus osQ dkj.k ijs'kku nks iM+kslh fe=kA [k- HkkbZ&cgu fozQosQV osQ [ksy osQ fo\"k; esaA x- ,d IkQy cspus okyk rFkk iQy [kjhnus okykA ?k- vkWVks pkyd rFkk ,d ;k=khA Ä- ,d daI;wVj fl[kkus okys vè;kid rFkk fon~;kFkhZA p- xzh\"ekodk'k dk x`gdk;Z u djus ij Nk=k ,oa vè;kid osQ chp laoknA N- i/z kukpk;Z ,oa vfHkHkkodkas oQs ifz rfuf/ fon;~ kyk;kas eas Nk=kkas dks yku&s ys tkus grs q cl&O;oLFkk oQs fy,A fganh O;kdj.k & 7 120

25 dgkuh&ys[ku (Story-Writing) xn~;&lkfgR; esa lcls #fpdj fo/k gS& ^dgkuh*A dgkfu;k¡lHkh dks vPNh yxrh gSaA ijh{kk esa ^dgkuh&ys[ku* ij izk;% pkj izdkj osQ iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa& d- fn, x, 'kh\"kZd] yksdksfDr ;k f'k{kk ij dgkuh fy[kukA [k- fn, x, fp=kksa osQ vk/kj ij dgkuh&ys[kuA x- fn, x, laosQrksa ;k :ijs[kk osQ vk/kj ij dgkuh&ys[kuA ?k- fdlh v/wjh dgkuh dks iwjk djukA dgkuh&ys[ku osQ le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& fn, x, fp=kksa] laosQrksa vkfn ij Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fopkj dhft,] dgkuh dh laf{kIr :ijs[kk cuk yhft, vkSj mlosQ ckn dgkuh&ys[ku izkjaHk dhft,A • dgkuh dk izkjaHk jkspd gksuk pkfg,A • fn, x, gj laosQr rFkk fp=k dk Hkko dgkuh esa vo'; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A • dgkuh laf{kIr gksuh pkfg,A blfy, mlesa fopkjksa vkSj okD;ksa dh iqujko`fRr ugha gksuh pkfg,A • dgkuh lnSo Hkwrdky esa fy[kh tkuh pkfg,A • dgkuh osQ var esa mlls feyus okyh f'k{kk vo'; fy[kuh pkfg,A • dgkuh dh Hkk\"kk ljy] ljl rFkk ekSfyd gksuh pkfg,A • dgkuh esa 'kCnksa dh lhek dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A dgkuh 150&200 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A vkxs mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij oqQN dgkfu;k¡nh tk jgh gSaA bUgsa if<+, vkSj blh izdkj dgkfu;k¡fy[kus dk vH;kl dhft,A d- fdlh 'kh\"kZd osQ vk/kj ij dgkuh&ys[ku 1- tSls dks rSlk fdlh txa y eas ,d lkjl vkjS ykes Mh+ jgrs FkAs lkFk&lkFk jgus oQs dkj.k nkus kas eas fe=krk gks xbAZ ,d fnu ykes Mh+ us lkjl dk e”kkd mMk+ us dh lkps hA mlus mls vius ?kj ij Hkkts u oQs fy, fuefa =kr 121 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

fd;kA lkjl us vius fe=k dk fue=a k.k Lohdkj dj fy;k vkjS fu;r le; ij ykes Mh+ oQs ?kj igp¡q x;kA ykes Mh+ us lkjl dk Lokxr fd;kA ykes Mh+ us [khj idk j[kh Fkh] ftls mlus nks Fkkfy;kas eas ijkls kA ykes Mh+ FkkMs h+ njs eas mls pV dj xbZ ij lkjl viuh yca h pkpas oQs dkj.k Fkkyh ls [khj ugha [kk ldk] blfy, Hk[w kk gh jg x;kA lkjl dks ykes Mh+ oQs O;ogkj ij oQz k/s rks vk;k] exj og piq jgkA mlus eu gh eu vius bl vieku dk cnyk yus s dh lkps hA oqQN fnuksa ckn lkjl us ykseM+h dks vius ?kj Hkkstu ij vkus dk fuea=k.k fn;kA ykseM+h [khj okyh ?kVuk dks Hkwy pqdh FkhA mlus lkjl dk fuea=k.k Lohdkj dj fy;kA Bhd le; ij ykseM+h lkjl osQ ?kj igq¡phA lkjl us Hkh [khj cukbZ FkhA mlus yach xjnu okyh nks lqjkfg;ksa esa [khj ijkslhA lkjl viuh yach pksap ls lkjh [khj pV dj x;k ijarq ykseM+h u [kk ldh vkSj Hkw[kh jg xbZA vc ykseM+h dks vius fiNys O;ogkj dh ;kn vkbZ rFkk og vR;ar yfTtr gqbZA f'k{kk & tSlk dks rSlkA 2- laosQrksa osQ vk/kj ij dgkuh fy[kuk xehZ osQ fnu ------------------------- ,d ckjgflaxs dk >jus ij ikuh ihus vkuk ------------------------- ty esa viuh ijNkbZ ns[kuk --------------------------------- viuh lhaxksa dh lqanjrk dh iz'kalk djuk --------------------------------------- viuh Vk¡xksa osQ Hkn~nsiu dh ppkZ djuk ------------------------------------- rHkh f'kdkjh oqQRrksa dh vkok”k lqukbZ nsuk ---------------------------------- tku cpkus osQ fy, Hkkxuk --------------------------------- Hkkxus esa Vk¡xksa dh lgk;rk ------------------------------------- Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs lhax dk >kM+h esa iQ¡l tkuk ------------------------------------ fudkyus dh dksf'k'k djuk ----------------- ----------f'kdkjh oqQRrksa dk ikl vk tkuk -------------------------------- cgqr eqf'dy ls >kM+h ls lhax dk fudyuk ------------------------------------- Vk¡xksa dh lgk;rk ls Nykax yxkdj lqjf{kr LFkku ij igq¡puk ----------------------------------------- tku cpkus esa Vk¡xksa dh enn rFkk eqlhcr esa Mkyus osQ fy, lqanj lhaxksa osQ ckjs esa lkspuk --------------------------------------------A xehZ osQ fnu FksA ,d ckjgflaxs dks I;kl yxhA viuh I;kl cq>kus osQ fy, og ,d >jus ij vk;kA >jus dk ikuh cgqr BaMk FkkA tc ckjgflaxk ikuh ih jgk Fkk] rks ty esa mlus viuh fganh O;kdj.k & 7 122

ijNkbZa ns[khA og viuh ijNkbZa dks cgqr è;ku ls ns[k jgk FkkA og cksyk] ¶esjs lhax fdrus lqanj gSaA vkSj esjh iryh Vk¡xsa fdruh Hkn~nh gSaA dk'k! esjh Vk¡xsa Hkh esjs lhaxksa dh rjg lqanj gksrhaA yxrk gS bZ'oj us esjh Vk¡xksa dks bruk Hkn~nk cukdj esjs lkFk vU;k; fd;k gSA ¸ og ,slk lksp gh jgk Fkk fd mldks f'kdkjh oqQRrksa osQ mldh rjiQ vkus dh vkok”k lqukbZ nhA vius thou dh j{kk osQ fy, og rs”kh ls HkkxkA Hkkxus esa mldh Vk¡xksa us mldh lgk;rk dhA Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs og ,d ,sls LFkku esa igqp¡ x;k] tgk¡d¡Vhyh >kfM+;k¡FkhaA ;gk¡mlosQ lhax >kfM+;ksa es IkQ¡l x,AA og vius lhaxksa dks ftruk gh >kfM+;ksa ls fudkyus dk iz;kl djrk] os mruk gh vkSj my> tkrs FksA rHkh mls oqQRrksa osQ vkus dk 'kksj lqukbZ fn;kA ckjgflaxk cgqr ?kcjk;kA mlus viuh tku cpkus osQ fy, ,d ckj iqu% iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl ckj mlosQ lhax >kfM+;ksa ls fudy vk,A vc ckjgflaxs dks oqQN nwjh ij oqQRrs Li\"V u”kj vk jgs FksA mlus tksj ls Nykax yxkbZ vkSj rs”kh ls nkSM+rk gqvk og ,d lqjf{kr LFkku ij igq¡p x;kA ogk¡mlus lkspk] ^^eSa viuh ftu Vk¡xksa dh cqjkbZ dj jgk Fkk rFkk mUgsa Hkn~nh cksy jgk Fkk] vkt mUgha Vk¡xksa us esjs izk.kksa dh j{kk dhA eSa vius ftu lhaxksa dh lqanjrk dk c[kku djosQ iwQyk ugha lek jgk Fkk] mUgha osQ dkj.k vkt eq>s vius izk.kksa ls gkFk /ksuk iM+rkA** f'k{kk & fdlh Hkh oLrq dks mlosQ jax&:i dks ns[kdj csdkj ugha le>uk pkfg,A 3- v/wjh dgkuh dks iwjk djuk dcwrjksa dk >qaM vkdk'k esa mM+rk tk jgk FkkA os dcwrj Hkw[ks Fks rFkk Hkkstu dh ryk'k esa mM+ jgs FksA dcwrjksa esa ls ,d us ns[kk fd] taxy esa ,d LFkku ij vukt osQ nkus fc[kjsa iM+s gSaA mlus vukt osQ mu nkuksa osQ ckjs esa vius lkfFk;ksa dks crk;k vkSj uhps mrjdj mUgsa pqxus vkSj viuh Hkw[k feVkus dh lykg nhA dcwrjksa osQ ljnkj us mls le>k;k fd taxy esa vukt osQ nkus dgk¡ ls vk x,A ;g fdlh f'kdkjh dh pky gSA mlus if{k;ksa dks idM+us osQ fy, t:j viuk tky fcNk;k gSA mlus dcwrjksa dks psrkouh nh fd vo'; gh nky esa oqQN dkyk gS] blfy, uhps mrjdj nkus pqxus dh Hkwy er djuk ugha rks f'kdkjh osQ tky esa iQ¡l tkvksxs vkSj iNrkvksxsA dcwrj cgqr Hkw[ks FksA mUgksusa vius ljnkj dh ,d u lquh vkSj uhps mrjdj--- dgkuh dk 'ks\"k va'k & nkus pqxus dk fu'p; fd;kA tSls gh mUgksusa nkus pqxus 'kq: fd,] os lHkh f'kdkjh osQ tky esa iQ¡l x,A os Mj osQ ekjs dk¡ius yxsA muosQ ljnkj us dgk] ^^ eSaus rqEgsa 123 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

