Vyakaran Shilp Class- 6

vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa iw.kZ fojke] foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u vkSj iz'ulwpd fpg~u dk mfpr iz;ksx djksµ d- cxhps esa vke ve:n vkSj lsc osQ isM+ yxs gSa [k- fdrus cts gSa x- vjs ;gk¡rks cgqr xanxh gS ?k- rqEgkjk ifj.kke dc vk,xk Ä- vjs rqe ;gk¡oSQls p- lhrk dks xqykc pesyh vkSj dey osQ iwQy vPNs yxrs gSa N- okg xktj dk gyok cgqr vPNk cuk gS t- jes'k unh esa rSjus x;k gS 2- fuEufyf[kr laoknksa esa ftu fojke&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] mUgsa ckWDl esa fy[kksµ vafdr % eSMe] vkt g\"kZ fcuk lgkjs osQ pyk FkkA lhrk % eSMe] mlus gekjs lkFk [ksyus dk Hkh iz;Ru fd;k FkkA euh\"kk % ysfdu eSMe] ';ke mls rax djrk gSA eSMe % cgqr [kjkc ckr gSA ';ke dks eSa le>k nw¡xhA vafdr % yfs du eMS e] ;g oQS ls gvq k\\ g\"kZ rks mB Hkh ugha ikrk FkkA 3- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn esa mfpr fojke&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djksµ lhrk xhrk jes'k vkSj lksuw vIiw ?kj ?kweus x,A ogk¡mUgksaus rjg&rjg osQ >wys >wys ?kwers&?kwers os Hkwr c¡xys esa igq¡ps vpkud v¡/sjk ns[kdj lksuw jksus yxk lhrk us dgk vjs jes'k vkSj xhrk dgk¡ jg x, lhrk dks jksus dh vkok”k lqukbZ nh lhrk vkok”k dh rjiQ pyh jes'k us dgk ge Hkh vkrs gSa lhrk rqe Mjuk er lhrk us ns[kk jes'k osQ Mj osQ ekjs ilhus NwV jgs gSaA 100 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

15 'kCn HkaMkj (Vocabulary) 'kCn dbZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA mudk vyx&vyx vk/kj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij fofHkUu izdkj osQ 'kCnksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn ux] 'kSy] fxfj] Hkw/j] vpy pk¡n] fo/q] 'kf'k] jkosQ'k] jkdkifr cPpks! Åij cus fp=kksa dks nsf[k, vkSj muosQ uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dks if<+,A ;gk¡ux] 'kSy] fxfj] Hkw/j] vpy 'kCn ioZr osQ vkSj pk¡n] fo/q] 'kf'k] jkosQ'k] jkdkifr] 'kCn panzek osQ leku vFkZ dk cks/ djkrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA vr% 1- ve`r & lq/k] ih;w\"k] vfe; 2- vk¡[k & us=k] ykspu] uSuk 3- vkx & vfXu] Tokyk] ikod 4- vfrfFk & vkxUrqd] vH;kxr] esgeku 5- vlqj & jk{kl] nkuo] nSR; 6- vuqie & vuks[kk] vn~Hkqr] viwoZ 7- g; & ckft] v'o] ?kksVd 8- vkdk'k & vEcj] uHk] O;kse 101 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

9- bPNk & ykylk] vfHkyk\"kk] dkeuk 10- vkuUn & mYykl] vkeksn] izeksn 11- bUnz & nsosUnz] lqjs'k] lqjifr 12- bZ'oj & Hkxoku] izHkq] bZ'k 13- dey & jktho] ljkst] okfjn 14- x`g & fuosQru] vky;] Hkou 15- xaxk & f=kiFkxk] lqjlfj] HkkxhjFkh 16- pUnzek & fo/q] 'kf'k] fu'kkdj 17- ty & uhj] ikuh] okfj 18- /u & iSlk] lEifÙk] nkSyr 19- unh & lfjrk] rfVuh] rjafx.kh 20- gok & lehj] iou] vfuy vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ,d leku vFkZ dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCnksa dks ^i;kZ;okph* dgrs gSaA • i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ esa lw{e varj gksrk gSA vr% budk iz;ksx lko/kuh ls djuk pkfg,] tSls& xaxkty dh txg xaxk ikuh dk iz;ksx Bhd ugha ekuk tk,xkA vH;kl dk;Z 1- ftl lewg esa lHkh 'kCn bPNk osQ i;kZ; (lekukFkZd) gksa] ml ozQekad osQ vkxs (3 ) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- dkeuk] vfHkyk\"kk] pkg] eukSrh [k- pqukSrh] pkg] vfHkyk\"kk] dkeuk fganh O;kdj.k & 6 102

x- dkeuk] Hkkouk] pkg] vfHkkyk\"kk ?k- dkeuk] vfHkyk\"kk] vkdka{kk] pkg 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djksµ d- lqanj & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- euksgj & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- f'k{kd & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xq# & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vk¡[k & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- u;u & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- bPNk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vfHkyk\"kk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ /u & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iSlk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,dkFkZd izrhr gksus okys 'kCn ,dkFkZd 'kCn oqQN 'kCn ns[kus esa ,d&ls izrhr gksrs gSa] ijarq muesa varj gksrk gSA ,sls 'kCnksa dk Kku vfr vko';d gSA 'kCn vFkZ & eu dk >wBk xoZ 1- vgadkj & izfr\"Bk esa [kqn dks cM+k o nwljs dks NksVk le>ukA ?keaM & ;ksX;rk gksus ij viuk egÙo fn[kkukA vfHkeku & og gfFk;kj tks IksaQddj pyk;k tkrk gSA & og gfFk;kj tks gkFk esa idM+ dj pyk;k tkrk gSA 2- vL=k & vuq:i ls ;ksX;rk dk Kku gksrk gSA 'kL=k & vuqowQy ls mi;ksfxrk dk cks/ gksrk gSA 3- vuq:i 103 vuqowQy fganh O;kdj.k & 6

