Vyakaran Shilp Class- 6

^iu* izR;; tksM+dj cPPkk cpiu cky ckyiu vU; f'k'kq 'kS'ko iafMr ikafMR; cw<+k cq<+kik balku balkfu;r [k- fo'ks\"k.k ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukuk fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk Å¡pk Å¡pkbZ ^vkbZ* izR;; tksM+dj vPNk vPNkbZ xgjk xgjkbZ dk;j dk;jrk pkSM+k pkSM+kbZ ,d ,drk y?kq y?kqrk ^rk* izR;; tksM+dj ohj ohjrk li+sQn li+sQnh vehj vehjh oqQ'ky oqQ'kyrk ehBk feBkl gjk gfj;kyh e/qj e/qjrk Hkw[k Hkw[kk cqn~f/eku cqn~f/eRrk ^bZ* izR;; tksM+dj pkykd pkykdh ;qok ;kSou xjhc xjhch fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk i<+uk i<+kbZ vU; [kV~Vk [kVkl lhapuk flapkbZ yM+uk yM+kbZ LoLFk LokLF; cquuk cqukbZ dkVuk dVkbZ I;kl I;klk fon~oku fon~oRrk vkylh vkyL; x- fozQ;k ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukuk fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk ^vkbZ* izR;; tksM+dj fy[kuk fy[kkbZ p<+uk p<+kbZ [kksnuk [kqnkbZ ihVuk fiVkbZ dekuk dekbZ 50 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

^vkoV* izR;; tksM+dj fn[kkuk fn[kkoV cukuk cukoV Fkduk FkdkoV fxjuk fxjkoV ltkuk ltkoV feykuk feykoV ^vko* izR;; tksM+dj cguk cgko >qduk >qdko pquuk pquko cpuk cpko vU; gkj gkjuk thr thruk Hkwy Hkwyuk nkSM+ nkSM+uk ywV ywVuk NwV NksM+uk g¡l g¡luk mM+ku mM+uk >xM+k >xM+uk esy feyuk ?k- loZuke ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukuk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk vga vga dkj viuk viukiu ee eerk loZ loZLo M-+ vO;; ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukuk vO;; Hkkookpd laKk lehi lehirk fudV fudVrk 'kh?kz 'kh?kzrk oqQN laKkin izk.khokpd gksrs gSa] vkSj oqQN vizk.khokpdA fcYyh] xk;] eksgu] oqQRrk] izk.khokpd gSa vkSj rsy] nw/] rk¡ck] edku] ioZr] vkfn vizk.khokpd gSaA oqQN laKk,¡x.kuh; gksrh gSa vkSj oqQN vx.kuh;A ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk] os x.kuh; gksrh gSaA tSls & #i;s] dye] oqQlhZ vkfnA ftUgsa fxuk u tk losQ] os vx.kuh; gksrh gSaA tSls & gok] rsy] vkx] eerk] vkfnA 51 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] fLFkfr] xq.k vFkok Hkko osQ uke dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCnksa dks laKk dgrs gSaA • laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa & O;fDrokpd] tkfrokpd rFkk HkkookpdA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu laKk 'kCnksa osQ Hksn crkvksµ d- egkRek cqn~/ r{kf'kyk ls pydj v;ksè;k uxjh igq¡psA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- lwjtoqQaM dk esyk izfro\"kZ fnYyh osQ ikl yxrk gSA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- lk¡l dh vf/drj chekfj;k¡gok dh xanxh osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- xM+s /u dh ckr lqurs gh jktk dks xqLlk vk x;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡cukvksµ d- yM+dh ---------------------- ---------------------- x- cw<+k ---------------------- [k- ijk;k ---------------------- ---------------------- Ä- fxjuk ---------------------- ?k- xjhc ---------------------- ---------------------- N- prqj ---------------------- p- ohj >- MkowQ ---------------------- t- Fkduk ×k- liQy 3- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks tkfrokpd laKk 'kCnksa ls iwjk djksA iwtk i<+kbZ esa cgqr gksf'k;kj gSA og viuh ------------------------- esa izFke vkrh gSA ------------------------ osQ lHkh ------------------------- mldh cgqr rkjhi+Q djrs gSaA iwtk dks ------------------------- dh lqxa/ 52 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

cgqr ilan gSA mlus vius ------------------------- esa rjg&rjg osQ ------------------------- vkSj --------------- ---------- yxk j[ks gSaA og ------------------------- dks jkst ------------------------- nsrh gS vkSj vPNh rjg ns[kHkky djrh gSA 4- uhps fn, x, laKk&'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 40&50 'kCnksa esa ,d vuqPNsn fy[kksµ rktegy] vkxjk] eqxy ckn'kkg] i;ZVd] dkjhxj] chl gtkj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II. fyax 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ iq#\"k vFkok L=kh tkfr osQ gksus dk cks/ gks] mls fyax dgrs gSaA fyax osQ Hksn% fyax fganh esa laKk 'kCn osQ nks fyax gSa% iqfYayx L=khfyax d- iqfYayx & iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn iqfYayx dgykrs gSaA tSls & 'ksj] ?kksM+k] firk] pkpk] cSy] vkfnA [k- L=khfyax & L=kh tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn L=khfyax dgykrs gSaA tSls & 'ksjuh] ?kksM+h] ekrk] pkph] xk;] vkfnA 53 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fganh esa fyax dh igpku izk.khokpd 'kCnksa esa fyax dh igpku vklkuh ls gks tkrh gSA ,sls 'kCnksa dks i<+rs gh muosQ fyax dk Kku gks tkrk gSA tSls tc ge oqQRrk] 'ksj] vkneh] nknkth] ekyh vkfn 'kCnksa dks i<+rs gSa] rks rqjar ;g irk py tkrk gS fd ;s lHkh 'kCn iqfYayx gSaA blh izdkj oqQfr;k] 'ksjuh] vkSjr] nknhth] ekfyu&'kCn L=khfyax cks/d gSaA dfBukbZ vkrh gS & ^vizk.khokpd* 'kCnksa osQ fyax dk irk yxkus esaA tSls & iQy] lCt+h] >ksaiM+h] unh] ioZr] lPpkbZ& tSls laKk 'kCnksa dks osQoy i<+ dj muosQ fyax dh tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrhA fganh esa osQoy nks gh fyax gksrs gSa & L=khfyax vkSj iqfYayxA fganh esa uiqladfyax ;k mHk; fyax ugha gksrk blfy, fganh esa dksbZ Hkh 'kCn ;k rks iqfYyax gksrk gS ;k L=khfyaxA vizk.khokpd 'kCnksa osQ fyax dh tkudkjh esa gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSa& 1- 'kCndks'k 2- O;kdj.k osQ fu;e 3- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj 4- yksd&O;ogkjA 1- 'kCndks'k osQ vk/kj ij & 'kCndks'k eas 'kCnksa osQ lkeus mldk fyax Hkh laf{kIr :i esa iqú ;k L=khú vafdr jgrk gS] ftlls fdlh Hkh 'kCn osQ fyax dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA 2- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij & iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij Hkh vizk.khokpd 'kCnksa osQ fyax dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA TkSls& d- iqLrd iQV xbZ gSA (fozQ;k ls igpku) [k- ;g flDdk [kksVk gSA (fo'ks\"k.k ls igpku) x- geus vke [kk;kA (fozQ;k ls igpku) mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr fozQ;kvksa ;k fo'ks\"k.k dks ns[kdj muesa iz;qDr vizk.khokpd 'kCnksa osQ fyax dk irk pyrk gSA 3- yksd&O;ogkj & oqQN vizk.khokpd 'kCnksa dk yksd&O;ogkj esa iqfYayx vkSj L=khfyax esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls & geus LowQVj [kjhnkA jke us dkj [kjhnhA blh izdkj ngh 'kCn ekud fganh esa iqfYayx gS] ij yksd&O;ogkj esa L=khfyaxA izk.khokpd esa igpku fuR; L=khfyax & os izk.khokpd laKk,¡ftuesa uj vkSj eknk nksuksa gksrs gSa] fdarq mu nksuksa osQ fy, 54 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

osQoy L=khfyax dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & eD[kh] edM+h] fNidyh] ykseM+h] eSuk] dks;y] vkfnA fuR; iqfYayx & os izk.khokpd laKk,¡ftuesa uj o eknk nksuksa gksrs gSa] fdarq nksuksa osQ fy, osQoy iqfYayx dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& mYyw] ePNj] xhnM+] dNqvk] dkSvk] rksrk] xSaMk] vkfnA iqfYyax dh igpku d- 'kjhj osQ oqQN vaxkas osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& ik¡o] gkFk] eLrd] eq¡g] nk¡r] uk[kwu] dku] xyk] flj vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& thHk] Vk¡x] ukd] vkfn L=khfyax gSaA) [k- oqQN o`{kksa vkSj iQyksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& ihiy] uhe] vke] cjxn] vukj] osQyk] vke] larjk] lsc] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& uk'kikrh] yhph] beyh vkfn L=khfyax gSaA) x- vuktksa osQ ;s uke iqfYayx gSa& puk] cktjk] xsgw¡] pkoy] tkS vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& eDdk] ew¡x&L=khfyax gSaA) ?k- jRuksa osQ uke izk;% iqfYayx gksrs gSaA TkSls& ghjk] uhye] iUuk] iq[kjkt] eksrh] vkfnA Ä- leqnzksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& vjc lkxj] fgan egklkxj] dkyk lkxj] vkfnA p- ns'kksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls & phu] Hkkjr] :l] teZuh] baXySM] vkfnA N- nzo inkFkksZa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls nw/] ikuh] ?kh] rsy] isVªksy] 'kjcr vkfnA (è;ku jf[k, & pk;] yLlh] f'kdath&L=khfyax gS) t- fnuksa (okjksa) osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls & lkseokj] cq/okj] 'kqozQokj vkfnA >- eghuksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls & pS=k] oSlk[k] iQkYxqu] Jko.k] ekpZ] vizSy] twu] vxLr] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& tuojh] iQjojh] ebZ L=khfyax gSaA) ×k- /krqvksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& yksgk] lksuk] rk¡ck vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& pk¡nh&L=khfyax gSA) V- xzgksa osQ uke iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& lw;Z] panz] eaxy] 'kqozQ vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& ^i`Foh* Hkh ,d xzg gS] ij ;g L=khfyax gSA) B- ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa vk] vko] iu] vkik] Ro&izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] os iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& vk & Nkrk] yksVk] dejk vkfnA 55 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vko & cgko] yxko] >qdko vkfnA iu & cpiu] yM+diu] viukiu] vkfnA vkik & cq<+kik] iqtkik] eksVkik] vkfnA Ro & i'kqRo] euq\";Ro] nsoRo] vkfnA M- ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa uk] =k] u] [k] vkj rFkk vkl gksa] os iqfYayx gksrs gSaA tSls& uk&jksuk] g¡luk] ikuk] vkfnA =k&i=k] fp=k] fe=k] vkfnA u&Hkou] u;u] lnu] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& pqHku] yxu L=khfyax gSaA) [k&lq[k] nq[k] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& Hkh[k] lh[k] ph[k L=khfyax gSaA) vkj&fopkj] foLrkj] chekj] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& gkj] iqdkj L=khfyax gSaA) vkl&fo'okl] mYykl] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& lkl] I;kl L=khfyax gSaA) L=khfyax dh igpku d- ufn;ksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& xaxk] ;equk] xksnkojh] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& czg~eiq=k] fla/q iqfYayx gSaA) [k- Hkkjrh; frfFk;ksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& izFkek] n~forh;] r`rh;k] vekoL;k] vkfnA x- cksfy;ksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& igkM+h] jktLFkkuh] vkfnA ?k- fyfi;ksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& nsoukxjh] jkseu] xq#eq[kh] vkfnA Ä- Hkk\"kkvksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& fganh] vaxzst+h] mnwZ] vkfnA p- [kkus osQ oqQN inkFkksZa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& iwM+h] dpkSM+h] f[kpM+h] jksVh] nky] [khj] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& gyqvk] ijkaBk] jk;rk iqfYayx gSaA) N- oqQN oL=kksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& lkM+h] deht] irywu] /ksrh] ixM+h] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& dksV] iktkek] oqQrkZ] iqfYayx gSaA) t- oqQN elkyksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& fepZ] gYnh] byk;ph] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& thjk] ued] /fu;k iqfYayx gSaA) >- oqQN vkHkw\"k.kksa osQ uke L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& ekyk] ik;y] v¡xwBh] pwM+h] vkfnA (è;ku 56 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

