Vyakaran Shilp Class- 8

18 fojke&fpg~u (Punctuation Marks) fojke dk vFkZ&:duk] fOkJke djuk rFkk Bgjuk gksrk gSA Hkk\"kk dks cksyrs ;k fy[krs le;] Hkkoksa osQ vuqlkj fojke ysus osQ fy, ;k viuh ckr ij cy nsus osQ fy, fo'ks\"k fpg~u fuf'pr fd, x, gSaA bUgsa ^fojke&fpg~u* dgrs gSaA bl fojke dks idz V djus oQs fy, ftu fuf'pr fpgu~ kas dk i;z kxs fd;k tkrk g]S mUgas ^fojke fpgu~ * dgrs gAaS è;ku jf[k,] okD; oQs vra eas i;z kxs fd, x, fojke&fpgu~ kas ls okD; oQs e[q ; Hkkokas eas Hkh vra j iM+ tkrk gAS tlS &s ;g vPNh ?kMh+ gAS (lkekU; dFku)] ;g vPNh ?kMh+ g!S (vk'p;Z lpw d)] ;g vPNh ?kMh+ g\\S (i'z u lpw d) izeq[k fojke fpg~u% 1- iw.kZ fojke 2- iz'u lwpd fpg~u 3- foLe; lwpd ;k lacks/d 4- vYi fojke 5- v/Z fojke 6- viw.kZ fojke ;k mifojke vU; fpg~u% 1- funsZ'kd fpg~u 2- ;kstd ;k foHkktd 3- vorj.k ;k mn~/j.k fpg~u 4- fooj.k fpg~u 5- la{ksi lwpd ;k yk?ko fpg~u fojke fpg~u 1- iw.kZ fojke (A) & iz'uokpd RkFkk foLe;okpd okD;ksa dks NksM+dj vU; izdkj osQ okD;ksa osQ var esa fojke fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& dkWyst [kqy x;kA] cPpk lks x;kA 2- iz'ulwpd fpg~u (\\) & tc okD; osQ n~okjk dksbZ iz'u iwNk tk,] rks ogk¡okD; osQ var esa iz'u&lwpd fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& dkSu vk;k gS\\] D;k i<+ jgs gks\\ 3- foLe;lpw d ;k lca k/s u fpgu~ (!) & g\"kZ (mYykl] ilz Uurk)] 'kkds (n[q k)] foLe; (vk'p;)Z ] ?k.` kk] Hk;] frjLdkj vkfn eukHs kkokas dks idz V djus rFkk fdlh dks lca kfs /r dju]s cyq kus vkfn oQs fy, foLe;lpw d ;k lca k/s d fpgu~ dk i;z kxs fd;k tkrk gAS tlS &s 'kkck'k! vkSj esgur djksA 4- vYi fojke (]) & iw.kZ fojke dk iz;ksx okD; dh iw.kZrk ij okD; osQ var esa gksrk gS tcfd vYi fojke dk iz;ksx okD; osQ chp esa fd;k tkrk gSA okD; osQ chp esa tc cgqr de le; osQ fy, #duk gks] rks vYi fojke dk iz;ksx d;k tkrk gSA tSls& gk¡] pyks eSa vk;kA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 100

bl ckr dk è;ku j[kuk ”k:jh gS fd vYifojke dk iz;ksx vusd LFkkuksa ij gksrk gS& d- tgk¡fdlh dks lacksf/r fd;k tk,] tSls& cPpks] pyks [kkuk [kk yksA [k- ,d leku 'kCnksa osQ chp esa] tSls& osQyk] larjk] vke lHkh ekSleh iQy gSaA x- mn~/j.k fpg~u ls igys] tSls& vè;kid us dgk] ¶cPpks] ijh{kk dh rS;kjh cgqr è;ku ls djukA¸ ?k- leqPp;cks/dksa ls igys vFkok muosQ ckn Hkh_ tSls& ge tYnh vk tkrs] ijarq o\"kkZ vk xbZA Ä- dbZ ckj fnukad osQ lkFk tc o\"kZ (lu~) fy[kk tkrk gS] rc vYifojke dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& gekjk lafo/ku 26 tuojh] 1950 dks ykxw gqvkA 5- v/Z fojke (_) & tgk¡vYi fojke ls oqQN vf/d vkSj iw.kZ fojke ls oqQN de #dus dh vko';drk gks] ogk¡v/Z fojke fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& eSaus mls Mk¡Vk gh ugha_ I;kj ls le>k;k HkhA 6- viw.kZ fojke (%) & bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx funsZ'kd fpg~u dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gSA izk;% 'kh\"kZdksa esa bldk iz;ksx vf/d gksrk gSA tSls& Hkz\"Vkpkj % lekt dk dks<+ ngst izFkk % ,d lkekftd vfHk'kki vU; fpg~u 1- funsZ'kd fpg~u (&) & funsZ'kd fpg~u dk iz;ksx vkxs vkus okys fooj.k dks laosQfrr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& nqdkunkj us lwph i<+h & phuh] pkoy] vkVk] nky vkSj lkcquA 2- ;kstd ;k foHkktd (&) & bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx lkekfld 'kCnksa] 'kCn ;qXeksa rFkk iqu#Dr 'kCnksa osQ chp fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& vkt ge lc nky&Hkkr [kk,¡xsA 3- vorj.k ;k mn~/j.k fpg~u & vorj.k ;k mn~/j.k fpg~u nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa% • bdgjs (^---*) • nqgjs (¶---¸) • bdgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u & fdlh osQ miuke] dfork] iqLrd vkfn osQ 'kh\"kZd vkfn osQ lkFk bdgjs mn~/j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& jke/kjh flag ^fnudj* (miuke) • nqgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u & fdlh O;fDr osQ dFku dks ewy :i esa mn~/`r djus osQ fy, nqgjs mn~/j.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& xka/hth us dgk Fkk & ¶lnk lR; cksyksA¸ 4- fooj.k fpg~u (%&) & bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx Hkh funsZ'kd fpg~u dh Hkk¡fr vkxs fn, tkus okys fooj.k osQ fy, gksrk gSA tSls& • laKk osQ oqQN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%& jke] ';ke] xhrk] Hkkjr] unh] rktegy vkfnA 101 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vktdy fooj.k fpg~u dk iz;ksx izk;% de gh fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blosQ LFkku ij funsZ'kd fpg~u (&) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSaA tSls&lEesyu dks lacksf/r djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk Fkk& ¶;g Hkkjr dh Lok/hurk dk >aMk gSA¸ 5- la{ksilwpd ;k yk?ko fpg~u (-) & 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, bl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& 2- o`Q-i`-m- o`QI;k i`\"B myfV, 1- MkW-& MkWDVj] izks-&izksisQlj vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tc ge vius Hkkoksa dks Hkk\"kk osQ n~okjk O;Dr djrs gSa rc ,d Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr osQ ckn oqQN nsj #drs gSa] ;g :duk gh fojke dgykrk gSA • ;g ^fojke* ;k ^#dkoV* dgha vf/d le; osQ fy, gksrk gS] rks dgha de le; osQ fy, gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fojke fpg~uksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\\ 2- fojke fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djus osQ D;k ykHk gSa\\ 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mi;qDr fojke fpg~u yxkvksA d- lsBth us iwNk ;g D;k gks x;k paæ/j th [k- vjs lksgu ns[kks ogk¡dkSu gS x- Hkxoku lcdk Hkyk djs tks ns mldk Hkh tks u ns mldk Hkh ?k- LkHkh R;ksgkj gksyh fnokyh bZn fozQlel fey tqydj eukvks fganh O;kdj.k & 8 102

4- fUkEufyf[kr fojke fpg~uksa dks iz;ksx djrs gq, nks&nks okD; fy[kksA d- ;kstd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- foLe;lwpd fpg~u --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vYi fojke -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5- fUkEufyf[kr xn~;ka'kksa esa fojke&fpg~u yxkvksA d- 'kke dk le; Fkk firkth ?kj vk, firkth us egd dks cqyk;k vkSj iwNk crkvks rqeus vkt D;k i<+k egd cksyh firkth eSaus vkt eqa'kh izsepan n~okjk fyf[kr dgkuh di+ Qu i<+h firkth cksys HkbZ og rks cgqr ekfeZd dgkuh gS [k- Bhd gS eEeh vkius gekjh lkjh ckrsa eku yh gS ge Hkh vkidks fujk'k ugha djsaxs x- LkHkh ,d lkFk fpYyk mBs ge Hkh pyxas s ge Hkh pyxas s firkth us dgk vjs HkkbZ ;g dkbs Z rjhdk rks ugha gS ?k- fuEufyf[kr dh ifjHkk\"kk fy[kks laKk loZuke fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k Ä- foozQe Hkhejkt vki D;k pkgrs gSa Hkhejkt ;qn~/ p- usrkth us dgk Fkk rqe eq>s [kwu nks eSa rqEgsa vk”kknh nw¡xk vkxs pydj mUgksaus vk”kkn fgan i+QkSt dk xBu fd;k 103 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