4- vijk/ & ljdkjh ;k lkekftd dkuwu dk mYya?kuA uSfrd (/kfeZd) fu;eksa dk mYya?kuA iki & tks lalkj esa nqyZHk gksA tks dk;Z ;k Hkko lk/kj.k ls cgqr c<+dj gksA 5- vkykSfdd & tgk¡igq¡pk u tk losQA tgk¡dfBukbZ ls igq¡pk tk losQA vlk/kj.k & ftlosQ cjkcj dk nwljk dksbZ u gksA ftldh fdlh ls miek u dh tk losQA 6- vxe & vko';drk ls T;knkA vko';drk osQ vuqlkjA nqxZe & fdlh ifj\"kn~] lfefr vkfn dk vè;{kA fdlh mRlo dk lHkkifrA 7- vn~forh; & cjkcj okyksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA vius ls cM+ksa ;k Hkxoku ls dh tkrh gSA vuqie & nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rkA ,d i{k dh vksj ls nwljs dks ykHk igq¡pkukA 8- vf/d & ckj & ckj ,d gh fozQ;k dks djukA dM+h esgur djukA i;kZIr & NksVk ihNs 9- vè;{k & fdlh O;fDr n~okjk fn;k x;k funsZ'kA fdlh vf/dkjh n~okjk fn;k x;k funsZ'kA lHkkifr & /wi&nhi vkfn ls iwtkA fcuk fdlh lkexzh osQ iwtkA 10- vuqjks/ & izkFkZuk & 11- lg;ksx & lgk;rk & 12- vH;kl & ifjJe & 13- v.kq & vuq & 14- vkKk & vkns'k & 15-vpZuk & iwtk & 104 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ okD;ksa n~okjk Li\"V djksµ d- vko';d & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vfuok;Z & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- voLFkk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vk;q & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- iz.kke & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ueLdkj & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vf/d & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i;kZIr & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ e`R;q & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fu/u & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p- o/ & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gR;k & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

foijhrkFkZd (foykse) 'kCn tks 'kCn fdlh 'kCn dk foijhr (mYVk) vFkZ izdV djrs gSa] os ml 'kCn osQ ^foijhrkFkZd* ;k ^foykse* 'kCn dgykrs gSaA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ Lej.k gsrq oqQN mi;ksxh 'kCnksa osQ foijhrkFkZd 'kCn uhps fn, tk jgs gSa& 'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse 1- vFkZ vuFkZ 9- ,drk vusdrk 17- nq\"V lTtu 2- vk'kk fujk'kk 10- xeu vkxeu 18- nso nkuo 3- ve`r fo\"k 11- py vpy 19- f'k\"V vf'k\"V 4- vieku lEeku 12- xehZ lnhZ 20- fgr vfgalk 5- va/dkj izdk'k 13- /uh fu/Zu 21- jktk jad 6- vuqt vxzt 14- izkr% lk;a 22- vkKk voKk 7- vuqowQy izfrowQy 15- Hkkjh gYdk 23- iwfrZ ek¡x 8- vkuk tkuk 16- ekSf[kd fyf[kr 24- o`QrK o`Qr?u vH;kl dk;Z uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foijhrkFkZd 'kCn fy[kksµ & --------------------------- 1- vieku & --------------------------- 2- ,drk & --------------------------- 3- Hkkjh & --------------------------- 4- jktk & --------------------------- 5- vuqt & --------------------------- 6- xehZ & --------------------------- 7- vk'kk & --------------------------- 8- nq\"V vkvks nksgjk,¡ • foijhr vFkZ izdV djus okys 'kCn foykse ;k foijhrkFkZd 'kCn dgs tkrs gSaA 106 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vusdkFkhZ 'kCn ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ fudyrs gSa] mUgsa vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls&^gkj* 'kCn dks nks vFkksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA& ijkt; vkSj ekykA vr% ] ^gkj* vusdkFkhZ 'kCn gSA vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ mnkgj.k 1- ikuh % izfr\"Bk] thou] yTtkA 2- i=k % iÙkk] dkxt] iUukA 3- xq# % vkpk;Z] cM+k] f'k{kdA 4- IkQy % Hkkyk] ifj.kke] [kkus dk IkQy] ykHk 5- lqj % Loj (xkus dk)] nsorkA 6- v{kj % o.kZ] vkdk'k] vkRek 7- vad % fpg~u] vè;k;] xksnA 8- vacj % oL=k] vkdk'kA 9- vFkZ % O;k[;k] eryc] /uA 10- dky % le;] ekSrA 11- ?kV % ?kM+k] deA 12- lwr % lkjFkh] /kxkA 13- vke % ,d IkQy dk uke] lk/kj.kA 14- ukx % liZ] gkFkh] ioZr 15- ny % lewg] lsuk] iRrkA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • oqQN 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gksrs gSaA mUgsa vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA vyx&vyx lanHkksZa esa iz;ksx djus ls vyx&vyx vFkZ nsrs gSaA 107 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu vFkZ fy[kksµ --------------------------- d- jl & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- [k- lqeu & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- x- IkQy & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ?k- xq# & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- M-+ d.kZ & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- p- mRrj & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- N- vuy & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- t- dyk & --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- >- v{kj & --------------------------- --------------------------- 2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksµ ikuh] lwr] dke] xq#] vFkZ] lqj] banq d- esjk dgus dk --------------------------- ;g ugha FkkA [k- f'k{kd dks --------------------------- Hkh dgrs gSaA x- 'kksHkk vkSj y{eh dks --------------------------- dgrs gSaA ?k- pk¡nh dh tathj ij lksus dk --------------------------- p<+ok;k FkkA M-+ xkuk xkrs le; --------------------------- vkSj rky dk esy gksuk pkfg,A p- oqQarh osQ iq=k d.kZ dks --------------------------- iq=k Hkh dgrs gSaA N- vkt esjh --------------------------- djus dh bPNk ugha gSA 108 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn okD;ka'kkas osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls Hkk\"kk esa laf{kIrrk vkrh gSA 1- ftldk dksbZ vk/kj u gks & fujk/kj 2- ftlesa jl u gks & uhjl 3- fons'kksa ls vius ns'k esa eky e¡xokuk & vk;kr 4- ftldk fu.kZ; u gks & vfuf.kZr 5- ftls dksbZ Hk; u gks & fuHkZ; 6- ftlesa cy u gks & fucZy 7- i`Foh ij jgus okys & Fkypj 8- ,d Hkk\"kk dh ckr dk nwljh Hkk\"kk esa vuqokn djus okys & nqHkkf\"k; 9- ftldh vk;q de gks & vYik;q 10- vkKk dk ikyu djus okyk & vkKkdkjh 11- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus u gks & ijks{k 12- ftldh iRuh ej xbZ gks & fo/qj 13- ianzg fnu esa ,d ckj gksus okyk & ikf{kd 14- ns'k&fons'k esa ?kweus okyk & i;ZVd 15- ân; dks Nw ysus okyk & ân;Li'khZ vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laf{kIrrk vkSj izHkko&o`n~f/ osQ fy, okD;ka'kksa ;k vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA • ;s 'kCn Hkk\"kk ,oa vfHkO;fDr & lkSUn;Z dks c<+krs gSaA 109 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCn&lewgkas osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kksµ & ------------------------------- d- tks dHkh cw<+k u gks & ------------------------------- [k- tks fdlh dk i{k u ys x- o\"kZ esa ,d ckj gksus okyk & ------------------------------- & ------------------------------- ?k- tks lekpkj nsrk gks & ------------------------------- M-+ tks igys gks pqdk gks & ------------------------------- p- tgk¡tkus esa dfBukbZ gks 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn nsdj okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kksµ mnkgj.k % bZ'oj dk dksbZ vkdkj ugha gSA bZ'oj fujkdkj gSA d- vkRek dHkh cw<+h ugha gksrh gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- bZ'oj lc oqQN tkurk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vkdk'k dk dksbZ vUr ugha gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- xk¡/h th fdlh dk i{k ugha ysrs FksA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCn fgna h eas oQq N ,ls s 'kCn Hkh i;z kxs eas vkrs g]aS ftudk mPpkj.k yxHkx ,d&leku irz hr gkrs k g]S yfs du muoQs vFkZ fHkUu gkrs s gAaS muoQs fy[kus eas oruZ h dk vra j gkrs k gAS bl idz kj oQs 'kCn le:ih fHkUukFkdZ vFkok Jfq rle fHkUukFkoZ Q 'kCn dgykrs gAaS 110 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

