Vyakaran Shilp Class- 7

10 dkjd (Case) if<+, vkSj lef>,& jtuh us dfork lqukbZA jfo us ';ke dks iqdkjkA jkt lhf<+;ksa ls mrjkA bu okD;ksa esa jtuh] jfo] ';ke] lhf<+;k¡laKk 'kCn osQ lkFk us] dks] ls 'kCn vk, gSaA laKk osQ lkFk vk, ;s 'kCn dkjd&fpg~u gSaA bUgsa ijlxZ dgrs gSaA dkjdksa dks ijlxks± n~okjk izdV fd;k tkrk gS ftuls okD; iw.kZ ,oa Li\"V gks tkrs gSaA laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls tkuk tkrk gS] mls dkjd dgrs gSaA dkjdksa osQ Hksn fganh esa dkjd vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & 1- drkZ 2- deZ 3- dj.k 4- laiznku 7- vf/dj.k 8- lacks/u 5- viknku 6- laca/ ozQ-l- dkjd dk uke ijlxZ@fpg~u iz;ksx 1- drkZ us ek/oh us IkQksu fd;kA 2- deZ dks ek/oh us iqyfdr dks cqyk;kA 3- dj.k ls] n~okjk ek/oh us dye ls fy[kkA 4- laiznku dks] osQ fy, ek/oh nhnh osQ fy, oqQYIk+ Qh ykbZA 5- viknku ls ek/oh Vªsu ls mrjhA 6- laca/ dk] osQ] dh ek/oh osQ ekek i=kdkj gSaA jk] js] jh esjk HkkbZ ek/oh osQ ?kj tk,xkA 7- vf/dj.k esa] ij ek/oh vHkh ?kj ij feysxhA 8- lacks/u vjs] vks] js vjs ek/oh l¡Hkydj pyA 1- drkZ dkjd (us) drkZ dk vFkZ gS ^djus okyk*A laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fozQ;k djus okys dk irk pyrk gS] mls drkZ dkjd dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 50

tSls& cPpk lksrk gSA fnus'k i<+rk gSA iqtkjh us iwtk dhA ek¡us lC”kh dkVhA bu okD;ksa esa cPpk] fnus'k] iqtkjh vkSj ek¡drkZ gS tks ozQe ls lksus] i<+us] iwtk djus vkSj lC”kh dkVus dk dke dj jgs gASa fdra q bueas nks drkZ oQs lkFk ^u*s ijlxZ yxk gS vkjS nks oQs lkFk dkbs Z ijlxZ ugha gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd drkZ dkjd dk iz;ksx nks izdkj ls gksrk gSAµ ijlxZ&jfgr vkSj ijlxZ&lfgrA izk;% ^us* ijlxZ (foHkfDr) dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky esa ldeZd fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA tSls& lSfud us xksyh pykbZ eqUus us nw/ ih fy;kA vdeZd /krqvksa osQ lkFk ^us* ijlxZ dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA tSls& cPpk jks jgk FkkA ';kek g¡l jgh FkhA fo'ks\"k % ;n~;fi drkZ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^us* gS] ijarq dHkh&dHkh okD; esa drkZ osQ lkFk vU; foHkfDr;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& d- lhrk dks xk¡o tkuk Fkk] ij og tk ugha ldhA bu okD; esa ^lhrk laKkin gS] tks fd drkZ gSA ;gk¡lhrk drkZ osQ lkFk deZ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^dks* dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vkSj lkFk gh og loZuke 'kCn foHkfDr osQ fcuk iz;qDr gqvk gSA [k- nknkth ls nkMS k+ ugha tkrkA ;gk¡nknkth drkZ g]S ij dj.k dkjd dh foHkfDr ^l*s dk i;z kxs gvq k gAS x- lHkkifr egksn; n~okjk izsjd Hkk\"k.k fn;k x;kA bl okD; esa drkZ lHkkifr egksn; osQ lkFk dj.k dkjd dh foHkfDr n~okjk dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA 2- deZ dkjd (dks) okD; esa ftl laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn ij fozQ;k dk IkQy iM+rk gS] og deZ dkjd dgykrk gSA tSls& 'kfeZyk jhuk dks le>krh gSA lfork us pknj dks >kM+kA bu okD;ksa esa djhuk vkSj pknj deZ dkjd gSA buosQ lkFk ^dks* ijlxZ yxk gSaA bu okD;ksa esa fozQ;k dk IkQy bu nksuksa laKkvksa ij iM+rk gSA blfy, ;s deZ dkjd gSaA deZ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^dks* gSA fganh esa deZ dkjd dk iz;ksx ^dks* ijlxZ osQ lkFk vkSj blosQ fcuk Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& jktu i=k fy[krk gSA ek¡cPps dks nw/ fiykrh gSA buesa igys okD; esa ,d deZ (i=k) vkSj nwljs okD; esa nks deZ gSa (cPpk vkSj nw/)A lksgu xk¡o x;k&bl okD; esa xk¡o deZ gSA foHkfDr osQ fcuk deZ dk irk yxkus osQ fy, fozQ;k ij ^dgk¡* ;k ^D;k* iz'u iwNk tkrk gS vkSj muosQ mRrj deZ gksrs gSaA tSls& cPps fon~;ky; tkrs gSaA (dgk¡) lfork fuca/ fy[krh gSA (D;k) 51 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

3- dj.k dkjd (ls] n~okjk) drkZ ftl lk/u ;k ekè;e ls dk;Z djrk gS] ml lk/u ;k ekè;e dks dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& jtuh us ikuh ls iRrs lkIk+ Q fd,A ehrk us vius uR` ; oQs no~ kjk lcdk eu eksg fy;kA bu okD;kas eas ikuh vkjS uR` ; ^dj.k dkjd* gaS vkjS buls dk;Z lia Uu gvq k gAS bu nkus kas 'kCnkas ^l*s vkjS ^oQs no~ kjk* foHkfDr;kas dk i;z kxs gvq k gAS dHkh&dHkh bu foHkfDr;kas oQs fcuk Hkh dj.k dkjd dk i;z kxs gkrs k gAS tSls& jke osQ gkFkksa ckfy ekjk x;kA le> esa ugha vkrk fdlosQ gkFk rqEgsa migkj Hkstw¡! 4- laiznku dkjd (dks] osQ fy,) drkZ ftlosQ fy, dk;Z djrk gS ;k ftls oqQN nsrk gS] bldk irk ftl 'kCn ls pyrk gS] mls laiznku dkjd dgrs gSaA firkth osQ'ko osQ fy, deht yk,A tSls& ukuhth us o`Qfrdk dks feBkbZ nhA bu okD;ksa esa o`Qfrdk vkSj osQ'ko laiznku dkjd gSaA bu okD;ksa esa ukukth vkSj firkth drkZ gSa] ftUgksaus feBkbZ vkSj deht nsus rFkk ykus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA 5- viknku dkjd ls (vyx gksuk] rqyuk) laKk vkSj loZuke osQ ftl :i ls vyx gksus vkSj rqyuk djus dk irk pyrk gS] mls viknku dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& xaxk fgeky; ls fudyrh gSA Vhuk cchrk ls iryh gSA bu okD;ksa esa fgeky; vkSj cchrk viknku dkjd gSA buosQ lkFk ^ls* ijl yxk gSA buls vyx gksus ;k rqyuk djus dk irk pyrk gSA ;s viknku dkjd gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr Mjus] nwjh osQ fy, Hkh ^ls* ijlxZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& cPpksa dks fcYyh ls Mj yxrk gSA fnYyh ls dksydkrk fdruh nwj gS\\ 6- laca/ dkjd (dk] osQ] dh vkfn) laKk vFkok loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; osQ nwljs laKk 'kCnksa osQ izdV gks] ml :i dks laca/ dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& lfork dh nknh dk vkt tUefnu gSA fnO;k dh cgu chekj gSA rqEgkjh iqLrd vPNh gSA viuh fdrkc mls ns nksA bu okD;ksa esa lfork dh] nknh dk] fnO;k dh] rqEgkjh] viuh laca/ dkjd osQ mnkgj.k gSaA dk] osQ] dh] jk] js] uk] us] uh laca/ dkjd osQ ijlxZ gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 52

7- vf/dj.k dkjd (esa] ij) laKk osQ ftl :i ls fozQ;k osQ vk/kj] le; vkSj LFkku vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mls vf/dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& i{kh vkdk'k esa mM+ jgs gSA rksrk Mky ij cSBk gSA ek;k ?kj esa gSA eq> ij o`Qik djsaA bu okD;ksa esa vkdk'k esa] Mky ij] ?kj esa vkSj eq> ij vf/dj.k dkjd gSa] D;ksafd ;s lc lacaf/r fozQ;kvksa osQ vk/kj gSaA 8- lacks/u dkjd (vjs] js] gs] vkfn) ftu laKk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx lacks/u osQ :i esa cqykus ;k iqdkjus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa lacks/u dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& vjs! nhid b/j vkvksA gs Nk=kks! eu yxkdj i<+ksA bu okD;kas eas nhid vkjS Nk=kkas dk i;z kxs lca k/s u oQs :i eas gvq k gS vkjS buoQs lkFk vjs vkjS gs ijlxZ yxs gAaS lacks/u dkjd esa foLe;lwpd fpg~u (!) yxk;k tkrk gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls okD; osQ fdlh nwljs 'kCn osQ lkFk mudk laca/ tkuk tk,] mls ^dkjd* dgrs gSaA • fganh esa dkjd vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- drkZ 2- deZ 3- dj.k 4- laiznku 5- viknku 6- laca/ 7- vf/djd 8- lacks/u vH;kl dk;Z 1- dkjd fdls dgrs gSa\\ dkjdksa dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- deZ dkjd vkSj laiznku dkjd Nk¡VksaA d- geus fo|ky; dks migkj fn;kA 53 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

[k- iqfyl us pksj dks idM+ fy;kA x- lkSjHk] xkSjo dks cqykvksA ?k- ;gk¡i<+us dks v[kckj ugha feykA 3- dj.k dkjd vkSj viknku dkjd Nk¡VksA d- ljyk xkM+h ls vkbZ gSA [k- jek eqacbZ ls vkbZ gSA x- og pVuh ls jksVh [kk jgk gSA ?k- og xsan ls [ksyrk gSA --------------------------------- 4- ijlxZ yxkdj okD; fIkQj ls fy[kksA --------------------------------- --------------------------------- d- rqe yksxksa dk >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA --------------------------------- [k- fd'ku lqjs'k le>k;kA --------------------------------- x- cPPkk fcYyh Mjrk gSA --------------------------------- ?k- ikuh eNyh gSA M-+ i{kh vkdk'k mM+ jgk gSA p- isM+ IkQy fxjsA 5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ks esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ dkjd crkvksA d- eSa iqLrdky; tkrk gw¡A --------------------------------- [k- cqvkth us eq>s vkbLozQhe f[kykbZA --------------------------------- x- jhek fon~;ky; ls nks cts vkrh gSA --------------------------------- ?k- og xk¡o x;kA --------------------------------- M-+ yaxwj Nr ij cSBk gSA --------------------------------- p- ukSdj us iyax ij pknj fcNkbZA --------------------------------- N- lhek osQ gkFk ls fxykl fxjkA --------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 54