19 i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonyms) ,d leku vFkZ okys 'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSaA bUgsa lekukFkZd 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA bu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ ,d nwljs ls feyrk&tqyrk gksrk gS] ij Hkko esa FkksM+k varj gksrk gSA izR;sd 'kCn nwljs 'kCn dh txg iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ,d leku vFkZ okys 'kCnksa esa cgqr lw{e&lk varj gksrk gS] tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrk gSA vius leku vFkZ dh otg ls gh ;s 'kCn lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSaA i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx okD; ds Hkko vkSj lanHkZ ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA dqN izeq[k i;kZ;okph 'kCn bl izdkj gSa%& 'kCn i;kZ;okph 1- o`{k isM+] r#] foiV] ikni] nzqe 2- xaxk HkkxhjFkh] nsounh] ifrr ikouh] eankfduh] lqjlfj 3- dks;y ';kek] dksfdy] fid] olarnqfrdk 4- iwQy iq\"i] izlwu] lqeu] oqQlqe 5- efLr\"d fnekx] ext] efr] Hkstk] cqn~f/ 6- lqanj deuh;] vfHkjke] pk:] euksgj] je.kh; 7- LokLF; n'kk] gky] gkyr] voLFkk] th] rch;r 8- jksx vkf/] d\"V] chekjh] fodkj] ihM+k 9- vukt vUu] /kU;] raMqy] jln 10- izdk'k T;ksfr] ped] izHkk] vkHkk 11- igkM+ ioZr] 'kSy] fxfj] vpy] Hkw/j 12- vk¡[k us=k] u;u] p{kq] ykspu 13- vkx vfXu] vuy] ikod] ngu fganh O;kdj.k & 8 104

14- dky ?kM+h] csyk] ;e] ;qx] oDr] nkSj] le; 15- olar Írqjkt] iq\"ikxe] fgekar] e/qekl] cgkj 16- o\"kkZ prqekZl] ikol] es?kkxe] o\"kkZxe] ?kukxe 17- fon~;qr nkfeuh] ,sjkorh] vfpjizHkk] rfM+r] fctyh 18- i{kh vacjpj] [kx] i[ks:] fogx] O;ksepj] fpfM+;k 19- x.ks'k xtkuu] ,dnar] x.kifr] yacksnj 20- vkHkw\"k.k ”ksoj] xguk] vyadkj vH;kl dk;Z 1- rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kksA [k- 'kksHkk ---------- ---------- ---------- d- vukt ---------- ---------- ---------- x- lqanj ---------- ---------- ---------- ?k- mRlkg ---------- ---------- ---------- M-+ jksx ---------- ---------- ---------- 2- mfpr i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk feyku djksA d- x.ks'k i. ikol [k- i{kh ii. lIkQyrk x- HkwoaQi iii. Hkwpky ?k- t; iv. [kx M-+ o\"kkZ v. xtkuu 3- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr 'kCn ls djksA d- -------------------------------- olar osQ vkxeu ij pkjksa vksj iwQy f[ky tkrs gSaA (ek/o@½rqjkt) [k- vpkud ls cgrq rts + -------------------------------- pyus yxh vkjS lc oQq N mMk+ dj ys x;hA (gok@vfuy) x- Jho`Q\".k us ihys jax osQ -------------------------------- igus gSaA (phj@oL=k) ?k- fon~;k dh nsoh dks -------------------------------- dgrs gSaA (fo\".kqfiz;k@oko~Qnsoh) 105 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

20 foijhrkFkZd 'kCn (Antonyms) ^foijhrkFkZd* vFkkZr foijhr (mYVs) vFkZ nsus okys 'kCnA foijhrkFkZd 'kCn ewy 'kCn ls igys oqQN milxZ tksM+dj Hkh cuk, tkrs gSa rFkk oqQN foijhrkFkZd 'kCn fn, x, milxZ osQ LFkku ij vU; milxZ yxkus ls Hkh curs gSaA foyksx 'kCn izkphu vokZphu lR; feF;k nqxqZ.k ln~xq.k vkfn vukfn mÙkj nf{k.k fou; vfou; foiqy U;wu liQy vliQy vuqefr fu\"ks/ vkjaHk var ckgj Hkhrj Lok/hu ijk/hu mi;ksxh vuqi;ksxh lw{ke LFkwy fu\"i{k i{kikrh jkx fojkx eku vieku vkxzg nqjkxzg xkSjo yk?ko mxz 'kkar vfu\"V b\"V ½.k m½.k euq\";rk i'kqrk prqj ew[kZ xq.k voxq.k cgqra=k ,dra=k nkrk ;kpd LokFkZ ijekFkZ izfrowQy vuqowQy fojg feyu fgald vfgald rkuk'kkgh yksdra=k vkjksg vojksg fookfnr fufoZokfnr yTtk'khy fuyZTt fo/ok l/ok igyk vkf[kjh lkdkj fujkdkj mRre fuEu ljl uhjl rjy Bksl mnkj vuqnkj visf{kr misf{kr iqyfdr nq[kh deZ fu\"deZ mn~/r vuqn~/r fojks/ leFkZu vfro`f\"V vuko`f\"V ewd okpky vk;kr fu;kZr midkj vidkj ;ksxh Hkksxh fo\"kkn g\"kZ yksHk R;kx fganh O;kdj.k & 8 106

vH;kl dk;Z 1- foykse 'kCn fy[kksA yksHk -------------------- fu\"i{k -------------------- LokFkZ -------------------- vkfn -------------------- Bksl -------------------- vfro`f\"V -------------------- 'kq\"d -------------------- ;ksxh -------------------- deZ -------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls ,sls okD; cukb,] ftuesa foijhr vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gks] tSls& mnkgj.k & jke 'kkar gSA ';ke papy gSA d- nqxqZ.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- fou; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- prqj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- izfrowQy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- g\"kZ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3- mfpr foykse 'kCn ij xksyk yxkvksA d- xkSjo & Hkhrj nf{k.k yk?ko [k- rkuk'kkgh & ijk/hu vktkn yksdra=k x- ewd & n~os\"k ?k`.kk okpky ?k- ljl & iQhdk uhjl vjl Ä- lkdkj & fujkdkj vkdkj izdkj 4- mfpr foykse 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkkuksa dks HkjksA d- eSnku esa vkt LkHkh cPps mifLFkr gS] dksbZ -------------------- ugha gSA [k- ek/o osQ firk cgqr oaQtwl gS] tcfd ek/o -------------------- gSA x- gesa yksxksa osQ xq.kksa dks ns[kuk pkfg,] muosQ -------------------- dks ughaA ?k- vkt Jfed ½.k pqdkdj -------------------- gks x,A Ä- uxj esa dy v'kkafr Fkh] ijUrq vkt -------------------- gSA p- euq\"; dks lnk lqdeZ djus pkfg, -------------------- ughaA 107 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

21 vusd 'kCnksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn (One–Word Substitution) cgqr ls 'kCnksa dks tc ,d 'kCn esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] rks Hkk\"kk izHkko'kkyh gks tkrh gSA tSls& tks dHkh u ejs & vej tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus gks & izR;{k fganh esa ,sls vusd 'kCn gSaA ,sls gh oqQN vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn ;gk¡fn, x, gSa& ozQe vusd 'kCn ,d 'kCn 1- tks gj LFkku ij gks loZO;kid 2- tks ns[kus ;ksX; gks n'kZuh; 3- ;qx dk fuekZ.k djus okyk ;qxfuekZrk 4- ftldh vk'kk u dh xbZ gks vizR;kf'kr 5- vPNs pfj=k okyk lPpfj=k 6- tks fu;e osQ vuqlkj u gks vfu;fer 7- ftldk mRlkg u\"V gks x;k gks grksRlkfgr 8- tks lkFk i<+rk gks lgikBh 9- ftls dHkh cq<+kik u vk, vtj 10- vkdk'k pweus okyk xxupqach 11- 'kj.k esa vk;k gqvk 'kj.kkxr 12- rs”k cqn~f/ okyk oqQ'kkxzcqn~f/ 13- tks nks Hkk\"kk,¡tkurk gks nqHkkf\"k;k 14- tks dM+ok cksys dVqHkk\"kh 15- lc jk\"Vªksa ls lacaf/r varjkZ\"Vªh; 16- ftls ijkftr u fd;k tk losQ vijkts; 17- tks fdlh dk i{k u ys rVLFk 18- ftldh miek u gks vuqie 19- ftldk ok.kh ij vf/dkj gks okpLifr 20- tks lxk HkkbZ gks lgksnj fganh O;kdj.k & 8 108

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ,sls 'kCn ftUgsa vusd 'kCnksa] inca/ksa ;k okD;ka'kks osQ fy, iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk] vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dgs tkrs gSaA tSls& vdFkuh;] vfo'oluh;] ftKklq vkfnA vH;kl dk;Z 1- [kkyh LFkkuksa esa mfpr 'kCn fy[kksA ----------------------------------- d- ftldk mRlkg u\"V gks x;k gks ----------------------------------- [k- lc jk\"Vªksa ls lacaf/r ----------------------------------- x- tks nwljksa osQ lgkjs th jgk gks ----------------------------------- ?k- tks dks\"Bd esa fy[kk gks 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, okD;ka'k fy[kksA d- xxupqach & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- lPpfj=k & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- lgikBh & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- js[kkafdr & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, x, vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, mfpr ,d 'kCn ij lgh (4) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- gekjs vè;kid fganh fo\"k; osQ Kkrk gSaA i- fo'ks\"kK ii- fo'okl iii- fo'ks\"krk iv- fo'oluh; [k- gesa dkuwu osQ fo#n~/ dke ugha djuk pkfg,A i- xSj&dkuwuh ii- csdkuwu iii- fcuk dkuwuh iv- dkuwuu x- v{kj/ke eafnj ns[kus ;ksX; gSA i- vn'kZuh; ii- iznf'kZr iii- izn'kZuh iv- n'kZuh; ?k- ;g lalkj u\"V gksus okyk gSA i- ukfLrd ii- u'oj iii- vkfLrd iv- vfuf'pr 109 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