;gk¡ij ,sls 'kCnksa osQ mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSaA 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ 1- vU; nwljk 6- vkgqfr gou vUu vukt vkgwr fueaf=kr lqUnj fo'kky 2- vfHkjke yxkrkj 7- mnkj isV vfojke vo/ dh Hkk\"kk mnj vke] uhacw vkfn dk le; vkpj.k 3- vo/h eksfgr 8- vpkj vuknj vof/ vleFkZ vkpkj rqyuk esa /wi iwtk&ty 4- vklDr ladV 9- mis{kk vk/k v'kDr vis{kk 5- vkri 10- v?;Z vkikr v/Z vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa bl izdkj iz;ksx djks fd mudk varj Li\"V gks tk,µ d- 'kj & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lj & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ;ksx & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;ksX; & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ';ke & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'kke & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- rqjax & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- rjax & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- peZ & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pje & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

16 eqgkojs ,oa yksdksfDr;k¡ (Idioms and Proverbs) eqgkojs fo'ks\"k vFkZ j[krs gSaA okD;ksa esa buosQ iz;ksx djus ls gekjs okD; izHkko'kkyh cu tkrs gSaA jpuk&dk;ksZa esa ge i=k&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] dgkuh&ys[ku] fuca/&ys[ku vkfn esa eqgkojsnkj 'kSyh ls vfHkO;fDr dks izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,% 1- vesfjdk us yknsu vkSj rkfycku dks [kRe djus osQ fy, dej dlhA 2- ikfdLrku ljdkj osQ vkradokfn;ksa ls laca/ dh iksy [kqy xbZA jaxhu 'kCnksa (eqgkojksa) osQ iz;ksx ls Li\"V gS fd eqgkojs inca/ esa gksrs gSaA budk lkekU; vFkZ u gksdj fo'ks\"k vFkZ gSA buosQ iz;ksx ls okD; izHkko'kkyh cu x, gSaA vius okD;ksa dks izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy, ge budk iz;ksx djrs gSaA oqQN izpfyr eqgkojs o muosQ vFkZ ,oa iz;ksx eqgkojk vFkZ okD; 1- va/s dh ydM+h vlgk; O;fDr dk & jkts'k vius ekrk&firk osQ fy, va/s dh ,dek=k lgkjk ydM+h gSA 2- v¡xwBk fn[kkuk lki+ Q badkj dj nsuk & eSaus ';ke ls mldh fdrkc ek¡xh rks mlus v¡xwBk fn[kk fn;kA 3- bZaV&ls&bZaV ctkuk u\"V&Hkz\"V dj nsuk & Hkkjrh; lSfudksa us dgk fd ge 'k=kq dh baZV&ls&baZV ctk nsaxsA 4- mYVh xaxk cgkuk fu;e osQ fo#n~/ & ukSdjksa osQ lkeus fxM+fxM+dkj mYVh xaxk er dk;Z djuk cgkvksA 5- dej dluk rS;kj gksuk & vkradokn dks [kRe djus osQ fy, lHkh us dej dl yh gSA 112 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

eqgkojk vFkZ okD; 6- [kjh&[kksVh lqukuk cqjk&Hkyk dguk & vkil esa [kjh&[kksVh lqukdj vius vkidks NksVk D;ksa cuk jgs gks\\ 7- ?kqVus Vsduk gkj eku ysuk & bl rjg ?kqVus Vsdus ls dke ugha pysxk] ;g yM+kbZ rks yM+uh gh gksxhA 8- Vk¡x vM+kuk csdkj esa n[ky nsuk & cM+ksa dh ckrksa esa NksVksa dk Vk¡x vM+kuk vPNh ckr ughaA 9- MwCk ejuk vf/d yfTtr gksuk & tks gkykr req us vius ekrk&firk oQs fy, [kMs+ fd, g]aS mloQs fy, rEq gas Mcw ejuk pkfg,A 10- pdek nsuk /ks[ks esa Mkyuk & O;kikjh pdek nsdj viuk lkeku cspdj pyk x;kA 11- ?kh osQ nh, tykuk vf/d [kq'kh eukuk & vR;kpkjh jktk osQ ejus ij iztk us ?kh osQ nh, tyk,A 12- py cluk ej tkuk & jktsUnz osQ nknkth py clsA 13- psgjs ij gokb;k¡cgqr ?kcjk tkuk & pksjh djrs gq, idM+s tkus ij eksfgr osQ psgjs mM+uk ij gokb;k¡mM+us yxhaA 14- ?kM+ksa ikuh iM+uk yfTtr gksuk & viuh pksjh idM+s tkus ij jkf/dk ij ?kM+ksa ikuh iM+ x;kA 15- ykgs s oQs pus pckuk cgqr eqlhcrksa dk & vdcj dks jk.kk izrki ls VDdj ysrs le; lkeuk djuk yksgs osQ pus pckus iM+sA yksdksfDr;k¡% vFkZ rFkk okD; iz;ksx yksdksfDr dk vFkZ gS yksxksa n~okjk dgh xbZ mfDr ;k dFkuA yksxksa esa izpfyr mfDr;k¡gh yksdksfDr;k¡dgykrh gSaA yksdksfDr;k¡lnSo Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA budk iz;ksx vf/drj okD; osQ var esa fd;k tkrk gSA eqgkojksa osQ leku ;s Hkh vius :<+ vFkZ dks ugha 113 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