11 loZuke (Pronoun) nhIrh esjh lgsyh gSA og esjs lkFk i<+rh gSA bu okD;ksa es nhIrh laKk gSA nhIrh osQ LFkku ij og 'kCn vk;k gSA ;g loZuke gSA laKk osQ LFkku ij vkus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA loZuke osQ Hksn loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- iq#\"kokpd loZuke 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke 4- laca/okpd loZuke 5- iz'uokpd loZuke 6- futokpd loZuke 1- iq#\"kokpd loZuke cksyus okys] lquus okys vkSj ftlosQ fo\"k; esa ckr gksrh gS] buosQ fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys loZuke ^iq#\"kokpd loZuke* dgykrs gSaA tSls& eSa] ge] rw] rqe] og] os vkfnA iq#\"kokpd loZuke osQ Hksn iq#\"kokpd loZuke rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa% d- mRre iq#\"k [k- eè;e iq#\"k x- vU; iq#\"k d- mRre iq#\"k% ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx cksyusokyk ;k fy[kusokyk vius fy, djrk gS] mUgsa ^mRre iq#\"k* dgrs gSa] tSls& eSa crk rks jgk gw¡A eSaus mldh dfork lquhA ge [ksysaxsA geus fucU/ fy[kk gSA 55 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

bu okD;ksa esa eaS] ge] eSaus] geus mRre iq#\"k gSaA eSa] esjk] eSaus] eq>s] ge] gekjk] gels vkfn ^mRre* ^iq#\"kokpd loZuke* osQ :i gSaA [k- eè;e iq#\"k% ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx lquus okys osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa ^eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke* dgk tkrk gSA tSls& rw dy dgk¡tk,xk\\ rqeus Bhd gh dgkA rqe dgksxs rks [kjhn¡wxkA rqEgkjk xkuk lqu jgk gw¡A bu okD;ksa esa vk, rw] rqe] rqeus] rqEgkjk eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke gSaA vki] vkius] vkidks vkfn Hkh eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke gSaA x- vU; iq#\"k% ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx oDrk ;k Jksrk fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ fy, djrk gS] mls vU; iq#\"kokpd loZuke] dgrs gSaA tSls& og vkdj lks xbZA mUgsa feBkbZ f[kykvksA os b/j tk jgs FksA mls buke nksA bu okD;ksa esa og] os] mUgsa] mls vU; iq#\"k loZuke gSaA mUgksaus] mudks] buls] buosQ fy, vkfn Hkh vU; iq#\"kokpd loZuke gksrs gSaA 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke tks loZuke 'kCn fdlh fuf'pr oLrq] O;fDr ;k ?kVuk vkfn dh vksj laosQr djs] mls fu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& esjh txg og gSA ;g fd'kksj dk edku gSA ;s esjh dehtsa gSaA bu okD;ksa esa] og] ;g] ;s fu'p;okpd loZuke gSaA 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa ls fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr] oLrq ;k ?kVuk dk irk ugha pyrk] mUgsa vfu';okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& fdlh us owQM+k IksQadk gSA dksbZ ml vksj vk;k gSA nw/ esa oqQN fxj x;k gSA bu okD;ksa esa fdlh] dksbZ vkSj oqQN vfu'p;okpd loZuke gSaA 4- laca/okpd loZuke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa ls okD; esa vk, fdlh nwljs loZuke ls muosQ laca/ irk pyrk gS] mUgsa laca/okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& tks bZekunkj gS] og lIkQy gksxkA ftldh ykBh mldh HkSalA bu okD;ksa esa vk, tks&og] ftldh] mldh vkfn 'kCn laca/okpd loZuke osQ mnkgj.k gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 56

5- iz'uokpd loZuke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh] O;fDr] oLrq vkSj dk;Z vkfn osQ fo\"k; esa iz'u fd;k tkrk gS] mls iz'uokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& rqEgkjk uke D;k gS\\ bruk vPNk [kkuk fdlus cuk;k\\ dkSu 'kksj epk jgk Fkk\\ bl rkys dh pkch fdlosQ ikl gS\\ bu okD;ksa esa vk, D;k] dkSu] fdlus vkSj fdlosQ 'kCn iz'uokpd loZuke gSaA 6- futokpd loZuke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx drkZ osQ lkFk viukiu crykus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa futokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& eSaus mRrj Lo;a fudkykA rqe gVks_ eSa [kqn gh IkQksu dj y¡wxkA mlus [kkuk vki cuk;kA rqe Lo;a ;g dk;Z djksA bu okD;ksa esa Lo;a] vki] [kqn] futokpd loZuke gSaA fo'ks\"k % è;ku nsa fd loZuke 'kCnksa dk lacks/u dkjd esa dksbZ :i ugha gksrkA loZukeksa dk :i ifjorZu ^eSa* mRre iq#\"kokpd loZuke dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ eSa] eSaus ge] geus deZ eq>s] eq>dks gesa] gedks dj.k eq>ls] esjs n~okjk gels] gekjs n~okjk laiznku eq>dks] esjs fy,] eq>s gedks] gekjs fy,] gesa viknku eq>ls gels laca/ esjk] esjh] esjs gekjk] gekjh] gekjs vf/dj.k eq>ls] eq> ij gels ge ij dkjd ^rw* eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke cgqopu ,dopu drkZ rqe] rqeus deZ rw] rwus rqEgsa] rqedks dj.k rq>s] rw>dks rqels] rqEgkjs n~okjk laiznku rq>ls] rsjs n~okjk rqEgsa] rqEgkjs fy, viknku rq>s] rsjs fy, rqels laca/ rq>ls rqEgkjk] rqEgkjh] rqEgkjs vf/dj.k rsjk] rsjh] rsjs rqe esa] rqe ij rq>esa] rq> ij fganh O;kdj.k & 7 57

fo'ks\"k % ^rw* dk iz;ksx vktdy cgqr de gksrk gSA f'k\"Vkpkjo'k ^rw* osQ LFkku ij ^rqe* dk iz;ksx loZekU; gks x;k gSA tSls & vc rqe D;k dj jgs gks\\ rqe dgk¡jgrs gks\\ ^rw* dk iz;ksx vR;f/d fudVrk] izse ,oa fujknj osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & rw rks esjk I;kjk fe=k gSA rw Hkkx tk ;gk¡ls_ fIkQj dHkh u vkukA ^rw* dk iz;ksx bZ'oj dks lacksf/r djus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & rw gh esjk j{kd gSA ^rw* eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ og] mlus os] mUgksaus deZ mldks] mls mudks] mUgsa dj.k mlls] mlosQ n~okjk muls] muosQ n~okjk laiznku mls] mldks] mlosQ fy, mUgsa] mudks] muosQ fy, viknku mlls muls laca/ mldk] mldh] mlosQ mudk] mudh] muosQ vf/dj.k mlesa] ml ij muesa] mu ij dkjd ^;g* fu'p;okpd loZuke cgqopu drkZ ,dopu deZ ;s] bUgksaus dj.k ;g] blus bUgsa] budks laiznku bls] bldks buls] buosQ n~okjk viknku blls] blosQ n~okjk bUgsa ] budh] buosQ fy, laca/ bls] bldks] blosQ fy, buls vf/dj.k blls budk] budh] buosQ bldk] bldh] blosQ buesa] bu ij blesa] bl ij dksbZ vfu'p;okpd loZuke dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ deZ dksbZ] fdlh us dksbZ] fdUgha us
 fdlh dks fdUgha dks fganh O;kdj.k & 7 58

dkjd ,dopu cgqopu dj.k fdlh ls] fdlh osQ n~okjk fdUgha ls] fdUgha osQ n~okjk laiznku fdlh dks] fdlh osQ fy, fdUgha dks] fdUgha osQ fy, viknku fdlh ls fdUgha ls laca/ fdlh dk] fdlh dh] fdlh osQ fdUgha dk] fdUgha dh] fdUgh osQ vf/dj.k fdlh esa] fdlh ij fdUgha esa] fdUgha ij dkjd ^tks* laca/okpd loZuke cgqopu ,dopu drkZ tks] ftUgksaus deZ tks] ftlus ftUgsa] ftudks dj.k ftls] ftldks ftuls laiznku ftlls ftudks] ftuosQ fy, viknku ftldks] ftlosQ fy, ftuls laca/ ftlls ftudk] ftudh] ftuosQ ftldk] ftldh] ftlosQ vkvks nksgjk,¡ 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke 6- futokpd loZuke • laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA • loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa% 1- iq#\"kokpd loZuke 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke 4- laca/okpd loZuke 5- iz'uokpd loZuke vH;kl dk;Z 1- loZuke fdls dgrs gSa\\ budk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\\ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kvksA 2- loZuke osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\\ izR;sd osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft,A 3- iq#\"kokpd loZuke fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\\ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A 59 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

4- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mi;qDr loZuke Hkjdj okD;ksa dks iwjk djksA d- eSaus vius tUefnu ij ------------------------------ Hkh cqyk;k gSA (os) [k- ------------------------------ cgqr lqanj xhr xk;kA (og) x- og iqLrd ------------------------------ gS\\ (dkSu) ?k- xq#th us ------------------------------ cqyk;k gSA (rqe) M-+ ------------------------------ cgqr dke fd;k gS] mls 'kkck'kh nksA (;g) 5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ls loZuke Nk¡Vks rFkk muosQ izdkj Hkh crkvksA d- eq>s yxrk gS tSls Dokj osQ fnu vk x, gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- D;k gS js\\ rw ;gk¡D;ksa cSBk gS\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- eSaus bls ugha igpkukA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- feyrk Hkyk D;k gS\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ M-+ bl cPph dk D;k gksxk_ dkSu tkus\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6- loZuke 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kksA d- mlus Hkkstu idk;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- fdlh ls diM+s /qyokb,A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- bUgksaus lhek dks i<+k;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ;g iafMr gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- ;s jktk osQ Hkou gSaA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p- pk; fdUgsa nw¡\\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- N- bldh iqLrd [kks xbZA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- t- mls cqyk ykb,A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 60

12 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) xUns gkFkksa ls er [kkvksA xje idkSM+s [kk jgs gSaA nks yhVj rsy ykvksA bu okD;ksa esa vk, gkFkksa] idkSM+s vkSj rsy laKk 'kCn gSaA xUns] xje vkSj nks yhVj 'kCn budh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrs gSaA vr% ;s fo'ks\"k.k gSaA laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA fo'ks\"; % ftu 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk izdV dh tkrh gS] mUgsa fo'ks\"; dgrs gSaA Åij osQ okD;ksa esa gkFkksa] idkSM+s] rsy fo'ks\"; gSaA fo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksn fo'ks\"k.k pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & 1- xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 2- la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 3- ifj.kkeokpd fo'ks\"k.k] 4- lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k 1- xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa osQ xq.k] nks\"k] Lokn] vkdkj] jax vkSj voLFkk vkfn dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys fo'ks\"k.kksa dks xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA xq.kcks/d % 'kkar] ohj] bZekunkj] lq'khy] vPNk] n;kyq] cqn~f/eku] lR;oknh vkfnA nks\"kcks/d % dk;j] Mjiksd] >wBk] ?keaMh] ikih] nq\"V vkfnA jaxcks/d % uhyk] ihyk] gjk] yky] xqykch] tkequh vkfnA vkdkjck/s d % piVk] xksy] lh/k] yack] Å¡pk] eksVk] iryk vkfnA Lokncks/d % uedhu] ehBk] dM+ok] [kV~Vk] pViVk vkfnA n'kkcks/d % jksxh] LoLFk] de”kksj] Hkkjh] gYdk vkfnA LFkkucks/d % Hkkjrh;] varjkZ\"Vªh;] ns'kh] fons'kh] igkM+h] eSnkuh] xzkeh.k] vesfjdh] :lh] phuh] 61 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

tkikuh] xqtjkrh] iatkch] caxkyh] ve`rljh] y[kuoh vkfnA dkycks/d % nSfud] ikf{kd] ekfld] {kf.kd] izkphu] uwru] uohu] okf\"kZd vkfnA 2- la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ftu fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls laKk vkSj loZuke dh la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& nh{kk lkroha d{kk esa i<+rh gSaA izkphj dk nwljk HkkbZ bathfu;j gSA bu okD;ksa esa lkroha vkSj nwljk la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaA d- fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh fuf'pr la[;k izdV djus okys fo'ks\"k.kksa dks fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& ik¡pkas ikaMo fot;h gq,A ik¡poh yM+dh dks iqjLdkj feyk FkkA bu okD;ksa esa vk, ik¡pksa vkSj ik¡poh fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSa D;ksfd buls la[;kvksa dk irk pyrk gSA [k- vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh fuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ u djkus okys fo'ks\"k.kksa dks vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& oqQN 'kjkjrh cPpksa us x`g&dk;Z ugha fd;kA vkt nqdku ij de xzkgd vk,A 'kCn vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA buls fuf'pr la[;kvksa dk irk ugha pyrkA 3- ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh ek=kk vkSj eki&rkSy izdV djus okys fo'ks\"k.kksa dks ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& lC”kh esa FkksM+k elkyk vkSj MkyksA nks ehVj jLlh ykukA ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa osQ fuf'pr ifjek.k dk cks/ djkus okys fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& jf'e us nks fdyks I;kt [kjhnsA lk{kh vk/k yhVj nw/ ykbZA bu okD;ksa esa vk, nks fdyks vkSj vk/k yhVj 'kCnksa ls fuf'pr eki&rkSy dk irk pyrk gSA ;s fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gaSA [k- vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k fganh O;kdj.k & 7 62