jf[k,& daxu] dM+k] gkj & iqfYyax gSaA) ×k- ^vk*] ^b*] ^bZ*] ^m*] ^Å*& ls var gksus okys 'kCn izk;% L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& ^vk* & n;k] izkFkZuk] Hkk\"kk] ijh{kk] iwtk] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& oqQrkZ] cqM~<k&iqfYayx gSaA) ^b* & cqn~f/] 'kfDr] HkfDr] vkfn (è;ku jf[k,& dfo] jfo&iqfYayx gSaA) ^bZ* & xBjh] unh] frryh] fpV~Bh] lkM+h] vkfn (è;ku jf[k,& eksrh] ?kh] ikuh&iqfYayx gSaA) ^m* & oLrq] ok;q] e`R;q] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& lk/q iqfYayx gSaA) ^Å* & rjktw] >kMw] yw] vkfnA (è;ku jf[k,& vk¡lw] yV~Vw] vkyw iqfYayx gSaA) V- ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^vkgV*] ^vkoV*] ^bZ;k*] ^rk*] ^vkbZ* izR;; tqM+s gksa os L=khfyax gksrs gSaA tSls& vkgV & ?kcjkgV] fpdukgV] fpYykgV] vkfnA vkoV & ltkoV] cukoV] FkdkoV] vkfnA b;k& fMfc;k] iqfM+;k] yqfV;k] vkfnA rk& fe=krk] 'k=kqrk] ohjrk] vkfnA iqafYayx ls L=khfyax cukuk 1- vk izR;; tksM+dj fyax ifjorZu& cky ckyk f'k\"; f'k\";k fiz; fiz;k Nk=k Nk=kk piy piyk lqr lqrk 2- bZ izR;; tksM+dj& nkl nklh csVk csVh Hkrhtk Hkrhth yack yach ukuk ukuh eqjxk eqjxh 57 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3- b;k izR;; tksM+dj& yksVk yqfV;k cw<+k cqf<+;k pwgk pqfg;k fpfM+;k fMCck fMfCc;k xqM~Mk xqfM;k fpM+k lk¡fiu 4- bu izR;; tksM+dj& nftZu /ksCkh /ksfcu ekfyd ekyfdu lk¡i ,dkfd.kh vfHkekfuuh iM+kslh iM+ksflu rsyh rsfyu nthZ banzkuh 5- [email protected] izR;; tksM+dj& #nzkuh riLoh rifLouh gkFkh gfFkuh ,dkdh xq.korh cqn~f/erh vf/dkjh vf/dkfj.kh gal gafluh vfHkekuh /k=kh 6- vkuh izR;; tksM+dj& d=khZ tsB tsBkuh nsoj nsojkuh banz uj dks;y lsB lsBkuh ukSdj ukSdjkuh #nz eknk mYyw eknk eNyh 7- eku dks erh rFkk oku dks orh djosQ& cyoku cyorh 'kfDreku 'kfDrerh xq.koku Kkuoku Kkuorh Jheku~ Jherh cqn~f/eku 8- rk dk =kh djosQ& nkrk nk=kh fo/krk fo/k=kh /krk vfHkusrh vfHkus=kh oDrk oD=kh drkZ 9- fuR; L=khfyax osQ lkFk uj tksM+dj iqfYayx curk gSA tSls& eD[kh uj eD[kh fxygjh uj fxygjh dks;y fNidyh uj fNidyh phy uj phy 10- fuR; iqfYayx osQ lkFk eknk tksM+dj L=khfyax curk gSA tSls& Hkkyw eknk Hkkyw [kjxks'k eknk [kjxks'k mYyw exjePN eknk exjePN dNqvk eknk dNqvk eNyh 58 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ iq#\"k vFkok L=kh tkfr osQ gksus dk cks/ gks] mls fyax dgrs gSaA • fyax osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyaxA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ L=khfyax cukvksµ d- o`n~/ ---------------------- [k- Hkxoku ---------------------- x- yksVk ---------------------- ?k- uk;d ---------------------- Ä- iqtkjh ---------------------- p- uj ---------------------- N- riLoh ---------------------- t- gkFkh ---------------------- >- /ksCkh ---------------------- ×k- lk¡i ---------------------- 2- jxa hu 'kCnkas oQs fyxa ifjoruZ djoQs okD;kas dks ncq kjk fy[kkAs vko';d cnyko Hkh djAas d- mldk csVk xqM~Ms ls [ksy jgk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- f'k\"; vè;kid ls i<+rs gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------ x- dof;=kh fonq\"kh gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- lezkV~ xq.koku gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- ckyd 'ksj ls Mj x;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3- fuR; L=khfyax osQ pkj mnkgj.k fy[kksA --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- 4- fuR; iqfYayx osQ pkj mnkgj.k fy[kksA --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- 59 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

III. opu uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,& 1- ,d yM+dk vius oqQRrkas dks ys tk jgk gSA 2- nks yM+fd;k¡u`R; dj jgh gSaA 3- rhu gkFkh vkxs&ihNs pys tk jgs gSaA 4- pkj oqQflZ;k¡vkSj ,d est j[kh gSA vkius mi;qZDr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls i<+k vkSj ns[kk fd igys okD; esa oqQRrs dks ys tkus dk dk;Z ,d yM+dk dj jgk gS] tcfd nwljs okD; esa u`R; nks yM+fd;k¡dj jgh gSaA blh izdkj izR;sd okD; esa drkZ 'kCn ,d ;k vusd dk cks/ djk jgs gSa vFkkZr~ opu ls laKk 'kCnksa dh la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gSA (opu dk vFkZ gS& la[;k) 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/d gksus dk cks/ gks] mls opu dgrs gSaA opu osQ Hksn fganh esa opu nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- ,dopu 2- cgqopu 1- ,dopu & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls ,d O;fDr ;k ,d oLrq vFkok ,d inkFkZ dk cks/ gksrk gks] og ,dopu dgykrk gSA tSls & ukjh] dye] yM+dh] ikB'kkyk] e'khu] vk¡[k] oqQlhZ] iqLrd] vkfnA
 2- cgqopu & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls ,d ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa] oLrqvksa vFkok inkFkksZa dk cks/ gksrk gks] og cgqopu dgykrk gSA tSls & estsa] ukfj;k¡] dyesa] yM+fd;k¡] ikB'kkyk,¡] e'khuas] vk¡[ksa] oqQflZ;k¡] iqLrosaQ] vkfnA opu ifjorZu osQ oqQN fu;e 1- ;fn lKa k 'kCn ifq Yya x gks vkjS vra eas vk gks rks cgoq pu eas vk dk , gks tkrk gAS tlS &s ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu dejk dejs njok”kk njokts yM+dk yM+osQ 60 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- vdkjkar L=khfyax laKkvksa osQ var esa v dks ,¡dj nsus ls cgqopu :i cu tkrk gSA tSls& nokr nokrsa vk¡[k vk¡[ksa jkr jkrsa 3- bZdkjkar L=khfyax laKkvksa osQ var esa ^b;k¡* tksM+ nsus ls cgqopu cu tkrk gSA tSls& f[kM+dh f[kM+fd;k¡ ukjh ukfj;k¡ lCt+h lfCt+;k¡ 4- bdkjkar L=khfyax laKkvksa osQ var esa ^;k¡* tksM+ nsus ls cgqopu cu tkrk gSA tSls& fyfi fyfi;k¡ uhfr uhfr;k¡ tkrh tkfr;k¡ 5- var esa ^;k* vkus okys L=khfyax 'kCnksa osQ var dks vuqukfld ( ¡) dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSls& xqfM+;k xqfM+;k¡ fpfM+;k fpfM+;k¡ cqf<+;k cqf<+;k¡ 6- vkdkjkar L=khfyax 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^,¡* tksM+dj cgqopu cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls& yrk yrk,¡ ekyk ekyk,¡ lsuk lsuk,¡ fo'ks\"k & cgq/k laKk&'kCnksa osQ nks&nks cgqopu :i curs gSaA uhps d vkSj [k esa ;s nksuksa :i fn[kk, x, gSa] fdarq [k :i dk iz;ksx osQoy okD; esa gh gksrk gSA ;fn bu 'kCnksa dk vyx ls cgqopu :i iwNk tk, rks osQoy ^d* okyk :i gh crkuk pkfg,A ^[k* okys :iksa esa dkjd&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,dopu cgqopu (d) cgqopu ([k) vk¡[k vk¡[ksa vk¡[kksa iqLrd iqLroasQ iqLrdksa lwpuk lwpuk,¡ lwpukvksa ekyk ekyk,¡ ekykvksa ckr ckrsa ckrksa >hy >hysa >hyksa uhfr uhfr;k¡ uhfr;ksa ia[kk ia[ks ia[kksa yM+dk yM+osQ yM+dksa 61 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gks] mls opu dgrs gSaA • fganh esa opu nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA • ,¡] ,] ;k¡vkfn tksM+dj ,dopu ls cgqopu cuk, tkrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ cgqopu fy[kksµ d- nhokj ---------------------- [k- D;kjh ---------------------- x- ekyk ---------------------- ?k- lkM+h ---------------------- Ä- rkyk ---------------------- p- 'kk[kk ---------------------- N- unh ---------------------- t- yrk ---------------------- >- dyh ---------------------- ×k- vkok”k ---------------------- V- iqLrd ---------------------- B- fpfM+;k ---------------------- 2- OkkD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ opu crkvksA ------------------------- d- n'kjFk osQ rhj us Jo.k osQ izk.k ys fy,A ------------------------- [k- vè;kidx.k d{kkvksa esa i<+k jgs gSaA ------------------------- x- o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA ------------------------- ?k- mlus gLRkk{kj dj fn, gSaA ------------------------- Ä- /ksch diM+s /ks jgs gSaA ------------------------- p- ckx esa oqQN ekyh dke dj jgs gSaA ------------------------- N- gok fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA ------------------------- t- mldh nnZ&Hkjh dgkuh lqudj esjh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,A 62 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