NksM+rhaA okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ij Hkh budk ogh vFkZ jgrk gS tks igys ls pyk vk jgk gSaA var% ykxs kas no~ kjk dgh xbZ mfDr ftldk i;z kxs Lor=a k :i ls fd;k tkrk g]S ykds kfs Dr dgykrh gAS oqQN izpfyr yksdksfDr;k¡rFkk mudk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx& 1- va/k D;k pkgs] nks vk¡[ksa & (fcuk iz;kl bfPNr oLrq dh izkfIr gks tkuk) & jksfgr cgqr fnuksa ls dkj ysus dh lksp jgk FkkA vdLekr ykWVjh esa dkj fudy vkbZA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ] va/k D;k pkgs] nks vk¡[ksaA 2- tSlh djuh oSlh Hkjuh (cqjs dke dk ifj.kke cqjk gh gksrk gS) & ykykth us fj'or dh dekbZ rks cgqr [kkbZ] ijarq Nkik iM+us ij vc tsy dh pDdh ihl jgs gSaA lp gh rks gS& ^tSlh djuh oSlh HkjuhA* 3- ,d iaFk nks dkt (,d dke ls nksgjk ykHk) & fefgj vius vkWfiQl osQ dke ls gfjn~okj x;k Fkk vkSj xaxk ugkdj Hkh vk x;kA bls dgrs gSa& ^,d iaFk nks dkt*A 4- nwj osQ <ksy lqgkous (nwj dh oLrq vPNh yxrh gS) & ?kj cSBdj rks esyksa esa ?kweus dk cgqr eu djrk gSA exj tc ogk¡tkrs gSa rks HkhM+&HkkM+] /Ddk&eqDdh ls ijs'kku gks tkrs gSaA ;g rks lp gh gS& ^nwj osQ <ksy lqgkousA* 5- ?kj dk Hksnh yadk <k, (vkilh iwQV ls gkfu gksuk) & jko.k dh gkj dk dkj.k gh ;gh Fkk fd jko.k dk HkkbZ foHkh\"k.k jke osQ lkFk fey x;k FkkA lp gh gS& ^?kj dk Hksnh yadk <k,A* 6- Å¡ph nqdku iQhdk idoku (izfln~f/ osQ vuq:i u gksuk) & lksguyky dk uke rks cgqr lquk Fkk ij feBkbZ [kkbZ rks ,dne csdkj FkhA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ Å¡ph nqdku iQhdk idokuA 7- <kd oQs rhu ikr (lnk ,d&lh gkyr eas jguk) & xjhch je's k dk ihNk gh ugha NkMs + jghA blfy, og thou eas ixz fr ugha dj ikrkA mldh gkyr lnk <kd oQs rhu ikr tlS h jgrh gAS 8- ,d vukj lkS chekj (,d gh oLrq osQ vusd pkgus okys) & DyoZQ osQ nl inksa osQ fy, ipkl gtkj ls Hkh vf/d vkosnu i=k vk,A ;g ns[k vf/dkjh us dgk] ¶,d vukj lkS chekjA¸ 114 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

9- u jgsxk ck¡l u ctsxh ck¡lqjh (>xM+s dks tM+ ls gh u\"V dj nsuk) & lksgu vius firk dh ckr u ekudj gj oDr rs”k LowQVj pykrk FkkA ,d fnu xqLls esa vkdj mUgksaus LowQVj gh csp fn;k vkSj dgk & ^u jgsxk ck¡l u ctsxh ck¡lqjhA* 10- ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+k (v;ksX;rk dk nks\"k nwljs ij Mkyuk) & lfjrk dks <ax ls xkuk rks vkrk ugha Fkk vkSj dgus yxh fd D;k xkÅ¡\\ ekbd gh [kjkc gSA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ& ^ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+kA* 11- vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr (le; chr tkus ij iNrkuk O;FkZ gS) & igys rks lqfer us i<+kbZ ugha dh vkSj rfud Hkh è;ku ugha fn;kA vc ijh{kk ifj.kke cqjk vkus ij jksus dk dksbZ ykHk ugha gS] D;ksafd ^vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksrA* 12- FkksFkk puk] ckts ?kuk (xq.k de] fn[kkok vf/d) & xkSjo ckj&ckj 'kwU; ij vkmV gqvk gSA bl ckj FkksM+s ls ju cukus ij lcdks crkrk fiQj jgk gSA fdlh us lp gh dgk gS& ^FkksFkk puk ckts ?kukA* 13- tkdks jk[ks lkb;k¡ekj losQ u dks; (bZ'oj ftldk j[kokyk gks mls dksbZ Hkh gkfu ugha igq¡pk ldrk) & mRrjk[kaM esa izko`Qfrd vkink osQ ckn Hkh cgqr yksxksa dh tkusa cp xbZ D;ksafd tkdks jk[ks lkb;k¡ekj losQ u dks;A 14- daxkyh esa vkVk xhyk (eqlhcr esa vkSj eqlhcr vkuk) & jes'k dh ukSdjh rks igys gh NwV pqdh FkhA vc ?kj esa pksjh gks xbZA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ& ^daxkyh esa vkVk xhykA* 15- vk cSy eq>s ekj (eqlhcr eksy ysuk) & oqQRrs dks iRFkj ekjksxs rks rqEgsa gh dkVus dks vk,xkA ;g rks ogh ckr gksxh& ^vk cSy eq>s ekjA* vkvks nksgjk,¡ • eqgkojs os okD;ka'k gksrs gSa] tks Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx ugha fd, tkrsA os OkkD; esa iz;qDr gksdj vFkZ nsrs gSaA • eqgkojs Hkk\"kk dks #fpiw.kZ rFkk izHkko'kkyh cukrs gSaA 115 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