ftu fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls laKk vkSj loZuke osQ fuf'pr eki&rkSy dk irk ugha pyrk] mUgsa vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& nky esa FkksM+k rM+dk yxkvksA 'kjcr esa vf/d phuh iM+ xbZA fcYyh dks de nw/ feykA esjs fy, i;kZIr txg gSA bu okD;ksa esa FkksM+k] vf/d] de] i;kZIr 'kCn vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA buls ?kh] phuh] nw/ vkSj txg dh fuf'pr ek=kk dk irk ugha pyrkA 4- lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k laKk dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys loZuke 'kCnksa dks lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA bUgsa laosQrokpd fo'ks\"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA tSls& ml yM+osQ dks iqjLdkj feykA mu ;qodksa us yM+dh dh tku cpkbZA og ?kj lquank dk gSA ;g lM+d eksg;ky dkWyksuh tkrh gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, ml] mu] og vkSj ;g lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k gSaA okLro esa] ;s 'kCn loZuke gSa ijarq bu okD;ksa esa ;s laKk 'kCnksaµyM+osQ] ;qodksa] ?kj vkSj lM+dµdh fo'ks\"krk izdV dj jgs gSaA ;s loZuke 'kCn laKk 'kCnksa ls igys yxdj mudh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrs gSaA blfy, bUgsa lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vkt d{kk esa ik¡p cPps vuqifLFkr gSaA eq>s ik¡p ehVj diM+k pkfg,A oqQN fdrkcsa es”k ij j[kh gSaA xkM+h esa oqQN isVªksy Myok yksA esjs ikl cgqr f[kykSus gSaA dy cgqr ikuh cjlkA la[;kokpd vkSj ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.kksa esa varj mij fy[ks okD;ksa esa ik¡p] oqQN] cgqr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx nksuksa oxkasZ esa gqvk gSA tc fxuus ;ksX; fo'ks\";ksa (O;fDr;ksa vFkok oLrqvksa) osQ lkFk bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rc ;s la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& cPps] fdrkcsa] f[kykSus lc fxus tk ldrs gSaA tc ;s 'kCn ,slh oLrqvksa osQ lkFk iz;qDr gksrs gSa] tks fxus ugha tk ldrs] cfYd ftUgsa ekik ;k rkSyk tkrk gS] rc ;s ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& diM+k ,oa isVªksy ekik&rkSyk tkrk gSA ik¡p ehVj fuf'pr ifjek.k dk cks/ djkrs gSa tcfd oqQN vkSj cgqr 'kCn vfuf'pr ek=kk osQ cks/d gSaA vr% ;gk¡;s ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSaA fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk 63 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

fganh esa ewy fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn de gh gSa] tSls& lqanj] e/qj] rhoz] y?kq] Å¡pk] Hkksyk] prqj] ew[kZ vkfnA vf/dka'k fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk laKk] loZUkke] fozQ;k vkSj vO;; vkfn 'kCnksa osQ lkFk milxZ vFkok izR;; yxkdj dh tkrh gSA d- laKk 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk& 1- bd izR;; yxkdjµ fnu nSfud lkfgR; lkfgfR;d 'kCn 'kkfCnd /eZ /kfeZd lekt lkekftd uhfr uSfrd Hkwr HkkSfrd bfrgkl ,sfrgkfld vFkZ vkfFkZd 2- br izR;; yxkdj& iq\"i iqf\"ir ifjp; ifjfpr fp=k fpf=kr iQy iQfyr lap; lafpr fu'p; fuf'pr tho thfor fodkl fodflr ihM+k ihfM+r 3- vk vkSj bZ izR;; yxkdjµ Hkksx Hkksxh yksHk yksHkh phu phuh Hkw[kk I;kl I;klk I;kj I;kjk Hkw[k nq[kh nks\"k nks\"kh jksx jksxh nq[k 4- bZu yxkdjµ oqQy oqQyhu 'kkSd 'kkSdhu xzke xzkeh.k ledky ledkyhu ued uedhu jax jaxhu 5- bZ; yxkdjµ Hkkjr Hkkjrh; LFkku LFkkuh; bZ'oj bZ'ojh; fparu fparuh; Lej.k Lej.kh; tkfr tkrh; 6- vkyq yxkdjµ Jn~/k Jn~/kyq >xM+k >xM+kyq n;k n;kyq o`Qik o`Qikyq 'kadk 'kadkyq bZ\";kZ bZ\";kZyq 7- by vkSj be yxkdjµ iad iafdy var vafre Lo.kZ Lof.kZe tVk tfVy jDr jfDre isQu isQfuy fganh O;kdj.k & 7 64

ÅehZ ÅfeZy LoIu LofIuy vkfn vkfne 8- eku vkSj oku yxkdjµ /h /heku /u /uoku Jh Jheku pfj=k pfj=koku cy cyoku cqn~f/ cqn~f/eku ewY; ewY;oku 'kfDr 'kfDreku xfr xfreku fo\"kSyk iQyokyk iwQiQk iqQisQjk 9- ,jk vkSj ,syk yxkdjµ eesjk jaxhyk pkpk ppsjk ou ouSykfo\"k ekSlk ekSlsjkekek iQy iq=korh pk; pk;okyk jax :iorh jl jlhyk 10- okyk vkSj bZyk yxkdjµ nw/ nw/okyk iq=k xkSjo'kkyh cqn~f/ cqn~f/erh iku ikuokyk :i vUue; lkSHkkX; lkSHkkX;orh 11- erh vkSj orh yxkdjµ xkSjo cy cy'kkyh :i :iorh vUu lq[k lq[ke; vk;q vk;q\"efr 12- e; vkSj 'kkyh yxkdjµ HkkX; HkkX;'kkyh nq[k nq[ke; [k- loZuke 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk loZuke fo'ks\"k.k loZuke fo'ks\"k.k loZuke fo'ks\"k.k tks tSlk ;g ,slk og oSlk eSa ejs k@e>q &lk dkuS oQS lk rqe rqe&lk x- fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk fo'ks\"k.k dekÅ fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k fozQ;k HkxkSM+k fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k [kkuk dekuk ltkoVh csp fcdkÅ mtkMu+ k [kkÅ Hkkxuk vM+uk vfM+;y mM+uk mtkMw+ ltkuk fo'ks\"k.k i<+uk i<+kowQ mM+kowQ vxyk ?k- vO;; 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk 65 vO;; fo'ks\"k.k vO;; vO;; fo'ks\"k.k Åij Åijh vkxs Hkhrj Hkhrjh fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftu 'kCnksa ls laKk ;k loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk dk cks/ gks] mUgsa fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fo'ks\"; esa D;k varj gS\\ fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ls fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fo'ks\"; Nk¡VksA fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; d- pklqdh&pku us nqfu;k dh ubZ >yd ns[khA ----------------------- ----------------------- [k- rks vki viuh ?kuh&?kuh Nk;k bl ij fd, jgsaA x- 'kjhj esa yxHkx ik¡p yhVj [kwu gksrk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------- ?k- Lo.k&Z Üka`[kyk osQ ca/au esa viuh xfr mM+ku lc HkwysA Ä- ge iaNh mUeqDr xxu dsA ----------------------- ----------------------- p- dgha Hkyh gS dVqd fuckSjhA N- ,sls Fks vjeku fd mM+rs uhys uHk dh lhek ikusA ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- 2- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa Hkkookpd laKk,¡vkSj fo'ks\"k.k Nk¡VksA d- ge izo`Qfr ls rkyesy j[ksa vkSj /jrh dks gjk&Hkjk Hkkookpd laKk fo'ks\"k.k ----------------------- ----------------------- cuk, j[ksaA ----------------------- ----------------------- [k- vkidh cgknqjh ns[kdj eSa cgqr [kq'k gw¡A ----------------------- ----------------------- x- vosQyh cdjh mldk dc rc eqdkcyk djrh\\ ----------------------- ----------------------- ?k- gesa fo'okl gks x;k fd blesa dksbZ /ks[kk ugha gSA 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ls fo'ks\"k.k vkSj izfo'ks\"k.k Nk¡VksA d- ty vkSj ekuo&thou dk laca/ vR;ar ?kfu\"B gSA fo'ks\"k.k izfo'ks\"k.k ----------------------- ----------------------- [k- vuhrk lwn fiNys vkB o\"kkasZ ls jk\"Vªh; pSafi;u jgh gSA ----------------------- ----------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 66

x- ;g eafnj 2000 o\"kkasZ ls Hkh vf/d iqjkuk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------- ?k- bl NksVs ls cukoVh taxy esa laè;k lk¡;&lk¡; djus yxhA ----------------------- ----------------------- Ä- vkjrh iz/ku lcls de vk;q dh Hkkjrh; yM+dh gSA ----------------------- ----------------------- 4- fn, x, okD;ksa ls loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k Nk¡VksA d- gekjh iqLrd ;g gSA loZuke lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k [k- ;g iqLrd gekjh gSA ----------------------- ----------------------- x- rqe fdldh ckr dj jgs gks\\ ----------------------- ----------------------- ?k- rqe fdl yM+dh dh ckr dj jgs gks\\ ----------------------- ----------------------- Ä- D;k rqEgsa Hkh oqQN lkeku pkfg,\\ ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- 5- fo'ks\"k.k cukvksA [k- cspuk ----------------- x- lIrkg ----------------- d- Í.k ----------------- Ä- iatkc ----------------- p- uxj ----------------- ?k- iqjk.k ----------------- t- Hkkjr ----------------- >- ckgj ----------------- N- jkst ----------------- [k- ped ------------------ x- xfr ------------------ Ä- ?ku ------------------ p- vad ------------------ 6- laKkvksa ls fo'ks\"k.k cukvksA t- oqQy ------------------ >- nw/ ------------------ d- LoxZ ------------------ V- bfrgkl ------------------ B- jksx ------------------ ?k- pfj=k ------------------ <- ioZr ------------------ .k- cukjl ------------------ N- 'kadk ------------------ Fk- ekuo ------------------ ×k- ou ------------------ M- tho ------------------ r- Hkwr ------------------ 67 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

13 fdz ;k (Verb) lquhrk i<+ jgh gSA ek¡jlksbZ esa [kkuk cuk jgh gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, i<+ jgh gS vkSj cuk jgh gS] 'kCnksa ls dk;Z djus vkSj gksus dk irk pyrk gSA lHkh jaxhu 'kCn fozQ;k gSaA fozQ;k osQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh okD; iwjk ugha gksrkA ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa fozQ;k dgrs gSaA eq[; fozQ;k vkSj lgk;d fozQ;k fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+, vkSj muesa vkbZ fozQ;kvksa ij è;ku nhft,A d- lksgu ikB i<+ jgk gSA [k- og [kkuk [kk pqdk gSA x- eksfgr vc lks pqdk gksxkA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa vkbZ fozQ;kvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& d- eq[; vFkZ iznku djus okyk va'k (eq[; fozQ;k)&i<+] [kk] lksA [k- eq[; vFkZ osQ vykok 'ks\"k va'k (lgk;d fozQ;k) jgk gS] pqdk gS] pqdk gksxkA /krq fozQ;k 'kCn fodkjh gksrs gSaA fyax] opu] dkjd] dky vkfn osQ dkj.k fozQ;k 'kCnksa dk :i cnyrk gSA ;fn fdlh ,d fozQ;k osQ fofHkUu :iksa dks ns[kk tk,] tSls&i<+rk] i<+ jgk gS] i<w¡xk] i<+ pqdk gS] i<+uk pkfg,] i<+ks] i<+ pqdk gksrk vkfn] rks bu lcesa ^i<+* ,slk va'k gS] tks LkHkh fozQ;k {ks=kksa esa leku :i ls vk;k gSA vr% ^i<+* /krq gSA fozQ;k osQ Hksn fozQ;k osQ Hksnksa osQ nks vk/kj gksrs gSa& fganh O;kdj.k & 7 68