IV. dkjd dkjd dk vFkZ gS& ^fozQ;k dks djus okyk*A dkjd fofHkUu laKkvksa ;k loZukeksa dks fozQ;k osQ lkFk fdlh&u&fdlh Hkwfedk esa tksM+rs gSaA mnkgj.k % d- vkdk'k i=k fy[kkA [k- vkdk'k us i=k fy[kkA mi;qZDr ^[k* okD; esa ^us* laKk vkdk'k dks tksM+ jgk gSA vRk% ;g dkjd gSA laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; esa vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk tkuk tkrk gS] mls dkjd dgrs gSaA dkjd vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA uhps dkjd o muosQ foHkfDr&fpg~u fn, tk jgs gSaA ozQe dkjd foHkfDr&fpg~u 1- drkZ us 2- deZ dks 3- dj.k 4- laiznku ls] osQ n~okjk 5- viknku dks] osQ fy, 6- laca/ ls (i`Fo~Qrk) 7 vf/dj.k dk] osQ] dh_ jk] js] jh 8- lacks/u esa] ij gs] vjs] vks 1- drkZ dkjd (us)% fozQ;k osQ djus okys dks drkZ dgrs gSaA okD; esa laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fozQ;k osQ djus okys dk irk pyrk gS] mls drkZ dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls & pijklh us ?kaVh ctkbZA lquhrk vk jgh gSA igys okD; esa ?kaVh ctkus dk dke pijklh us fd;k gSA blfy, bl okD; esa ^pijklh* drkZ gS vkSj ^us* ijlxZ yxk gSA 63 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

nwljs okD; esa vkus dh fozQ;k lquhrk n~okjk gks jgh gS] vr% ^lquhrk* drkZ gSA blesa drkZ osQ lkFk us ijlxZ ugha yxkA 2- deZ dkjd (dks)% okD; esa fozQ;k dk iQy drkZ ij u iM+dj ftl laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn ij iM+rk gS mls deZ dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& euh\"k lsc [kkrk gSA ekSlh larks\"kh dks Mk¡Vrh gSA igys okD; esa ^[kk;k* fozQ;k dk iQy ^lsc* ij iM+ jgk gS] vr% lsc deZ dkjd gSA blosQ lkFk ijlxZ ^dks* ugha yxkA dbZ ckj deZ osQ lkFk ijlxZ ugha yxrkA nwljs okD; esa ^larks\"kh* deZ dkjd gSA ^Mk¡Vrh gS* fozQ;k dk iQy drkZ (ekSlh) ij u iM+dj larks\"kh ij iM+ jgk gSA blfy, larks\"kh deZ dkjd gSA 3- dj.k dkjd (ls n~okjk)% drkZ ftl lk/u ;k ekè;; ls dk;Z djrk gS] ml lk/u ;k ekè;e dks dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& laxhrk us lkcqu ls cjru /ks,A eksfguh dkj osQ n~okjk vkxjk igq¡phA bu okD;ksa esa drkZ laxhrk us ^lkcqu* osQ n~okjk cjru /ksus dk dk;Z fd;kA drkZ eksfguh us ^dkj* osQ n~okjk igq¡pus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl izdkj lkcqu vkSj dkj dj.k dkjd gSaA 4- laiznku dkjd (osQ fy,] dks)% drkZ ftlosQ fy, dk;Z djrk gS ;k ftls oqQN nsrk gS] bldk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn laiznku dkjd dgykrk gSA lhrk us vaoqQj osQ fy, ?kM+h [kjhnhA va'kq us Hkkouk dks iqLrd nh bu okD;ksa esa drkZ ^lhrk us* vaoqQj osQ fy, ?kM+h [kjhnus dk vkSj va'kq us ^Hkkouk* dks iqLrd nsus dk dk;Z fd;kA bl izdkj vaoqQj vkSj Hkkouk laiznku dkjd gSA 5- viknku dkjd (ls)% laKk osQ ftl :i ls vyx gksus vkSj rqyuk djus dk irk yxrk gS] mls viknku dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& IysV gkFk ls fxj xbZA vafdrk cl ls mrjhA 64 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vuq lqtkrk ls eksVh gSA bu okD;ksa esa IysV gkFk ls vyx gks jgh gSA vafdrk ^cl* ls vyx gks jgh gSA ^vuq* vkSj ^lqtkrk* esa rqyuk gks jgh gSA vr% bu okD;ksa esa gkFk] cl vkSj lqtkrk viknku dkjd gSaA 6- laca/ dkjd (dk] dh] osQ] jk] jh] js)% fdlh okD; esa vk, ,d laKk ;k loZuke dk laca/ nwljs laKk ls izdV djus okys 'kCn laca/ dkjd dgykrs gSaA tSls& e”knwj dk iq=k Hkh dke esa yx x;kA ;g iqLrd esjh gSA lfjrk dh lkfM+;k¡/qy xbZA bu okD;ksa esa e”knwj dk iq=k ls] lfjrk dk lkfM+;ksa ls vkSj esjh dk iqLrd ls laca/ crk jgs gSaA vr% ;s 'kCn laca/ dkjd osQ gSA 7- vf/dj.k dkjd (esa] ij)% laKk osQ ftl :i ls fozQ;k osQ vk/kj dk] le; vkSj LFkku vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mls vf/dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA ok;q;ku vkdk'k esa mM+rk gSA cjru esa ikuh Hkj yksA ukukth oqQlhZ ij cSBs gSaA fxykl esa nw/ gSA bu okD;ksa esa vkdk'k esa] cjru esa] oqQlhZ ij vkSj fxykl esa 'kCnksa ls mu LFkkuksa dk irk pyrk gS] tgk¡fozQ;k gks jgh gS vFkok gksxhA vr% ;s vf/dj.k dkjd osQ 'kCn gSaA 8- lacks/d dkjd (gs] js] vjs] vkfn)% ftl laKk 'kCn dk iz;ksx lacks/u osQ :i esa ;kuh cqykus osQ fy, gksrk gS] mls lacks/d dkjd dgrs gSaA okg! vuhrk fdruk vPNk xkrh gSA vjs eksuw! tYnh&tYnh dke djksA bu okD;ksa esa okg vuhrk vkSj vjs eksuw dk iz;ksx lacks/u osQ :i esa gqvk gSA vr% ;s lacks/u dkjd gSaA lacks/u dkjd osQ ijlxZ okg] vjs] js] gs vkfn laKk] 'kCnksa ls igys yxrs gSa rFkk buosQ Ckkn foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u (!) yxrk gSA 65 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; esa vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk tkuk tkrk gS] mls dkjd dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps ^d* LarHk esa dkjd fn, x, gaS ^[k* LraHk esa ijlxZ vFkok foHkfDr;k¡nh xbZ gSaA dkjd rFkk mudh foHkfDr;ksa dks js[kk n~okjk feykvksµ ^d* LrHka ^[k* LrHka 1- drkZ 1- dk] osQ] dh 2- deZ 2- esa] ij 3- dj.k 3- us 4- vf/dj.k 4- dks 5- laca/ 5- ls 2- jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ dkjd crkvksA d- Hkhe us nq;ksZ/u ij xnk ls izgkj fd;kA ---------------------------------------- [k- vjs eksgu! Hkw[ks O;fDr dks Hkkstu ns nksA ---------------------------------------- x- fpfM+;k?kj esa vusd i{kh isM+ksa ij cSBs FksA ---------------------------------------- ?k- >ksiM+h osQ NIij ls ikuh Vid jgk gSA ---------------------------------------- Ä- jke osQ nknkth dkj ls tk,¡xsA ---------------------------------------- p- eSaus [kkuk [kk fy;k vkSj oqQN vius fe=k osQ fy, ys fy;kA ---------------------------------------- N- eSaus xq# th ls rcyk ctkuk lh[kkA ---------------------------------------- 66 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3- uhps oqQN okD; fn, x, gSa] ftuesa ijlxksZa ;k dkjd&fpg~uksa dk lgh iz;ksx ugha gqvk gSA lgh ijlxksZa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kksµ d- eksgu es”k lki+Q dj jgk FkkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- CkPpk Nr ij ls fxj x;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- gkWy ij chl yksx cSBs FksA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- 'kkyw us dkWih dk ,d lqanj fp=k cuk;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- lHkh cPpkas osQ fy, iQy ck¡VksA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4- mfpr foHkfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, OkkD;ksa osQ fjDr LFkku HkjksA d- Hk¡xM+s ------------------------ urZd rky ------------------------ iSj fgykrs gSaA [k- mldk ,d gkFk dku ------------------------ gSA x- ;g iqLrd ys[kd ------------------------ gSA ?k- og n;k&/eZ ------------------------ dHkh ugha gVsxkA Ä fiQj yksxksa ------------------------ utjsa nwljh vksj eqM+ xbZaA p- ns[kk] ,d vikfgt] o`{k ------------------------ Nk;k ------------------------ iM+k djkg jgk gSA N- ckck ------------------------ ?kksM+s ------------------------ jksd fy;kA t- esjh iqLrd ------------------------ vki ------------------------ fp=k gSA 67 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

9 loZuke (Pronoun) fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls if<+,& jke v;ksè;k osQ jktk n'kjFk osQ iq=k FksA jke firk dh vkKk ekudj jke pkSng o\"kZ osQ fy, ou esa x,A jke osQ lkFk jke dh iRuh lhrk vkSj jke osQ HkkbZ y{e.k Hkh x,A jke tc ouokl ls ykSVs rks iztk us jke dk cgqr Lokxr fd;kA mi;qZDr vuqPNsn esa jke 'kCn dbZ ckj nksgjk;k x;k gS] ftlls Hkk\"kk cM+h vViVh gks xbZ gSA ;fn ge bl vuqPNsn dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa fy[ksa rks gekjh Hkk\"kk vf/d lqanj vkSj mfpr yxsxh& jke v;ksè;k osQ jktk n'kjFk osQ iq=k FksA vius firk dh vkKk ekudj os pkSng o\"kZ osQ fy, ou esa x,A muosQ lkFk mudh iRuh lhrk vkSj muosQ HkkbZ y{e.k Hkh x,A os tc ouokl ls ykSVs rks iztk us mudk cgqr Lokxr fd;kA nwljs vuqPNsn esa igys dh vis{kk vf/d lkSan;Z D;ksa vk x;k gS\\ blfy, fd buesa laKk 'kCn jke dks ckj&ckj nksgjk dj mlosQ LFkku ij vius] os] muosQ] mudh vkSj mudk vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn loZuke gSaA vr,o& laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCn (in) loZuke dgykrs gSaA loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa & loZuke osQ Hksn 1- iq#\"kokpd (mÙke] eè;e] vU;) 4- laca/okpd 2- fu'p;okpd 5- iz'uokpd 3- vfu'p;okpd 6- futokpd 68 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