• eqgkojs T;ksa osQ R;ksa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA muosQ LFkku ij i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA • ^yksdksfDr* nks 'kCnksa ls cuk gS& yksd $ mfDrA • eqgkojk okD;ka'k gksrk gS] tcfd yksdksfDr vius vki esa ,d iw.kZ okD; gSA nksuksa gh viuk 'kkfCnd vFkZ u nsdj :f<+ vFkZ (igys ls pyk vk jgk) nsrs gSaA • ekuo osQ vaxksa osQ vk/kj ij cgqr ls eqgkojs cus gq, gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr vFkZ osQ fy, mfpr eqgkojk fy[kksµ --------------------------------------------------- d- /ks[kk nsuk --------------------------------------------------- [k- u\"V&Hkz\"V dj nsuk --------------------------------------------------- x- ijs'kku djuk --------------------------------------------------- ?k- csdkj esa n[ky nsuk --------------------------------------------------- Ä- nwljksa ij fuHkZj jguk --------------------------------------------------- p- ejus&ekjus osQ fy, mn~;r gksuk --------------------------------------------------- t- vlaHko dk;Z dj fn[kkuk 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij mi;qDr eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx djosQ okD;ksa dks nqckjk fy[kksµ d- eSa viuh ekrk th osQ dke esa lg;ksx nsrh gw¡A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- [kkM+h ;qn~/ esa vesfjdk us bZjkd dks cqjh rjg ls gjk;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ek¡cgqr Hkw[k yxh gS] oqQN [kkus dks nksA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- iq=k dks ljdkjh ukSdjh fey tkus osQ fy, firk cgqr iz;Ru dj jgk gSA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3- yksdksfDr;ksa osQ lgh vFkZ osQ lkeus (ü) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- mYVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡ZVs& i. funksZ\"k dks ltk fey tkuk ii. nks\"k viuk vkSj funksZ\"k ij nks\"k iii. nks\"kh dks ltk feyuk [k- [kksnk igkM+ fudyh pqfg;k& i. ifjJe vf/d] ykHk de gksuk ii. esgur csdkj tkuk iii. esgur dk iQy feyuk x- MwCkrs dks fruosQ dk lgkjk& i. eqlhcr ls cpuk ii. izk.kksa dh j{kk gks tkuk iii. eqlhcr esa FkksM+h lgk;rk Hkh cgqr gksuk ?k- /ksch dk oqQRrk u ?kj dk u ?kkV dk& i. ijk/hu O;fDr dk lnk nq[kh jguk ii. lnk d\"V esa jguk iii. dgha dk u jguk Ä- Å¡V osQ eq¡g esa thjk& i. mYVh ckr gksuk ii. t:jr ls de nsuk iii. vugksuh ?kVuk dk ?kVuk 4- fuEufyf[kr yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj mUgsa vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djksµ d- gkFkh osQ nk¡r [kkus osQ vkSj fn[kkus osQ vkSj ---------------------------------------------------------------- [k- dkyk v{kj HkSal cjkcj ---------------------------------------------------------------- x- ,d vukj lkS chekj ---------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ,d iaFk nks dkt ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- vosQyk puk HkkM+ ugha iQksM+ ldrk ---------------------------------------------------------------- 117 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

17 vifBr xn~;ka'k (Unseen Prose) cPpks! ^vifBr* dk vFkZ gS tks ifBr ugha gS vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh xn~;ka'k ;k in~;ka'k tks vkius igys ugha i<+k gSA bls è;kuiwoZd i<+dj] le>dj ml ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fn, tkrs gSaA vifBr osQ mRrj nsrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS& 1- xn~;ka'k ;k in~;ka'k dks è;ku ls i<+saA 2- iz'uksa osQ mRrj mlh xn~;ka'k ;k in~;ka'k esa <w¡<+sA 3- mRrj la{ksi esa nsa ;k lcls mi;qDr fodYi dks vius mRrj osQ :i esa pqusaA 4- viuh vksj ls fdlh Hkh rF; dks u tksM+saA 5- 'kh\"kZd xn~;ka'k ;k in~;ka'k dk ewy Hkko gksuk pkfg,A 'kh\"kZd de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa gksA vifBr xn~;ka'k iqLrdksa dk egÙo rFkk ewY; jRuksa ls Hkh vf/d gS] D;ksafd jRu ckgjh ped&ned fn[kkrs gSa] tcfd iqLrosaQ Én; dks mTToy djrh gSaA vPNh iqLrosaQ euq\"; dks i'kq ls nsork cukrh gSaA mldh lkfRod o`fRr;ksa dks tkx`r dj mls iFk&Hkz\"V gksus ls cpkrh gSaA Js\"B iqLrosaQ euq\";] lekt rFkk jk\"Vª dk ekxZ&n'kZu djrh gSaA iqLrdksa dk gekjs eu&efLRk\"d ij LFkkbZ izHkko iM+rk gSA mi;qZDr xn~;ka'k osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nksA iz'u& 1- iqLrdksa dks jRuksa ls Hkh vf/d ewY;oku D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\\ 2- vPNh iqLrosaQ ekuo&thou esa D;k ifjorZu ykrh gSa\\ 3- jk\"VªvkSj lekt osQ fuekZ.k esa Js\"B iqLrdksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\\ 4- ^iFk* 'kCn dk i;kZ;okph fyf[k,A mÙkj& 1- iqLrosaQ jRuksa ls Hkh vf/d ewY;oku gSa] D;ksafd jRu rks osQoy ckgjh 'kksHkk dks c<+krs gSa] tcfd iqLrosaQ vkarfjd O;fDrRo dks l¡okjrh gSaA 118 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- vPNh iqLrosaQ equ\"; dks i'kq ls nsork cukrh gSaA mldh lkfRod o`fRr;ksa dks tkx`r dj mls iFk&Hkz\"V gksus ls cpkrh gSaA 3- Js\"B iqLrosaQ i<+us ls euq\"; ,d loZJs\"B ukxfjd curk gS vkSj mlls ,d vPNs lekt ,oa jk\"Vªdk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA 4- ^iFk*dk i;kZ;okph&ekxZ vFkok jkgA vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'kksa dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj fn, x, iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kksµ lw;Z fudyrs gh vkdk'k esa fdj.kksa dk izdk'k iwQV iM+rk gSA va/dkj xk;Ck gks tkrk gSA xxu ls rkjs Hkh Hkkx tkrs gSaA lw;Z nsork osQ n'kZu dj] dey dh can ia[kqfM+;k¡[kqy tkrh gSaA iwQyksa esa egd vkSj eqLdku yksxksa dk eu eksgus yxrh gSaA vkleku eksrh dh Hkk¡fr ned mBrk gSA Hkzej nyksa dk xqatu laxhr dk lek ck¡/ nsrk gSA banz/uq\"kh frrfy;k¡iwQyksa ij eaMjkus yxrh gaSA izkr% dkyhu n`'; dk lkSan;Z bruk vkuannk;h gksrk gS fd gekjk flj lw;Z ueLdkj osQ fy, >qd tkrk gSA eafnj] efLtn] xq#n~okjksa vkSj fxjtk?kjksa esa izHkq&Lej.k osQ eaxy opuksa ls Hkh izHkkr dk Lokxr gksrk gSA iz'u& 1- gekjk flj lw;Z ueLdkj dks D;ksa >qd tkrk gS\\ 2- lw;ksZn; dk xxu esa D;k izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\\ 3- dey dh can ia[kqfM+;k¡D;ksa [kqy tkrh gSa\\ 4- /kfeZd LFkyksa ls izHkko dk Lokxr fdl :i esa gksrk gS\\ mÙkj& 1- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