igys gh lpsr ij fn;k Fkk] ij rqeus esjh ,d u lquhA ij dksbZ ckr ughaA foifRr osQ le; ?kcjkuk ugha pkfg, cfYd cqn~f/ ls dke ysuk pkfg,A ?kcjkvks ughaA esjh ckr è;ku ls lquksA blls igys fd f'kdkjh ;gk¡vk tk,] ,d lkFk tksj yxkdj mM+ pyksA** vius ljnkj dh ckr ekudj dcwrjksa us ,d lkFk tksj yxk;k vkSj os tky osQ lkFk mM+us yxsA f'kdkjh ikl gh ,d isM+ osQ uhps foJke dj jgk FkkA dcwrjksa osQ mM+us dh vkokt lqudj og ml LFkku ij vk;k] tgk¡mlus tky fcNk;k FkkA dcwrjksa dks tky ysdj mM+rs ns[kdj mlosQ vk'p;Z dk fBdkuk u jgkA oqQN nwj rd og muosQ ihNs&ihNs Hkkxk] ij FkksM+h gh nsj esa dcwrj mldh vk¡[kksa ls vks>y gks x,A FkksM+h nsj esa dcwrjksa osQ ljnkj us dcwrjksa ls uhps mrjus dks dgkA dcwrj uhps mrjsA ogk¡dcwrjksa dk ,d fe=k pwgk jgrk FkkA ljnkj us vius fe=k dks iqdkjkA pwgk vius fcy ls ckgj vk;kA mlus vius rst nk¡rksa ls tky dkV fn;kA lHkh dcwrj vk”kkn gks x,A mUgksaus vius ljnkj ls {kek ek¡xh vkSj pwgs dks /U;okn fn;kA f'k{kk & foifRr esa cqn~f/&cy gh dke vkrk gS vkSj laxBu esa 'kfDr gksrh gSA 4- fp=kksa dks ns[kdj dgkuh fy[kuk fdlh xk¡o esa ,d fu/Zu ydM+gkjk jgrk FkkA og fnu Hkj taxy esa ydfM+;k¡dkVrk] mUgsa 'kgj esa cspdj vkrk vkSj mlh ls tks /u izkIr gksrk] mlls vius ifjokj dk ikyu&iks\"k.k djrk FkkA ydM+gkjk fu/Zu rks Fkk] ijarq Fkk cgqr bZekunkj vkSj HkksykA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 124

,d fnu unh fdukjs ,d isM+ ls p<+dj ydfM+;k¡dkV jgk Fkk fd vpkud mldh oqQYgkM+h unh esa fxj xbAZ og isM+ ls uhps mrjk vkSj unh osQ fdukjs cSBdj jksus yxk] D;ksafd mls rSjuk ugha vkrk FkkA unh osQ nsork dks ml ij n;k vk xbZ os idz V gq, vkSj cksys] ^^rqe D;ksa jks jgs gks\\** ydM+gkjs us mUgsa iz.kke fd;k vkjS cksyk] ^^egkjkt! esjh oqQYgkM+h ikuh fxj xbZ gSA oqQYgkM+h osQ fcuk vc eSa vius ifjokj dk ikyu&iks\"k.k fdl izdkj d:¡xk\\** nsork us dgk] ^^?kcjkvks er] eaS rqEgkjh oqQYgkM+h fudky nsrk gw¡A** bruk dgdj mUgksaus ikuh esa Mqcdh yxkbAZ lksus dh ,d oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk, vkjS cksys] ^^vius oqQYgkM+h yks]** ydM+gkjk cksyk] ^^{kek djsa] egkjktA eaS ,d fu/Zu ydM+gkjk gw¡A ;g lksus dh oqQYgkM+h esjh ugha gSA** ty osQ nsork us nwljh ckj Mqcdh yxkbZ vkSj bl ckj pk¡nh dh ,d oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk,A ijarq ydM+gkjs us mls Hkh ysus ls badkj dj fn;k vkjS cksyk ^^egkjkt! esjh oqQYgkM+h rks yksgs dh FkhA** nsork us rhljh ckj xksrk yxk;k vkSj muosQ gkFkksa esa rhuksa oqQYgkfM+;k¡FkhaA mUgksaus ydM+gkjs dh bZekunkjh ij izlUu gksdj mls yksgs dh oqQYgkM+h osQ lkFk&lkFk lksus vkSj pk¡nh dh oqQYgkM+h Hkh iqjLdkj Lo:i ns nhA ydM+gkjs us nsork dks iz.kke fd;k vkSj mUgsa /U;okn Hkh fn;kA f'k{kk & bZekunkjh loksZRre xq.k gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, x, laosQrksa osQ vk/kj ij dgkuh fy[kksA d- ,d LFkku ij cgqr pwgs ------------------------------- fcYyh ls Hk;Hkhr ---------------------------cpus osQ lHkh mik;ksa ij lksp&fopkj -------------------------- rjdhcsa ----------------------------^fcYyh osQ xys esa ?kaVh ck¡/uh pkfg,* ------------------------------- vkok”k lqudj Hkkx tk,¡xs --------------------- ------- lc [kq'k --------------------------- Lohdkj ---------------------------- ,d o`n~/ pwgs us iwNk -------- ----------------------- ^fcYyh osQ xys esa ?kaVh dkSu ck¡/sxk\\* lc pwgs pqi --------------------------- okil fcyksa esa pys x, ---------------------------- lh[kA [k- ,d lk/q dk taxy ls gksdj fudyuk ---------------------------------- jkLrs esa mls ,d 'ksj dk feyuk ------------------------------- 'ksj osQ ik¡o esa dk¡Vk pqHkk gksuk ---------------------------- lk/q n~okjk 125 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