1- iq#\"kokpd loZuke os loZuke tks cksyus okys] lquus okys ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dk cks/ djkrs gSa] iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& eSa] rqe] og] mudk] vkfnA iq#\"kokpd loZuke rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- mRre iq#\"k & cksyus okyk % eSa] ge] gekjk] esjk] vkfnA 2- eè;e iq#\"k & lquus okyk % rw] rqe] rsjk] rqEgkjk] vkidk] vkfnA 3- vU; iq#\"k & vU; O;fDr % og] os] ;g] ;s] mUgsa] mudk] vkfnA 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke ftl loZuke ls fdlh ikl ;k nwj dh oLrq ;k O;fDr dk fu'p;iwoZd cks/ djk;k tk,] mls fu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls & ;g] og] ;s] budk] vkfnA mnkgj.k & d- ;g esjh nhnh gSaA [k- og eksgu dk dejk gSA x- budk bl uxj esa fon~;ky; gSA mi;qZDr rhuksa okD;ksa esa ;g] og rFkk budk 'kCn fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr vFkok oLrq dk cks/ djk jgs gSa] vr% ;s fu'p;okpd loZuke gSaA 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke % fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,& d- firkth ls dksbZ feyus vk;k gSA [k- og oqQN ysdj vk;k gSA bu okD;ksa esa iz;qDr dksbZ vkSj oqQN 'kCnksa ls fdlh fo'ks\"k O;fDr vFkok oLrq dk fu'p; ugha gks jgk gS] blfy, ;s vfu';okpd loZuke gSaA vr%& 69 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

ftl loZuke ls fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ u gks] mls vfu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& oqQN] fdlh] dksbZ] vkfnA 4- laca/okpd loZuke % fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,& d- tks i<+sxk] og lIkQy gksxkA] [k- tSlk djksxs] oSlk HkjksxsA x- tks Mjsxk] lks ejsxkA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa tks] og] tSlk] oSlk] tks] lks 'kCn nks loZuke esa laca/ dk cks/ djkrs gSa] vr% ;s lHkh 'kCn laca/okpd loZuke gSaA vr% tks louZ ke 'kCn fdlh nlw js louZ ke ls lca /a dk ck/s djk,] mls lca /a okpd louZ ke dgrs gSaA tSls& tks] lks] tSlk] oSlk] vkfnA 5- iz'uokpd loZuke % fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,& d- vHkh&vHkh dkSu vk;k gS\\ [k- ml laca/ esa rqeus D;k lkspk gS\\ bu okD;ksa esa dkSu rFkk D;k loZuke 'kCn fdlh vutku O;fDr ;k oLrq osQ fy, iz'u osQ :i esa iz;qDr gks jgs gSaA vr,o] ftu loZukeksa dk iz;ksx iz'u iwNus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] os iz'uokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& dkSu] D;k] dc] oSQls] vkfnA 6- futokpd loZuke % fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,& fganh O;kdj.k & 6 d- eq>s Lo;a og dke ns[kuk gksxkA [k- eSaus vius&vki gh mls ;gk¡cqyk;k gSA x- og vius&vki gh pyk tk,xkA 70

mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr Lo;a] vius&vki vkSj vki gh 'kCn futokpd loZuke gSa] D;ksafd ;s drkZ osQ lkFk viusiu dk cks/ djk jgs gSaA vr,o] ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx drkZ osQ lkFk viusiu dk cks/ djkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] os 'kCn futokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& Lo;a] vki gh] [kqn] vki] vkfnA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx gksus okys 'kCn loZuke gksrs gSaA blosQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSaA • vki] ;s] os] ge] rqe 'kCn cgqopu esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] ysfdu ,dopu esa Hkh budk iz;ksx vknjlwpd :i esa fd;k x;k gSA • laca/okpd os loZuke gSa tks vkil esa laca/ j[krs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iwfrZ mfpr loZuke ls djksA d- rqe ----------------------- ?kj tkvks (futokpd loZuke ls) i. mlosQ ii. esjs iii. vius [k- rqe crkvks] ;g fxykl ----------------------- rksM+k gS\\(iz'uokpd loZuke) i. dgk¡ ii. fdlus iii. [kqnus x- ----------------------- vkiosQ ?kj vk,¡xsA (iq:\"kokpd loZuke) i. eSa ii. os iii. dksbZ ?k- firkth ls ----------------------- fEkyus vk;k gSA (vfu'p;okpd loZuke) i. og ii. dkSu iii. dksbZ 71 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- dks\"Bdksa esa fn, loZuke&'kCnksa dk mi;qDr :i fjDr LFkkuksa esa HkjksA d- --------------------------- ckgj ls cqykdj ykvksA (dksbZ) [k- iqfyl us --------------------------- iwNrkN dhA (og) x- --------------------------- pksjh dh Fkh] --------------------------- idM+ fy;k x;kA (tks] og) ?k- ;g migkj --------------------------- gS\\ (dkSu) M-+ eSa Fkd x;k gw¡A --------------------------- vc pyk ugha tkrkA (EkSa) p- rqe fganh --------------------------- i<+rs gksA (dkSu) 3- dkys (eksVs) Nis loZuke inksa dk izdkj crkvksA d- vki [kkuk [kkdj tkb,A --------------------------- [k- og vius&vki gh vk x;kA --------------------------- x- os dkSu gSa\\ --------------------------- ?k- os esjs ekek th gaSA --------------------------- M-+ lM+d ij oqQN iM+k gSA --------------------------- p- lM+d ij D;k iM+k gS\\ --------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa loZukeksa dh v'kqn~f/;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kkµ d- mlosQ vk¡[kksa ij laLdkjksa dk ikuh p<+k gqvk FkkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- ;g dke eSa vius&vki dj yw¡xkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- vki eq> osQ lkFk fIkQYe ns[kus pysA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- os irax mM+k jgk FkkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ M-+ nw/ esa dksbZ fxj x;k gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 72 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

10 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) fuEufyf[kr okD;kas dks è;kuiow dZ if<,+ vkjS jxa hu 'kCnkas dh fo'k\"s krkvkas ij è;ku nhft,& 1- gekjs fon~;ky; dk fo'kky Hkou cM+k lqanj gSA ;g Hkkjrh; 'kSyh ls cuk gSA 2- Hkhrjh Hkou yky] ihys] uhys vkSj lIk+sQn jax dk gSA 3- bl Hkou esa pkyhl dejs gSaA 4- oqQN dejs cM+s vkSj oqQN NksVs gSaA oqQN u, vkSj oqQN iqjkus gSaA 5- ;g Hkou cM+k Å¡pk vkSj foLr`r gSA vkius ns[kk jaxhu 'kCn fdlh&u&fdlh laKk vFkok loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSaA 1- jaxcks/d & yky] ihyk] uhyk] lIk+sQn 2- xq.kokpd & lqanj] fo'kky 3- vkdkjcks/d & cM+s] NksVs 4- :icks/d & Å¡pk] foLr`r 5- la[;kcks/d & pkyhl] oqQN 6- laosQrcks/d & ;g] bl tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fo'ks\";& fo'ks\"k.k ftl laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrk gS] mls fo'ks\"; dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- lqanj cPps fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; 2- oqQN IkwQy f[kys gSa 3- ik¡p fdyks ?kh lqanj cPps 4- lqjs'k cqn~f/eku gS oqQN IkwQy 5- os gkFkh ik¡p fdyks ?kh cqnf/eku lqjs'k os gkFkh 73 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksn& fo'ks\"k.k osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj Hksn gSa & xq.kokpd] la[;kokpd] ifjek.kokpd] lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k xq.kokpd la[;kokpd ifjek.kokpd lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k fuf'pr vfuf'pr fuf'pr vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd la[;kokpd la[;kokpd ifjek.kokpd 1- xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k % fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+,& d- 'kgj esa jke osQ vPNs vkSj pfj=koku fe=k gSaA [k- mldk ukSdj dkyw ykyph vkSj vkylh O;fDr gSA x- eukst dks lHkh n;kyq] prqj vkSj bZekunkj O;fDr ekurs gSaA tks O;fDr vius fo'ks\"; osQ xq.k&nks\"k vkfn dk cks/ djkrs gSa] mls xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA 2- la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k % uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks if<+,& d- gekjs xk¡o esa vkt pkj 'ksj vk,A [k- vkt lkfgy us ik¡p o`{k yxk,A x- xank ikuh ihus ls lSadM+kas yksx chekj gks x,A ?k- FkksM+s&ls yksxksa us iwjk ikoZQ lkIk+Q dj fn;kA pkj] ik¡p fuf'pr la[;kcks/d 'kCn gSa] tks 'ksj vkSj o`{kksa dh fxurh crk jgs gSaA lSadM+ksa vkSj FkksM+s&ls 'kCn yksxksa dh vfuf'pr la[;k crk jgs gSaA ftu fo'ks\"k.kksa ls fo'ks\"; dh fuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSa vkSj ftuls vfuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgas vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA 74 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

3- ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k % laKk ;k loZuke dh uki&rksy laca/h fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA buosQ nks Hksn gSa& fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd % ftu fo'ks\"k.kksa ls fdlh oLrq ;k inkFkZ dh fuf'pr ek=kk ;k uki&rksy dk irk pyrk gS] mls fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls&nks ehVj diM+k (uki)] ,d yhVj nw/ (eki)A vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd % ftu fo'ks\"k.kksa esa ls fdlh oLrq ;k inkFkZ dh fuf'pr ek=kk ;k uki&rksy dk irk ugha pyrk] mls vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& FkksM+k&lk ikuh] cgqr&lk ued] oqQN cPpsA ifjek.kokpd vkSj la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k esa varj oqQN fo'ks\"k.k ,sls gSa] tks ifjek.kokpd rFkk la[;kokpd nksuksa izdkj osQ fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA tSls& oqQN & mlus oqQN iqLrosaQ [kjhnhaA mlus oqQN nkysa [kjhnhaA de & mlosQ ikl de #i, gSaA mlosQ ikl de nw/ gSA 4- lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k % loZuke 'kCn tc laKk osQ LFkku ij u vkdj laKk osQ lkFk mlls igys yxdj vkrs gSa] rks os laKk dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys gks tkrs gSaA bUgsa laosQrokpd fo'ks\"k.k Hkh dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ,sls fo'ks\"k.k fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh vkSj laosQr djrs gSaA tSls& d- os ckyd nkSM+ jgs gSaA [k- ;g fp=k fdruk lqUnj gSA loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k esa varj tc dkbs Z 'kCn lKa k oQs LFkku ij i;z Dq r gkrs k g]S rks og louZ ke dgykrk g]S ij tc ogh 'kCn fdlh lKa k oQs lkFk i;z Dq r gkds j mldh vkjs loa Qs r djrk gS rks lkouZ kfed fo'k\"s k.k dgykrk gAS 75 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