22 'kCnksa ds lw{e vFkZ Hksn (Discrimination of Words Similar in Meaning) i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ feyrs&tqyrs gksrs gSa fdarq fiQj Hkh muosQ vFkZ esa lw{e varj gksrk gSA tSls& O;; vkSj viO;;A ^O;;* 'kCn dk iz;ksx lk/kj.k [kpZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS ijarq ^viO;;* dk vFkZ fi+ Qtwy[kphZ ls gSA ,slh gh oqQN 'kCn ;gk¡fn, tk jgs gS& 1- vk'kk fdlh dk;Z osQ gksus ;k oLrq dh izkfIr dh LkaHkkoukA vfHkyk\"kk dksbZ fo'ks\"k bPNkA cjkcj okyksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA 2- vuqjks/ vius ls cM+ksa ;k bZ'oj ls dh tkrh gSA izkFkZuk fdlh dk;Z osQ fy, lgefrA fdlh cM+s O;fDr n~okjk oqQN djus osQ fy, dgk tkukA 3- vuqefr oS/kfud vf/dkjksa osQ vuqlkj oqQN djus dks dgukA vkKk lsukvksa osQ chpA vkns'k lk/kj.k yksxksa osQ chpA ftruk feyk] mlh esa [kq'k jgukA 4- ;qn~/ bPNk dh iwfrZ gksukA yM+kbZ cM+ksa osQ izfr vknj&HkkoA nso ;k bZ'oj osQ izfr vknj dk HkkoA 5- larks\"k fHk[keaxkA r`fIr cgqr fu/ZuA fdlh oLrq dks ikus dh pkgA 6- Jn~/k nwljs dh ph”k dks ikus dh pkgA HkfDr 7- da xky nhu 8- ykylk yksHk fganh O;kdj.k & 8 110

9- fp=k gkFk ls cuk;k gqvkA iQksVks ;a=k ls [khapk gqvkA ekufld ihM+kA 10- vkf/ 'kkjhfjd ihM+kA O;kf/ vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ fy[kdj okD; cukvksA d- daxky ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- nhu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vkf/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- O;kf/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- bZ\";kZ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Li/kZ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- Hkze ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lansg ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- dks\"Bdksa esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djksA d- Hkkyk ,d --------------------------- gSA (vL=k] 'kkL=k) [k- vkidks --------------------------- gksuk pkfg,] fd Hkxoku dh bPNk osQ fcuk --------------------------- Hkh ugha fgyrkA (irk] iRrk) x- Hkxoku cqn~/ --------------------------- Fks] --------------------------- ughaA (fHk{kq] fHk{kqd) ?k- xkSj --------------------------- dh dU;k dk] LkHkh --------------------------- djuk pkgrs gSaA (oj.k] o.kZ) Ä- ;g --------------------------- rqylhnkl --------------------------- gSA (o`Qr] o`Qfr) 111 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

23 eqgkojs (Idioms) eqgkojs tc dksbZ okD;ka'k vius lk/kj.k ('kkfCnd) vFkZ dks NksM+dj fo'ks\"k vFkZ dks O;Dr djs] rks mls eqgkojk dgrs gSaA tSls uhps fn,s x, mnkgj.kksa ij è;ku nhft,& eqgkojk 'kkfCnd vFkZ fo'ks\"k vFkZ vk¡[ksa [kqyuk can vk¡[ksa [kqyuk okLrfodrk dk irk pyuk vkx esa ?kh Mkyuk vfXu esa ?k`r Mkyuk ozQks/ dks HkM+dkuk fpduk ?kM+k ,slk ?kM+k tks fpduk gks ftl ij fdlh ckr dk vlj u gks ?kko ij ued fNM+duk fdlh ?kko ij ued Mky nsuk nq[kh dks vkSj nq[kh djuk eqgkojksa dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ • eqgkojk iwjk okD; ugha cfYd okD;ka'k gksrk gSA • eqgkojk vius 'kkfCnd vFkZ dh txg fdlh fo'ks\"k vFkZ osQ fy, ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA • eqgkojs dk ç;ksx Lora=k :i ls ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd bldk ç;ksx okD; osQ eè; esa fd;k tkrk gSA • eqgkojksa dk vFkZ çlax osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA • eqgkojksa osQ ewy :i esa dHkh ifjorZu ugha gksrkA tSls ^vax&vax eqLoqQjkuk* ,d eqgkojk gSA ;fn blosQ LFkku ij ^vax&vax galuk* ç;ksx fd;k tk,] rks ;g v'kqn~/ gksxkA ijh{kksi;ksxh oqQN eqgkojs] muosQ vFkZ ,oa okD;&ç;ksx 1- vax&vax <hyk gksuk & (cgqr Fkd tkuk)&ik¡p lkS fdyksehVj ;k=kk djus osQ dkj.k esjk vax&vax <hyk gks jgk gSA 2- vax&vax eqldjkuk & (vfr çlUu gksuk)& ikS=k osQ çFke vkus dh [kcj lqudj fnus'k osQ 3- v¡xwBk fn[kkuk nknkth dk vax&vax eqLoqQjkus yxkA & (lki+ Q badkj djuk)& vius fe=k ls vkt igyh ckj eSaus lgk;rk ek¡xh rks mlus eq>s v¡xwBk fn[kk fn;kA 4- vDy dk nq'eu & (ew[kZ) & Jh o`Q\".k osQ le>kus ij Hkh nq;ksZ/u lh/h jkg ij ugha vk;k] D;ksafd og vDy dk nq'eu FkkA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 112

5- va/s dh ydM+h & (,dek=k lgkjk) & Jo.k oqQekj vius ekrk&firk osQ fy, va/s dh ydM+h dh rjg FkkA 6- vDy ij iRFkj iM+uk & (cqn~f/ u\"V gksuk) & lHkh tkurs gSa fd cqjs fnu vkus ij O;fDr dh vDy ij iRFkj iM+ tkrs gSaA 7- vxj&exj djuk & (cgkuk cukuk) & dy rks esjs fe=k us eq>s lgk;rk nsus dk opu fn;k Fkk] exj vkt u tkus D;ksa vxj&exj dj jgk gSA 8- viuk mYyw lh/k djuk & (viuk LokFkZ lh/k djuk) & vktdy yksx çk;% viuk mYyw lh/k djus osQ fy, fe=krk dk ukVd jprs gSaA 9- viuk&lk eq¡g ysdj jg tkuk & (yfTtr gksdj pqi gks jguk) & pksjh djrs idM+s tkus ij og viuk&lk eq¡g ysdj jg x;kA 10- vius eq¡g fe;k¡feV~Bw cuuk & (viuh cM+kbZ [kqn djuk) & dk;j O;fDr djrs&/jrs rks oqQN ugha gSa] cl vius e¡qg fe;k¡feV~Bw t:j cus jgrs gSaA 11- vius ik¡o ij [kqn oqQYgkM+h ekjuk & (viuh gkfu Lo;a djuk) & jes'k] rqeus ekfyd osQ ?kj pksjh djosQ] vius iSjksa ij [kqn oqQYgkM+h ekjh gSA 12- vkdk'k ls ckrsa djuk & (cgqr Å¡pk gksuk) & vktdy cM+s&cM+s uxjksa dh bekjrsa vkdk'k ls ckrsa djrh gSaA 13- vkleku flj ij mBkuk & (cgqr gYyk&xqYyk djuk) & vè;kid osQ vodk'k ij gksus osQ dkj.k Nk=kksa us vkleku flj ij mBk fy;kA 14- vkdk'k&ikrky ,d djuk & (cgqr ifjJe djuk) & ijh{kk esa çFke vkus osQ fy,] eSa vkdk'k&ikrky ,d dj nw¡xkA 15- vkdk'k&ikrky dk varj gksuk & (cgqr varj gksuk) & foHkh\"k.k rFkk jko.k osQ vkpj.k esa vkdk'k&ikrky dk varj FkkA 16- vkx ccwyk gksuk & (cgqr ozQks/ djuk) & tc gekjh d{kk us cgqr 'kksj epk;k rks vè;kid egksn; vkx ccwyk gks x,A 17- vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk & ([kjh&[kjh lqukuk) & fnus'k osQ ?kj nsj ls igq¡pus ij mlosQ firk us mls vkM+s gkFkksa fy;kA 18- vDy pjus tkuk & (ew[kZrk dk dke) & mlus rqEgsa igys Hkh /ks[kk fn;k Fkk_ rqeus fiQj ml ij fo'okl dj fy;kA dgha rEq gkjh vDy ?kkl pjus rks ugha xbZ gS\\ 19- vDy osQ ?kksM+s nkSM+kuk & (fdlh ckr dk gy <w¡<uk) & fuj{kjrk dh leL;k osQ gy osQ fy, vkt lHkh yksx viuh vDy osQ ?kksM+s nkSM+k jgs gSaA 113 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