dk¡Vs dk fudkyk tkuk ----------------------------------- 'ksj n~okjk lgk;rk dk opu nsuk ---------------- ------------------'ksj dk fiatjs esa can gksuk ------------------------------- jktk dk lk/q ij ozQksf/r gksuk -- ---------------------------------- jktk n~okjk 'ksj osQ fiatjs esa lk/q dks Mky nsuk --------------------------- 'ksj dk lk/q dks igpkuuk -------------------------- ikl vkdj lk/q osQ iSj pkVuk ----------------------- ------------ lk/q n~okjk iSj pkVus dk dkj.k crk;k tkuk ----------------------------------- lh[kA x- ,d lqn'kZu uke dk jktk ------------------------------- mlosQ pkj iq=k ------------------------------iq=kksa dk i<+kbZ esa :fp u ysuk ------------------------------- jktk osQ iq=kksa osQ Hkfo\"; osQ ckjs esa fpark djuk ---- --------------------------- jktk n~okjk iafMrksa dks cqykdj iq=kksa dks jktuhfr fl[kkus dh ckr djuk --- ---------------------------- iafMrksa dk 'kkar jguk ------------------------------- fo\".kq 'kekZ uked iafMr n~okjk jktoqQekjksa dks Ng eghus esa jktuhfr esa fuiq.k cukus dk opu nsuk ----------------------------- -- i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dgkfu;kas osQ ekè;e ls jktoqQekjksa dks jktuhfr esa fuiq.k djuk ----------------- -------------- jktk dk [kq'k gksdj fo\".kq 'kekZ dks iqjLdkj nsukA 2- fuEufyf[kr v/wjh dgkuh dks iwjk djks rFkk dgkuh osQ var esa mlls feyus okyh f'k{kk dk mYys[k Hkh djksA fdlh uxj esa ,d /uoku O;kikjh jgrk FkkA mlosQ ;gk¡vusd ukSdj&pkdj dke djrs FksA ,d fnu mldh vyekjh ls mldh lksus dh psu xqe gks xbZaA mlus igys rks vyekfj;ksa esa vPNh izdkj ls [kkstchu dh] ij tc psu ugha feyh rks ?kj esa dke djus okys ukSdj&pkdjksa ls iwNrkN dhA mldk lansg ukSdjksa esa ls gh fdlh ,d ij Fkk] ij fdlh Hkh ukSdj us pksjh dh ckr Lohdkj ugha dhA rHkh mldk fe=k ogk¡vk;kA mlus vius fe=k dks psu osQ ckjs esa crk;kA mldk fe=k cgqr cqn~f/eku FkkA mlus dgk] ^^fpark er djksA dy vlyh pksj dk irk py tk,xkA** mlus ?kj osQ lHkh ukSdjksa dks cqyk;k vkSj mUgsa ,d&,d NM+h nh vkSj dgk] ^^rqeesa ls ftlus Hkh lsBth dh psu pqjkbZ gS] dy rd mldh NM+h nks lsaVhehVj NksVh gks tk,xhA dy rqe lc viuh&viuh NM+h ysdj vkukA pksj dk irk py tk,xk ------------------------------------------A f'k{kk & ------------------------------------------------------------------ fganh O;kdj.k & 7 126

26 i=&ys[ku (Letter-Writing) vkt osQ thou esa i=kksa dh cgqr mi;ksfxrk gSA i=kksa osQ n~okjk ge vius mu fe=kksa] lacaf/;ksa vkfn ls fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku dj ldrs gSa] tks gels nwj gSaA lkFk gh fofHkUu dk;kZy;ksa osQ vf/dkfj;ksa vkfn ls Hkh laioZQ gks ldrk gSA ge viuh leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh vusd vf/dkfj;ksa ls i=k osQ n~okjk laioZQ djrs gSaA i=k fy[krs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& • i=k fy[krs le; vius vkSj i=k ikus okys dh vk;q] ;ksX;rk] in vkfn dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A • i=k esa osQoy vko';d ckrksa dk gh lekos'k gksuk pkfg,] vuko';d ckrksa dk ughaA • i=k dh Hkk\"kk ljy rFkk izHkko'kkyh gksuh pkfg,A • i=k fy[krs le; 'kqn~/ ,oa LoPN ys[k dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A • i=k dk fo\"k; Li\"V gksuk pkfg,A • i=k esa fy[kus okys dk uke] irk rFkk fnukad dk mYys[k vo'; gksuk pkfg,A • i=k esa ikus okys dk uke rFkk irk Hkh Li\"V :i ls fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A i=k osQ izdkj i=k eq[; :i ls nks oxkZas esa foHkDr fd, tk ldrs gSa& d- vkSipkfjd&i=k [k- vukSipkfjd&i=k d- vkSipkfjd&i=k& ftu O;fDr;ksa ls i=k&ys[ku dk dksbZ O;fDrxr ;k futh laca/ ugha gksrk] ,sls O;fDr;ksa gks fy[ks x, i=k vkSipkfjd&i=k dgykrs gSaA tSls&fon~;ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z dks] fdlh vf/dkjh dks] laiknd dks] iqLrd foozsQrk ;k izdk'kdksa rFkk vU; daifu;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ vf/dkfj;ksa dks fy[ks x, i=k vkSipkfjd&i=k dgykrs gSaA [k- vukSipkfjd&i=k&vukSipkfjd i=kksa osQ varxZr ,sls i=k vkrs gSa tks vius ifjfprksa] fe=kksa] lacaf/;ksa vkfn dks fy[ks tkrs gSa] tSls&ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu] pkpk&pkph] ekek&ekeh] fe=k&l[kh vkfn dks fy[ks x, i=kA i=k fy[krs le; lko/kfu;k¡& d- dk;kZy;h&i=k esa uih&rqyh Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 127 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

[k- lHkh i=kksa esa vfHkoknu dk mYys[k vo'; gksrk gSA x- O;kolkf;d&i=k esa oqQ'ky&{kse tSlh ?kjsyw rFkk ikfjokfjd ckrsa ugha fy[kh tkrhaA ?k- fu”kh&i=kksa esa oqQ'ky {kse iwNk tkrk gS rFkk mlesa vkReh;rk jgrh gSA i=k osQ vax i=k osQ vkB vax gksrs gSa& d- LFkku rFkk frfFk_ [k- lacks/u_ x- vfHkoknu_ ?k- fo\"k;&oLrq_] Ä- lekfIr_ p- lekfIr osQ var esa gLrk{kj_ N- gLrk{kj ls iwoZ dh 'kCnkoyh_ t- irk A i=k fy[kus esa lacks/u] vfHkoknu rFkk lekfIr d- vius ls cM+ksa osQ fy,& 1- lacks/u&iwT;] iwtuh;] vknj.kh;] ekU;oj] Jheku~ vkfnA 2- vfHkoknu&lknj iz.kke] pj.k&Li'kZ] lknj pj.k&Li'kZ vkfnA 3- lekfIr&vkidk vkKkdkjh] vkidh vkKkdkfj.kh] vkidk vuqt] vkidh vuqtk] o`Qikdka{kh vkfnA [k- vius ls NksVs osQ fy, 1- lacks/u&fiz; (uke)] fpjatho fiz; (uke)] vk;q\"eku (uke)] vk;q\"efr (uke)] fpjatho vkfnA 2- vfHkoknu&izlUu jgks] 'kqHkk'kh\"k] 'kqHkk'khokZn] lq[kh jgks vkfnA 3- lekfIr&rqEgkjk fgrSf\"k] rqEgkjk 'kqHkfpard] rqEgkjk vxzt@firk vkfnA x- cjkcj okyksa osQ fy, 1- lacks/u&fiz; ca/q] ca/qoj] fiz; (uke)] fe=koj] fiz; fe=k vkfnA 2- vfHkoknu&lizse ueLrs] lizse ueLdkj] ueLrs] ueLdkj vkfnA 3- lekfIr&rqEgkjk ije fe=k] rqEgkjh l[kh] rqEgkjk vfHkUu fe=k vkfnA ?k- vkosnu (izkFkZuk) i=k osQ fy, 1- lacks/u&Jheku~ iz/kukpk;Z] lacn~/ vf/dkjh vkfnA 2- vfHkoknu&ekU;oj] egksn;] ekU; egksn; vkfnA 3- lekfIr&izkFkhZ] fouhr vkidk vkKkdkjh f'k\";] vkidh vkKkdkfj.kh f'k\";k vkfnA Ä- O;kolkf;d&i=k osQ fy, 1- lacks/u&Jh;qr~ O;oLFkkid egksn; (izdk'kd] iQeZ vkfn dk uke) 2- vfHkoknu&egksn; vkfnA 3- lekfIr&Hkonh; vkfnA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 128