18 i=&ys[ku (Letter–Writing) vktdy nwj&lapkj osQ lk/uksa us i=k&ys[ku osQ egÙo dks oqQN de vo'; dj fn;k gS] ijarq i=kksa dh ”k:jr vkt Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA i=k dh Hkk\"kk Li\"V vkSj ljy gksuh pkfg,A i=k fy[kuk Hkh ,d dyk gSA i=k fy[krs le; gesa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& 1- i=k dh Hkk\"kk ljy gksuh pkfg,A ,slh Hkk\"kk ftldk ge lkekU; :i ls iz;ksx djrs gSaA 2- i=k fy[krs le; viuh ckr la{ksi esa dguh pkfg,A 3- i=k esa fy[kus okys dk irk] fnukad vo'; fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A 4- i=k osQ 'kq: esa lgh lacks/u rFkk vfHkoknu dk iz;ksx djsaA 5- i=k osQ fo\"k; dh Li\"Vrk ij fo'ks\"k è;ku vko';d gSA 6- i=k eas fy[kus okys dk rFkk ikus okys dk uke vkjS irk Li\"V :i ls fy[kk tkuk vko';d gAS 7- i=k fy[krs le; 'kqn~/ rFkk LoPN ys[k dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A i=k eq[; :i ls nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& i=k osQ izdkj vukSipkfjd i=k vkSipkfjd i=k O;fDrxr i=k /U;okn i=k izkFkZuk@vkosnu i=k dk;kZy;h i=k O;olkf;d i=k fuea=k.k@c/kbZ i=k 120 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fofHkUu i=kksa osQ uewus vukSipkfjd i=k& c/kbZ i=k vius NksVs HkkbZ dks i=k fyf[k, ftlesa ijh{kk esa vPNs vad izkIr djus ij mls c/kbZ nhft,A lkSjHk lh&16] tud iqjh] ubZ fnYyhA 17 tqykbZ 20XX fiz; jkosQ'k] 'kqHkk'kh\"k] rqEgkjk i=k feykA ftls i<+dj eu vR;ar vkuafnr gks mBkA ijh{kk esa 'kkunkj liQyrk ij rqEgsa c/kbZA rqeus o\"kZHkj [kwc eu yxkdj tks i<+kbZ dh Fkh] ;g mlh dk ifj.kke gSA rqe Hkfo\"; esa Hkh ifjJe djrs jguk rFkk vius xq#tuksa ,oa cM+ksa osQ vk'khokZn ls blh izdkj lnk vPNs vad izkIr djukA 'kqHkdkeukvksa lfgrA rqEgkjk vxzt] lkSjHk vkSipkfjd i=k & izkFkZuk i=k iz/kukpk;Z dks 'kqYd&eqfDr osQ fy, izkFkZuk&i=kA lsok esa] iz/kukpk;kZ] cky Hkkjrh fon~;ky;] ubZ fnYyhA fo\"k;& 'kqYd&eqfDr osQ fy, izkFkZuk i=kA 121 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

egksn;k] eSa vkiosQ fon~;ky; dh NBh d{kk dh Nk=kk gw¡A esjs firk th deZiqjk fLFkr dkj[kkus esa ukSdjh djrs FksA ljdkjh vkns'k ls bl dkj[kkus dks can dj fn;k x;k gSA vc esjs firkth ,d nqdku ij ukSdjh djus yxs gSaA mudk ekfld osru osQoy ik¡p g”kkj #i, gSA blls pkj lnL;ksa osQ ifjokj dk xq”kkjk pykuk dfBu gks x;k gSA os esjk 'kqYd pqdkus esa vleFkZ gSaA eSaus ik¡poh d{kk esa vLlh izfr'kr vad izkIr fd, FksA esjh gkfnZd bPNk gS] fd eSa i<+&fy[kdj MkWDVj cuw¡A vk'kk gS] vki 'kqYd eki+ Q djosQ esa esjh lgk;rk djsaxhA eSa vkidh vkHkkjh jgw¡xhA l/U;okn! vkidh vkKkdkfj.kh f'k\";k] fiz;k 'kekZ d{kk&NBh& ^bZ* vuqozQekad&10 fnukad 27 fnlEcj 20XX vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij i=k viuh vH;kl iqfLrdk esa fy[kksA 1- vius fe=k dks ijh{kk esa izFke LFkku ikus dh c/kbZ nsrs gq, i=k fy[kksA 2- vius cM+s HkkbZ ;k cgu dh 'kknh dk fuea=k.k nsrs gq, vius fe=k dks i=k fy[kksA 3- fon~;ky; esa gqbZ [ksy&izfr;ksfxrk dk o.kZu djrs gq, ekrkth dks i=k fy[kksA 4- tUe&fnol dh HksaV osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs gq, pkpkth dks i=k fy[kksA 5- ifjJe dk egÙo crkrs gq, vius NksVs HkkbZ dks i=k fyf[k,A 6- vius iz/kukpk;Z dks Nk=ko`fRr osQ fy, izkFkZuk i=k fyf[k,A 7- vius fon~;ky; esa ihus osQ ikuh dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gsrq iz/kukpk;kZ dks izkFkZuk i=k fyf[k,A 122 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