'kCn loZuke :i esa iz;qDr lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k osQ :i esa iz;qDr og og [ksy jgk gSA og yM+dk [ksy jgk gSA ml mls vanj cqykvksA ml yM+osQ dks vanj cqykvksA mu mUgsa [kkuk f[kykvksA mu O;fDr;ksa dks [kkuk f[kykvksA D;k rqe D;k [kkvksxs\\ rqe D;k pht [kkvksxs\\ izfo'ks\"k.k fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks if<+, vkSj muesa jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa ij è;ku nhft,A dey cgqr cqn~f/eku yM+dk gSA vc og fcYoqQy LoLFk gSA jfo cM+k pkykd gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa jaxhu Nis 'kCn ^cqn~f/eku*] ^LoLFk* vkSj ^pkykd* fo'ks\"k.kksa ls igys iz;qDr gq, gSa rFkk mudh fo'ks\"krk esa o`n~f/ dj jgs gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa] fd ;s 'kCn fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ fo'ks\"k.k gSaA O;kdj.k esa ,sls 'kCn tks fo'ks\"k.kksa dh Hkh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] izfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fo'ks\"k.k dh rhu voLFkk,¡ 1- ewykoLFkk (dksbZ rqyuk ugha)] 2- mRrjkoLFkk (nks oLrqvksa osQ chp rqyuk)] 3- mRrekoLFkk (nks ls vf/d osQ chp rqyuk) ewykoLFkk mRrjkoLFkk mRrekoLFkk --------------------- (rj) (re) y?kqrj y?kqre y?kq dBksjrj dBksjre dBksj e/qjrj e/qjre e/qj vPNk mlls mPNk lcls mPNk 76 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

1- laKk 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk vFkZ vkfFZkd Hkkjr Hkkjrh; ykyp ykyph mnkl mnklh ehBk uxj ukxfjd jksx feBkl Kku Kkuh jksxh ifjokj ikfjokfjd 2- loZuke 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk ;g ,slk vki vkidks og rSlk eSa esjk dkSu fdldk tks tSlk 3- fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk [kkÅ cukuk cukoVh HkqyDdM+ ns[kuk fn[kkoVh Hkkxuk HkxksM+k [kkuk i<+kowQ cspuk fcdkmQ yM+uk yM+kowQ Hkwyuk ?kweuk ?kqeDdM+ i<+uk vxyk ckgjh 4- vO;; 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk Åij Åijh Hkhrj Hkhrjh vkxs ihNs fiNyk uhps fupyk ckgj laKk ls fo'ks\"k.k ued & uedhu izR;; ^bZ* tksM+dj % yksHk & yksHkh eu & ekufld bZu bd mi;ksx & mi;ksxh 77 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

^bd* tksM+dj % o\"kZ & okf\"kZd iRFkj & iFkjhyk bZyk f'k{kk & 'kSf{kd Kku & Kkuh bZ vkl ^'kkyh* tksM+dj % 'kfDr & 'kfDr'kkyh ehBk & feBkl bZ; cy & cy'kkyh tkfr & tkrh; bd bZ eku tksM+dj % cqn~f/ & cqn~f/eku vFkZ & vkfFkZd bZyk@bZu Jh & Jheku~ cukjl & cukjlh bZ jax & jaxhyk@jaxhu ^bZ;* tksM+dj % Hkkjr & Hkkjrh; mnkl & mnklh jk\"Vª & jk\"Vªh; ^oku* tksM+dj % cy & cyoku /u & /uoku vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA • fo'ks\"k.k dh rqyukRed rhu voLFkk,¡gSa& ewykoLFkk] mRrjkoLFkk o mRrekoLFkkA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djks vkSj muosQ Hksn fy[kksµ d- og cgqr pkykd gSA --------------------------------------------- [k- ml O;fDr dks ;gk¡cqykb,A --------------------------------------------- x- ckt+kj ls ik¡p fdyks feBkbZ ys vkvksA --------------------------------------------- ?k- rqe FkksM+k&lk ikuh Hkj yksA --------------------------------------------- 78 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

M-+ FkksM+h uedhu vkSj oqQN feBkbZ ys vkvksA --------------------------------------------- p- eksVk vkneh fdlh dke dk ughaA --------------------------------------------- 2- dks\"Bdksa esa fn, fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ vuqlkj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- xhrk us izfr;ksfxrk esa -------------------------- LFkku izkIr fd;kA (fuf'pr la[;kokpd) [k- -------------------------- isu u;k vkSj lqanj gSA (lkoZukfed) x- eSa gj jksTk+ enj Ms;jh ls -------------------------- nw/ ykrk gw¡A (fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd) ?k- og IkwQy -------------------------- gSA (xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k) M-+ eSaus -------------------------- jax dk ,d lwV flyok;kA (xq.kokpd) p- -------------------------- ?kksM+k ?kkl [kk jgk gSA (lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k) N- jke dk ?kj -------------------------- eafty ij gSA (fuf'pr la[;kokpd) 3- fuEufyf[kr fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ fy, mi;qDr fo'ks\"; fy[kksµ d- if'peh -------------------------- [k- uohu -------------------------- x- uqdhyk -------------------------- ?k- ?kk;y -------------------------- M-+ iq=korh -------------------------- p- lkekftd -------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ mRrjkoLFkk vkSj mRrekoLFkk :i fy[kksµ ewykoLFkk mRrjkoLFkk mRrekoLFkk d- egku ---------------------------- ---------------------------- [k- mPp ---------------------------- ---------------------------- x- e/qj ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ?k- vf/d ---------------------------- ---------------------------- M-+ fudV ---------------------------- ---------------------------- 79 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

11 fdz ;k (Verb) ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dk;Z dk djuk ;k gksuk ik;k tk,] mls fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& lat; i<+rk gSA canj ukprk gSA iqLrd es”k ij gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa vkius ns[kk fd ^i<+rk gS*] ^ukprk gS*] ^gS* 'kCnksa ls dk;Z dk gksuk ;k ik;k tkus dk laosQr fey jgk gSA vr% ;s fozQ;k 'kCn gSaA /krq % fozQ;k osQ ewy :i dks ^/krq* dgrs gSaA tSls & ^pyrk gS* fozQ;k dk ewy :i ^py* /krq gSA ^/krq* osQ lkFk ^uk* yxus ls fozQ;k dk lkekU; :i cu tkrk gSA tSls & py $ uk ¾ pyuk] i<+ $ uk ¾ i<+uk] lqu $ uk ¾ lquuk] cSB $ uk ¾ cSBuk] vkfnA fozQ;k osQ Hksn vdeZd ldeZd 1- vdeZd fozQ;k % fozQ;k osQ dke dk IkQy tc drkZ (dk;Z djus okyk) ij iM+s rks fozQ;k vdeZd gksxhA tSls & yrk g¡l jgh gSA (vozQeZd fozQ;k esa deZ ugha gksrk) 2- ldeZd fozQ;k % fozQ;k osQ dke dk IkQy tc drkZ dks NksM+dj deZ ij iM+rk gS rks fozQ;k ldeZd gksrh gSA tSls& c<+bZ ydM+h dkV jgk gSA ;gk¡ydM+h deZ gSA n~fodeZd fozQ;k% oqQN ldeZd fozQ;k,¡vius lkFk nks deZ j[krh gSaA tSls& ^lq\"kek us eq>s ik¡p lkS #i, fn,*A bl okD; esa nks deZ gSa & ^eq>s* vkSj ^ik¡p lkS #i,*A vè;kid us fon~;kFkhZ dks xf.kr i<+k;kA bl okD; esa Hkh nks deZ gSa & ^fon~;kFkhZ* vkSj ^xf.kr*A 80 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

;kn jf[k, & vdeZd vkSj ldeZd fozQ;k dh lgh igpku osQ fy, drkZ vkSj fozQ;k osQ chp ^D;k* vFkok ^fdls* yxkdj iz'u dhft,A ;fn iz'u dk mRrj feyrk gS rks fozQ;k ldeZd gksxhA ;fn iz'u dk mRrj ugha feyrk rks fozQ;k vdeZd gksxhA tSls& 1- lkfgy pk; ihrk gSA iz'u & lkfgy D;k ihrk gS\\ mRrj & pk; (ldeZd fozQ;k) 2- lhrk g¡lrh gSA iz'u & lhrk fdls ;k D;k g¡lrh gS\\ mRrj & dksbZ mRrj ugha (vdeZd fozQ;k) oqQN vU; fozQ;k,¡& lkekU; fozQ;k] la;qDr fozQ;k] izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k] lgk;d fozQ;k vkSj uke/krq fozQ;kA 1- lkekU; fozQ;k & okD; esa tgk¡osQoy ,d fozQ;k dk iz;ksx gks] og lkekU; fozQ;k dgykrh gSA tSls & d- fnO;k us xhr xk;kA [k- og pyk x;kA 2- la;qDr fozQ;k & tgk¡nks ;k nks ls vf/d fozQ;kvksa dk lkFk&lkFk iz;ksx gks] og fozQ;k la;qDr fozQ;k dgykrh gSA tSls & eSa i<+us osQ ckn lksus pyk x;kA 3- ijsz .kkFkdZ foQz ;k & ftl foQz ;k 'kCn ls ;g irk pys fd drkZ Lo;a dk;Z dks u djoQs fdlh vU; ls djokrk g]S mls ijsz .kkFkdZ foQz ;k dgrs gAaS tlS s & ekgs u ukdS j ls diMs+ /yq okrk gAS 4- lgk;d fozQ;k & dbZ ckj okD; esa ewy fozQ;k osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; fozQ;k,¡Hkh iz;qDr dh tkrh gSa] ftUgsa lgk;d fozQ;k dgk tkrk gSA tSls& d- pksj pksjh djus osQ ckn Hkkx x;kA [k- L=kh ?kcjkdj jksus yxhA 81 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