p- f'kdk;r laca/h@laiknd dks i=k@fdlh vf/dkjh dks fy[ks x, i=k& 1- lacks/u&Jh;qr~ laiknd egksn; (lekpkj i=k dk uke)] Jh;qr~ (vf/dkjh dk in) 2- vfHkoknu&egksn;] ekU;oj] ekU;] egksn;k vkfnA 3- lekfIr&Hkonh; vkfnA vkSipkfjd i=k osQ mnkgj.k& 1- vius iz/kukpk;Z dks vkosnu&i=k fyf[k,] ftlesa iqLrdky; osQ fganh dh ubZ iqLrdsa vkSj cky&if=kdkvksa osQ e¡xkus dh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gksA iz/kukpk;Z egksn;] fizal ifCyd LowQy] 'kkyhekj ckx] fnYyh&88A fnukad ---------------------- egksn;] eSa vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa d{kk lkroha dk Nk=k gw¡A eSa ges'kk viuh ikB~;iqLrdksa dk vè;;u djus osQ vfrfjDr iqLrdky; esa tkdj vU; iqLrosaQ i<+dj viuh Kku&o`n~f/ djrk gw¡A blfy, eSa iqLrdky; dh fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa oqQN dguk pkgrk gw¡A gekjs fon~;ky; osQ iqLrdky; esa fiNys o\"kZ ls ysdj vkt rd dksbZ fganh dh ubZ iqLrd vkSj dksbZ Hkh cky&if=kdk ugha vkbZA o`Qi;k fganh lkfgR; esa oqQN ubZ iqLrosaQ ,oa cky&if=kdkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A fganh gekjh jk\"VªHkk\"kk gS] bldk egÙo c<+kuk rks 'kku gS] eku gS ns'k dk vkSj jk\"VªHkk\"kk :ih ek¡dh Lrqfr djus osQ leku gSA vaxsz”kh lkfgR; rks iqLrdky; esa Hkjk iM+k gSA blfy, vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki fganh&lkfgR; dh iqLrdksa dh vksj è;ku nsus dh o`Qik dhft,A /U;oknA vkidk vkKkdkjh f'k\"; d-[k-x- d{kk&lkroha ^c* 2- vius fon~;ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z dks cl&lqfo/k c<+kus gsrq izkFkZuk&i=kA iz/kukpk;Z egksn;] tSu ifCyd LowQy] izrki uxj] fnYyh&17A 129 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

fnukad 01-01-20----- egksn;\\ fuosnu gS fd] eSa vkiosQ fon~;ky; dh d{kk lkr esa i<+rk gw¡A eSaus blh o\"kZ vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa izos'k fy;k gSA eSa 'kkyhekj ckx ^lh* CykWd esa jgrk gw¡A fon~;ky; dh cl 'kkyhekj ckx ,-th- Cykd rd vkrh gSA eSa izfrfnu fjD'kk vkfn djosQ ogk¡ igq¡prk gw¡rFkk okilh esa Hkh eq>s blh izdkj fdlh u fdlh okgu dk lgkjk ysdj ?kj igq¡puk iM+rk gSA dHkh&dHkh losjs&losjs tc ogk¡rd tkus osQ fy, fjD'kk vkfn ugha feyrh] rks esjh cl NwV tkrh gS rFkk fon~;ky; vkus esa nsjh gks tkrh gS] ftlosQ dkj.k eq>s Mk¡V [kkuh iM+rh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks l”kk Hkh feyrh gSA o\"kkZ vkfn gksus ij rks izk;% eq>s vU; lk/u n~okjk fon~;ky; igq¡puk iM+rk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k esjs vfHkHkkodksa ij vkfFkZd cks> Hkh iM+rk gSA Jheku th] fon~;ky; n~okjk fu/kZfjr cl LVkWi ls esjk ?kj osQoy ,d fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA ;fn vki o`Qik djosQ fon~;ky; dh cl ^lh* cykWd rd c<+k nsa] rks blls eq>s gh ugha] ik¡p vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh ykHk gksxk] tks ^lh* CykWd ls gh fon~;ky; vkrs gSaA vk'kk gS vki gekjh dfBukbZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] gekjh izkFkZuk ij vo'; fopkj djsaxsA /U;okn lfgrA vkidk vkKkdkjh f'k\"; jksfgr vuqozQekad&25 d{kk&lkr ^,* vukSipkfjd i=k osQ mnkgj.k 1- vius fe=k dks vius tUe fnu ij fueaf=kr djrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A ^peunhi* vkn'kZ uxj] fnYyhA fnukad 22 tqykbZ fiz; lkfgy] vk'kk gS rqe LoLFk rFkk izlUufpRr gksaxsA rqEgsa rks ;kn gh gksxk fd] vkxkeh 01 vxLr dks esjk tUe fnu gSA rqEgsa ;g tkudj vR;ar izlUurk gksxh fd gj lky dh rjg bl ckj Hkh eSa viuk tUe fnu vR;ar /we/ke ls euk jgk gw¡A bl fnu izkr%dky gou] nksigj dks Hkkstu] lk;adky dks osQd dkVus dh jLe rFkk jkf=k esa izfrHkkst fganh O;kdj.k & 7 130

,oa Hktu laè;k dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA eSaus vius lHkh fe=kksa dks bl volj ij fueaf=kr fd;k gSA esjk vkxzg gS] fd rqe 31 tqykbZ dh 'kke rd vk tkvksA rqEgkjs vkus ls eq>s gh ugha esjs lHkh fe=kksa dks cgqr [kq'kh gksxhA iwT; pkpkth] pkphth dks esjk lknj iz.kkeA rqEgkjh izrh{kk esa] rqEgkjk fe=k] fd'kuA 2- vius firkth dks fon~;ky; osQ okf\"kZdksRlo dk o.kZu djrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A cgknqj flag lnu Nk=kkokl /ekZFkZ fon~;ky;] ½f\"kosQ'kA fnukad 20 iQjojh 20-------- iwtuh; firkth] lknj pj.k Li'kZA vkt gh vkidk o`Qik i=k feykA i<+dj ifjokj laca/h tkudkjh izkIr gqbZA eq>s ;g tkudj vrho izlUurk gqbZ fd vc vkidk LokLF; Bhd gS rFkk ?kj esa loqQ'ky gSaA fiNys fnuksa gekjs fon~;ky; esa okf\"kZdksRlo dh rS;kjh py jgh FkhA okf\"kZdksRlo esa Hkkx ysus okys lHkh fon~;kFkhZ cgqr O;Lr FksA eSaus Hkh dbZ dk;ZozQeksa esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk] blfy, rS;kjh esa O;Lr jgus osQ dkj.k i=k fy[kus esa nsjh gks xbZA okf\"kZdksRlo 11 iQjojh dks /we/ke ls laiUu gks x;kA bl i=k esa mlh osQ ckjs esa vkidks crk jgk gw¡A bl volj ij mRrjkapy osQ ekuuh; f'k{kk ea=kh dks eq[; vfrfFk osQ :i esa vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA dk;ZozQe osQ volj ij fon~;ky; dks [kwc ltk;k x;k FkkA dk;ZozQe nksigj osQ 1 cts izkjaHk gqvkA eq[; vfrfFk osQ vkrs gh ,l-lh-lh- osQ osQfMVksa us mUgsa xkMZ vkWiQ vkWuj fn;kA rRi'pkr eq[; vfrfFk eap dh vksj vk,A tgk¡fon~;ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z] izca/d rFkk Nk=k&izfrfuf/ us ekY;kiZ.k n~okjk mudk vfHkuanu fd;kA lkaLo`Qfrd dk;ZozQe dk 'kqHkkjaHk nhi izToyu ls gqvkA loZizFke Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa us ljLorh oanuk izLrqr dhA mlosQ ckn vusd dk;ZozQe izLrqr fd, x, ftuesa izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa n~okjk izLrqr ^taxy esa eaxy* u`R; ukfVdk] ekè;fed d{kkvksa osQ Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa n~okjk izLrqr ^lhek js[kk* ,dkadh rFkk mPprj ekè;fed d{kkvksa osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa n~okjk izLrqr ukVd ^fc'kIl osQaMfyfLVDl* fo'ks\"k vkd\"kZ.k osQ osQanz jgsA dk;ZozQe esa laxhr] u`R;] laxhr ukVd osQ Hkh vusd 131 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