19 fuca/k&ys[ku (Essay–Writing) cPpk!s fuc/a 'kCn ^fu* vkjS ^c/a * ls feydj cuk g]S ftldk vFkZ g&S vPNh rjg ls c/¡k gvq kA vFkkrZ ~ fdlh fo\"k; ij oQz Ekcn/~ rFkk l'kDr :i eas fopkj iLz rrq djuk gh fuc/a y[s ku dgykrk gAS fuca/ ys[ku esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& 1- fo\"k; ij vPNh rjg fopkj dj ysuk pkfg,A 2- ftl fo\"k; dk vPNk Kku gks mlh ij fuca/ ys[ku djuk pkfg,A 3- fuca/ fy[kus ls iwoZ mldh Hkwfedk] fo\"k;&oLrq vkSj milgkaj osQ fy, vyx&vyx vuqPNsn fy[kuk pkfg,A fo\"k;&oLrq esa nks ls rhu vuqPNsn Hkh gks ldrs gSaA 4- fuca/ dh Hkk\"kk ljy gksuh pkfg,A okD; NksVs gksus pkfg,A 6- fopkjksa dh ozQecn~/rk gksuh pkfg,A 7- ,d vuqPNsn esa ,d Hkko&fopkj gksuk pkfg,A fuca/ ys[ku osQ oqQN mnkgj.k 1- lcls U;kjk ns'k gekjk Hkkjr lalkj dk f'kjksef.k rFkk txrxq: dgykus okyk vR;ar izkphu ns'k gSA bldh laLo`Qfr vR;ar xkSjo'kkyh gSA izo`Qfr us vius gkFkksa ls bldk Ük`axkj fd;k gSA nf{k.k esa rhu vksj ls lkxj blosQ pj.k i[kkjrk gS] rks fgeky; blosQ eLRkd ij eqoqQV dh Hkk¡fr lq'kksfHkr gSA dHkh ;g ns'k ^lksus dh fpfM+;k* dgk tkrk FkkA fons'kh yksx ;gk¡vkus dks ykykf;r jgrs FksA ^vk;kZorZ* blh dk izkphu uke gSA yksxksa dk ekuuk gS] fd egkizrkih jktk nq\";ar vkSj 'koqQaryk osQ iq=k ^Hkjr* osQ uke ij gh bldk uke ^Hkkjr* iM+kA Hkkjr us lcls igys lla kj dks Kku dk lna 's k fn;kA blh Hkfw e us ons kas dk Kku lla kj dks fn;k] xhrk dk fu\"dke deZ dk lna 's k ijw s fo'o eas iQS yk;k vkjS mifu\"knkas dk lkj /jrh oQs dkus &s dkus s rd igp¡q k;kA jke] o`Q\".k] cqn~/] egkohj] Lokeh n;kuan] xq#ukud] Lokeh foosdkuan] egkRek xka/h tSls vusd egkiq#\"kksa dh tUeHkwfe gS &esjk ns'k HkkjrA blh /jrh ij vusd /eksZa us tUe fy;kA Hkkjr dh lcls vuwBh fo'ks\"krk gS &vusdrk esa ,drkA Hkkjr esa vusd /eksZa] tkfr;ksa] laiznk;ksa osQ 123 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

yksx jgrs gSa] ftudk [kku&iku] jgu&lgu rFkk Hkk\"kk ,ao thou&n'kZUk fHkUu&fHkUu gSa] fiQj Hkh bu lcosQ ewy esa ,d vn~Hkqr ,drk fNih gSA d'ehj ls dU;koqQekjh rd] xqtjkr ls v#.kkpy izns'k rd Hkkjr ,d gSA nqHkkZX;o'k Hkkjr dks lSdM+ksa o\"kksZa rd ijra=krk dk d\"V >syuk iM+kA lSdM+ksa o\"kksZa dh xqykeh osQ dky esa fonsf'k;ksa us bls [kwc ywVk vkSj ttZj dj fn;k] ij os gekjh laLo`Qfr dks u feVk LkosQ] og vkt Hkh thfor gSA vkt ge Lora=k iztkrkaf=kd jk\"VªgSaA ftlesa lHkh yksxksa dks leku vf/dkj gS pkgs og fdlh Hkh /eZ vFkok tkfr dk gSA vkt ge vf/dka'k {ks=kksa esa vkRefuHkZj gSaA vkt Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy ijarq ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu ns'k gSA ;n~;fi tula[;k dh vf/drk] csjktxkjh] xjhch tSlh oqQN leL;k,¡vHkh gy ugha gks ikbZ gSa rFkkfi ge fuajrj izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gSaA gekjk drZO; gS] fd ge ,d drZO;fu\"B ukxfjd cudj jk\"Vªdh mUufr vkSj le`n~f/ esa viuk ;ksxnku nsaA 2- Lora=krk&fnol fdlh us lp gh dgk gS] fd ijk/hurk esa lq[k ugha gksrkA vkt ls cgqr o\"kZ igys Hkkjr ij vaxzs”kksa dk jkT; Fkk vkSj ge xqykeh dh ”akthjksa esa tdM+s gq, FksA gekjs ns'k osQ ohjksa us izk.kksa dk cfynku nsdj gesa Lora=krk fnyokbZA 15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr vaxsz”kksa ls vk”kkn gqvkA rc gekjs izFke iz/kuea=kh iafMr tokgjyky usg: th us igyh ckj Lora=k Hkkjr dk >aMk yky fdys ij ygjk;kA rc ls ysdj vkt rd gj o\"kZ ;g fnol ^Lora=krk fnol* osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA ;g gekjk jk\"Vªh; ioZ gS] ftls iwjk ns'k feydj eukrk gSA bl volj ij fons'kh vfrfFk;ksa dks Hkh vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA iz/kuae=kh yky fdys ls ns'k osQ uke Hkk\"k.k nsrs gSaA blesa Hkkjr dh izxfr vkSj fodkl rFkk vkxkeh ;kstukvksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA èoktkjksg.k osQ le; jk\"Vªxku gksrk gS vkSj frjaxs osQ rhuksa jaxksa osQ xqCckjs vkdk'k esa NksM+s tkrs gSaA ^vej toku T;ksfr* tykdj 'kghnksa dks Jn~/katfy nh tkrh gSA vH;kl dk;Z izR;sd fo\"k; ij yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[kksA 1- u, fon~;ky; esa esjk igyk fnu 2- x.kra=k&fnol 3- egkRek xk¡/h 4- esjk fiz; R;ksgkj&nhikoyh 124 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 9) 1- fuEufyf[kr ns'kksa dh Hkk\"kkvksa osQ uke fy[kksµ -------------------------- -------------------------- d- :l& [k- phu& -------------------------- x- tkiku& -------------------------- ?k- teZuh& 2- fuEufyf[kr o.kksaZ osQ esy ls 'kCn cukvksµ d- n~ $ / ¾ -------------------------- -------------------------- x- r~ $ j ¾ -------------------------- [k- o~Q $ r ¾ -------------------------- o~Q $ \"k ¾ ?k- 3- fuEufyf[kr fons'kh 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fy[kksµ -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- d- bYe& [k- [kqjkd& x- Vsyhfotu& -------------------------- ?k- u”kkjk& 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus ljy] fefJr vkSj la;qDr fy[kksµ ------------------------- d- jk/k iqLrd i<+ jgh gS] ijarq 'khyk [ksy jgh gSA ------------------------- [k- tks O;fDr vkylh gS] og vliQy jgrk gSA ------------------------- x- lksgu us crk;k fd og ikl gks x;kA ------------------------- ?k- jk/k i=k fy[krh gSA 5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ o ewy 'kCn vyx djksµ 'kCn milxZ ewy 'kCn d- izxfr ------------------------- ------------------------- [k- diwr ------------------------- ------------------------- x- nqyZHk ------------------------- ------------------------- 6- dks\"Bdksa esa fn, x, 'kCnksa esa izR;; yxkdj fjDr LFkku HkjksA d- jk/k dh ok.kh esa ------------------------- gSA (ehBk) [k- ghVj pyk rks ------------------------- eglwl gksxhA (xje) x- xfjek ------------------------- vkSjr gSA (?kj) 7- laf/&foPNsn djksA ------------------------- d- /ekZRek& ------------------------- $ ------------------------- [k- ikod& ------------------------- $ 125 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