5- uke/krq fozQ;k & laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k vkfn 'kCnksa ls cus fozQ;kin uke/krq fozQ;k dgykrs gSaA tSls & >wB & >qBykuk xeZ & xekZuk VDdj & Vdjkuk ykyp & yypkuk vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mls fozQ;k dgrs gSaA • fozQ;k dk ewy :i mldh /krq gksrh gS ftlesa ^uk* izR;; tksM+dj mldk lkekU; (laKk) :i cuk;k tkrk gSA • fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa&ldeZd fozQ;k o vdeZd fozQ;kA • fozQ;k 'kCn fodkjh gksrs gSaA mu ij fyax] opu] dky vkfn dk izHkko iM+rk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fozQ;k&in Nk¡Vks rFkk crkvks fd ;s fozQ;k osQ fdl Hksn osQ varZxr vkrs gSaA fozQ;kin fozQ;k dk izdkj vdeZd ;k ldeZd ---------------------- ---------------------- d- os pijklh dks iqdkjrs gSaA ---------------------- ---------------------- [k- eSa rqEgas oqQN ,slh oLrq,¡fn[kkm¡QxkA ---------------------- ---------------------- x- fdlku xkM+h ij tk cSBkA ---------------------- ---------------------- ?k- ;qod us fdlku dh vksj xkSj ls ns[kkA M-+ oqQN nsj ckn mlh egy esa nwljk lSfud vk;kA ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- p- fdrus lqanj v{kj gSa] eksrh tSlsA ---------------------- -------------------- N- rkykc fdukjs eNqvkjksa us feBkbZ ck¡VhA 82 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

-- 2- dks\"Bdksa esa fn, fozQ;k 'kCnksa osQ lgh :i ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- cPps us pk; ----------------------A (ihuk) [k- dy jfo us viuh ekrkth dks i=k ----------------------A (fy[kuk) x- eSa vkt eqacbZ ----------------------A (tkuk) ?k- cPps è;ku ls vè;kid dh ckr ----------------------A (lquuk) M-+ eSa vkt firkth osQ lkFk ckt+kj ----------------------A (tkuk) p- 'kke gks xbZ] ij og vHkh rd ugha ----------------------A (vkuk) N- cgqr i<+ fy,] vc ----------------------A (lksuk) t- vkt lqcg ls gh o\"kkZ ----------------------A (gksuk) 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, mUgsa iqu% fy[kksµ d- jke i=k fy[krk gSA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ek¡diM+s /ksrh gSA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- os i=k i<+rs gSaA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ukSdj crZu ek¡trk gSA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- fozQ;k 'kCn yxkdj dfork iwjh djksA fctyh ---------------------------------------- pe] pe&pe ckny ---------------------------------------- ne&ne&neA i{kh ge lcdk eu ----------------------------------------] Hk¡ojs lnk IkwQyksa ij ----------------------------------------A fpfM+;k pqx dj nkuk ----------------------------------------] vius uUgs cPpksa dks ----------------------------------------A 83 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

12 dky (Tense) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks if<+,& og fp=k cukrk gSA mlus fp=k cuk;kA og fp=k cuk,xkA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa fozQ;k osQ djus dk le; izdV gqvk gSA bu okD;ksa esa fp=k cukus dk dk;Z gks jgk gSA igys okD; ls py jgs le; (orZeku dky) dk] nwljs okD; ls chrs gq, le; dk (Hkwrdky) rFkk rhljs okD; ls vkus okys le; (Hkfo\";r~ dky) dk cks/ gksrk gSA fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus osQ le; dk cks/ gks] mls ^dky* dgrs gSaA dky osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& dky 1- orZeku dky 2- Hkwrdky 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky 1- orZeku dky fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls py jgs (mifLFkr) le; esa fdlh dke osQ gksus ;k djus dk cks/ gks] mls orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& d- dks;y owQdrh gSA [k- ek¡[kkuk cukrh gSA x- jes'k xk¡o tk jgk gSA orZeku dky osQ rhu Hksn gSa& orZeku dky osQ Hksn orZeku dky 1- lkekU; 2- viw.kZ 3- lafnX/ lkekU; orZeku & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls py jgs le; esa lkekU; :i ls fdlh dk;Z dk gksuk ;k djuk izdV gks] mls lkekU; orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& d- usrkth Hkk\"k.k nsrs gSaA [k- fdlku gy pykrk gSA x- xfjek xhr xkrh gSA 84 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- viw.kZ orZeku & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd dk;Z vHkh gks jgk gS] mls viw.kZ orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& d- jes'k ikuh esa rSj jgk gSA [k- o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA x- i{kh nkuk pqx jgs gSaA 3- lafnX/ orZeku & tc py jgs le; esa fozQ;k osQ gksus ;k djus esa lansg ik;k tk,] ogk¡ lafnX/ orZeku gksrk gSA tSls& d- lwjt ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgk gksxkA [k- vè;kid vkrs gksaxsA x- firkth ?kj igq¡prs gksaxsA 2- Hkwrdky fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls chrs le; esa fdlh dke osQ djus ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mls Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& d- jke us jko.k dks ekjkA [k- eSa [ksy jgh FkhA x- jek us fp=k cuk;kA Hkwrdky osQ Hksn Hkwrdky 1- lkekU; 2- vklUu 3- viw.kZ 4- iw.kZ 5- lafnX/ 6- gsrq&gsrqen~ 1- lkekU; Hkwr & ftl dky ls Hkwrdky esa fozQ;k osQ lkekU; :i gksus dk laosQr feyrk gS mls ^lkekU; Hkwr* dgrs gSaA tSls& d- lhrk us iqLrd i<+ yhA [k- esjs firkth vk x,A x- eksfgr pyk x;kA 2- vklUu Hkwr & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd dk;Z vHkh&vHkh lekIr gqvk gS] mls vklUu Hkwr dgrs gSaA tSls& d- eSaus [kkuk [kk;k gSA [k- lksfu;k ck”kkj ls vk xbZ gSA x- og vHkh vk;kA 3- viw.kZ Hkwr & ftu fozQ;k&inksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd dk;Z Hkwrdky esa 'kq: gks pqdk Fkk vkSj vHkh lekIr ugha gqvk] mls viw.kZ Hkwrdky dgrs gaSA tSls& d- jaxkjax dk;ZozQe py jgk FkkA [k- tfru LowQy tk jgk FkkA x- vafdrk [kkuk cuk jgh FkhA 4- i.w kZ Hkrw & ftu foQz ;kvkas ls fdlh dk;Z dh i.w krZ k dk ck/s gkrs k g]S mls i.w kZ Hkrw dgrs gAaS tlS &s 85 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

d- og ?kj ls fudy pqdk FkkA [k- ekyh isM+ yxk pqdk FkkA x- jke [kkuk [kk pqdk FkkA 5- lafnX/ Hkwr & ftu fozQ;k&inksa ls dk;Z osQ iw.kZ gksus ;k djus esa lansg gks] os lafnX/ Hkwr dgykrs gSa tSls& d- vafdr [kkuk [kk pqdk gksxkA [k- vè;kfidk us ikB i<+k fy;k gksxkA x- mlus xhr xk;k gksxkA 6- gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkwr & ftu fozQ;k&inksa ls Hkwrdky esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk laosQr rks feyrk gS fdarq fdlh dkj.k ls dk;Z gks ugha ldk] mls gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkwr dgrs gSaA tSls& d- vxj o\"kkZ gkrs h rks IkQly vPNh gkrs hA [k- vxj ifjJe djrs rks lIkQy gks tkrAs x- ;fn tYnh vkrs rks Vªsu ugha NwVrhA 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls vkus okys le; esa mlosQ djus ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mls Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSls& d- lkfgy fuca/ ;kn djsxkA [k- euh\"k dgkuh lqusxkA x- og dy fon~;ky; vk,xkA Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ Hksn Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ osQoy nks Hksn ekus x, gSa% Hkfo\";r~ dky 1- lkekU; 2- laHkkO; 1- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls vkus okys le; esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk cks/ gks] mls lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dgrs gSaA tSls& d- ge fuc/a fy[kxas As [k- dy dk;kyZ ; cna jgxs kA x- eSa dy fpfM+;k?kj tkÅx¡kA 2- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls vkus okys le; esa dk;Z osQ iw.kZ gksus esa lansg ;k laHkkouk gks] mls laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dgrs gSaA tSls& 86 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus ;k djus osQ le; dk cks/ gks] mls dky dgrs gSaA • dky osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- orZeku dky 2- Hkwrdky 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky Ÿ oreZ ku dky oQs rhu Hkns gkrs s g&aS 1- lkekU; oreZ ku 2- vi.w kZ oreZ ku 3-lfa nX/ oreZ ku Ÿ Hkwrdky osQ N% Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- lkekU; Hkwr 2- vklUu Hkwr 3- iw.kZ Hkwr 4- viw.kZ Hkwr 5- lafnX/ Hkwr 6- gsrq&gsrqen~ Ÿ Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaA 1- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ 2- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkSu&lk dky gS\\ fy[kksµ ------------------------------------------------- d- ge enzkl tk,¡xsA ------------------------------------------------- [k- dks;y owQd jgh gSA ------------------------------------------------- x- nknkth us [kkuk [kk;kA ------------------------------------------------- ?k- yM+fd;k¡xhr xk jgh gaSA ------------------------------------------------- M-+ laHkor% vkt ckt+kj [kqyk gksA 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa funsZ'kkuqlkj mfpr ifjorZu djksµ d- eksgu i<+ jgk gSA (lafnX/ orZeku) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ge uSuhrky x,A (lkekU; Hkfo\";r~) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ek¡ck”kkj ls vk jgh gSA (vklku Hkwr) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- bl o\"kZ O;kikj esa ykHk gqvkA (laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~) fganh O;kdj.k & 6 87

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ bl nhikoyh ij nhid tyk,¡xsA (lkekU; Hkwr) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr foQz ;kvkas dks Hkrw dky] oreZ ku dky vkjS Hkfo\";r~ dky oQs okD;kas eas i;z kxs djksµ d- fy[kuk Hkwrdky Hkfo\";r dky [k- ns[kuk ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- x- lquuk ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ?k- ysuk ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- M-+ nsuk ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 4- ^o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA* & bl okD; dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkwrdky] orZeku dky rFkk Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ lHkh Hksnksa ls lacaf/r okD; cukvksA tSls& d- Hkwrdky 1- lkekU; Hkwr o\"kkZ gqbZ 2- iw.kZ Hkwr o\"kkZ gqbZ FkhA 3- viwZ.k Hkwr o\"kkZ gks jgh FkhA 4- lafnX/ Hkwr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5- vklUu Hkwr 6- gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkwr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- orZeku dky ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- lkekU; orZeku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- lafnX/ orZeku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- viw.kZ orZeku x- Hkfo\";r~ dky ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ 88 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