20- vk¡[ksa [kqyuk & (gks'k vkuk) & jes'k dh iksy [kqyus ij lcdh vk¡[ksa [kqy x;haA 21- vkis ls ckgj gksuk & (xqLls ls lq/&cq/ [kks nsuk) & tc dksbZ fon~;kFkhZ dke djosQ ugha ykrk] gekjs xq#th vkis ls ckgj gks tkrs gSaA 22- vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksaduk & (/ks[kk nsuk) & lqHkk\"kpanz cksl vaxzs”kksa dh vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksad dj tsy ls teZuh Hkkx x, FksA 23- vk¡[ksa fn[kkuk & (Mjkuk) & ,d rks pksjh dh] Åij ls vk¡[ksa fn[kkrs gksA 24- vk¡[ksa pqjkuk & (u”kj cpkuk) & pksj vk¡[ksa pqjkdj Hkkxuk pkgrk Fkk] exj iqfyl dh lroZQrk osQ dkj.k liQy u gks ik;kA 25- vk¡[kksa esa [kwu mrj vkuk & (vf/d Øks/ djuk) & vijk/h osQ tsy rksM+dj Hkkx tkus dk lekpkj lqudj tsyj dh vk¡[kksa esa [kwu mrj vk;kA 26- vk¡[ksa isQj ysuk & (cny tkuk) & xjhch esa çk;% lHkh vk¡[ksa isQj ysrs gSaA 27- vk¡[ksa fcNkuk & (çse ls Lokxr djuk) & turk us vius fç; usrk osQ vkus ij vk¡[ksa fcNk nhaA 28- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk & (vR;ar I;kjk) & Jhjke] n'kjFk dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk FksA 29- vk¡[k yxuk & (uhan vkuk) & Fkd tkus osQ dkj.k vkt tYnh gh esjh vk¡[k yx xbZA 30- vk¡p u vkus nsuk & (gkfu u gksus nsuk) & geus çfrKk dh] fd pkgs oqQN Hkh gks] exj ge jk\"VªosQ lEeku ij vk¡p u vkus nsaxsA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks mi;qDr eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx djosQ iwjk djksA d- Lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn vc Hkkjr dh dk;k ----------------------------------- [k- ';ke tSls bZekunkj ij nks\"k yxkuk vkleku ---------------------------------- x- jkuh y{ehckbZ us vaxzs”kksa osQ iSj ---------------------------------------- ?k- vfuy dks pksjh djrs ns[k firk us dgk] ¶rqEgsa rks pqYyw ---------------------------------------- Ä- fnus'k dh iRuh mls viuh maxyh ---------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 114

2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k, rFkk eqgkojksa dks vius okD;ksa esa Hkh ç;ksx djksA i. v¡xwBk fn[kkuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii. dybZ [kqyuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii. dke vkuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv. ryos pkVuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v. ihB fn[kkuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu Nis va'k osQ LFkku ij mi;qDr eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD;ksa dks nqckjk fy[kksA d- Jho`Q\".k osQ yk[k le>kus ij Hkh nq;ksZ/u lh/h jkg ij ugha vk;k D;ksafd og ew[kZ FkkA [k- vijk/h osQ tsy rksM+dj Hkkx fudyus dk lekpkj lqudj tsyj xqLls ls lq/&cq/ [kks cSBkA x- Fkd tkus osQ dkj.k mls uhan vk xbZA ?k- tc gekjh ykWVjh fudyh rks gekjk iM+kslh bZ\";kZ ls tyus yxkA M-+ og bruk vuqHkoh gS fd fdlh dh Hkh vlfy;r tku ysrk gSA 115 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

24 yksdksfDr;k¡ (Proverbs) ^yksdksfDr* 'kCn nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS& yksd $ mfDrA ftldk vFkZ gS ^yksd* esa izpfyr mfDr ;k dFkuA ,slk dFku tks O;kid yksd&vuqHko ij vk/kfjr gks] yksdksfDr dgykrk gSA tSls& viuh&viuh MIk+ Qyh] viuk&viuk jkxA bl dFku esa ;g yksd vuqHko fNik gS fd lHkh yksxksa osQ fu.kZ; loZlEer gksuk vlaHko gSA eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa esa varj eqgkojk • eqgkojk okD; osQ chp esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g okD;ka'k (okD; dk va'k) gksrk gSA • eqgkojs esa okD; osQ fyax] opu] dkjd] dky vkfn osQ vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrk gSA • eqgkojs dk iz;ksx okD; esa peRdkj ykus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA yksdksfDr • yksdksfDr iw.kZ okD; gksrh gS blfy, Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA • yksdksfDr esa fdlh izdkj dk ifjorZu ugha gksrkA • yksdksfDr dk iz;ksx fdlh ckr osQ leFkZu] fojks/ ;k [kaMu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA oqQN ijh{kksi;ksxh yksdksfDr;k¡] muosQ vFkZ ,oa okD; iz;ksx 1- var Hkys dk Hkyk & (vPNs dk var esa IkQy Hkh vPNk gh feyrk gSA) & eksgu lPpk rFkk bZekunkj vkneh gSA mldk ^var Hkys dk Hkyk* esa iDdk fo'okl gSA 2- viuh&viuh MIkQyh] viuk&viuk jkx & (lcdk viuk&viuk fopkj) & bl lHkk esa dksbZ Hkh loZlEer fu.kZ; gksuk vlaHko gS D;ksafd blosQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh jk; vyx&vyx gSA bls dgrs gSa viuh&viuh MIkQyh] viuk&viuk jkxA 3- va/h ihls oqQRrk [kk; & (dke dksbZ djs] IkQy dksbZ [kk,) & firk us fnu&jkr dekbZ djosQ /u bdV~Bk fd;k vkSj mldk csVk ekst mM+krs&mM+krs ugha FkdrkA blh dks dgrs gSa& va/h ihls oqQRrk [kk;A 4- va/k D;k pkgs nks vk¡[ksa & (eupkgh oLrq fey tkus ij vkSj D;k pkfg,) & tc cSad esa mldh ukSdjh yx xbZ rks og [kq'kh ls >we mBk vkSj dgus yxk] ¶va/k D;k pkgs nks vk¡[ksaA¸ fganh O;kdj.k & 8 116

5- va/sj uxjh pkSiV jktk & (v;ksX; 'kkld osQ dkj.k oqQiz'kklu) & Lora=krk izkfIr ls iwoZ uokcksa dks iztk osQ lq[k&pSu dk dksbZ è;ku ugha FkkA pkjksa vksj 'kks\"k.k gh FkkA mu ij ;g mfDr Bhd cSBrh Fkh& va/sj uxjh pkSiV jktkA 6- vk¡[k osQ va/s xk¡B osQ iwjs & (cqn~f/jfgr gksdj Hkh [kwc /uoku) & eksgu pkgs i<+k&fy[kk ugha gS] ij gS cM+k èkuokuA mls ns[kdj ;g dgkor ;kn vkrh gS & vk¡[k osQ va/s xk¡B osQ iwjsA 7- vk cSy eq>s ekj & (foifRr dks Lo;a cqykuk) & ,d rks vkradoknh rqEgkjh tku osQ nq'eu cus gq, gSa vkSj bl ij rqe vosQys jkr dks flusek ns[kus tk jgs gksA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ & vk cSy eq>s ekjA 8- vke osQ vke xqByh osQ nke & (nksgjk ykHk) & ;g iqLrd i<+dj eSusa izFke Js.kh Hkh IkzkIr dj yhA vc ;gh vk/s nkeksa esa csp Hkh nhA bls dgrs gSa & vke osQ vke xqBfy;ksa osQ nkeA 9- va/ksa esa dkuk jktk & (ew[kksZa esa FkksM+s Kku okyk Hkh lEeku izkIr djrk gS) & gekjs xk¡o esa jkeiky gh nloha ikl gSA lHkh mls cM+k fon~oku le>rs gSaA fdlh us Bhd dgk gS & va/ksa esa dkuk jktkA 10- viuh xyh esa oqQRrk Hkh 'ksj gksrk gS & (vius bykosQ esa fucZy Hkh cyoku gksrk gS) & rqEgkjs ?kj vk;k gw¡] /edk yks] ekj yksA fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS & viuh xyh esa oqQRrk Hkh 'ksj gksrk gSA 11- mYVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡Vs & (vijk/h n~okjk funksZ\"k dks /edkuk) & ,d rks rqeus pksjh dh vkSj Åij ls eq>s gh Mk¡V jgs gksA bls dgrs gS & mYVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡VsA 12- Å¡ph nqdku IkQhdk idoku & (izfln~f/ osQ vuq:i u gksuk) & geus rks rqEgkjh nqdku dh izfln~f/ lqudj lkeku [kjhnk FkkA exj vkidk lkeku rks cgqr gh ?kfV;k fudykA bls dgrs gSa & Å¡ph nqdku IkQhdk idokuA 13- ,d iaFk nks dkt & (,d lk/u ls nks dke gksuk) & eSa] t;iqj ukSdjh dk lk{kkRdkj nsus osQ fy, x;k FkkA ogk¡gokegy vkfn Hkh ns[k vk;kA bls dgrs gSa & ,d iaFk nks dktA 14- ,d vukj lkS chekj & (FkksM+h oLrq] pkgus okys vf/d) & DyoZQ osQ ,d LFkku osQ fy, ik¡p lkS izkFkZuk&i=k izkIr gq, gSaA bls dgrs gSa & ,d vukj lkS chekjA 15- ,d gkFk ls rkyh ugha ctrh & (,d rjIkQ ls >xM+k 'kq: ugha gksrk) & og >xM+k 'kq: djus osQ fy, rEq gs f”kEens kj Bgjkrk gS vkjS req mlAs HkkbZ lPph ckr rks ;g gS] fd ,d gkFk ls rkyh ugha ctrhA 16- vksl pkVs I;kl ugha cq>rh & (ukeek=k dh pht ls dke ugha pyrk) & rqe 250 xzke nw/ ysdj ml igyoku dh Hkw[k 'kkar djuk pkgrs gks & dgha vksl pkVs I;kl cq>rh gSA 17- vks[kyh esa flj fn;k rks ewlyh ls D;k Mj & (dke vkjaHk djus osQ ckn eqlhcrksa ls D;k ?kcjkuk) & tc vf/dkjksa ls yM+kbZ izkjaHk dj nh gS rks tsy tkus ls D;k Hk;&vks[kyh esa flj Mky fn;k rks ewlyh ls D;k MjA 117 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