jaxkjax] euksjatd rFkk vkd\"kZd dk;ZozQe izLrqr fd, x,A fon~;ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z us viuh okf\"kZd fjiksVZ esa fon~;ky; osQ vuq'kklu] ijh{kk ifj.kke rFkk vU; xfrfof/;ksa dh ljkguk dh rFkk fon~;ky; osQ vkpk;ksaZ dh iz'kalk dhA bl dk;ZozQe esa eSaus Hkh dbZ dk;ZozQeksa esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA eq[; vfrfFk us o\"kZ Hkj fofHkUu izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa izFke vkus okys Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks iqjLdkj forfjr fd,A eq>s Hkh loZJs\"B vfHkusrk rFkk okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke vkus dk iqjLdkj feykA eq[; vfrfFk us fofHkUu dk;ZozQeksa esa Hkkx ysus okys cPpksa dks vk'khokZn fn;k rFkk muosQ mTToy Hkfo\"; dh dkeuk dhA yxHkx 5-00 cts dk;ZozQe lekIr gks x;kA iwT; ekrkth dks lknj pj.k Li'kZ] HkS;k dks ueLdkj rFkk fiadh dks <sj lkjk I;kjA vkidk fiz; iq=k] fouhrA vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij i=k fyf[k,& 1- vius fon~;ky; osQ eq[;kè;kid dks Nk=ko`fRr osQ fy, izkFkZuk&i=k fyf[k,A 2- vius fons'kh fe=k dks ^j{kkca/u* ioZ dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 3- lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks vius {ks=k esa nsj jkr rd ctus okys ykmMLihdjksa osQ laca/ esa i=k fyf[k,A 4- vius NksVs HkkbZ dks izkr% Hkze.k osQ ykHk crkrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 5- viuh NksVh cgu dks eu yxkdj i<+us dk vkxzg djrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 6- vius fe=k osQ fons'k ;k=kk ij tkus ij 'kqHkdkeuk i=k fyf[k,A 7- vius fe=k dks ijh{kk esa vuqRrh.kZ gksus ij lkaRouk nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 8- vius iM+ksl osQ fon~;ky; ls fozQosQV eSp [ksyus osQ fy, vuqefr ek¡xrs gq, fon~;ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z dks i=k fyf[k,A 9- iqLrd foozsQrk dks i=k fyf[k, ftlesa e¡xokbZ xbZ iqLrosaQ izkIr u gksus dh f'kdk;r dh xbZ gksA 10- vius eqgYys dh ukfy;ksa dh liQkbZ osQ laca/ esa uxj&fuxe osQ LokLF; vf/dkjh dks i=k fyf[k,A 11- vius iM+ksl esa gqbZ vigj.k dh ?kVuk dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, {ks=k osQ Fkkukè;{k dks i=k fyf[k,A 12- jkf=k esa x'r c<+okus osQ fy, {ks=k osQ Fkkukè;{k dks i=k fyf[k,A fganh O;kdj.k & 7 132

27 vuqPNsn&ys[ku (Paragraph-Writing) fdlh ,d Hkko vkSj fopkj dks la{ksi esa nl&ianzg okD;ksa esa vFkkZr ,d vuqPNsn esa izdV djuk ^vuqPNsn&ys[ku* dgykrk gSA vuqPNsn fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& • okD; NksVs rFkk izHkko'kkyh gksaA • vkjaHk esa Hkwfedk vkfn u ck¡/dj lh/s fo\"k; ij vk tkuk pkfg,A • lHkh izeq[k fcanqvksa dk lekos'k vo'; gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k& 1- fnYyh fnYyh osQ ckjs esa fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS& ^fnYyh gS fny fganqLrku dk] ;g rks rhjFk gS lkjs tgku dk*A fnYyh dh dgkuh vR;ar jkspd rFkk iqjkuh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd fnYyh dks loZizFke ikaMoksa us viuh jkt/kuh osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k Fkk vkSj bldks uke fn;k Fkk& ^^banzizLFk**A blosQ ckn ls vusd 'kkld vk,&x,A i`Fohjkt pkSgku us bls [kwc ltk;k&l¡okjkA i`Fohjkt dh gkj osQ ckn ls ysdj vaxzs”kksa rd osQ bfrgkl us fnYyh esa vusd ifjorZu ns[ksA vaxzs”kksa us blosQ ,d fgLls dks ubZ fnYyh osQ :i esa clk;kA vkt fnYyh fo'o osQ izfln~/ uxjksa esa ls ,d gSA fnYyh esa vusd izkphu rFkk uohu n'kZuh; LFky gSa] ftuesa yky fdyk] oqQrqcehukj] tkek efLtn] iqjkuk fdyk] loksZPp U;k;ky;] jk\"Vªifr Hkou] bafM;k xsV] laln&Hkou] ik¡p flrkjk gksVy] LVsfM;e] fpfM+;k?kj] vtk;c?kjA ;gk¡vusd lkaLo`Qfrd osQanz] varjkZ\"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk] vIiw ?kj] jsy E;wft;e] rhu ewfrZ Hkou] xq#n~okjk 'kh'k xat] fcjyk eafnj] vusd egku usrkvksa dh lekf/;k¡] vusd ikoZQ] xkMZu] f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡rFkk pk¡nuh pkSd] djksy ckx] dukWV Iysl tSls vusd O;kikfjd&osQanz Hkh gSaA ubZ fnYyh esa gh fons'kh nwrkokl gSaA lpeqp gekjh fnYyh ^izkphurk* vkSj ^uohurk* dk vn~Hkqn laxe dgh tk ldrh gSA vktdy eSVªks osQ dkj.k fnYyh vkSj Hkh fujkyh gks xbZ gSA 2- iqLrdkY; iqLrdkY; 'kCn nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS& iqLrd $ vky;] ftldk vFkZ gS& iqLrdksa dk ?kjA Kku 133 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

dk izlkj djus vkSj lk{kjrk c<+kus esa iqLrdky;ksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA iqLrdky; esa gj fo\"k; dh] gjsd dh #fp dh vusd iqLrosaQ miyC/ jgrh gSA izR;sd O;fDr iqLrosaQ [kjhnus esa leFkZ ugha gksrk] lkFk gh ,d fo\"k; dh vusd iqLrosaQ [kjhnuk Hkh gjsd osQ o'k dh ckr ugha] ijarq iqLrdky;ksa dh lnL;rk izkIr djosQ vusd cgqewY; rFkk nqyZHk iqLrdksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj iqLrdky; viuk Kku&o/Zu djus osQ bPNqd rFkk 'kks/ djus okyksa osQ fy, Hkh vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA iqLrdky; ls Kkuo/Zu rks gksrk gh gS] lkFk gh vodk'k osQ le; dk lnqi;ksx Hkh gksrk gSA O;fDr vius vodk'k osQ le; iqLrdky;] tSls LowQy] dkWyst ;k fo'ofon~;ky;ksa osQ] lkoZtfud] iqLrdky; tSls ljdkj ;k fdlh lkekftd laLFkkvksa n~okjk pyk, tkus okys rFkk futh iqLrdky;ksa ls Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA vktdy rks pyrs&fiQjrs iqLrdky;ksa dk Hkh izpyu 'kq: gks x;kA gekjk dÙkZO; gS] fd ge iqLrdky;ksa ls iwjk ykHk mBk,¡A 3- lk¡p cjkcj ri ugha dchjnkl th us dgk&^lk¡p cjkcj ri ugha] >wB cjkcj ikiA* lR; dk Lo:i vR;ar foLr`r gksrk gSA tc ge eu] opu vkSj deZ ls lPpkbZ ij vk/kfjr vkpj.k djrs gSa] rks ;gh lR; dk lPpk Lo:i gksrk gSA lR; dk vkpj.k djus okyk O;fDr lPpfj=koku vkSj egku gksrk gSA og vius vkpj.k ls oanuh; vkSj iwtuh; cu tkrk gSA blhfy, gekjh laLo`Qfr esa izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS& ^vlrks ek lnxe;* vFkkZr~ gs izHkq! gesa vlR; ls lR; dh vksj ys pyksA lR;oknh ohj vkSj fuMj gksrk gSA og dfBu ls dfBu vkinkvksa ls Hkh fopfyr ugha gksrk D;ksafd og tkurk gS] fd var esa lR; dh gh thr gksrh gSA blhfy, dgk x;k gS&^lR;eso t;rs*A ;n~;fi vkt pkjksa vksj vlR; dk cksy&ckyk gS rFkkfi lHkh tkurs gSa] fd vlR; ls {kf.kd vkuan dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA fdarq mlosQ izdV gks tkus ij euq\"; dh cgqr cqjh nqnZ'kk gks tkrh gSA lR;okfnrk ,d ?kksj riL;k gS] bl ij vkpj.k djuk ryokj dh /kj ij pyus osQ leku gS D;ksafd yksx vius LokFkZ] yksHk rFkk ykHk osQ fy, >wB cksyus esa tjk Hkh ladksp ugha djrsA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr osQ vkn'kZ ^lR;a] f'koa] lqanja* esa Hkh ^lR;* dks gh igyk LFkku fn;k x;k gSA vr% gesa iz;kl djuk pkfg, fd lR; cksyus dh vknr Mkysa vkSj vlR; ls cpsaA 4- pfj=k fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS&^/u ls {kh.k gqvk O;fDr {kh.k ugha gksrk] ij ftl euq\"; dk pfj=k u\"V gks tkrk gS] og rks iwjh rjg u\"V gks tkrk gSA* pfj=k dk laca/ O;fDr osQ vkpj.k] O;ogkj] LoHkko] pky&pyu] dk;Z&dyki rFkk mlosQ laiw.kZ O;fDrRo ls gSA blhfy, pfj=k dks ^vknrksa dk lewg* fganh O;kdj.k & 7 134