13 vO;; ;k vfodkjh 'kCn (Indeclinable Words) ftu 'kCnksa esa fodkj vFkkZr~ :i ifjorZu gks tkrk gS] os fodkjh 'kCn (in) dgykrs gSaA fodkjh 'kCn pkj gksrs gSa& laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k o fozQ;kA vc ge mu 'kCnksa dk vè;;u djsaxs ftuesa fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA ,d gh :i esa cus jgus osQ dkj.k bUgsa vO;; dgrs gSaA vO;;ksa dks vfodkjh in ;k 'kCn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vO;; osQ fuEufyf[kr ik¡p Hksn gSa& 1- fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 2- laca/cks/d 3- leqPp;cks/d 4- foLe;kfncks/d 5- fuikr 1- fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A 1- jeu bèkj vk jgk gSA 2- lkSjHk vf/d cksyrk gSA 3- usgk izfrfnu i<+rh gSA 4- lhrk /hjs&/hjs i<+ jgh gSA Åij fyf[kr okD;ksa esa ^b/j*] vf/d*] ^izfrfnu* rFkk ^/hjs&/hjs* 'kCn fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSa] blfy, ;s 'kCn fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k gSaA ftu 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk dk irk pyrk gS] os fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gSaA fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k jhfrokpd dkyokpd LFkkuokpd ifjek.kokpd 89 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

1- jhfrokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k % ftu fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k dh fof/ ;k jhfr dk irk pys] mUgsa jhfrokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& d- ik;y tYnh&tYnh i<+rh gSA [k- lqjs'k /hjs&/hjs cksykA x- rqe rks vpkud vk x,A mi;qZDr okD;ksa ls ^tYnh&tYnh*] ^/hjs&/hjs*] ^vpkud* 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k osQ gksus dh jhfr dk cks/ gks jgk gS] blfy, ;s jhfrokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k gSaA jhfrokpd foQz ;k&fo'k\"s k.k oQs vU; mnkgj.k& ,dk,d] lglk] l[q kiow dZ ] è;kuiow dZ ] lpepq ] vo';] rts +] dnkfi] vk'p;]Z vdLekr]~ Vdq M&s+ Vdq M]s+ gl¡ r&s gl¡ r]s èkhjs l]s vkfnA 2- dkyokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k % ftu fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k osQ gksus dk le; Kkr gksrk gS] mUgsa dkyokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& d- og ges'kk dk;Z djrk gSA [k- eSa paMhx<+ ijlksa tkÅ¡xhA x- ;fru izfrfnu i<+rk gSA dkyokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k osQ vU; mnkgj.k& tc] rc] vHkh] rHkh] lnk] rRdky] rqjar] 'kh?kz] fujarj] igys] ihNs] yxkrkj] ?kM+h&?kM+h] vc] vHkh] fiQj] iwoZ] i'pkr~] rRi'pkr] fuR;] fnuHkj] izkr%] gj ckj] vkfnA 3- LFkkuokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k % ftu fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ LFkku dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa LFkkuokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gaSA tSls& d- rqe ogk¡D;k [kk jgs Fks\\ [k- eq>s fo'okl gS og ;gk¡t+:j vk,xkA x- Åij pyks_ ckrs djsaxsA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa ^ogk¡*] ^;gk¡*] ^Åij*] vkfn 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ LFkku dk cks/ gks jgk gS] blfy, ;s LFkkuokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k gSaA LFkkuokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k osQ vU; mnkgj.k& vanj] Hkhrj] lkFk] nkfgus] ck,¡] fd/j] b/j&m/j] ml vksj] bl vksj] uhps] vkfnA 4- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k % ftu fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k dh vf/drk] U;wurk vkfn ifjek.k dk cks/ gks] mUgsa ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& d- mruk [kkvks ftruk vko';d gksA [k- mlus i;kZIr fy[k fy;k gSA 90 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

x- og de cksyrk gSA mi;qZDr okD;ks esa ^mruk*] ^ftruk*] ^i;kZIr*] ^de* 'kCnksa ls fozQ;k osQ ifjek.k dk cks/ gksrk gS] blfy, ;s ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k gSaA ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k osQ vU; mnkgj.k & vfr] vR;ar] vf/d] cgqr] oqQN] LoYi] yxHkx] loZFkk] FkksM+k&FkksM+k] dkIkQh] Bhd] vkfnA fo'ks\"k.k rFkk fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k esa varj laKk o loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSa rFkk fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k rFkk ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k esa varj fdlh oLrq (laKk) dh uki&rksy crkus okys 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fozQ;k osQ ifjek.k dks crkus okys 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ifjek.kokpd fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 1- eSnku esa dkIkQh yksx igq¡psA 1- lSfudksa us cgqr [kk;kA 2- lsB osQ ikl i;kZIr /u gSA 2- lsB us i;kZIr [kk;kA 3- cgqr lSfud vk,A 3- dkIkQh i<+ pqosQ] vkjke djksA 2- laca/cks/d vO;; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,µ 1- /u osQ fcuk dksbZ ugha iwNrkA 2- ?kj osQ vkxs isM+ gSA 3- mlus 'ksj osQ cPps dh vksj ns[kkA 4- jktk osQ ihNs pyuk pkfg,A mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa ^osQ fcuk*] ^osQ vkxs*] ^dh vksj*] ^osQ ihNs* 'kCnksa dk laca/ okD;ksa osQ nwljs 'kCnksa osQ lkFk gS] blfy, ;s 'kCn laca/cks/d vO;; gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd& 91 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

os vfodkjh 'kCn tks okD; osQ inksa dk laca/ okD; osQ fdlh laKk ;k loZuke osQ lkFk tksM+rs gSa] laca/cks/d dgykrs gSaA vU; mnkgj.k& osQ vkxs] osQ igys] osQ ihNs] osQ Åij] osQ uhps] osQ eè;] osQ Hkhrj] osQ ckjs esa] osQ lkeus] dh vksj] dh rjIkQ] osQ ikl] osQ lehi] osQ fudV] osQ n~okjk] osQ tfj,] osQ dkj.k] osQ lkFk] osQ leku] vkfnA fo'ks\"k è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS] fd laca/cks/d vO;; vkSj fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k nksuksa gh vfodkjh 'kCn gSaA vusd 'kCn tSls& vanj] ckgj] Åij] uhps] lkeus vkfn budk iz;ksx laca/cks/d rFkk fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k nksuksa izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA buesa va rj Kkr djus osQ fy, vko';d gS fd buosQ iz;ksx dh vksj è;ku fn;k tk,A ;fn bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS rks ;s fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSaA ;fn ;s 'kCn laKk o loZuke 'kCnksa dk ,d&nwljs ls laca/ crkrs gSa] rks ;s laca/cks/d 'kCn gSaA 'kCn fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k laca/cks/d vanj vanj pysA ?kj osQ vanj pyksA ckgj ckgj cSBksA ?kj osQ ckgj cSBksA Åij Åij er cSBksA Nr osQ Åij er cSBksA uhps uhps vk tkvksA igkM+h osQ uhps eSnku esa vk tkvksA bu mnkgj.kksa ls Li\"V gksrk gS fd lacaèkcks/d vO;;ksa dk iz;ksx foHkfDr fpg~uksa osQ ckn gksrk gSA 3- leqPp;cks/d vO;; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,µ 1- nknhth vkSj firkth rks fojks/ djrs jgs] fdarq ekrkth us eq>s [kpkZ ns gh fn;kA 2- ;g esjh ekrkth rFkk xq#nso Jh lksenso th dh o`Qik dk gh ifj.kke gSA 3- ekrkth us ?kj osQ lc dkedkt dks le> fy;k gS vkSj Hkkstukfn dk Bhd&Bkd izca/ djus yxhaA 4- firkth dk lcls cM+k vkns'k esjs fy, ;gh Fkk fd fdlh dh izk.kgkfu u gksA 92 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

5- lHkh ls cksyrs gq, gekjh ok.kh esa feBkl jguh pkfg,] dVqrk ;k doZQ'krk ughaA 6- cqjs deZ dk cqjk IkQy gksrk gS] blfy, buls vkx ls Hkh ”;knk Mjuk pkfg,A 7- [kwc esgur djks rkfd ijh{kk esa izFke vkvksA 8- ^gkoM+k \"kM;a=k osQl* osQ uke ls eqdnek pyk] ijarq lk{; osQ vHkko esa lc yksx NwV x,A 9- izfrfnu O;k;ke djks vU;Fkk chekj iM+ tkvksxsA 10- og vfgalkoknh gS vFkkZr~ xk¡/h th osQ fopkjksa dks ekuus okyk gSA vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa ^vkSj*] ^rFkk*] ^fd*] ^;k*] ^blfy,*] ^rkfd*] ^ijarq*] ^vU;Fkk*] ^vFkkZr~* vkfn 'kCn vius&vius okD; esa ,d ls vf/d 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa ;k miokD;ksa dks tksM+us esa lgk;rk dj jgs gSa] blfy, ;s lHkh 'kCn leqPp;cks/d vO;; ;k ;kstd gSaA vr%] ge dg ldrs gSa fd& tks vfodkjh 'kCn nks 'kCnkas (ink)as ] okD;k'a kkas (inc/a k)as vFkok miokD;kas dks vkil eas tkMs r+ s gSa] mudks leqPp;cks/d vO;; ;k ;kstd dgrs gSaA 4- foLe;kfncks/d vO;; fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A 1- vjs! rqe dc vk,\\ 2- okg! rqeus rks deky dj fn;kA 3- gk;! esjh rks nqfu;k gh yqV xbZA 4- fN%! fdruh cncw gSA 5- cki&js&cki! bruh Hk;adj nq?kZVukA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa vjs] okg] gk;] fN%] cki&js&cki] ozQe'k% vk'p;Z] g\"kZ] ?k`.kk rFkk Hk; osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV dj jgs gSaA ;s lHkh foLe;kfncks/d vO;; gSaA tks 'kCn vk'p;Z] g\"kZ] 'kksd] ?k`.kk rFkk Hk; osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV djrs gSa] mUgsa foLe;kfncks/d dgrs gSaA 93 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