18- daxkyh esa vkVk xhyk & (eqlhcr esa vkSj eqlhcr vkuk) & xaxw igys gh cgqr fu/Zu FkkA NksVh&lh ukSdjh esa cM+h eqf'dy ls xqtkjk dj jgk Fkk_ vc rks og Hkh NwV x;hA bls dgrs gSa & daxkyh esa vkVk xhykA 19- dkB dh gafM;k ,d gh ckj p<+rh gS & (Ny] diV rFkk pkykdh ls ,d gh ckj dke fudyrk gS) & eSa ,d ckj rqels Bxk tk pqdk gw¡_ vc eSa rqEgkjh fpduh&pqiM+h ckrksa esa ugha vk ldrk] D;ksafd dkB dh gafM;k ,d gh ckj p<+rh gSA 20- dks;ys dh nykyh esa eq¡g dkyk & (cqjs osQ lkFk jgus ij cqjkbZ feyrh gS) & mldk lkFk NksM+ nks] iwjk xqaMk gS] dHkh rqEgsa Hkh ys cSBsxkA tkurs ugha] dks;ys dh nykyh esa eq¡g dkykA vH;kl dk;Z 1- yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fy[kksA ------------------------------------------------------------------------- d- gkFk daxu dks vkjlh D;k ------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ,d gkFk ls rkyh ugha ctrh ------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- lk¡p dks vk¡p ugha ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- oaQxkyh esa vkVk&xhyk M-+ [kksnk igkM+ fudyk pwgk ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- uhps fy[ks okD; i<+ks rFkk muosQ vuqlkj lgh yksdksfDr fy[kksA d- rhu ekg laxhr dk vH;kl djus ij dykorh xkuk xkus yxhA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ijh{kk esa Ik+ sQy gksus ij vtZqu [kwc jks;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ?kj osQ ukSdj us pksjksa dks lkjs eky dk fBdkuk crk fn;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- nksckjk ew[kZ cukus vk;k Bx idM+k x;kA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 118

25 vyadkj (Figures of Speech) vyadkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& ^vkHkw\"k.k*A ftl izdkj efgyk,¡vkHkw\"k.kksa ls viuk Ük`axkj fd;k djrh gSa] rFkk viuh lqanjrk dks c<+krh gSa] mlh izdkj dfox.k dfork dk Ük`axkj djus rFkk mldh 'kksHkk c<+kus osQ fy, vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Hkko ;g gS] fd dkO; dh 'kksHkk nks izdkj ls c<+kbZ tk ldrh gS& 'kCn osQ Lrj ij peRdkj% 'kCnksa dk peRdkjiw.kZ iz;ksx djosQ vfHkO;fDr dks lqanj cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls& ^rjfu ruqtk rV&reky r:oj cgq Nk,A* bl iafDr esa ^r* o.kZ dh vusd ckj vko`fRr gksus ls vfHkO;fDr esa lkSan;Z vk x;k gSA vFkZ esa peRdkj% tc dkO;&iafDr esa 'kCnksa dk bl izdkj la;kstu fd;k x;k gks fd muosQ vFkZ esa lkSan;Z vFkok peRdkj vk tk,A tSls& rhu csj [kkrh Fkha os rhu csj [kkrh gSaA bl iafDr esa ^rhu csj& 'kCn nks ckj iz;qDr gqvk gS] ij nks vyx&vyx vFkksZ esaA ;gk¡igys vk, ^rhu csj* dk vFkZ gS & ^rhu ckj* rFkk nwljh ckj vk, ^rhu csj* dk vFkZ gS& ^rhu csj osQ iQy*A bl izdkj ,d gh 'kCn dk nks vFkksZa esa iz;ksx] vFkZ osQ Lrj ij vfHkO;fDr&lkSan;Z esa o`n~f/ dj jgk gSA 'kCnksa osQ Lrj ij dkO; esa peRdkj mRiUu djus okys vyadkjksa dks 'kCnkyadkj rFkk vFkZ osQ Lrj ij dkO; esa peRdkj mRiUu djus okys vyadkjksa dks vFkkZyadkj dgrs gSaA 'kCnkyadkj d- vuqizkl & tgk¡,d gh o.kZ] ,d fuf'pr ozQe esa] ,d ls vf/d ckj vko`fRr gks] ogk¡vuqizkl vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls & ^lqjfHkr lqanj lq[kn lqeu rq> ij f[kyrs gSaA* (^l* o.kZ dh vko`fRr) ^pk# panz dh papy fdj.ksa]* (^p* o.kZ dh vko`fRr) [k- ;ed vyadkj & tgk¡fdlh dkO;&iafDr esa ,d 'kCn] ,d ls vf/d ckj iz;qDr gks ij mu leku 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ vyx&vyx gksa] ogk¡;ed vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls& ^ekyk isQjr tqx Hk;k] fiQjk u eudk isQj* (^eudk* & ekyk osQ nkus]) 119 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

dj dk eudk Mkj ns] eu dk eudk isQj* eu dk&ân; dk) dud&dud rs lkS xquh] ekndrk vf/dk;A (^dud*& lksuk) ok [kk, ckSjk, tx] ;k ns[ks ckSjk,A (dud * /rwjk) x- 'ys\"k vyadkj & ^'ys\"k* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^fpidk gqvk*A tgk¡fdlh dkO;&iafDr esa dksbZ 'kCn ,d gh ckj iz;qDr gqvk gks] ijarq ml 'kCn osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ fudyrs gksa] ogk¡'ys\"k vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls& tks jghe xfr nhi dh] oqQy diwr xfr lks;A ckjs mft;kjks djS] c<+s v¡/sjks gks;AA ;gk¡^ckjs* dk vFkZ ckyd osQ lanHkZ esa ^cpiu* gS rFkk nhid osQ lanFkZ esa ^tykuk*A blh izdkj ^c<+s* 'kCn dk vFkZ ^ckyd osQ cM+s gksus rFkk ^nhid osQ cq>us ij gSA ^eaxr dks ns[k iV nsr ckj&ckj* ;gk¡^iV* osQ nks vFkZ gSa& oL=k vkSj fdokM+A igyk vFkZ gS& dskbZ O;fDr fdlh ;kpd dks ns[kdj mls ckj&ckj ^oL=k* nsrk gS vkSj nwljk vFkZ gS& dksbZ O;fDr ;kpd dks ns[krs gh ^njok”kk* can dj ysrk gSA vr% ;gk¡'ys\"k vyadkj gSA vFkkZyadkj d- miek & miek dk vFkZ gS& lekurk vFkkZr feyrk&tqyrk :i fn[kkukA tgk¡fdlh ,d oLrq osQ xq.k] :i] n'kk vkfn fo'ks\"krk dh mlh fo'ks\"krk osQ fy, izfln~/ oLrq ls lerk (rqyuk) dh tk,] ogk¡miek vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls& gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph] gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjhA ;gk¡^cPph* dh rqyuk ^iwQy* ls dh xbZ gSA ;gk¡miek vyadkj gSA lhrk dk eq[k pUnzek osQ leku lqUnj gSA ;gk¡^lhrk osQ eq[k* dh rqyuk panzek ls dh xbZ gS] vr% ;gk¡miek vyadkj gSA gfjin dksey dey&lsA ;gk¡^gfjin* dh rqyuk ^dey* ls dh xbZ gS] vr% ;gk¡miek vyadkj gSA [k- :id & tgk¡nks oLrqvksa esa xq.k dh vR;ar lekurk osQ dkj.k nksuksa dks ,d cuk fn;k tk,] ogk¡:id vyadkj gksrk gSa] tSls& 120 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