1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn vkSj 2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ HksnA 1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& d- vdeZd fozQ;k vkSj [k- ldeZd fozQ;kA d- vdeZd foQ;k % ftl okD; dh fozQ;k dks deZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] mls vdeZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA vdeZd fozQ;k dk iQy drkZ ij iM+rk gSA bl fozQ;k dk dksbZ deZ ugha gksrk] tSls& eqUuh jksus yxhA ?kksM+k rs”k Hkkxrk gSA Hkkuq mB x;kA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡jksus yxh] mB x;k] Hkkxrk gS] g¡lrk gS vdeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA Åij fy[ks okD; fcuk deZ osQ Hkh iw.kZ gSaA vdeZd fozQ;k dh igpku & okD; esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^D;k*] ^fdls* ;k ^fdldks* ls iz'u dhft,A ;fn mfpr mRrj izkIr u gks] rks og fozQ;k vdeZd gksxh] tSls& 1- foeyk nkSM+ jgh gSA D;k\\ fdls\\ fdldks\\ 2- lksgu pyrk gSA D;k\\ fdls\\ fdldks\\ mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa D;k nkSM+ jgh gS\\ fdldks nkSM+ jgh gS\\ D;k pyrk gS\\ fdldks pyrk gS\\ iz'u djus ls dksbZ mRrj izkIr ugha gksrkA vr% ^nkSM+uk* vkSj ^pyuk* vdeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA [k- ldeZd foQ;k % ftl foQz ;k oQs LkkFk deZ vkrk gS ;k vk ldrk g]S og ldedZ foQz ;k dgykrh g_S tlS &s og tkeuq [kkrk gAS & bl okD; esa ^tkequ* deZ gSA vr% ^[kkrk gS* fozQ;k ldeZd gSA ldeZd fozQ;k dh igpku & okD; esa vkbZ fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^D;k*] ^fdls* ;k ^fdldks* ls iz'u dhft,A ;fn mfpr mRrj izkIr gks ;k izkIr gks ldrk gS] rks og fozQ;k ldeZd ekuh tk,xh] tSls& dfiy us xhr xk;kA D;k xk;k\\ xhr 'k'kakd us firkth dks i=k fy[kkA D;k fy[kk\\ i=k fdls fy[kk\\ firkth dks mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa vkbZ fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk ^D;k* vkSj ^fdls* iz'u djus ij mfpr mRrj izkIr gksrk gSA vr% ^xkuk* vkSj ^fy[kuk* fozQ;k,¡ldeZd gSaA 2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn d- la;qDr fozQ;k [k- uke/krq fozQ;k x- izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k ?k- iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k 69 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

d- la;qDr fozQ;k % ftu okD;ksa dh ,d ls vf/d fozQ;k,¡feydj ,d gh dk;Z iw.k djrh gSa] mUgsa la;qDr fozQ;k dgrs gSa] tSls& xkM+h py nhA (py $ nsuk) cPpk vk x;kA (vk $ tkuk) ^py nh* dk vFk&Z ^pyuk* rFkk ^vk x;k* dk vFkZ & ^vkuk* gh gAS vr% Li\"V gS fd mi;DZq r okD;kas dh foQz ;k,¡nk&s nks /krvq kas oQs ;kxs ls rks cuh g]S ijUrq e[q ; vFkZ igyh foQz ;k gh inz ku djrh gAS [k- uke/krq fozQ;k % tks fozQ;k,¡laKk] loZUkke vkSj fo'ks\"k.k vkfn ls curha gSa] mUgsa ^uke/krq fozQ;k* dgrs gSa] tSls& tfru n~okjk xksihukFk dk [ksr gfFk;kuk xyr gSA dke NksM+dj fnuHkj cfr;kuk vPNk ugha yxrkA bu okD;ksa esa gfFk;kuk vkSj cfr;kuk uke/krq fozQ;k,¡gSaA uke/krq fozQ;k cukuk 1- laKk ls uke/krq fozQ;k laKk uke/krq fozQ;k laKk uke/krq fozQ;k ykt ytkuk ckr cfr;kuk gkFk gfFk;kuk 'kje 'kjekuk ykr yfr;kuk fi+ QYe fi+ QYekuk 2- loZuke ls uke/krq fozQ;k % viuk ls viukukA fo'ks\"k.k uke/krq fozQ;k 3- fo'ks\"k.k ls uke/krq rksryk rqrykuk xje xjekuk fo'ks\"k.k uke/krq fozQ;k fpduk fpdukuk eksVk eqVkuk lkB lfB;kuk uje ujekuk 4- vuqdj.kokph 'kCnksa ls uke/krq fozQ;k,¡& fgufgu ls fgufgukuk] FkjFkj ls FkjFkjkuk] cM+cM+ ls cM+cM+kuk] VuVu ls VuVukuk vkfnA x- izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k % ftl fozQ;k dks drkZ Loa; u djosQ nwljs dks djus dh izsj.kk nsrk gS] mls ^izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k* dgrs gSa] tSls& ekyfdu ukSdjkuh ls cjru lki+ Q djokrh gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 70

j?kqohj HkkbZ dks foKku i<+krk gSA ek¡cPPks ls vkVk e¡xokrh gSA bu okD;ksa esa ekyfdu] j?kqohj vkSj ek¡izsj.kk nsus okys drkZ gSaA ukSdjkuh] HkkbZ vkSj cPps dks izsfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡djokrh] i<+krk vkSj e¡xokrh izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k osQ nks :i gksrs gSa& (d) izFke izsj.kkFkZd vkSj ([k) n~forh; izsj.kkFkZdA uhps fn, x, mnkgj.kksa dks è;ku ls if<+, rks lk/kj.k fozQ;k] izFke izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k vkSj n~forh; izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa esa varj Li\"V gks tk,xkA lqfer dgkuh lqurk gSA (lk/kj.k fozQ;k) nknh lqfer dks dgkuh lqukrh gSaA (izFke izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k) nknh dkark ls lqfer dks dgkuh lquokrh gSaA (n~forh; izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k) bu okD;ksa esa ewyr% dgkuh lquus dk dke lqfer djrk gSA izFke izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k esa nknh lqfer dks dgkuh lquus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSa vkSj n~forh; izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k esa og dkark ls dgkuh lquokrh gSaA bls vizR;{k izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k Hkh dgrs gSaA IkzFke izsj.kkFkZd (izR;{k) vkSj n~forh; izsj.kkFkZd (vizR;{k) fozQ;kvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k nsf[k,& ewy fozQ;k izR;{k izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k vizR;{k izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k ihuk fiykuk fiyokuk i<+uk i<+kuk i<+okuk fy[kuk fy[kkuk fy[kokuk nz\"VO; & è;ku j[ksa fd lHkh iszj.kkkFkZd fozQ;k,¡ldeZd gksrh gSaA ?k- iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k % fdlh okD; esa eq[; fozQ;k ls igys gqbZ fozQ;k dks ^iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k* dgrs gS] tSls& 'kqekaxh us Hkkxdj cl idM+hA jfodkar us mBdj njok”kk [kksykA oqQekj us >qddj iz.kke fd;kA bu okD;ksa esa Hkkxdj] mBdj vkSj >qddj iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k,¡gSaA ;s fozQ;k,¡eq[; fozQ;kvksa idM+h] [kksyk vkSj iz.kke fd;k ls igys gqbZ gSaA lkekU;r% ewy /krq esa dj vFkok djosQ tksM+dj iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k cukbZ tkrh gAS 71 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k fdlh osQ gksus dk cks/ gks] mUgsa fozQ;k dgrs gSaA • fozQ;k osQ fofHkUu :iksa esa tks va'k leku :i ls ik;k tkrk gS] mls /krq dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fozQ;k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djks rFkk crkvks fd os ldeZd gS ;k vdeZdA vdeZd fozQ;k ldeZd fozQ;k d- rqe vHkh ek¡osQ ikl tkvksA [k- esjs nksuksa cM+s HkkbZ gkWdh [ksyrs FksA x- eSa i<+us esa ,d ne fiQlM~Mh FkkA ?k- mlus eq>s viuh iqjkuh fLVd ns nhA Ä- og ikl j[kh ,d oqQlhZ ij cSB x;kA p- eukst us u;h dksBh cuokbZ gSA 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD;ksa dks nqckjk fy[kksA d- xkSjo ikuh ihrk gSA ------------------------------------------------ [k- ek¡diM+s /ksrh gSA ------------------------------------------------ x- og i=k fy[krk gSA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- ekyh ?kkl dkVrk gSA ------------------------------------------------ 3- uhps fn, x, izR;sd okD;&;qXe dks iwoZdkfyd fØ;k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tksM+dj ,d u, okD; esa cnyksA --------------------------------------- d- jfo us [kkuk [kk;k og lks x;kA • - lqjs'k Vh-oh- ns[krk gSA og lks tkrk gSA --------------------------------------- x- firkth us vkjke fd;kA os nÝrj x,A --------------------------------------- ?k- geus lekpkj lqusA geus Vh-oh can dj fn;kA --------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 72

14 dky (Tense) fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus osQ le; dk cks/ gks] mls dky dgrs gSaA dky osQ Hksn dky osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- Hkwrdky 2- orZeky dky vkSj 3- Hkfo\"; dkyA 1- Hkwrdky fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z osQ gks tkus dk irk pyrk gS] mls Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls & eSaus vkt fiT”kk [kk;k FkkA ckydks us xhr xk, FksA 2- orZeku dky fozQ;k osQ ftl :Ik ls mlosQ orZeku esa gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& jekdkar viuk edku cuok jgs gSaA enuyky tudiqjh esa jgrs gSaA 3- Hkfo\"; dky fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z osQ Hkfo\"; esa gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls Hkfo\"; dky dgrs gSaA tSls& ge lc ,d lkFk pysaxsA yM+osQ dcM~Mh [ksysaxsA pysaxs vkSj [ksysaxs fozQ;k,¡Hkfo\"; esa gksxhA vr% ;s Hkfo\"; dky dh fozQ;k,¡gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z djus ;k gksus osQ le; dk Kku gksrk gS] mls dky dgrs gSaA • fozQ;k osQ eq[;r% rhu dky gksrs gSaA 1- Hkwrdky 2- orZeku dky 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky 73 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

vH;kl dk;Z 1- foQz ;k oQs dky ls vki D;k le>rs g\\S fgna h oQs fdrus dky gkrs s g\\S iRz ;ds oQs nk&s nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,A 2- dks\"Bdksa esa fn, x, funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj fozQ;kvksa osQ dky ifjorZu djosQ okD;ksa dks nksckjk fy[kksA d- D;k eSa oqQN xyr dj jgk gw¡\\ (Hkwrdky esa cnfy,) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- tYnh gh ge fpnacje igq¡psA (Hkfo\";r~ dky esa cnfy,) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- fnO;k us 'ka[k vkSj lhih dh cuh phtsa [kjhnhA (orZeku dky esa cnfy,) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- os cgqeq[kh izfrHkk osQ O;fDr FksA (orZeku dky esa cnfy,) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- ifr&iRuh nksuksa tYnh ls rS;kj gksdj LVs'ku x,A (orZeku dky esa cnfy,A) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh fozQ;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djosQ muosQ dkyksa dk uke fy[kksµ d- firkth us ikB i<+k;kA ------------------------------------- [k- fdlh le; ge fnYyh esa jgrs FksA ------------------------------------- x- [kkuk [kRe gks pqdk FkkA ------------------------------------- ?k- eSa cktk ysdj vk;kA ------------------------------------- Ä- ;fn vki cqykrs rks eSa t:j vkrkA ------------------------------------- p- pjkxkg esa tkuoj pj jgs FksA ------------------------------------- N- Nk=k fp=kdkjh dj pqosQ FksA ------------------------------------- t- os xaxk esa ugkdj vk,A ------------------------------------- >- lkfgy okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke vk;k gSA ------------------------------------- ×k- o`Q\".k us dal dk o/ fd;k FkkA ------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 7 74