dgk x;k gSA O;fDr dh lHkh NksVh&cM+h vknrsa mlosQ pfj=k dh n~;ksrd gSaA pfj=k dk gh nwljk uke ^lnkpkj* gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk\"Vªdh mUufr dk ewy vk/kj ^pfj=k cy* gh gSA ftl ns'k osQ ukxfjd pfj=koku gksrs gSa] og mUufr dh vksj c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr ukxfjdksa dh pfj=kghurk ns'k osQ iru dk izeq[k dkj.k gksrh gSA pfj=koku cuus osQ fy, O;fDr dks lqf'k{kk] lRlaxfr] vè;olk; rFkk vkRefo'okl dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA pfj=k cy gh O;fDr dks ifz roQw y ifjfLFkfr;kas eas vikj lkgl] /;S ]Z mRlkg rFkk ijsz .kk nrs k gAS NkVs k&lk n's k tkiku vkt vius fuokfl;ksa osQ pfj=k cy osQ dkj.k gh fo'o osQ izeq[k jk\"Vªksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS] fd ge Hkh vius iwoZtksa osQ pfj=k dk vuqlj.k djsa rFkk pfj=koku cuus dk iz;kl djsaA 5- IykfLVd dh nqfu;k vkt dk ;qx ^foKku dk ;qx* dgk tkrk gSA foKku us vkt gesa vusd peRdkjh oLrq,¡iznku djosQ gekjs thou dks lqxe rFkk ljl cuk fn;k gSA foKku us ekuo&thou esa vusd ozQkafrdkjh ifjorZu fd, gSaA ^IykfLVd* Hkh mUgha esa ls ,d gSA IykfLVd dk vkfo\"dkj M~;wcks;l vkSj tksu n~okjk fd;k x;k FkkA izkjaHk esa ;g yksdfiz; ugha gqvk ij vkt rks ;g ,d cM+s rFkk egÙoiw.kZ mn~;ksx&/a/s osQ :i esa izfrf\"Br gks pqdk gS rFkk thou dk vfHkUu vax cu x;k gSA vkt IykfLVd dk iz;ksx NksVh&NksVh phtksa ls ysdj cM+h&cM+h oLrqvksa rd esa fd;k tkrk gSA vkt rks IykfLVd osQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA dkjksa] VsyhiQksu] daI;wVj] gokbZ tgktksa] fctyh osQ rkjksa jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- vkfn vusd oLrqvksa esa IykfLVd dk O;kid iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA IykfLVd us vkt gekjh nqfu;k cny nh gSA ft/j tkb, m/j IykfLVd dh cuh vkd\"kZd oLrq,¡u”kj vk,axhA IykfLVd osQ gh ,d :i ls oL=kksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ^iksfy,LVj* esa IykfLVd dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z fganh O;kdj.k & 7 fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij laf{kIr vuqPNsn fy[kksA 1- esjk fiz; [ksy 2- ijksidkj 3- HkkX; vkSj iq#\"kkFkZ 4- NksVk ifjokj lq[kh ifjokj 5- f'k{kd fnol 135

28 fuca/k&ys[ku (Essay–Writing) fuca/ dk vFkZ gS c¡/h gqbZ jpukA bldk ,d&,d okD; vkil esa lacn~/ gksrk gSA blesa dbZ vuqPNsn gksrs gSaA izR;sd vuqPNsn ,d Hkko vFkok fopkj dh dM+h gksrk gSA fuca/ksa esa ys[kd osQ Kku vkSj vuqHkoksa dh lqanj vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA oLrqr% fuca/&ys[ku ,d dyk gSA fuca/ksa osQ fo\"k;ksa dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksrhA esjk twrk] ck”kkj dk n`';] mxrk lw;Z] iz/kuea=kh] pyfp=k] lRlaxfr] [ksy&owQn] foKku] olar Írq vkfnA fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ij fuca/ fy[kk tk ldrk gSA vPNk fuca/ oSQls fy[kk tk,\\ fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ij fuca/ fy[kus osQ fy, mls loZizFke rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡fV,& d- vkjaHk ;k izLrkouk_ [k- eè; Hkkx_ x- var ;k milagkj d- vkjaHk & fdlh fuca/ dk vkjaHk fdlh dfork] fdlh lwfDr] fn, x, fo\"k; osQ 'kkfCnd vFkZ ;k fo\"k; ls lacaf/r fdlh fopkjd osQ dFku n~okjk gks ldrk gSA lh/s Hkh fo\"k; ij vk;k tk ldrk gSA [k- eè; Hkkx & fuca/ osQ eè; Hkkx esa gh fuca/ dk iw.kZ :i ls foospu fd;k tkrk gSA blh Hkkx esa fuca/ dh fo\"k;&oLrq dks ozQecn~/ rFkk O;ofLFkr :i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA x- milagkj ;k var & fuca/ osQ var esa fo\"k; dk lkj ;k fu\"d\"kZ izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fuca/ osQ var esa fdlh dfork] lwfDr ;k fdlh egkiq#\"k osQ dFku dk mYys[k djus ls fuca/ vkd\"kZd yxrk gSA vPNk fuca/ fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku Hkh j[kuk pkfg,& • fo\"k; ls lacaf/r tkudkjh bdV~Bh dhft,A • ml tkudkjh dks ozQecn~/ <ax ls izkjaHk] eè; vkSj var bu rhuksa Hkkxksa esa ck¡V yhft,A • fuca/ esa dgha fopkjksa dks nksgjk;k u tk,A • fopkjksa dks fn, x, 'kCnksa dh lhek osQ varxZr gh fyf[k,A • fuca/ dh Hkk\"kk ljy] eqgkojsnkj rFkk fopkj ekSfyd gksus pkfg,A • izLrqr fd, x, fopkj ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksaA • fuca/ fy[krs le; fojke&fpg~uksa dk mfpr iz;ksx djsa rFkk orZuh dh 'kqn~/rk dk è;ku j[ksaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 136

mnkgj.k & 1- Hkkjrh; fdlku Hkkjr o`Qf\"k iz/ku ns'k gS] ftldh 70 izfr'kr turk xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gS ,oa ftldk O;olk; o`Qf\"k gSA blhfy, xka/h th Hkkjr osQ xk¡oksa dks Hkkjr dh vkRek vkSj Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dks ^o`Q\"kd&laLo`Qfr* dgk djrs FksA Hkkjrh; fdlku dk thou ifjJe rFkk R;kx dh xkFkk gSA og izkr%dky ls ysdj nsj jkr rd ifjJe djrk gS] [ksrksa esa vUu mxkrk gS vkSj uxjokfl;ksa dk vUunkrk gSA pkgs dM+dM+krh BaM gks ;k fpyfpykrh /wi] o\"kkZ dh >M+h yxh gks ;k rs”k vk¡/h&rwi+ Qku vk,] og deZ ;ksxh dh rjg vius drZO;&ikyu esa yxk jgrk gSA Hkkjr dk fdlku lknk&lw[kk [kkdj] eksVk diM+k igudj] dPps&iDosQ edkuksa esa jgdj Hkh larq\"V jgrk gSA Lora=krk osQ brus o\"kkasZ ckn Hkh Hkkjr dk fdlku :f<+oknh] HkkX;oknh rFkk va/fo'oklh gSA fu/Zurk vkSj vKkurk] nksuksa gh fdlku osQ fy, vfHk'kki gSaA o`Qf\"k osQ o\"kkZ ij fuHkZj jgus osQ dkj.k izk;% og d”kZ esa Mwck jgrk gSA /kfeZd mRloksa rFkk lkekftd ijaijkvksa ij viuh {kerk ls vf/d [kpZ dj nsus osQ dkj.k mldh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh n;uh; gks tkrh gSA ljdkj us Hkkjr osQ fdlkuksa dh n'kk lq/kjus osQ fy, vusd ;kstuk,¡izkjaHk dh gSa] ftudk vk'kkrhr lqifj.kke fudyk gSA vPNh rduhd] [kkn] cht vkfn dk ljdkjh lfefr;ksa n~okjk forj.k] f'k{kk dk izlkj rFkk lLrh nj ij Í.k miyC/ djk;k x;k gS] ftlls fdlkuksa dh n'kk esa dkiQh lq/kj gqvk gSA 2- xk¡o dk thou xk¡o dk thou 'kkafr vkSj ifo=krk dk thou gSA xk¡o dk lkekftd thou ,oa O;oLFkk vk/qfud lekt ls FkksM+h fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx lRrj izfr'kr turk xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gSA Lora=krk&izkfIr ls iwoZ Hkkjr osQ xk¡oksa dh n'kk cgqr gh n;uh; FkhA muesa lM+dksa dk vHkko FkkA pkjksa vkSj xanxh dk lkezkT; gqvk djrk Fkk vkSj ogk¡f'k{kk] fpfdRlk rFkk euksjatu osQ lk/uksa dk vHkko FkkA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr ljdkj us xk¡o dh rji+ Q è;ku nsuk 'kq: fd;k rFkk iapo\"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa xzke fodkl dh vusd ;kstuk,¡fozQ;kfUor dh xbZaA xk¡oksa esa lM+osaQ cukbZ xbZa] mUgsa fpfdRlk dh lqfo/k,¡miyC/ djkbZ xbZaA vc xk¡oksa dk thou igys ls dgha ”;knk lqanj vkSj vkd\"kZd yxus yxk gSA Hkkjr osQ xk¡oksa esa o`Qf\"k osQ iqjkus rjhdksa dk iz;ksx dgha&dgha vHkh Hkh gksrk gSA xk¡o esa 'kqn~/ ok;q rFkk 'kqn~/ vkgkj osQ lsou ls euq\"; LoLFk jgrs gSaA iznw\"k.k dk ogk¡uke ugha gksrkA vkt Hkh ogk¡ lknxh vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk] loZ/eZ&leHkko rFkk ,drk osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA izo`Qfr osQ lqjE; 137 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