pj.k&dey cankS gfjjkbZA ;gk¡^gfj osQ pj.kksa* (mies;) dks ^dey* (mieku) osQ leku crkdj ,d:irk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA vr% :id vyadkj gSA eS;k eSa rks panz&f[kykSuk ySgksaA ;gk¡^panzek* (mies;) esa ^f[kykSuk* (mieku) dh ,d:irk gSA ;gk¡:id vyadkj gSA ik;ks th eSaus jke&jru /u ik;ksA ;gk¡^jke&jru* (mies;) dks ^/u* (mieku) osQ leku crkdj ,d:irk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA vr% ;g :id vyadkj gSA x- mRizs{kk & tgk¡,d O;fDr ;k OkLrq esa nwljs dh laHkkouk (dYiuk) dk o.kZu gks] ogk¡mRisz{kk vyadkj gksrk gS] tSls& ml dky ekjs ozQks/ osQ ru dk¡ius mldk yxkA ekuks gok osQ osx ls lksrk gqvk lkxj txkAA ;gk¡ozQks/ osQ dkj.k ru dk dk¡iuk ,slk izrhr gks jgk Fkk ekuks gok osQ osx ls lksrk gqvk lkxj mB tkrk gksA vr% ;gk¡mRis{kk vyadkj gSA dgrh gqbZ ;ksa mRrjk osQ] us=k ty ls Hkj x,A fge osQ d.kks± ls iw.kZ ekuks] gks x, iadt u,AA ;gk¡vklq¡vksa ls Hkjs mRrjk osQ us=kksa esa vksl osQ d.kksa ls ;qDr iadt (dey) dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA ;gk¡mRizs{kk vyadkj gSA ?k- vfr'k;ksfDr & ^vfr'k;ksfDr* 'kCn] nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS& vfr'k; (cgqr vf/d) $ mfDr (dFku)A tgk¡fdlh fo\"k; dk vR;ar c<+k&p<+kdj o.kZu fd;k tk,] ogk¡vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls& ns[kdj :i lyksuk] pk¡n Hkh 'kjek x;kA ;gk¡ukf;dk osQ ^:i* dk c<+k&p<+kdj o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡vfr'k;ksfDr vaydkj gSA ns[k yks lkosQr uxjh gS ;gh] LoxZ ls feyus xxu dks tk jghA ;gk¡lkosQr uxjh dh ^Å¡pkbZ* dk o.kZu c<+k&p<+kdj fd;k x;k gS] vr% ;gk¡vfr'k;ksfDr vaydkj gSA 121 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

Ä- ekuohdj.k & tgk¡tM+ oLrqvksa ,o inkFkksZa ij psru dk vkjksi fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ tM+ izo`Qfr ij ekuoh; fozQ;kvksa dk vkjksi gks] ogk¡ekuohdj.k vyadkj gksrk gSA tSls& ^yks ;g yfRkdk Hkh Hkj ykbZ] e/q eqoqQy uoy jl xkxjh* (;gk¡yfrdk dks ,d ukf;dk dh Hkk¡fr izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tks xxjh Hkj dj yk jgh gS) ^es?k vk, cM+s cu&Budj l¡oj osQ* (;gk¡es?kksa osQ euq\";ksa dh Hkk¡fr lt&l¡oj dj vkus dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gS) ^es?ke; vkleku ls mrj jgh gS* laè;k lqanjh ijh&lh /hjs /hjs /hjsA (;gk¡lèa;k dks vkleku esa mrjus okyh lqanjh osQ :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gS) vkvks nksgjk,¡ • vyadkj 'kCn vkSj vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls Hkk\"kk esa lkSan;Z vkSj peRdkj mRiUu djrs gSaA • vyadkj osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaA • vuqizkl] ;ed rFkk 'ys\"k 'kCnkyadkj gSaA • miek] :id] mRizs{kk rFkk vfr'k;ksfDr] vFkkZyadkj osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- ^vyadkj* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\\ budk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\\ 2- vyadkj osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\\ izR;sd dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k nhft,A 3- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa jaxhu Nis va'kksa esa iz;qDr vyadkj dk uke crkvksA d- ^ihij&ikr lfjl eu Mksyk* ----------------------------------- [k- [kku iku lEeku] jkx&jax eu¯g u HkkoSA ----------------------------------- x- 'kf'k&eq[k ij ?kw¡?kV Mkys& ----------------------------------- ?k- gSa fdukjs dbZ iRFkj ih jgs pqipki ikuh ----------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 122

4- fUkEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa iz;qDr vyadkj osQ uke fy[kksA d- e[key osQ >wy iM+s gkFkh&lk Vhyk -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- e`nq ean ean eaFkj eaFkj -------------------------- x- es?k vk, cM+s cu&Budj l¡oj osQ -------------------------- ?k- ml dky ekjs ozQks/ osQ ru dk¡ius mldk yxk -------------------------- ekuks gok osQ osx ls lksrk gqvk lkxj txk Ä- dud dud rs lkSxquh] ekndrk vf/dk;A ;k [kk, ckSjk; tx] ok ik, ckSjk;AA 5- fUkEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa dkSu&lk vyadkj gS\\ lgh vyadkj pqfu,A d- uHk ij pepe piyk pedhA i. vuqizkl ii. miek iii. mRizs{kk iv. ;ed [k- ufn;k¡ftudh ;'k/kjk&lh] cgrh gSa vc Hkh fuf'k&okljA i. vuqizkl ii. ;ed iii. miek iv. 'ys\"k x- ,d jE; miou Fkk] uanuou&lk laqnjA i. vuqizkl ii. ;ed iii. miek iv. :id ?k- ik;ks th eSaus jke&jru /u ik;ksA i. vuqizkl ii. miek iii. ;ed iv. :id 123 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

26 vifBr xn~;ka'k (Unseen Passages) vifBr dk vFkZ gS] ftls i<+k u x;k gksA vifBr xn~;ka'k dk vFkZ gS] ,slk xn~;ka'k ftls ikB~; iqLrdksa esa ugha i<+k x;k gSA ikB~; iqLrdksa eas ls u fy, x, xn~;ka'k vifBr xn~;ka'k dgykrs gSaA bu xn~;ka'kksa ds n~okjk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dh ikB~; iqLrdksa ds vfrfjDr vU; xn~;ka'kksa ds vFkZ xzg.k djus dh {kerk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk mudh Hkk\"kk dh vfHkO;fDr dk Hkh ewY;kadu gksrk gSA vifBr xn~;ka'k ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa ds mRrj fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,% • fn, x, vorj.k dks ,d&nks ckj è;kuiwoZd if<+,A • vorj.k i<+rs le; iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ laHkkfor mRrjksa dks js[kkafdr djrs tkb,A • iz'uksa ds mRrjksa esa viuh vksj ls dksbZ fcUnq ugha tksM+uk pkfg,A • dbZ ckj js[kkafdr 'kCnksa ;k okD;ka'kksa osQ vFkZ Hkh iwNs tkrs gSaA budk mRrj nsrs le; è;ku jf[k,] fd muds mRrj vorj.k ds izlax osQ vuqowQy gksaA (,d 'kCn osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gks ldrs gSa] ij mldk tks vFkZ vorj.k ds izlax osQ vuqdwy gks] ogh fy[kuk pkfg,)A ;fn vorj.k ;k 'kh\"kZd Hkh iwNk x;k gks] rks 'kh\"kZd laf{kIr gks (de ls de 'kCnksa dk gks) rFkk vorj.k dh vkRek ls iwjh rjg lacn~/ gksA mRrj fy[krs le; orZuh dh v'kqn~f/;k¡u gksus ik,¡rFkk muesa fojke fpg~uksa dk ;FkkLFkku iz;ksx fd;k x;k gksA oqQN vifBr xn~;ka'k rFkk mu ij vk/kfjr iz'uksRrj 1- ;qok 'kfDr fdlh Hkh ns'k dk izk.k vkSj Hkfo\"; gksrh gSA ftl ns'k dh ;qok 'kfDr HkVd tkrh gS] ml ns'k dks voufr osQ xrZ esa fxjus ls dksbZ ugha cpk ldrkA nqHkkZX;o'k] vkt Hkkjr dh vf/dka'k ;qok 'kfDr] fn'kkghu gSA vijkf/;ksa dh lwph esa ;qokvksa dh rknkn vf/d gSA ywV&[klksV] Mkdktuh] pksjh] cykRdkj] gR;kdkaM vkfn esa vf/drj ;qok oxZ gh fyIr ik;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡dk vf'kf{kr ;qok oxZ rks fn'kkghu gS gh] f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ Hkh fn'kkghu gSA og ch-,-] ,e-,- dj csjks”kxkjksa dh yach drkj esa tk [kM+k gksrk gSA mls le> esa ugha vkrk fd og D;k djsA nwljh vksj] mPpLrjh; thou&'kSyh mls vko`Q\"V djrh gSA mls Hkh eg¡xs eksckby] eksVjdkj] caxys vkfn dh bPNk gksrh gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 124