15 okP; (Voice) fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls irk pyrk gSa] fd okD; esa fozQ;k drkZ] deZ ;k Hkko osQ vuqlkj iz;qDr gqbZ gS] mls okP; dgrs gSaA okP; osQ Hksn okP; osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- dr`ZokP; 2- deZokP; vkSj 3- HkkookP; 1- dr`ZokP; ftl okD; dh fozQ;k drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] mls ^dr`ZokP;* dgrs gSaA dr`ZokP; dh fozQ;k osQ fyax vkSj opu drkZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSaA tSls& jk?ko dpkSM+h [kkrk gSA jtuh lekslk [kkrh gSA cPps iqLrd i<+ jgs gSaA efgyk;sa [kkuk cuk jgh gSaA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡ozQe'k% [kkrk gS] [kkrh gS] i<+ jgs gSa vkSj cuk jgh gSaA ;s okD;ksa osQ drkZvks osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vuqlkj gSaA 2- deZokP; ftl okD; dh fozQ;k mlosQ deZ osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] mls ^deZokP;* dgrs gSaA tSls& laxhrk ls ukfj;y [kk;k tkrk gSA xqjizhr ls iqLrosaQ i<+h tkrh gSaA oqQlqe ls vke [kjhns tkrs gSaA lyhe ls lkbfdy pykbZ tkrh gSA ukfj;y] iqLrosaQ] vke vkSj lkbfdy & ;s bu okD;ksa osQ deZ gSaA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡bUgha deZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vuqlkj gh iz;qDr gqbZ gSaA blfy, ;s deZokP; dh fozQ;k,¡gSaA 3- HkkookP; tks fozQ;k okD; osQ drkZ ;k deZ osQ vuqlkj u gksdj Hkko osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] mls ^HkkookP;* dgrs gSaA blesa Hkko dh iz/kurk gksrh gSA tSls& c<w s+ ls pyk ugha tkrkA oQq Rrs ls HkkdaS k ugha tkrkA fpfM;+ k ls mMk+ ugha tk,xkA lhek ls ukpk tkrk gAS bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡drkZ vkSj deZ osQ vuqlkj u gksdj Hkko osQ vuqlkj gSaA lkekU; :i ls HkkookP; dh fozQ;k,¡vU; iq#\"k vkSj ,dopu esa iz;qDr gksrh gSaA 75 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

okP;&ifjorZu 1- dr`ZokP; ls deZokP; cukuk d- fozQ;k dks deZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vuqlkj ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA [k- drkZ osQ i'pkr ^ls*] ^osQ n~okjk* ;k ^n~okjk* 'kCn yxk, tkrs gSaA dr`ZokP; deZokP; xqjizhr vke [kk jgk gSA xqjizhr n~okjk vke [kk;k tk jgk gSA Jo.k fozQosQV [ksy jgk gSA Jo.k n~okjk fozQosQV [ksyk tk jgk gSA 'kkfyuh larjs ykbZA 'kkfyuh n~okjk larjs yk, x,A 2- dr`ZokP; ls HkkookP; cukuk d- drkZ osQ lkFk ^ls* tksM+k tkrk gSA [k- HkkookP; dh fozQ;k dk iz;ksx ,dopu vkSj vU; iq#\"k esa fd;k tkrk gSA x- HkkookP; dk iz;ksx vf/drj fu\"ks/kRed :i esa gksrk gSA dr`ZokP; HkkookP; eSa ugha nkSM+rkA eq>ls nkSM+k ugha tkrkA eqfu;k ugha ukprhA eqfu;k ls ukpk ugha tkrkA fiz;k eqldjkrh gSA fiz;k ls eqldjk;k tkrk gSA 3- deZokP; vkSj HkkookP; ls dr`ZokP; cukuk d- lcls igys drkZ osQ lkFk iz;qDr ^ls*] ^osQ n~okjk* ;k ^n~okjk* 'kCn dks gVk nsaA [k- okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k dks drkZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vuqlkj cny nsA deZokP; drZ`okP; MkWú diwj ls jksfx;ksa dks nok nh tkrh gSA MkWú diwj jksfx;ksa dks nok nsrs gSaA cyjke ls dljr dh tkrh gSA cyjke dljr djrk gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa fozQ;k drkZ] deZ ;k Hkko osQ vuqlkj iz;qDr gqbZ gS] mls okP; dgrs gSaA 2- deZokP; 3- HkkookP; • okP; osQ Hksn& 1- dr`ZokP; fganh O;kdj.k & 7 76

vH;kl dk;Z 1- okP; fdls dgrs gSa\\ mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A HkkookP; 2- fganh esa okP; fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\\ izR;sd dh ifjHkk\"kk fyf[k,A 3- dr`ZOkkP;] deZokP; rFkk HkkookP; osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft,A 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dr`ZokP;] deZOkkP; vkSj HkkookP; vyx djksA dr`ZokP; deZokP; d- ekrkth jlksbZ esa [kkuk cuk jgh gSaA [k- nnZ osQ ekjs mlls cksyk ugha tkrkA x- eksgu ls xhr ugha xk;k x;kA ?k- bruh xehZ esa ;gk¡lks;k ugha tk,xkA 5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks deZokP; esa cnyksA d- 'kqHkkaxh i=k fy[krh gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- bathfu;j us Vh-oh- Bhd fd;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- nqdkunkj us phuh rkSyhA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ekrkth us nky&Hkkr ijkslkA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks HkkoOkkP; esa cnyksA d- egsUnz py ugha ldrkA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ';keyky g¡l ugha ldrkA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ejht [kk ugha ldrkA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- jhek ysV ugha ldrhA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

16 vO;; (Indeclinable Words) vO;; dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSµ v (ugha] u gks)] O;; & ([kpZ] ifjorZu) vFkkZr & tks O;; u gks (ftldk ifjorZu u gks)A vO;; % fyax] opu] dkjd] iq#\"k] dky] okP; vkfn osQ dkj.k ftu 'kCnksa dk :i ugha cnyrk] mUgsa ^vO;;* dgrs gSaA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d vkSj foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn vO;; ;kuh vfodkjh 'kCn gSaA d- fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k o\"kkZ fnuHkj gksrh jghA cPps è;kuiwoZd lqu jgs gSaA [kkuk de [kkvksA eksgu Åij cSBk gSA bu okD;kas dh foQz ;k,¡gaS & jgs g]aS gkrs h jgh] cBS k gS vkjS [kkvks gAS bu foQz ;kvkas ls igys è;kuiow dZ ] fnuHkj] mQij vkjS de 'kCn vk, gAaS ;s 'kCn foQz ;k dh fo'k\"s krk crkrs gAaS bUgas foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k dgrs gAaS fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djusokys 'kCn fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksn fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 2- dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 3- jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 4- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.kA 1- LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k % ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ LFkku dk irk pyrk gS] mls ^LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k* dgrs gSaA buesa fLFkfrokpd vkSj fn'kkokpd 'kCn gksrs gSaA tSls& firkth ckgj x, gSaA pksj vkl&ikl fNik gSA eksgu m/j x;k gSA MkWDVj bl vksj x;kA bu okD;kas eas ckgj] vkl&ikl] fLFkfrOkkpd foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k gAaS m/j vkjS bl vkjs fn'kkokpd foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k gAaS ;s 'kCn x, g]aS fNik g]S x;k g]S x;k foQz ;kvkas ls igys vkdj mudh fo'k\"s krk idz V dj jgs gAaS LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dh igpku & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k ls ^dgk¡* iz'u djsaA mÙkj esa tks 'kCn izkIr gksxk] og LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksxkA tSls& firkth ckgj x, gS] okD; es iz;qDr fganh O;kdj.k & 7 78

fd;k ^x, gSa* ls ^dgk¡* iz'u djsa rks & dgk¡x, gSa\\ & mÙkj esa izkIr gksrk gS & LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ^ckgj*A 2- dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k % ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ le; dk irk pyrk gS] mls ^dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k* dgrs gSaA tSls& MkWDVj ls feyus ijlksa vkb,A lk{kh fnuHkj i<+rh gSA os izfrfnu O;k;ke djrs gSaA bu okD;ksa esa ijlksa] fnuHkj] izfrfnu 'kCn dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA ;s 'kCn vkb,] i<+rh gS] djrs gSa] fozQ;kvksa ls igys vkdj mudh fo'ks\"krk izdV dj jgs gSaA dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dh igpku & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k ls ^dc* iz'u djs] rks mÙkj esa tks 'kCn izkIr gksrk gS & og dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksrk gSA tSls & ^;g esyk izfro\"kZ yxrk gS* & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k & ^yxrk gS* ls dc iz'u djsa & dc yxrk gS\\ & rc mÙkj izkIr gksrk gS dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & ^izfro\"kZA* 3- jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k % ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ <ax ;k jhfr dk irk pyrk gS] mls ^jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k* dgrs gSaA tSls& lanhi è;kuiwoZd iqLrd i<+ jgk gSA jghe 'kk;n vk,A o\"kkZ ,dk,d gksus yxhA pksj tYnh&tYnh Hkkx x;kA bu okD;ksa esa vk, è;kuiwoZd] 'kk;n] ,dk,d vkSj tYnh&tYnh jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA ;s 'kCn i<+ jgk gS] vk,] gksus yxh] Hkkx x;k fozQ;kvksa ls igys vkdj mldh fo'ks\"krk izdV dj jgs gSaA jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.kksa dh la[;k lcls vf/d gSA blls fu'pr] vfu'p;] fu\"ks/] dkj.k vkfn dk cks/ gksrk gSA tSls& vkt oSHko vo'; vk,xkA (fu'p;) lM+d ij er tkukA (fu\"ks/) laHkor% vkt ckfj'k gksA (vfu'p;) dy eSa blhfy, ugha vk;kA (dkj.k) jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dh igpku & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k ls ^oSQls* iz'u dhft,A mÙkj esa tks 'kCn izkIr gksxk] og jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksxkA tSls& ^og lq[kiwoZd jg jgk gS* & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k ^jg jgk gS* ls ^oSQls* iz'u djsa & oSQls jg jgk gS\\ & rks mÙkj esa jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & ^lq[kiwoZd* 'kCn izkIr gksxkA 4- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k % ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k dh ek=kk vkSj ifjek.k dk irk pyrk gS mls ^ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k* dgrs gSaA tSls& eSa cl bruk [kkÅ¡xhA nw/ esa phuh de MkysaA f[kPkM+h esa ued vf/d gSA 'kjCkr esa phuh cjkcj MkyukA 79 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

bu okD;ksa esa bruk] de] vf/d] cjkcj 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA ;s 'kCn [kkÅ¡xh] Mkys] gSa] Mkyuk fozQ;kvksa ls igys vkdj mudh fo'ks\"krk izdV dj jgs gSaA ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dh igpku & okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k ls ^fdruk@fdruh iz'u djsaA* mÙkj esa tks 'kCn izkIr gksxk] og ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksxkA tSls & ^chekj O;fDr us de [kk;k* & okD; esa iz;qDr ^fozQ;k*&^[kk;k ls* ^fdruk@fdruh* iz'u djsa rks mÙkj esa izkIr gksxk & deA fdruk [kk;k\\ & ^de*A vr% ^de* 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSA oqQN fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn jhfrokpd LFkkuokpd dkyokpd ifjek.kokpd iszeiiwoZd ckgj vktdy dki+Qh è;kuiwoZd b/j cgq/k ;Fks\"V lg\"kZ m/j yxkrkj yxHkx HkyhHkk¡fr nkfgus rqjar loZFkk fo'ks\"k % ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k esa ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] mUgha 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vf/dka'kr% ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k esa Hkh gksrk gS] ysfdu buesa varj gksrk gSA ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vkSj ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k esa varj ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk fdlh oLrq osQ ifj.kke (ek=kk) dk cks/ gksrk gS] tcfd ifjek.kokpd fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls fØ;k dh ek=kk dk Kku gksrk gSA tSls& ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ifjek.kokpd fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k d- esjs fy, FkksMs+&ls esos ys vkb,A dy eSa cgqr FkksM+k lks ikbZA [k- Hkkstu esa fcyoqQy ued ugha gSA ijh{kk osQ le; b/j&m/j ?kweuk fcyoqQy canA x- esjs ikl ”;knk lC”kh ugha gSA ”;knk esgur djks rkfd izFke vk ldksA • - laca/cks/d ,sls vO;; 'kCn tks laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa osQ lkFk vkdj mudk laca/ okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk izdV djrs gSa] mUgsa laca/cks/d dgrs gSaA laca/cks/d osQ Hksn fganh esa laca/cks/d dk iz;ksx nks izdkj ls gksrk gS& 1- laKkvksa dh foHkfDr;ksa osQ lkFk vkSj 2- foHkfDr;ksa osQ fcukA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 80