okrkoj.k esa thou dk vkuan gh oqQN vkSj gksrk gSA vkfFkZd 'kks\"k.k ls eqfDr fnykus osQ fy, lgdkjh cSadksa dh 'kk[kk,¡xk¡o&xk¡o esa gksuh pkfg,A ljdkj us fdlkuksa dks u,&u, rjhosQ crk, gSaA vPNs fdLe dh [kkn] cht rFkk ;a=k Hkh miyC/ djk, gSaA vkt fdlku dk vUu ljdkj gh fuf'pr ewY; ij [kjhndj lsB&lkgwdjksa osQ 'kks\"k.k ls mls cpkrh gSA xzkeh.k yksxksa dks oqQVhj mn~;ksxksa rFkk fofHkUu O;olk;ksa dk izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkus yxk gSA xk¡oksa esa fctyh] ihus dk ikuh rFkk iDdh lM+dksa dk izca/ Hkh /hjs&/hjs gksrk tk jgk gSA vc rks xk¡oksa esa Hkh ?kj&?kj vk/qfud euksjatu osQ lk/u rFkk eksckbZy lsok miyC/ gSaA xk¡o dh 'kksHkk izko`Qfrd vkSj 'kgj dh 'kksHkk o`Qf=ke gksrh gSA yxrk gS xk¡o dh jpuk Lo;a bZ'oj us dh gSA 3- gekjs thou ij pyfp=kksa dk izHkko vkt gesa euksjatu osQ cgqr lkjs lk/u miyC/ gSaA ijarq buesa flusek dk viuk fo'ks\"k LFkku gSA okLro esa] ;g euksjatu dk lcls lLrk lk/u gSA oqQN gh #i;ksa esa euq\"; rhu ?kaVksa rd nqfu;k osQ lHkh nq[k Hkwy tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS] fd xk¡oksa osQ chp esa cls NksVs&NksVs dLcksa rd esa flusek ?kj [kqy x, gSaA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa rks flusek vkSj Hkh yksdfiz; gSA ;gk¡vf/dka'k fdlku vkSj e”knwj Vsyhfo”ku lsV ugha [kjhn ldrsA muosQ ikl euksjatu dk osQoy ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/u gksrk gS& flusekA ;gh dkj.k gS] fd gekjk fi+ QYe mn~;ksx nqfu;k esa lcls cM+k gSA ;gk¡izfr o\"kZ pkj lkS ls vf/d fi+ QYesa curh gSa rFkk izfr lIrkg Ms<+ djksM+ yksx fi+ QYesa ns[krs gSaA blhfy, tc dHkh flusek osQ fVdVksa osQ nke c<+rs gSa] rks mldk dM+k fojks/ gksrk gSA pw¡fd flusek turk esa vR;ar yksdfiz; gS] blfy, mldk izHkko Hkh gekjs thou ij [kwc iM+rk gSA yM+osQ&yM+fd;k¡fi+ QYeh flrkjksa dh udy djrs fdlh Hkh lM+d ij ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA u,&u, i+ SQ'ku pykus esa flusek dh Hkwfedk dks Hkyk dkSu ugha tkurk\\ oqQN cPps fi+ QYe ns[kus osQ fy, >wB cksyrs gSa] LowQy osQ ?kaVs NksM+dj flusek gky esa pys tkrs gSa] ;k dHkh&dHkh iSlksa dh pksjh Hkh djrs gSaA gekjs thou ij fi+ QYeksa dk izHkko fnuksafnu c<+rk tk jgk gSA cukjl esa ,d ckj ik¡p ;qodksa us feydj ,d cSad esa MoSQrh Mkyus dh dksf'k'k dhA idM+s tkus ij mUgkasus cryk;k fd] mUgsa bldh izsj.kk ,d fo'ks\"k fi+ QYe ls feyh FkhA esjB esa ,d fi+ QYe osQ izHkko osQ gh dkj.k ,d ;qod us vius llqjky osQ lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks thfor tyk fn;kA fi+ QYeksa osQ oqQizHkko ls vusd cPps vkSj ;qod u'ks dh vknr idM+ ysrs gSaA fLFkfr bruh fcxM+ pqdh gS] fd vPNh dgkfu;ksa ij cuh dyk fi+ QYeksa dks n'kZd ugha fey ikrsA vusd dyk fi+ QYesa flusek gky rd igq¡p gh ugha ikrhaA vxj os iznf'kZr Hkh gks fganh O;kdj.k & 7 138