,slh deZghu bPNk,¡mls vijk/ksa dh vksj <osQy nsrh gSaA f'k{kk dks jks”kxkj ls tksM+dj vkSj ikB~;ozQe esa uSfrd f'k{kk vfuok;Z dj bl fn'kkghurk dks dkiQh gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA d- mi;ZqDr xn~;ka'k dk mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd nhft,A mRrj& ns'k dk Hkfo\";&;qok oxZA [k- ;qok oxZ oSQlh ?kVukvksa esa lfEefyr ik;k tkrk gS\\ mRrj& vktdy ;qok oxZ HkVddj ywV&[klksV] gR;kdkaM] pksjh] Mkdktuh vkfn esa fyIr gks jgk gSA x- Hkkjr osQ fy, nqHkkZX; dh ckr D;k gS\\ mRrj& ;qok 'kfDr dk fn'kkghu gksuk Hkkjr osQ fy, nqHkkZX; dh ckr gSA ?k- fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ;qok&'kfDr osQ HkVdus ij D;k gksrk gS\\ mRrj& fdlh ns'k esa ;qok&'kfDr osQ HkVdus ij og ns'k voufr osQ xrZ esa fxj tkrk gSA Ä- ;qokvksa dh fn'kkghu dks oSQls de fd;k tk ldrk gS\\ mRrj& f'k{kk dks jks”kxkj ls tksM+dj vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk vfuok;Z djosQ ;qokvksa dh fn'kkghu dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA 2- euq\"; dk thou lalkj osQ NksVs&cM+s izkf.k;ksa vkSj inkFkksZa esa Js\"B ekuk x;k gSA og blfy, fd euq\"; cM+k] cqn~f/eku vkSj dYiuk'khy izk.kh gSA vius fopkjksa osQ cy ij og tks pkgs dj ldrk gS vkSj cgqr Å¡pk mB ldrk gSA ijarq fopkj lPps] lkns vkSj ifo=k gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk euq\"; osQ O;kogkfjd thou ls laca/ j[kus okys gksus pkfg,A bUgha ckrksa dks vk/kj cukdj ^lknk thou] mPp fopkj* dks ekuo&thou dh liQyrk dh lh<+h ekuk x;k gSA lknxh euq\"; osQ igukos ls ugha] cfYd mlosQ izR;sd gko&Hkko] fopkj rFkk thou osQ <ax ls Viduh pkfg,A ;g lknxh gh gS] tks fopkjksa dks Hkh mPp cukdj lc izdkj dh mUufr vkSj fodkl dk dkj.k curh gSA lalkj dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg gS fd vkjaHk ls gh lknxh&ilan O;fDr gh turk dks mPp fopkj nsdj] mUufr vkSj fodkl dh jkg iz'kLr djrs vk jgs gSaA egkRek cqn~/] lar dchj] xq# ukud] egkRek xk¡/h] Mkú jk/ko`Q\".ku] fouksck Hkkos vkfn bl rF; ds izR;{k izek.k gSaA d- xn~;ka'k osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd fyf[k,A mRrj& lknk thou] mPp fopkjA [k- euq\"; dk thou Js\"B D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\\ mRrj& euq\"; dk thou Js\"B ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd og cqn~f/eku vkSj dYiuk'khy gSA x- mUufr djus osQ fy, euq\"; osQ fopkj oSQls gksus pkfg,\\ 125 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

mRrj& mUufr djus osQ fy, euq\"; osQ fopkj lPps] lkns vkSj ifo=k gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kogkfjd thou ls lacaf/r gksus pkfg,A ?k- ^mUufr* 'kCn dk mfpr foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A mRrj& voufrA Ä- ^egku gS tks vkRek* esa dkSu&lk lekl gS\\ mRrj& deZ/kj; leklA 3- ;fn ge fujarj iz;Ru djsaxs] rks fu'p; gh vius y{;ksa dks izkIr dj ysaxsA foa Qrq izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS] fd vf/d vk'kkoknh yksx FkksM+k&lk iz;Ru djosQ vf/d iQy dh dkeuk djus yxrs gSa vkSj euksokafNr iQy izkIr u gksus ij fujk'k gks tkrs gSaA vr% thou esa liQyrk izkIr djus osQ fy, ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ le{k ?kqVus u VsosaQ] cfYd fgEer ls mudk eqdkcyk djsaA ;kn j[ksa] ftruk dBksj gekjk ifjJe gksxk] mldk iQy Hkh mruk gh ehBk gksxkA d- y{; izkfIr osQ fy, D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\\ mRrj& y{; dh izkfIr djus osQ fy, fujarj iz;Ru fd;k tkuk pkfg,A [k- ^euksokafNr* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\\ mRrj& ^euksokafNr* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& eu dh bPNk ds vuq:i (eupkgk)A x- ^gkykr ls u gkjsa* bldk cks/ fdl okD;ka'k ls gksrk gS\\ mRrj& ^gkykr ls u gkjsa*& okD; dk cks/ ^ifjfLFfr;ksa ds le{k ?kqVus u VsosaQ* okD;ka'k ls gksrk gSA ?k- iQy u feyus ij dkSu fujk'k gks tkrs gSa\\ mRrj& iQy u feyus ij vf/d vk'kkoknh yksx fujk'k gks tkrs gSaA Ä- ^iQy Hkh mruk gh ehBk gksxk* ls ys[kd dk D;k vk'k; gS\\ mRrj& ^iQy Hkh mruk gh ehBk gksxk*& dFku dk vk'k; gS fd ftruk dBksj ifjJe fd;k tk,xk] vH;kl dk;Z 1- Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkh Lora=k Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa Hkkjr osQ fuekZrkvksa us /eZfujis{krk dh uhfr dks viukdj ;g fln~/ dj fn;k Fkk fd Lora=k Hkkjr esa e”kgch dV~Vjrk ;k fgalk dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA jk\"Vª dh n`f\"V esa lHkh /eZ leku gSaA lHkh dks vius&vius /eZ dk ikyu djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk gSA fiQj Hkh vusd ckj lkaiznkf;drk ;k /kfeZd fganh O;kdj.k & 8 126

enka/rk dh fpaxkjh le;&le; ij lqyx mBrh gS] tks Lora=k Hkkjr osQ eLrd ij dyad dh Hkk¡fr gSA buls u osQoy yksdra=k dh tM+sa [kks[kyh gksrh gSa] vfirq tu&thou Hkh vLr&O;Lr gks tkrk gSA ;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gS] fd ftl ns'k us lewph ekuork dks izse] 'kkafr] vfgalk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k fn;k] mlh ns'k esa /eZ ds uke ij vkt Hkh le;&le; ij [kwu dh gksfy;k¡ [ksyh tkrh gSaA bl e”kgch Vdjko vkSj [kwu&[kjkcs osQ nks dkj.k gSa& e”kgch tquwu vkSj jktuhfrd vnwjnf'kZrkA vaxzs”kksa us vius 'kkludky esa bl /kfeZd enka/rk dk cht cks;kA mUgksusa] fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa iwQV Mkydj viuk LokFkZ fln~/ fd;kA Hkkjr&ikd c¡Vokjk mlh dk ifj.kke FkkA d- ;g oSQls fln~/ gksrk gS] fd Hkkjr /eZfujis{k jkT; gS\\ [k- mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa ^Lora=k Hkkjr osQ eLrd ij dyad* fdls dgk x;k gS\\ x- /eZ osQ uke ij Vdjko rFkk [kwu&[kjkcs osQ D;k dkj.k gS\\ ?k- vaxzs”kksa us /kfeZd enka/rk dk cht fdl izdkj cks;k\\ Ä- mi;qZDr xn~;ka'k dk mi;qDr 'kh\"kZd fyf[k,A 2- dchj osQoy egku dfo gh ugha] cfYd vius le; osQ lcls cM+s vkSj lPps lekt&lq/kjd rFkk ;qx fuekZrk FksA dchj i<+s&fy[ks ugha Fks] ijarq os Kkuh O;fDr FksA tc mudk tUe gqvk] rc ns'k lkekftd :f<+;ksa vkSj ijaijkvksa esa tdM+k gqvk FkkA ns'k esa tkr&ikr] NqvkNwr] ewfrZ&iwtk] jks”kk&uek”k vkfn dk cksyckyk FkkA /eZ vkSj tkfr osQ uke ij laiw.kZ ns'k fnu&ij&fnu de”kksj gksrk tk jgk FkkA dchj us fganq rFkk eqlyeku nksuksa dh vkykspuk dh vkSj lekt esa tkx`fr dk u;k ea=k iwQ¡dkA dchj lk/q izo`fRr osQ Fks] blfy, mudh Hkk\"kk fofHkUu Hkk\"kkvksa dh ^f[kpM+h* vFkok ^l/qDdM+h* dgykbZA mudh jpuk,¡^chtd* uked xzaFk esa ladfyr gSaA vius nksgksa vkSj inksa esa mUgksaus Kku&vKku] fujkdj bZ'oj] vkilh izse vkfn dh ckrsa dh gSaA d- dchj dkSu Fks\\ [k- dchj us lekt esa fdldk ea=k iwQ¡dk\\ x- dchj dh Hkk\"kk D;k dgykbZ\\ ?k- dchj dh jpukvksa esa D;k lans'k fNik gS\\ Ä- ^Kku&vKku* esa lekl crkb,A 127 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