foHkfDr;ksa osQ lkFk laca/cks/d 'kCn izeq[k :i ls fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls iz;qDr gksrs gSa& 1- lk/uokpd % n~okjk] eki+ Qr] lgkjs] tfj,] ekè;e vkfnA 2- lerkokpd % leku] cjkcj] rjg] Hkk¡fr vkfnA 3- dkyokpd % i'pkr] mijkar] igys ihNs vkfnA 4- fojks/okpd % foijhr] izfrowQy f[kyki+ Q] mYVs vkfnA 5- gsrqokpd % dkj.k] [kkfrj] fy,] fgr&gsrq vkfnA 6- LFkkuopkd % ;gk¡] ogk¡] fudV] nwj] vanj] ckgj vkfnA 7- rqyukokpd % rjg] vis{kk leku] rqyuk vkfnA 8- i`Fkdrkokpd % nwj] vyx] ijs] gVdj] vkfnA 9- fn'kkokpd % vklikl] lkeus] vksj] rji+ Q vkfnA 10- laxokpd % lkFk] lfgr] lesr vkfnA laca/cks/d vkSj fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k esa varj 1- fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fØ;k dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrs gSaA 2- fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fozQ;k ls igys vkrs gSaA 3- laca/cks/d 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke osQ ckn vkrs gSaA 4- laca/cks/d 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dk laca/ okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls izdV djrs gSaA mnkgj.k& d- xhrk ckgj cSBh gqbZ gSA (fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) [k- vanj vkb,A (fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) vkJe oQs ckgj o{` k yxk, tk jgs gAaS (lca /a ck/s d) lc ?kj oQs vna j vk x,A (lca /a ck/s d) x- leqPp;cks/d tks 'kCn nks 'kCnk]as okD; oQs v'a kksa vFkok miokD;kas dks tkMs r+ s g]aS mUgas lePq p;ck/s d dgrs gAaS bUgas ;kts d Hkh dgk tkrk gAS tlS s & e;ad vkSj 'k'kkad lgikBh gSaA lksuw chekj gS] blfy, fon~;ky; ugha x;kA leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn leqPp;cks/d osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d 2- O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d 1- lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d % ftu leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa n~okjk nks leku 'kCnksa] okD; osQ va'kkas vkSj okD;ksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mUgsa lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d dgrs gSaA 81 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

tSls& lkbfdy j[k nks vkSj iSny pyksA vki dfork vFkok y?kqdFkk lqukb,A bu okD;ksa esa vkSj] vFkok lekukf/dkj.k leqPp;cks/d gSaA lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- la;kstd % vkSj ,oa] rFkk vkfnA mnkgj.k % x.ks'k vkSj y{eh ?kj&?kj iwts tkrs gSaA 2- foHkktd % ;k] vFkok] vU;Fkk vkfnA mnkgj.k % Jherh dkark i¡okj vFkok Jh j?kqohj xf.kr i<+k,¡xsA 3- fojks/lwpd % cfYd] ijarq] ysfdu] exj vkfnA mnkgj.k % dkWih ugha feyh] cfYd jftLVj fey x;kA 4- ifj.kkelpw d % vr%] blfy,] iQyr%] vr,o] ifj.kkeLo:i vkfnA mnkgj.k % vk¡/h vk xbZ Fkh] blfy, eSa vkiosQ ikl u vk ldkA 2- O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d % fdlh okD; osQ iz/ku vkSj vkfJr miokD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCnksa dks ^O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d* dgrs gSaA tSls& ;fn /u gksrk rks vieku u gksrkA Hkkstu rS;kj gks x;k gS rkfd lkFk ys tk losaQA O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- dkj.klwpd % rkfd] D;ksafd] fd] p¡wfd] blfy, vkfnA mnkgj.k % lkcqu ys yks D;ksafd diM+s /ksus gSaA 2- laosQrlwpd % ;n~;fi&rFkkfi] tks&rks] ;fn&rksA mnkgj.k % ;fn ekrkth vk tkrha rks [kkuk fey tkrkA 3- mnn~ 's ;lpw d % rkfd] ftlls fd] blfy, fd vkfnA mnkgj.k % VSDlh dj yh gS rkfd le; ij igq¡p losaQA 4- Lo:ilwpd % vFkkZr~] ekuks] fd] ;kuh vkfnA mnkgj.k % Jh foosd xkSre vFkkZr lPps ;qok lkfgR;dkjA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 82

?k- foLe;kfncks/d vgk! fdruk lqanj gal gSA vjs! vki dc vk,A okg! D;k oSQp fy;k gSA vth! ”kjk VekVj ys vkb,A cki js cki! bruk cM+k lk¡iA lko/ku! vkxs flikgh [kM+k gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, 'kCn vgk] vjs] okg] vth] cki js cki] lko/ku ozQe'k% [kq'kh] iz'kalk] lgkuqHkwfr] lacks/u] vk'p;Z vkSj psrkouh osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV djrs gSaA bUgsa foLe;kfncks/d dgrs gSaA ftu 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk foLe;] Hk;] g\"kZ] ozQks/ vkfn Hkko izdV gksrs gSa] mUgsa foLe;kfncks/d dgrs gSaA foLe;kfncks/d osQ Hksn foLe;kfncks/d 'kCnksa osQ izeq[k Hksn fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa& ozQ-la- Hksn mnkgj.k foLe;lwpd vjs! jhuk xk Hkh ysrh gSA 1- g\"kZlwpd vkg! rks rqe izFke vk gh x,A 2- 'kksdlwpd gk;! cspkjh dh toku csVh ej xbZA 3- lacks/ulwpd vks th! ”kjk eqUuw osQ fy, nw/ ys vkb,A 4- ?k`.kklwpd fN% ! pkjksa vksj dpjk fc[kjk iM+k gSA 5- Loho`Qfrlwpd gk¡! ?kweus pyh tkvksA 6- Hk;lwpd gk;! oqQRrs dks nwj djksA Ä- fuikr eSa Hkh xksy&xIis [kkÅ¡xkA eqUuk rks dgkuh lqudj gh pqi gksxkA eq>s ehVj Hkj diM+k pkfg,A izR;sd okD; osQ Nis jaxhu va'k fuikr gSaA fuikr dk iz;ksx vO;; osQ :i esa gksrk gSA fuikr dk LFkku ifjorZu gksus ls mlosQ vFkZ esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% eSa Hkh xksy&xIis [kkÅ¡xkA eSa xksy&xIis Hkh [kkÅ¡xkA igys okD; esa ^Hkh* fuikr ^eSa* ij cy ns jgk gS ;kuh nwljs dks xksy&xIis [kkrs ns[kdj ^eSa* ;kuh ;gk¡ cPpk xksy&xIis [kkus dh f”kn dj jgk gSA tcfd nwljs okD; esa ^Hkh* fuikr xksyxIis ij cy ns jgk gSA bl okD; dk vFkZ gS&vU; oLrqvksa osQ lkFk cPpk xksy&xIis Hkh [kkuk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡osQoy xksy&xIis [kkus ls rkRi;Z ugha gSA ,sls vO;; tks fdlh in ('kCn) osQ lkFk vkdj mlosQ vFkZ dks fo'ks\"k cy iznku djrs gSa] mUgsa fuikr dgrs gSaA 83 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

izeq[k fuikr % rd % ;g cl uks,Mk rd tkrh gSA flaVw dks chl rd fxuuk vk x;kA ek=k@osQoy % eq>s ek=k lkS #i, ns nhft,A nknh th us jfodkar dks osQoy ,d v¡xwBh nhA Hkj % 'kqHkkaxh thou Hkj ifr ls viekfur gksrh jghA rks % gekjk dgk rks eku yhft,A vjs! vkxs c<+dj rks fn[kkA Hkh % lksgu us Hkh ;gh ckr dghA eq>s ubZ xkM+h Hkh pkfg,A vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fyax] opu] dkjd] iq#\"k] dky] okP; vkfn osQ dkj.k ftu 'kCnksa dk :i ugha cnyrk] mUgsa ^vOo;* dgrs gSaA • vO;; osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gaSA& fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d vkSj foLe;kfncks/dA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k Nk¡Vks rFkk muosQ izdkj Hkh crkvksA d- eq>s mldh ckr vPNh yxhA fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k izdkj [k- ekVh dh oLrqvksa dk dkjksckj vc oqQN T;knk c<+k gSA ------------------------ ---------------------- x- ns[kk] eSaus mUgsa oSQls euk;k! ------------------------ ---------------------- ?k- og oqQN nwljh vkl ysdj ;gk¡vk;k FkkA ------------------------ ---------------------- Ä- rqe Hkh tYnh rS;kj gks tkvksA ------------------------ ---------------------- p- dgha os yksx ogha rks ugha fNi x,\\ ------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa laca/cks/d Nk¡VksA d- ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj czg~eiq=k Lo;a fo/krk czg~ek dk iq=k gSA ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ [k- ;g jkeflag osQ lkFk [ksy&[ksydj cM+k gqvk gSA ------------------------------------------ x- eSa bu >kfM+;ksa dh vksj ns[krk gw¡A ------------------------------------------ ?k- D;k ge HksM+&cdfj;ksa osQ >qaM dh rjg ugha gSa\\ Ä- vk/s iap [ksr osQ ekfyd osQ lkFk vkSj vk/s fdlku osQ lkFkA ------------------------------------------ fganh O;kdj.k & 7 84

3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ls leqPp;cks/d Nk¡Vks rFkk muosQ izdkj Hkh crkvksA d- vkne cspkjk ;g ckr lqudj pqi gks x;k D;ksafd og Lo;a Hkh /eZfu\"B FkkA ----------------------- [k- lqcg pkj cts mBdj iwtk djrs gSa vkSj lkjk fnu dke esa gh chr tkrk gSA ----------------------- x- nks rjiQ ls rks ;g fgLlk can Fkk] fdarq ,d rjiQ ls vkaxu fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA ----------------------- ?k- rqe bls ys tkvks] ugha rks eq>s f'kdk;r djuh gksxhA ----------------------- Ä- ;g ns[kdj mUgsa larks\"k gqvk fd mUgksaus Bhd dne mBk;kA ----------------------- 4- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mi;qDr foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn HkjksA d- ------------------------------------------ vkxs [krjk gSA [k- ------------------------------------------ rq>s vHkh e”kk p[kkrk gw¡A x- ------------------------------------------- rqeus ifjokj dk uke jks'ku dj fn;kA ?k- ------------------------------------------ rqeus bruk ?k`f.kr dk;Z fd;kA Ä- ----------------------------------------- rqeus cgqr vPNk dk;Z fd;k gSA 5- fuEufyf[kr fuikr dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djksA d- Hkh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d- gh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d- rks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d- rd ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ d- Hkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

17 okD; (The Sentence) ,d fopkj dks iw.kZrk ls izdV djus okyk 'kCn lewg okD; dgykrk gSA okD; osQ ?kVd ftu vO;;ksa dks feykdj okD; dh jpuk gksrh gS] mUgsa okD; osQ ?kVd ;k vax dgrs gSaA okD; osQ vfuok;Z :i ls nks ?kVd gksrs gSaA 1- mn~ns'; 2- fo/s; 1- mn~ns'; okD; esa fTklosQ ckjsa esa oqQN dgk tk,] og mn~ns'; dgykrk gSA og okD; dk drkZ gksrk gSA mlosQ fy, iz;qDr fo'ks\"k.k Hkh mn~ns'; osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA tSls& r#.k vkt fon~;ky; ugha x;kA mldk HkkbZ dy ls chekj gSA bu okD;ksa esa ^r#.k* rFkk ^mldk HkkbZ* okD; osQ mn~ns'; gSaA 2- fo/s; okD; esa mn~ns'; osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN dgk tk,] mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA tSls Åij osQ okD;ksa esa & ^vkt fon~;ky; ugha x;k* vkSj ^dy ls chekj gS* & va'k fo/s; gSaA mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s; osQ ;ksx ls gh okD; iw.kZ gksrk gSA okD;ksa osQ Hksn&okD; osQ nks n`f\"V;ksa ls Hksn fd, tkrs gSa & 1- vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls 2- jpuk dh n`f\"V ls 1- vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls okD; Hksn vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls okD; osQ vkB Hksn fd, x, gSaA fo/kuokpd okD; fu\"ks/kRed okD; iz'uokpd okD; foLe;kfncks/d okD; vkKkokpd okD; bPNkokpd okD; lansgokpd okD; laosQrokpd okD; d- fo/kuokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa ls fdlh fozQ;k osQ djus ;k gksus dh ^lkekU; lwpuk* feyrh gks] mUgsa fo/kuokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& i`Foh lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj ?kwerh gSA LokLF; O;fDr dh lcls cM+h iw¡th gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 86