xbZa rks oqQN gh fnuksa rd py ikrh gSaA okLro esa flusek vius vkiesa cqjh oLrq ugha gSA blosQ n~okjk Kkuo/Zu dk dke Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jk\"Vªh; leL;k,¡Hkh lqy>kbZ tk ldrh gSaA lkekftd psruk dks c<+kok fey ldrk gSA ijarq vf/d&ls&vf/d dekus dh ykylk us bls ojnku dh txg vfHk'kki cuk j[kk gSA 4- foKku&ojnku ;k vfHk'kki vkt dk ;qx foKku dk ;qx gSA ^foKku* dk vFkZ gS& fo'ks\"k KkuA foKku osQ bl ;qx esa vusd ozQkafrdkjh ifjorZu vkSj vusd u,&u, vkfo\"dkj gq, gSaA Hkki ls pyus okys batu osQ LFkku ij fon~;qr ifjpkfyr jsy rFkk esVªks vkt ns'k dh 'kku gSaA daI;wVj ls ysdj bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k rd loZ=k foKku dh efgek fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA daI;wVj dh f'k{kk vc ekuks vfuok;Z f'k{kk gks xbZ gSA fcuk daI;wVj&Kku osQ vkt osQ ekuo dk thou iaxq gks x;k gSA cSadksa jsyos LVs'kuksa] gokbZ vM~Mksa osQ vfrfjDr oSKkfudksa] fpfdRldksa] bathfu;jksa] f'k{kkfonksa] O;kikjh oxZ n~okjk Hkh daI;wVj dk vf/dkf/d mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA daI;wVj osQ lkFk gh baVusV dk ;ksxnku de egÙoiw.kZ ughaA usV osQ uke ls yksdfiz; baVjusV vkt vius miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, cgqvk;keh lk/u&iz.kkyh gSA vc nqfu;k osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls ls vki baVjusV osQ ”kfj, tqM+ ldrs gSaA bZ&esy] bZ&dkWelZ] bZ&euksjatu] baVjusV ppkZ (pSV)] VsyusV] baVªkusV vkfn bldh vusd lsok,¡vkt loZ=k miyC/ gSaA baVjusV us fpfdRlk txr esa vn~Hkqr ozQkafr yk nh gSA iy Hkj esa vki fo'o osQ izfln~/ fpfdRldksa ls vko';d ijke'kZ izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ls vk'k; jsfM;ks] Vsyhfo”ku] ohfM;ks vkfn ekè;eksa ls gSA eksckby i+ Qksu dk vkfo\"dkj rks foKku dh vkSj ,d nsu gSA vc rks eksckby i+ Qksu osQ vR;k/qfud ekWMyksa esa oSQejk] baVjusV vkfn dh lqfo/k,¡Hkh gSaA fdlh nq?kZVuk dh fLFfr esa eksckby i+ Qksu dk mi;ksx djosQ vkikrfLFkfr esa nedy] iqfyl ;k MkWDVj&,sacqysal vkfn dks vklkuh ls cqyk;k tk ldrk gSA Åij of.kZr bu oSKkfud midj.kksa us tgk¡ekuo osQ fy, vusd lqfo/k,¡iznku dh gSa] ogk¡os oqQN vlqfo/kvksa osQ dkj.k Hkh cu x, gSaA tSls & vijk/h rFkk lekt&fojks/h yksx Hkh daI;wVj] baVjusV] eksckby vkfn dk iz;ksx djosQ vusd vokafNr dk;Z djus esa liQy gks tkrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr vusd vL=k&'kL=kksa osQ fuekZ.k esa] v.kq ce vkfn ekjd oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ ihNs foKku dk gkFk gSA buosQ iz;ksx ls {k.k Hkj esa lexz fo'o dk fouk'k gks ldrk gSA vr% vkt dh vko';Drk bu leLr oSKkfud midj.kksa osQ leqfpr ,oa larqfyr iz;ksx dh gS] rHkh gekjk lekt lqanj cu losQxk ,oa ekuo&thou liQy gksxkA 139 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tc fdlh fo\"k; ij O;ofLFkr :i ls fopkjkas dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls fuca/ dgk tkrk gSA • fuca/ osQ vkB izeq[k xq.k& 1- fuca/ esa O;Dr fd, x, fopkj ozQecn~/ gksaA 2- fuca/ esa O;Dr fd, x, fopkj vyx&vyx vuqPNsnksa esa gksaA 3- vuqPNsnksa dh lkexzh ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gksA 4- fuca/ vkjaHk] eè; vkSj var&bu rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gksA 5- fuca/ esa fdlh Hkh ckr dks nksgjk;k u x;k gksA 6- fuca/ esa fo\"k;&oLrq dk vuko';d foLrkj u gks rFkk 'kCnksa dh lhek dk è;ku j[kk x;k gksA 7- fuca/ esa fo\"k;&oLrq ls lacaf/r ;FkkLFkku lwfDr;ksa] mn~/kj.kksa ;k dkO; iafDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gksA vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij yxHkx 250 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[kksA 1- ;fn eSa fon~;ky; dk fizafliy gksrk 2- rkt egy % fo'o dk egkure vk'p;Z 3- LokLF; vkSj ;ksxklu 4- fon~;ky; dk okf\"kZdksRlo 5- esjk fiz; fe=k 6- c<+rh e¡gxkbZ 7- Hkkjr esa fozQosQV dh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk 8- esjk xk¡o 9- esjh vLej.kh; ;k=kk 10- eksckby iQksu % lqfo/k ;k vlqfo/k fganh O;kdj.k & 7 140

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 14) 1- fuEufyf[kr n~foRo O;atuksa dk iz;ksx djosQ nks&nks 'kCn fy[kksA d- Ee % ------------------- ------------------- [k- Uu % ------------------- ------------------- x- Pp % ------------------- ------------------- 2- laf/&foPNsn djksA ------------------- $ ------------------- ------------------- $ ------------------- d- jkekorkj & ------------------- $ ------------------- [k- ijh{kk & x- lqjs'k & 3- fuEufyf[kr leLrinksa dk foxzg dj lekl Hksn crkvksA d- uhydey & ------------------- ------------------- [k- izfrfnu & ------------------- ------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ o ewy 'kCn Nk¡VksA 'kCn milxZ ewy'kCn d- foKku ------------------- ------------------- [k- vuqjkx ------------------- ------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr /krq ,oa izR;; dks tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukvksA d- rSj $ vkd ------------------- [k- fey $ vkoV ------------------- x- yM+ $ vkowQ ------------------- ?k- cksy $ bZ ------------------- 6- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukvksA d- 'kkar ¾ ------------------- [k- gSjku ¾ ------------------- x- lekIr ¾ ------------------- ?k- [kwclwjr ¾ ------------------- 7- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Nis jaxhu 'kCnksa dks ,dopu esa cnydj okD;ksa dks nskckjk fy[kksA d- yM+fd;k¡xqfM+;k¡ls [ksy jgh gSaA -------------------------------- [k- vè;kfidkvksa us Nk=kkvksa dks Mk¡VkA -------------------------------- 141 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ dkjd crkvksA d- jhek fon~;ky; ls nks cts vkrh gSA -------------------------------- [k- firkth osQ'ko osQ fy, deht yk,A -------------------------------- x- ekekth ?kj eas gSA -------------------------------- 9- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mi;qDr loZuke Hkjdj okD;ksa dks iwjk djksA d- -------------------------------- cgqr lqanj xhr xk;k gSA [k- eSaus mRrj -------------------------------- fudkykA x- -------------------------------- fuca/ fy[kk gSA 10- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.k cukvksA [k- Hkkjr & -------------------------------- d- Í.k & -------------------------------- ?k- lIrkg & -------------------------------- x- ckgj & -------------------------------- 11- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kksA -------------------------------- d- ek¡diM+s /ksrh gSA [k- ekyh ?kkl dkVrk gSA -------------------------------- 12- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh fozQ;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djosQ muosQ dkyksa osQ uke fy[kksA -------------------------------- d- [kkuk [kRe gks pqdk FkkA -------------------------------- [k- os xaxk esa ugkdj vk,A x- d`\".k us dal dk o/ fd;k FkkA -------------------------------- 13- ijlxZ yxkdj okD; fIkQj ls fy[kksA --------------------------------- d- rqe yksxksa dk >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA --------------------------------- [k- fd'ku lqjs'k le>k;kA --------------------------------- x- cPPkk fcYyh Mjrk gSA --------------------------------- ?k- ikuh eNyh gSA --------------------------------- M-+ i{kh vkdk'k mM+ jgk gSA --------------------------------- p- isM+ IkQy fxjsA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 142

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&2 (ikB & 15 ls 28) 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks deZokP; esa cnyksA d- nqdkunkj us pkoy rkSysA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ekrkth us nky&Hkkr ijkslkA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;kas esa vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kksA & ----------------------------------------------------- d- uHk esa ?kweus okyk [k- tks nwljksa ls bZ\";kZ djrk gS & ----------------------------------------------------- & ----------------------------------------------------- x- tks fn[kkbZ u ns 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks mi;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kqn~/ djksA d- ek¡us [kkus dh Fkkyh Mky nhs gSA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- esjs dks tkus nksA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks lk/kj.k okD; esa cnyksA d- ;fn rqe i<+ksxs rks vko';d ikl gksxsA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- eSa ugha tkurk fd og fdruk Hka;dj gSA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks ekud orZuh esa fy[kksA d- fpUg & ------------------------- [k- yV~Vw & ------------------------- x- iRrk & ------------------------- ?k- fo|k & ------------------------- 6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr fojke&fpg~u yxkavksA d- vgen D;k rqedks viuk dke ;kn gS [k- o`n~/ oSn; vuqHkoh gksrs gS csVs rqe D;k dj ikvksxs x- jkenkl us dgk I;kjh fpfM+;k ixyh er cuks ns[kks rqEgkjs pkjksa rjiQ oSQlh cgkj gS 143 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

7- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kksA d- m/kj ¾ ------------------------ [k- mRFkku ¾ ------------------------ x- izR;{k ¾ ------------------------ ?k- fuank ¾ ------------------------ 8- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fy[kksA d- dky & ------------------------- ------------------------- [k- dud & ------------------------- ------------------------- 9- mfpr 'kCn pqudj [kkyh LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- MkWDVj us ?kk;y dks ------------------------- p<+k;kA (jDr @ jfDr) [k- iwfj;ksa osQ lkFk ------------------------- [kkuk vPNk yxrk gSA (vpkj @ vkpkj) 10- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fy[kks rFkk mUgsa vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx Hkh djksA d- ?kko ij ued fNM+duk & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- igkM+ VwV iM+uk & ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11- fuEufyf[kr osQ fy, mi;qDr yksdksfDr fy[kksA d- ,d oLrq osQ vusd xzkgd & ------------------------- [k- xq.k u gksus dk cgkuk djuk & ------------------------- 12- xzh\"ekodk'k dk x`gdk;Z u djus ij Nk=k ,oa vè;kid osQ chp laokn fy[kksA 13- vius NksVs HkkbZ dks eu yxkdj i<+us dk vkxzg djrs gq, i=k fy[kksA 14- ^c<+rh e¡gxkbZ* ij yxHkx 250 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[kksA 248 fganh O;kdj.k & 7