fo'ks\"k % foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn vfodkjh 'kCn gksrs gSaA fyax] opu ;k dky dk dksbZ izHkko buosQ :i ij ugha iM+rkA foLe;kfncks/d 'kCnksa dk okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk dksbZ laca/ ugha gksrkA izk;% bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx okD; osQ vkjaHk esa gksrk gSA bu 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k dk fo'ks\"k egÙo gksrk gSA budk mPpkj.k ftl izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj buosQ Hkko Hkh cny tkrs gSaA foLe;kfncks/d 'kCnksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k vjs!] vPNk!] lko/ku!] gksf'k;kj!] vgk!] okg!] cgqr vPNk! D;k [kwc!] gk;!] mIk+ Q!] D;k!] cki js!] fN%] 'kkck'k] cgqr lqanj! f/o~Q!] /r~] lko/ku!] vkg!] =kkfg&=kkfg!] /U;! è;ku nsa] foLe;kfncks/d vO;;ksa osQ ckn] foLe;kfncks/d fojke fpg~u (!) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 5- fuikr fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A 1- vdcj us gh eq>s ekjk gSA 2- v'kksd us Hkh xkuk xk;k FkkA 3- lksfu;k rks ,slh yM+dh ugha gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa gh] Hkh] rks] osQ dkj.k mudk fo'ks\"k vFkZ le> esa vkrk gSA (d) okD; dk vFkZ gS&eq>s vdcj us gh ekjk gS vkSj fdlh us ughaA ([k) okD; dk vFkZ gS& vkSj yksxksa osQ lkFk v'kksd us Hkh xkuk xk;k Fkk vkSj (x) okD; ls vFkZ fudyrk gS& vkSj yM+fd;k¡rks ,slh yM+dh ugha gSA vr% dg ldrs gSa fd Hkh] gh] rks tSls oqQN 'kCn ,sls gSa tks okD; esa tgk¡&rgk¡vkdj muosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk ys vkrs gSa D;ksafd bu 'kCnksa osQ :i esa dHkh fdlh izdkj dk ifjorZu ugha gksrk vkSj okD; dgha Hkh vk ldrs gSaA vr% bUgsa vfodkjh fuikr dgrs gSaA 94 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

vkvks nksgjk,¡ Ÿ vO;; os in gSa ftuosQ :i esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA Ÿ vO;; osQ ik¡p Hksn gS & 1- fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 2- laca/cks/d 3- leqPp;cks/ 4- foLe;kfncks/d 5- fuikrA Ÿ fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gSa& jhfrokpd] dkyokpd] LFkkuokpd vkSj ifjek.kokpdA Ÿ laca/cks/d ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk laca/ crkrs gSaA Ÿ leqPp;cks/d nks 'kCnksa] inca/ksa] miokD;ksa dks tksM+rs gSaA Ÿ foLe;kfncks/d euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djrs gSaA Ÿ fuikr dk iz;ksx vFkZ dks cy iznku djus osQ fy, gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn Nk¡Vdj muosQ Hksn fy[kksµ okD; fozQ;k&fo'ks\"k.k Hksn ------------------- ------------------- d- vkjrh rs”k Hkkxrh gSA ------------------- ------------------- [k- jfo vanj cSBk gSA ------------------- ------------------- x- ikuh rs”kh ls cjl jgk FkkA ------------------- ------------------- ?k- lwjt /hjs&/hjs Mwc x;kA M-+ fcYyh pqiosQ ls nw/ ih xbZA ------------------- ------------------- 2- okD;ksa esa ls laca/cks/d Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA ------------------------------------------------ d- xsgw¡osQ lax ?kqu Hkh filrk gSA ------------------------------------------------ [k- ifjfLFkfr osQ vuq:i pyksA x- eafnj ?kj osQ lkeus gSA ------------------------------------------------ 95 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

?k- ekrk&firk osQ fo#n~/ er tkvksA ------------------------------------------------ M-+ vè;kid osQ tkus osQ ckn cPpksa us 'kksj epk;kA ------------------------------------------------ 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls leqPp;cks/d Nk¡Vdj fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksµ --------------------------------------------- d- firk vkSj iq=k ?kweus tk jgs gSaA [k- [kwc eu yxkdj i<+ks rkfd ijh{kk esa izFke vkvksA --------------------------------------------- x- eksgu paMhx<+ tk jgk gS] blfy, vkils u fey losQxkA --------------------------------------------- ?k- lHkh tkurs gSa] fd i`Foh lw;Z dk pDdj yxrh gSA --------------------------------------------- 4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr leqPp;cks/d ls djksA d- eq>s viuh lH;rk ------------------------------- laLo`Qfr ij xoZ gSA [k- xehZ c<+ xbZ gS ------------------------------- vki ;gha jfg,A x- rqe ck”kkj tkvks ------------------------------- nok ysdj vkvksA ?k- eSa O;Lr Fkk ------------------------------- rqEgkjs ?kj u tk ldkA 5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr foLe;kfncks/d vO;; Hkjksµ d- ------------------------------- vkxs xgjh [kkbZ gSA [k- ------------------------------- rqe ;gk¡D;k dj jgs gks\\ x- ------------------------------- rks lkeku rqeus pqjk;k gSA ?k- ------------------------------- rqeus D;k lqanj oSQp fy;kA M-+ ------------------------------- cspkjk funksZ\"k gksdj Hkh idM+k x;kA p- ------------------------------- rqeus ,d funksZ\"k dh tku cpkbZA 6- fuEufyf[kr fuikrksa dk iz;ksx dj okD; cukvksµ d- Hkh & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- rd & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- gh & ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

14 fojke&fpg~u (Punctuation Marks) fojke vFkkZr~ Bgjuk ;k #dukA tc Hkh ge fdlh ls ckr djrs gSa rks viuh ckr dks iw.kZ :i ls Li\"V djus osQ fy, ge chp&chp esa tgk¡Hkh vko';d gksrk gS] #drs gSaA mlh izdkj Hkk\"kk dks fy[krs le; Hkh chp&chp esa fojke nsus osQ fy, oqQN fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa fojke&fpg~u dgrs gSa_ tSls& d- lquks] er tkvksA [k- lquks er] tkvksA mi;qZDr nksuksa okD;ksa esa ogh rhu 'kCn gSa vkSj muosQ fy[kus dk ozQe Hkh ogh gSA igys okD; esa ^lquks* osQ ckn fojke&fpg~u yxk;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ fudyrk gS& lquuk vkSj tkus osQ fy, euk fd;k x;k gSA nwljs okD; esa fojke fpg~u ^er* osQ ckn yxus ls okD; dk vFkZ gh cny x;kA blesa lquus osQ fy, euk fd;k gS vkSj tkus osQ fy, dgk x;k gSA vr% fojke&fpg~u dk iz;ksx mfpr LFkku ij gksuk vko';d gSA bl izdkj dg ldrs gSa& fdlh Hkh okD; esa #dus ;k Bgjus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa fojke&fpg~u dgrs gSaA fganh Hkk\"kk esa eq[; fuEufyf[kr fojke&fpg~u gSa& 1- i.w kZ fojke (A) 2- vYifojke (]) 3- i'z uokpd (\\) 4- v/Z fojke (_) 5- ;kts d (&) 6- funsZ'kd (µ) 7- fooj.k (%&) 8- foLe;kfncks/d (!) 9- dks\"Bd (¹º()) 10- galin ( ª) 11- mn~/j.k (¶¸) 12- yk?ko (ú) 1- iw.kZ fojke (A) & okD; dh lekfIr ij iw.kZ fojke yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- iatkc esa yksgM+h eukbZ tkrh gSA [k- esgeku vkt gh pys x, gSaA 97 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

2- vYifojke (]) & Hkk\"kk dks fy[krs le; chp&chp esa tg¡k de le; osQ fy, #duk gksrk gS] ogk¡vYifojke (]) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- eksfgr] lfjr] e;ad rFkk lksuy fe=k gSaA [k- xaxk] ;equk] ljLorh rFkk xksnkojh ifo=k ufn;k¡gSaA 3- iz'uokpd (\\) & iz'u iwNus osQ fy, okD; dh lekfIr ij iz'uokpd fpg~u (\\) yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- D;k ;g dke dy rd iwjk gks tk,xk\\ [k- og dkSu&lh dfork gS] tks rqEgsa ilan gS\\ 4- v/Z fojke (_) & fy[krs le; vk/h ckr dgus ij chp esa #dus ij bl fpg~u (_) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- jktu cktkj x;k_ jksgu ?kj ls lkeku yk;kA [k- le; jgrs ifjJe ugha fd;k_ vc D;ksa iNRkk jgs gks\\ 5- ;kstd (&) & foijhr ;k leku ;qXe 'kCnksa osQ chp esa ;kstd fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- ekrk&firk Hkxoku osQ leku gSaA [k- rqEgsa ckj&ckj euk fd;k x;k FkkA 6- funsZ'kd (µ) & fdlh osQ n~okjk dgh xbZ ckRk dk funsZ'k nsus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- vè;kid us dgk µ ¶lc dy dke djosQ yk,¡xsA¸ [k- xk¡/hth us dgk µ ¶djks ;k ejksA¸ 7- fooj.k (%&) & fdlh Hkh ph”k dk ;k rF; dk foLr`r C;kSjk ;k o.kZu djus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& tSls & d- laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa% & O;fDrokpd] tkfrokpd vkSj HkkookpdA [k- jkts'k osQ nks csVs gSa% & jksgu vkSj funs'kA 8- foLe;kfncks/d (!) & foLe;] g\"kZ] 'kksd] iz'kalk] psrkouh] ?k`.kk bR;kfn euksHkkoksa dks izdV djus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- okg! fdruk laqnj cxhpk gSA [k- lko/ku! vkxs xgjh [kkbZ gSA 98 fganh O;kdj.k & 6

9- dks\"Bd (() ¹º) & fdlh okD; esa iz;ksx fd, x, dfBu 'kCn dk vFkZ izdV djus osQ fy, ;k fn, x, uke dks Li\"V djus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- frjaxs osQ rhu jax (osQljh] li+sQn vkSj gjk) gSaA [k- ge 'kghnksa (tks ns'k osQ fy, izk.kksa dk cfynku nsrs gSa) dks ueu djrs gSaA 10- galin ;k =kqfViwjd ( ª) & fy[kus esa ;fn oqQN NwV tk, rks mls chp esa fy[kus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- efgek us viuk x`gdk;Z iwjªk dj fy;k gSA n~okj [k- osQnkjukFk eafnj osQ ª[kqy pqosQ gSaA ;g gekjh =kqfV dks iwjk djrk gS] blfy, bls =kqfViwjd Hkh dgrs gSaA 11- mn~/j.k&fpg~u (¶¸) & fdlh O;fDr dh ckr dks mlh osQ 'kCnksa esa dgus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- lqHkk\"kpanz cksl us dgk& ¶rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vk”kknh nw¡xkA¸ [k- cky xaxk/j fryd us dgk& ¶LojkT; esjk tUefln~/ vf/dkj gSA¸ 12- yk?ko (ú) & fdlh 'kCn dks laf{kIr :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls & d- iaú tokgj yky usg: Hkkjr osQ izFke iz/kuea=kh FksA [k- MkWú jk/k o`Q\".ku dk tUefnu f'k{kd&fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • Hkk\"kk esa Li\"Vrk ykus osQ fy, chp&chp esa Bgjuk ;k #duk iM+rk gS] ftls fojke dgrs gSaA • fojke izdV djus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os fojke&fpg~u dgykrs gSaA • fganh Hkk\"kk esa fojke&fpg~u gSa& iw.kZ fojke] vYifojke] iz'uokpd] v/Z fojke] ;kstd] funsZ'kd] fooj.k] foLe;kfncks/d] dks\"Bd] galin] mn~/j.k rFkk yk?koA 99 fganh O;kdj.k & 6