[k- fu\"ks/okpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa ls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk fu\"ks/ (u gksus) dk cks/ gks] mUgsa fu\"ks/okpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& og vkt ugha i<+sxkA vè;kidth vkt fon~;ky; ugha vk,A x- iz'uokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa esa iz'u fd;k tk, ;k fdlh ls dksbZ ckr iwNh tk,] mUgsa iz'uokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& D;k rqe esjs lkFk esyk ns[kus pyksxs\\ D;k vki nw/ ihrs gSa\\ ?k- foLe;kfncks/d okD; & ftu okD;ksa esa foLe; (vk'p;Z)] g\"kZ (mYykl)] 'kksd (nq[k)] ?k`.kk (frjLdkj) vkfn euksHkkoksa dk cks/ gks] mUgsa foLe;kfncks/d okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& vjs! bruh Å¡ph bekjr! gk;! eSa yqV x;kA fN% bruh cncw! M-+ vkKkokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa ls vkKk] funsZ'k] izkFkZuk ;k fou; vkfn dk Hkko izdV gksrk gS] mUgsa vkKkokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& vHkh ;gk¡ls ckgj pys tkvksA o`QIk;k esjh lgk;rk djsaA cPpks! viuk dke djksA p- bPNkokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa esa oDrk dh bPNk] vk'kk ;k vk'khokZn vkfn dk Hkko O;Dr gks] mUgsa bPNkokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& vkidh ;k=kk 'kqHk gksA bZ'oj vkidks nh?kkZ;q djsA N- lansgokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa esa dk;Z osQ gksus esa lansg ;k laHkkouk dh Hkkouk izdV gks] mUgsa lansgokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& 'kk;n vkt o\"kkZ gksA laHkor% og vkt vk,A t- laosQrokpd okD; & ftu okD;ksa esa ,d fozQ;k osQ nwljh fozQ;k ij fuHkZj gksus dk cks/ gks] mUgsa laosQrokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA tSls& rqe vkvksxs rks eq>s [kq'kh gksxhA o\"kkZ gksrh rks IkQly Hkh vPNh gksrhA jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; Hksn jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA 1- lk/kj.k ;k ljy okD; 2- la;qDr okD; 3- feJ okD; 1- lk/kj.k okD; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A ehjk vk xbZA lkses'k ck”kkj tk jgk gSA 87 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa osQoy ,d&,d eq[; fozQ;k dk iz;ksx gqvk gS & igys okD; esa ^vk xbZ* vkSj nwljs esa ^tk jgk gS* ;s nksuksa ljy ;k lk/kj.k okD; gSaA ftl okD; esa ,d eq[; fozQ;k rFkk ,d mn~ns'; (drkZ) gks mls ljy okD; dgrs gSaA 2- la;qDr okD; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A og lqcg x;k vkSj 'kke dks okil vk x;kA mlus csbZekuh dh blfy, ukSdjh ls fudky fn;k x;kA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa nks&nks Lora=k miokD; lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/dksa ls tqM+s gSa] ;s nksuksa la;qDr okD; osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ftl okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Lora=k miokD; lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/dksa ls tqM+s gksa] mUgsa la;qDr okD; dgk tkrk gSA 3- feJ okD; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,µ ;g ogh yM+dh gS ftlus dky u`R; fd;k FkkA vè;kidth us crk;k fd dy fon~;ky; esa vodk'k jgsxkA tc vkidk IkQksu vk;k] eSa iwtk dj jgk FkkA mi;qZDr rhuksa okD;ksa esa nks&nks miokD; gSaA izR;sd iafDr osQ nks miokD;ksa esa ,d miokD; Lora=k (iz/ku) gS rFkk nwljk Lora=k miokD; ij vkfJr & ^vkfJr miokD;*A nksuksa miokD; O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/dksa (ftlls] fd] tc) ls tqMs+ gSaA ;s rhuksa feJ miokD; gSaA iz/ku miokD; vkfJr miokD; nknh th us dgk eSa vkt dgkuh lqukm¡QxhA eS ugha tkm¡QxkA D;ksafd chekj g¡wA feJ okD; esa lHkh miokD; O;f/dj.k ;kstdksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA blfy,] D;ksafd] bl dkj.k] pw¡fd] ;n~;fi&rFkkfi] ;fn rks vFkkZr~] ekuks] tc] ;gk¡rd] fd ftlls vkfn O;f/dj.k ;kstd dgrs gSaA ftu okD;ksa esa ,d Lora=k (iz/ku) miokD; gks RkFkk 'ks\"k okD; xkS.k ;k vkfJr] mUgsa feJ okD; dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 88

miokD; & ljy ;k lk/kj.k okD; eas ,d gh okD; gkrs k gAS feJ rFkk l;a Dq r okD; eas ,d ls vf/d okD; ikz ;% fdlh u fdlh ;kts d ls tMq s+ gkrs s gAaS tMq u+ s ij ;s lHkh okD;] okD; dgykrs g]aS ijra q vyx&vyx jgus ij miokD;A tlS &s ^vè;kidth us gesa crk;k fd dy fon~;ky; esa vodk'k jgsxk D;ksafd dy egkohj t;arh gS* bl okD; esa rhu okD; feys gSa& vè;kid th us gesa crk;k & miokD; dy fon~;ky; esa vodk'k jgsxk & miokD; dy egkohj t;arh gS & miokD; bu okD;kas oQs chp eas ^fd* rFkk ^D;kfas d* ;kts dkas dk i;z kxs fd;k x;k gAS rhukas okD; tc tMq + tkrs g]aS rks mudk legw ^okD;* dgk tk,xkA ij ;fn bu rhukas dks vyx&vyx n'kk,Z ¡rks ;s rhukas okD; ugh]a miokD; gAaS vkvks nksgjk,¡ • Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks izdV djus okys O;ofLFkr 'kCn&lewg dks okD; dgrs gSaA • okD; osQ vax & 1- mn~ns'; 2- fo/s; • okD; osQ Hksn & okD; osQ nks n`f\"V;ksa ls Hksn fd, tkrs gSaA 1- vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls 2- jpuk dh n`f\"V ls vH;kl dk;Z fganh O;kdj.k & 7 1- okD; fdls dgrs gSa\\ okD; dh rhu izeq[k fo'ks\"krk,¡dkSu&lh gSa\\ 2- funsZ'kkuqlkj okD; ifjorZu djksA d- ljy okD;ksa ls la;qDr okD; cukb,A ikikth osQ Mk¡Vrs gh vk'kq jksus yxkA fnu p<+rs gh cPps LowQy pys tkrs gSaA [k- ljy okD;ksa ls feJ okD; cukb,A pkykd O;fDr /ks[kk nsrk gSA 89

cPps IkqQWVcky [ksyus eSnku esa tkrs gSaA x- la;qDr okD;ksa ls feJ okD; cukb,A vfEkrkHk us xhr xk;k Fkk] blfy, iqjLdkj ik;kA dFkk lekIr gksxh vkSj gesa izlkn feysxkA ?k- la;qDr okD; ls ljy okD; cukb,A dkark us uk'rk fd;k vkSj fon~;ky; osQ fy, py iM+hA o\"kkZ Fke xbZ vkSj banz/uq\"k fudy vk;kA 3- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks fefJr vFkok la;qDr okD;ksa esa ifjorZu djksA d- o\"kkZ gksus ls IkQly vPNh gksxhA [k- lw;kZLr gksrs gh pkjksa vksj va/dkj Nk x;kA x- fuèkZu gksus ij Hkh og bZekunkj gSA ?k- og vk, rks eSa Bg:¡A M-+ Hkxoku djs] rqe thou&Hkj eqLoqQjkrs jgksA 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks lk/kj.k okD;ksa esa cnyksA d- og osQoy vPNk xhrdkj gh ugha vfirq fp=kdkj Hkh gSA [k- ;fn rqe i<+ksxs rks vo'; ikl gksxsA x- eSa ugha tkurk fd og fdruk Hk;adj gSA ?k- og ozQks/h gSA fIkQj Hkh n;kyq gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 90

18 orZuh laca/kh v'kqn~f/k&'kks/ku (Spelling Related Corrections) Hkk\"kk 'kCn laLo`Qr dh ^Hkk\"k~* /krq ls cuk gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS & cksyukA ge eq¡g ls tks Hkh èofu fudkyrs gSa] og Hkk\"kk ugha dgykrh D;ksafd lkFkZd èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k dks gh ^Hkk\"kk* dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr :i O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ls c¡/k gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj tks Hkk\"kk cksyh rFkk fy[kh tkrh gS] ogh ekud Hkk\"kk dgykrh gSA ekud Hkk\"kk esa 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k rFkk 'kqn~/ orZuh dk izeq[k LFkku gSA lk/kj.k rkSj ij mPpkj.k dh v'kqn~f/ osQ dkj.k orZuh dh vusd v'kqn~f/;k¡fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSaA mPpkj.k rFkk orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ oqQN izeq[k dkj.k bl izdkj gSa& 1- Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu izkarksa esa jgus okys yksx fganh 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k vyx&vyx <ax ls djrs gSaA bl izdkj vusd v'kqn~f/;k¡gks tkrh gSaA tSls& v'kqn~/ mPpkj.k 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k v'kqn~/ mPpkj.k 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k iqRrj iq=k bLowQy LowQy mPpkju mPpkj.k iblk iSlk jfoanj johanz lowQy LowQy 'kkc lkgc 'kiQy liQy ;s lkjh v'kqn~f/;k¡ckjackj 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k djokdj nwj dh tk ldrh gSaA 2- oqQN yksx ”k rFkk i+ Q osQ mPpkj.k djrs le; xyrh djrs gSaA tSls& xt vkSj x”k osQ mPpkj.k rFkk vFkZ esa dki+ Qh varj gSA ^iQy* vkSj ^iwQy* dk mPpkj.k ^i+ Qy* & ^i+ wQy* dh rjg djuk v'kqn~/ gSA 3- vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku esa lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A tSls& ^gal* dks ^g¡l* osQ :i esa fy[kuk ;k mPpkj.k djuk v'kqn~/ gSA blh izdkj ^g¡l* dks ^gal* fy[kuk ;k cksyuk Hkh v'kqn~/ gSA 4- Hkk\"kk dk lE;d Kku u gksus osQ dkj.k yksx ^vR;f/d* dks ^vR;kf/d* vFkok ^ikfjokfjd* dks ^ifjokfjd* cksyrs ,oa fy[krs gSaA 5- vfganh Hkk\"kh yksx vius nSfud thou esa fganh dk iz;ksx u djus osQ dkj.k oqQN fyax laca/h xyfr;k¡ djrs gSaA tSls & esjk vk¡[k esa oqQN fxj iM+k gSA esjh vk¡[k esa oqQN fxjk gS& bldk 'kqn~/ :i gSA 91 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

orZuh fyfi osQ fpg~uksa dks O;kdj.k osQ fu;ekuqlkj ozQe ls fy[kuk ^orZuh* dgykrk gSA d- orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡vkSj muosQ 'kqn~/ :i 1- Loj laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ vdk'k vkdk'k ifj{kk ijh{kk vykspuk vkykspuk vk/hu v/hu equh eqfu lIrkfgd lkIrkfgd vR;kf/d vR;f/d jhokt fjok”k bfrgkfld ,sfrgkfld doh dfo D;ksadh D;ksafd vfrFkh vfRkfFk o`Qrh o`Qfr vk¡lq vk¡lw 2- vuqLokj&vuqukfld laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ vaxwj oqQavk oqQvk¡ xwat xw¡t v¡xwj vack x¡xk xaxk ckal ck¡l v¡ck ekal v¡oqQj vaoqQj eka ek¡ ek¡l vaxwBh v¡xwBh 3- folxZ laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ izkr izkr% vr%,o vr,o v/ksiru v/%iru fulansg fuLlansg@fu%lansg 4- O;atu laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ esa<+d esa<d ijhPNk ijh{kk l<+d lM+d xkMh xkM+h yNe.k y{e.k iM+kbZ i<+kbZ dk;ZdeZ dk;ZozQe fdju dj.k pM+ p<+ laiZd laioZQ izko`Qfr izo`Qfr b[kVBk bdV~Bk czEgk czg~ek jk.kh jkuh fjpk ½pk cqfn~/ cqn~f/ tK ;K ij.kke iz.kke tequk ;equk fjrq ½rq 92 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