x- lTtu& ------------------------- $ ------------------------- 8- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukvksµ d- cw<+k & ------------------------- ------------------------- x- Fkduk & ------------------------- [k- ohj& ------------------------- ?k- Hkkjr& 9- fuR; iqfYyax osQ pkj mnkgj.k fy[kksA ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- 10- opu cnydj fy[kksA [k- iqLrd & ------------------- d- nhokj & ------------------- ?k- fpfM+;k & ------------------- x- rkyk & ------------------- 11- jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ dkjd crkvksA -------------------------- d- Hkhe us nq;ksZ/u ij xnk ls izgkj fd;kA -------------------------- [k- eSaus [kkuk [kk fy;k vkSj oqQN fe=k osQ fy, ys fy;k FkkA -------------------------- x- jke osQ nknkth dkj ls tk,¡xsaA 12- fuEufyf[kr Hkk\"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke fy[kksµ d- fganh ------------------------- [k- vaxzs”kh ------------------------- ------------------------- x- mnwZ ------------------------- ?k- laLo`Qr Ä- iatkch ------------------------- 13- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s; vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kksµ d- gesa izfrfnu fon~;ky; tkuk pkfg,A ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- [k- ioZrjkt fgeky; Hkkjr dk eqoqQV gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- x- xk¡/hth Hkkjr osQ egku~ usrk FksA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- ?k- og flykbZ dk dke djrk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- M-+ og viuh tehu tksrrk vkSj cksrk gSA ----------------------- ----------------------------------------- 14- dks\"Bdksa es fn, loZuke&'kCnksa dk mi;qDr :i fjDr LFkkuksa esa HkjksA d- ------------------- ckgj ls cqykdj ykvksA (dksbZ) [k- ------------------- pksjh dh Fkh] ------------------- ioQM+ fy;k x;kA (tks] og) x- nknkth] ;g iqLrd eSa ------------------- yk;k gw¡A (vki) 126 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&2 (ikB & 10 ls 19) 1- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn esa mfpr fojke&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djksA lhrk xhrk jes'k vkSj lksuw vIiw ?kj ?kweus x, ogk¡mUgksusa rjg&rjg ds >wys >wys ?kwers ?kwers os Hkwr c¡xys esa igq¡ps vpkud lksuw v¡/sjk ns[kdj jksus yxk lhrk us dgk vjs jes'k vkSj xhrk dgk¡jg x, lhrk dks jksus dh vkokt+ lqukbZ nh lhrk vkokt+ dh rjiQ py nh jes'k us dgk ge Hkh vkrs gSa lhrk rqe Mjuk er lhrk us ns[kk jes'k ds Mj ds ekjs ilhus NwV jgs gSa 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ds nks&nks i;kZokph fy[kksµ -------------------- -------------------- d- bZ'oj -------------------- -------------------- [k- ve`r -------------------- -------------------- x- ty 3- dks\"Bd esa fn, 'kCnksa esa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- d{kk esa lHkh esjs ------------------------ gSaA [k- esjk dksV ------------------------A (fe=k] cU/q) x- ck<+ vkus dh iwoZ ------------------------ ns nh xbZ FkhA (iqjkuk] izkphu) ?k- gesa nhu&nqf[k;ksa ij ------------------------ djuh pkfg,A (lwpuk] lans'k) (o`Qik] n;k) Ä- ;fn ------------------------ djksxs rks liQyrk vo'; feysxhA (ifjJe] vH;kl) 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa laca/cks/d 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ ----------------------------------------- d- iSVªksy osQ fcuk xkM+h ugha pyrhA [k- lsod lsB dh ikydh osQ vkxs py jgk gSA ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- x- isM+ ds Åij canj cSBs FksA ----------------------------------------- ?k- /u osQ fcuk dksbZ ugha iwNrkA 5- foLe;kfncks/d vO;;ksa ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- ------------------------------------! D;k NDdk ekjk gSA [k- ------------------------------------! eSa rks Hkwy gh x;k FkkA x- ------------------------------------! fdruh lqanj >hy gSA /- ------------------------------------! vkxs xgjk ukyk gSA 127 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djks vkSj muosQ Hksn fy[kkµ -------------------------- d- ml O;fDr dks ;gk¡cqykvksA -------------------------- [k- ck”kkj ls ik¡p fdyks pkoy ykvksA -------------------------- x- eksVk vkneh fdlh dke dk ughaA 7- fjDr LFkkuksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa ds mfpr foykse 'kCn Hkjdj okD;ksa dks iwjk djksA d- fnu esa rks xehZ Fkh] vc jkr dks --------------------- gks xbZA [k- gs Hkxoku! eq>s va/dkj ls --------------------- dh vksj ys pyksA x- gesa bZ'oj dks nq%[k esa gh ugha] --------------------- esa Hkh ;kn djuk pkfg,A ?k- dsoy ohj gh ;qn~/ & Hkwfe esa MVs jgs] --------------------- rks Hkkx [kM+s gq,A M- leqnz&eaFku esa nsorkvksa dks ve`r vkSj jk{klksa dks --------------------- ihus dks feykA 8- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ds rhu&rhu vFkZ fy[kksµ --------------------- d- lqeu --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- [k- d.kZ --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- x- dyk --------------------- --------------------- 9- fuEufyf[kr 'kCn&lewgksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kksµ d- tks lc dqN tkurk gks& ----------------------------------------- [k- tks igys gks pqdk gks & ----------------------------------------- x- tks dHkh cw<+k u gks & ----------------------------------------- 10- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ds vFkZ fy[kksA [k- 'kwj & --------------------- d- iRrk & --------------------- ?k- ux & --------------------- x- lqj & --------------------- 11- fon~;ky; esa ikuh dh deh dh vksj è;ku nsrs gq, iz/kukpk;Z dks izkFkZuk&i=k fy[kksA vFkok cM+s HkkbZ osQ fookg esa vkeaf=kr djrs gq, fe=k dks i=k fy[kksA 12- fdlh ,d fo\"k; ij yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa fuca/ fy[kksA jaxksa dk R;ksgkj&gksyh ouksa dk egÙo 128 fganh O;kdj.k & 6