5- vekud :i laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ oqQÙkk oqQRrk m¼kj mn~/kj yVw ð yV~Vw fon~oku f}rh; n~forh; czkã.k czkg~e.k fo}ku iRrk fo|k fon~;k iéï iDdk iÙkk czg~ek cqf¼ cqnf~/ feVhð feV~Vh czãk 6- oqQN vU; v'k~n~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ J`a[kyk Ük`a[kyk 'ke'kku 'e'kku vuqxzghr vuqx`ghr Jki 'kki lU;klh laU;klh vuqlw;k vulw;k vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fyfi osQ fpg~uksa dks O;kdj.k osQ fu;ekuqlkj ozQe ls fy[kuk ^orZuh* dgykrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks ekud orZuh esa fy[kksµ d- fpUg ----------------------------- [k- cz>k ----------------------------- x- Jki ----------------------------- ----------------------------- Ä- fo|k ----------------------------- ?k- yVw ð ----------------------------- p- feVhð N- iÙkk ----------------------------- t- f}rh; ----------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh v'kqn~f/;k¡nwj djosQ 'kqn~/ okD; fy[kksA d- fp=k cM+k lqanj gSA ---------------------------------------------- [k- ukukth] Hkhrj pyks] pk; ih yksA ---------------------------------------------- x- oks tYnh gh okfil vk x;kA ---------------------------------------------- ?k- mlus diM+s Mky fy, gSaA ---------------------------------------------- Ä- mldh rks vDy ej xbZ gSA ---------------------------------------------- 93 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

19 fojke fpg~u (Punctuation Marks) fojke dk vFkZ&#duk] foJke djuk rFkk Bgjuk gksrk gSA Hkk\"kk dks cksyrs ;k fy[krs le;] Hkkoksa osQ vuqlkj fojke ysus ds fy, ;k viuh ckr ij cy nsus ds fy, fo'ks\"k fpg~u fuf'pr fd, x, gSaA bUgsa ^fojke fpg~u* dgrs gSaA vè;kfidk us d{kk esa dgk] ¶lquhrk #dks] er i<+ksA¸ lquhrk i<+rs&i<+rs #d xbZA vè;kfidk pfdr gks xbZ fd lquhrk D;ksa #dhA cPpksa] blesa vk'p;Z dh dksbZ ckr ughaA okLro esa okD; dks cksyrs le; vè;kfidk us xyrh dh FkhA okD; esa fojke osQ xyr iz;ksx osQ dkj.k gh lquhrk us mudh ckr oQk xyr vFkZ fudkykA mUgsa okD; bl izdkj dguk pkfg, Fkk & ¶lquhrk #dks er] i<+ksA¸ Hkk\"kk osQ fyf[kr :i esa fo'ks\"k LFkkuksa ij #dus dk ladsr djus okys fpg~uksa dks fojke&fpg~u dgrs gSaA izeq[k fojke fpg~u fuEufyf[kr gSa & ozQ-la- fojke fpg~u dk uke fojke fpg~u ozQ-la- fojke fpg~u dk uke fojke fpg~u 1- iw.kZfojke A 7- ;kstd fpg~u & 2- v/Zfojke _ 3- vYifojke ] 8- fooj.k fpg~u %& 4- iz'ulwpd fpg~u \\ 5- foLe;lwpd fpg~u ! 9- dks\"Bd ( )] ¹º 6- mn~/j.k fpg~u ^------* ^^-------** 10- galin ;k =kqfViwjd fpg~u ª 11- funsZ'kd fpg~u 12- yk?ko fpg~u ° 1- iw.kZfojke (A) foLe;kfncks/d vFkok iz'uokpd okD;ksa osQ vfrfjDr lHkh okD;ksa osQ var esa ^iw.kZfojke fpg~u* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g lkekU; dFku dh iw.kZrk dk cks/ djkrk gSA mnkgj.k % gekjh okf\"kZd ijh{kk ekpZ esa gksxhA 2- v/Zfojke (_) iw.kZfojke ls oqQN de] vYifojke ls nsj rd #dus osQ fy, ^v/Zfojke* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % vfrfFk vk x,_ os 'kh?kz pys tk,¡xsA fganh O;kdj.k & 7 94

3- vYifojke (]) v/Zfojke ls oqQN de nsj rd #dus osQ fy, ^vYifojke* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ,d gh rjg osQ 'kCnksa osQ chp Hkh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lacks/ulwpd 'kCnksa ds ckn Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % vuhrk] fufru] jkgqy vkSj izsj.kk dks cqykvksA jke] b/j vkdj cSBksA 4- iz'ulwpd fpg~u (\\) iz'uokpd okD; osQ var esa ^iz'ulwpd fpg~u* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % dkSu vk;k gS\\ D;k yhft,xk\\ D;k [kk jgs gks\\ 5- foLe;lwpd fpg~u (!) fofHkUu Hkkoksaµ vk'p;Z] g\"k]Z 'kkds vkfn dks idz V djus rFkk lca k/s u oQs fy, ^foLe;lwpd fpg~u* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡iqdkjus dk laosQr O;Dr gks] ogk¡Hkh bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA mnkgj.k % okg! fdruk lqanj fp=k gSA vjs! eSa rks yqV x;kA jkew! b/j vkukA 6- mn~/j.k fpg~u (^ * ¶ ¸) fdlh dFku] 'kCn vkSj lwfDr;ksa ij cy nsus osQ fy, bdgjs vkSj nksgjs ^mn~/j.k fpg~uksa* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % usrkth us dgk] ¶rqe [kwu nks eSa rqEgsa vk”kknh nw¡xkA¸ firkth us dgk] ¶vkt ?kweus pysaxsA¸ 7- ;kstd fpg~u (&) ;kstd fpg~u dk iz;ksx nks 'kCnksa dks tksM+us vkSj rqyuk djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % foosdkuan&lk O;fDr dHkh&dHkh tUe ysrk gSA jke us ijh{kk ds fy, jkr&fnu ,d dj fn;kA 8- funsZ'kd fpg~u (µ) ^funs'kZd fpg~u* dk iz;ksx dFku] mn~/j.k vkSj fooj.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % Jh iznhi us dgkµlR; osQ ekxZ ij pyuk pkfg,A nqdkunkj us lwph i<+hµphuh] pkoy] vkVk] nky vkSj lkcquA fuEufyf[kr] vè;kfidkvksa dks ^vè;kfidk Jh* lEeku feykµJherh jkuh crjk] uhye [kUuk] vkSj lhek xqIrkA 9- dks\"Bd ( () ¹º ) ^dks\"Bd* dk iz;ksx ozQe&lwpd vadksa ;k v{kjksa vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % (1) iafMr jktk jke (2) MkW- c`teksgu ikBd (3) Jh deys'k 'kekZ (d) egkRek xka/h ([k) ykypan (x) fon~;k izdk'k (?k) foosn vkuanA 95 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

10- galin ;k =kqfViwjd fpg~u ( ª) tc fy[kus esa dksbZ va'k NwV tkrk gS] rks mls fy[kus osQ fy, ^galin ;k =kqfViwjd fpg~u* dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA cgqr dy ehjk ª vk,xhA mnkgj.k % ';ke ªvPNk yM+dk gSA 11- fooj.k fpg~u ( %µ) fdlh fo\"k; vFkok ckr dks le>kus osQ fy, vFkok funsZ'k osQ fy, ^fooj.k fpg~u* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % laKk osQ rhu izeq[k Hksn gksrs gSa%& d- O;fDrokpd] [k- tkfrokpd vkSj x- HkkookpdA 12- yk?ko fpg~u (ú) 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, ^yk?ko fpg~u* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k % MkWDVj & MkWú izksi+ sQlj & izksú iafMr & iaú bZloh & bZú vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fy[krs le; okD; osQ chp esa rFkk var esa fojke dks izdV djus osQ fy, oqQN fuf'pr fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa fojke&fpg~u dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr fojke&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vyx&vyx okD; cukvksA d- _ (v/Zfojke) [k- A (iw.kZfojke) x- \\ (iz'uokpd fpg~u) ?k- ú (yk?ko fpg~u) Ä- ! (foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u) p- ¶ ¸ (mn~/j.k fpg~u) fganh O;kdj.k & 7 96

2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr fojke&fpg~u yxkvksA d- cPps vius vius isM+ dks futh laifRr ekurs Fks nwljs isM+ ij p<+uk gks rks mlls igys iwjh f'k\"Vrk ls eki+ Q dhft, D;k eSa vanj vk tkÅ¡iwNuk iM+rk Fkk [k- lc tho tarq Hkkxdj b/j&m/j fNi x, osQoy ,d [kjxks'k lk¡i dh idM+ esa vk ldk x- ekLVj th us dgk tks i+ Qhl yk, gSa os vkWfi+ Ql tkdj tek djk nsa ?k- Åij ls nl :i;s dk uksV nsdj cksyh ns[kuk /Uuks tSlh rsjh csVh oSlh esjh nl ik¡p ds fy, g¡lkbZ u gks Ä- t:jr osQ le; ;fn ml jDr lewg dk dksbZ O;fDr feys gh ugha tc vfuy us iwNkA p- ugha fnu ugha gqvk ij ,d nq\"V vkneh ,d NksVh lh yM+dh dks dgha ls mBkdj ys vk;k gS pqIi oks vkneh bl oDr ;gk¡ugha gS N- iQyokyk cksyk lcdks nsaxs HkS;k ysfdu ”kjk #dks Bgjks ,d ,d dks ysus nks t- cLrk da/s ij yVdk, LysV fdrkc 'kh'kh isafly lc Nkrh ls fpidk, og ?kj vk;k >- e;wj dykfiz; ohj i{kh gS fgald ek=k ugha blh ls mls ck”k phy vkfn dh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk tk ldrk ftudk thou gh ozwQj deZ gS ×k- vc vki dgha Hkh gks mRrj Hkkjrh; jksVh nky lkx vkidks fey gh tk,¡xs iQkLV iwQM rqjar Hkkstu dk pyu Hkh cM+s 'kgjksa esa [kwc c<+k gS .k- jkenkl us dgk I;kjh fpfM+;k ixyh er cuks ns[kks rqEgkjs pkjksa rjiQ dSlh cgkj gS 97 fganh O;kdj.k & 7

20 'kCn&Hksn% vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij (Word Classification: On The Basis of Meaning) d- i;kZ;okph 'kCn izR;sd Hkk\"kk esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuosQ vFkZ feyrs&tqyrs gksrs gSa rFkk fdlh lhek rd leku Hkh gksrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA tSls & Hkou & vky;] lno] x`g gkFkh & xt] erax] gLrh ozQ-la- 'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn 1- vtqZu ikFkZ] dkSars;] /uat; 2- vkHkw\"k.k xguk] vyadkj] Hkw\"k.k 3- banz lqjifr] nsojkt] lqjs'k] lqjsanz 4- dey vjfoan] tyt] iadt] jktho 5- diM+k oL=k] olu] vacj] phj 6- fdyk nqxZ] x<+] dksV 7- panz banq] panzek] 'kf'k] fo/q] jkdk 8- taxy ou] dkuu] fofiu] vj.; 9- ty ikuh] uhj] okfj] lfyy] rks;] vacq 10- ryokj o`Qik.k] [kM~x] djoky vfl 11- rkykc rMkx] lj] ljksoj] iks[kj 12- rksrk dhj] lqvk] lqXxak] 'kqd 13- fnu okj] fnol] fnok 14- nw/ nqX/] xksjl] i;] {khj 15- ukSdk uko] ty;ku] rfj.kh] Mksaxh 16- u;k uohu] uwru] uo] uO; 17- iafMr euh\"kh] fon~oku] lq/h] dksfon 18- i{kh i[ks:] [kx] fogx] iaNh fganh O;kdj.k & 7 98

ozQ-la- 'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn 19- iq\"i iwQy] lqEku] oqQLkqe] izlwu 20- ckyd yM+dk] cPpk] cky] f'k'kq 21- ckny ?ku] es?k] okfjn] vacqn 22- HkkSajk Hkzej] e/qi] e/qdj 23- eNyh ehu] eRL;] edj 24- ekrk ek¡] tuuh] vEek] eS;k 25- jkf=k jkr] fu'kk] jSu] ;kfeuh 26- jktk u`i] Hkwifr] ujs'k] eghi 27- ygw [kwu] jDr] #f/j] 'kksf.kr 28- ok;q iou] gok] vfuy] lehj] okr 29- fo\"k t+ gj] xjy] gykgy] dkyowQV 30- fon~;ky; ikB'kkyk] LowQy] fon~;kihB] fon~;keafnj vH;kl dk;Z uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa tks i;kZ;okph 'kCn ugha gS] mlosQ vkxs xyr dk fu'kku (8) fy[kksA 1- jkf=k laè;k fu'kk jtuh 2- yky #f/j jDr ygw 3- vfXu ikod vuy vfuy 4- nkuo fu'kkpj fu'kkukFk vlqj 5- lfjrk ljksoj lfyyk rfVuh 6- iq\"i lqeu oqQlqe dyh 7- nsosanz lqjsanz ujsanz banz 8- vkuu dkuu fofiUk ou 99 fganh O;kdj.k & 7