27 i=&ys[ku (Letter–Writing) i=k gekjs thou osQ vfHkUu vax gSaA ;s futh thou rFkk lkekftd thou nksuksa esa fo'ks\"k mi;ksxh gSA i=k fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& • i=k dh Hkk\"kk ljy o Li\"V gksuh pkfg, rFkk vuko';d foLrkj ls cpuk pkfg,A • vk;q o laca/ osQ vuqowQy 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A • fopkjksa dh ozQecn~/rk dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A • i=k dk mn~ns'; o fo\"k;&oLrq Li\"V gksus pkfg,A • i=k esa mlosQ lHkh vaxksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A i=k ds izdkjA i=k osQ izdkj ewy :i ls i=k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& vukSipkfjd i=k vkSipkfjd i=k 1- vukSipkfjd i=k& tks i=k ge vius ifjokj osQ yksxksa] lacaf/;ksa rFkk fe=kksa vkfn dks fy[krs gSa] mUgsa vukSipkfjd i=k dgrs gSaA 2- vkSipkfjd i=k& vkSipkfjd i=k ge fofHkUu foHkkxksa rFkk vf/dkfj;ksa dks vkosnu osQ fy,] fdlh leL;k oQs fy,] fdlh lpw uk oQs fy, vFkok fdlh vU; lkotZ fud ;k O;kikfjd dkj.k ls fy[krs gAaS fo'ks\"k d{kk vFkok ijh{kk Hkou ls i=k fy[krs le; vius irs ds LFkku ij d{kk vFkok ijh{kk Hkou o uke osQ LFkku ij dú[kúxú fy[kuk pkfg,A lacks/u] vfHkoknu o lekiu i=k dk izdkj laca/ lacks/u vfHkoknu lekiu 1-vukSipfjd&i=k cM+ksa dks iwT;@iwtuh;@vknj.kh;@ pj.kLi'kZ@lknj vkidk csVk@iksrk@ NksVksa dks Jn~/s; vkfnA ueLdkj@lknj ukrh@ Hkrhtk vkfnA iz.kke@lknj pj.kLi'kZ vkfnA fiz; (uke)@vk;q\"eku lq[kh jgks@izlUu rqEgkjk 'kqHkfpUrd@ (uke)@fpjatho jgks vkfnA 'kqHkkdka{kh vkfnA (uke) vkfnA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 128

fe=k dks fiz; (uke)@fiz; fe=k@ e/qj Le`fr;k¡@ rqEgkjk fgrS\"kh@vfHkUu fiz; ca/q vkfnA lizse ueLrs vkfnA fe=k@fpj Lusgh vkfnA 2- vkSipkfjd&i=k iz/kukpk;Z ekU;oj@ekuuh;@ Hkonh;@fuosnd@izkFkhZ izkFkZuk i=k egksn; & vkidk vkKkdkjh f'k\"; vkfnA Hkonh;@fuosnd 3- O;kolkf;d&i=k laiknd] Jheku@Jh;qr Hkonh;@fuosnd iqLrd] & Hkonh;@izkFkhZ@fouhr dk;kZy;h&i=k foozsQrk]vU; vknj.kh;@ekU;oj@ fuosnd vf/dkjh egksn;@ vukSipkfjd i=k& 1- laxfr dk egÙo crkrs gq, NksVs HkkbZ dks i=kA 135] lq[knso fogkj xqM+xk¡o (gfj;k.kk) fnukad %10&04------------ fiz; mRd\"kZ] vlhe Lusg] ge lc ;gk¡oqQ'ky gSaA vk'kk gS] vc rqEgkjk Nk=kkokl esa eu yx x;k gksxk rFkk rqe oqQ'ky gksxsA ;g igyk volj gS] tc rqe ge lc ls vyx jg jgs gksA rqe ogk¡fe=k cukus esa fo'ks\"k lko/kuh cjruk D;ksafd laxfr dk izHkko gekjs fopkjksa rFkk O;ogkj ij iM+rk gSA ge] tSls yksxksa osQ lkFk jgrs gSa] /hjs&/hjs oSls gh cu tkrs gSaA vPNs vkpkj&fopkj okys ifjJeh ckydksa ds lkFk jgus ls rqe muls cgqr dqN lh[k ikvksxs rFkk liQyrk rqEgkjs dne pwesxhA ;fn lgh laxfr esa u jgsa rks y{; ls HkVdrs nsj ugha yxrhA var esa eSa rqEgsa ,d ckj fiQj ;gh dgw¡xk fd rqe lRlaxfr esa jguk rkfd ekrkth vkSj firkth dk LoIu iwjk gks losQA ?kj ls nwj jgus esa rqEgsa vo'; dqN d\"V gksxk foaQrq gj fo'ks\"k liQyrk osQ fy, dqN u dqN R;kxuk iM+rk gSA ge lcdh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡rqEgkjs lkFk gSaA rqEgkjk vxzt 'kk'or 129 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- eksnh ljdkj n~okjk pyk, x, ^LoPNrk vfHk;ku* osQ varxZr vius fon~;ky; esa fd, tk jgs dk;kZsa osQ fo\"k; esa crkrs gq, vius ekekth dks i=k fyf[k,A 217] o`Q\".kk uxj] fnYyh fnukad% 24 tqykbZ] 20----- vknj.kh; ekek th] lknj iz.kkeA eSa ;gk¡oqQ'kyrkiwoZd gw¡vkSj vkidh oqQ'kyrk osQ fy, bZ'oj ls lnSo izkFkZuk djrk gw¡A vk'kk gS fd vki lc Hkh LoLFk ,oa oqQ'kyiwoZd gksaxsA ekekth] bl i=k n~okjk eSa vkidks vius Nk=kkokl o fon~;ky; esa pyk, tk jgs ^LoPNrk vfHk;ku* ds fo\"k; esa crkuk pkgrk gw¡A iz/kuea=kh eksnhth us tc LoPNrk vfHk;ku dk izkjaHk fd;k rks gekjs iz/kukpk;Z us gesa bl fo\"k; esa crk;k vkSj eksnhth dk Hkk\"k.k Hkh gesa lquk;k x;kA muosQ fopkjksa dk lHkh Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ij xgjk izHkko iM+kA iz/kukpk;Z vkSj vU; vè;kidksa dh enn ls geus Hkh fon~;ky; esa bl dk;Z dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA fiNys jfookj lHkh Nk=k&Nk=kk,¡fon~;ky; vk, vkSj geus feydj iwjk LowQy lki+ Q fd;kA oqQN Nk=kksa us iqjkuh Vksdfj;ksa] fMCcksa vkfn ls MLVfcu cuk, vkSj mUgsa txg&txg j[k fn;k x;kA fon~;ky; dh nhokjksa] njok”kksa vkfn ij tks fu'kku Fks] mUgsa geus ikuh ls lki+ Q fd;kA iwjk fon~;ky; pedus yxkA vkidks ;g tkudj [kq'kh gksxh fd vc lHkh Nk=k li+ QkbZ dk iwjk è;ku j[krs gSaA dksbZ b/j&m/j owQM+k ugha iasQdrkA gj jks”k bldk è;ku j[kus ds fy, ,d d{kk fo'ks\"k dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA dk'k] lewpk ns'k Hkh gekjs fon~;ky; dh rjg LoPN gks tk,A vkidks rFkk ekehth dks lknj pj.k&Li'kZ o jk[kh dks <sj&lk I;kjA vkidk Hkkatk xkSjo 3- ijh{kk esa izFke vkus ij vius fe=k dks c/kbZ i=kA 1@15 tudiqjh] ubZ fnYyhA fnukd % 26&03&----------------- fiz; fe=k lqjs'k] lizse ueLdkjA 130 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

rqEgkjs i=k ls Kkr gqvk gS fd bl o\"kZ vkBoha d{kk esa rqe vius fon~;ky; esa izFke vk, gksA bl 'kkunkj liQyrk osQ fy, esjh vksj ls gkfnZd c/kbZA rqe vkjaHk ls gh ifjJeh jgs gksA f'k{kk osQ izfr rqEgkjk fo'ks\"k yxko jgk gSA fiQj bZ'oj us Hkh rqEgsa rhoz cqn~f/ nsdj miÑr fd;k gS] tks lksus ij lqgkxk gSA rqEgkjk n`<+ fo'okl] fd ^ifjJe gh liQyrk gh oqQath gS*] ;g mlh dk izfriQy gSA esjh Hkxoku ls izkFkZuk gS fd Hkfo\"; esa Hkh rqe blh izdkj ls thou dh lHkh ijh{kkvksa esa 'kkunkj liQyrk izkIr djrs jgksA ?kj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh vksj ls rqEgsa cgqr&cgqr c/kbZA rqEgkjk fiz; fe=k jksfgr vkSipkfjd i=k& 1- Nk=kksa osQ fy, [ksyksRlo vk;ksftr djus dk vuqjks/ djrs gq, iz/kukpk;Z dks i=k fyf[k,A 38@5] ,&CykWd] }kjdk ubZ fnYyhA fnukad % 27 flracj] 20------- iz/kukpk;Z] fnYyh ifCyd LowQy jkeo`Q\".k iqje ubZ fnYyh fo\"k;&d{kk vkBoha ds Nk=kksa osQ fy, [ksyksRlo dk vk;kstuA ekuuh; egksn;] lfou; fuosnu gS fd eSa vkiosQ fon~;ky; dk Nk=k izfrfuf/] jtr 'kekZ gw¡A ;g i=k eSa lHkh Nk=kksa dh vksj ls fy[k jgk gw¡A vkt f'k{kk esa [ksyksa osQ egÙo dks dksbZ udkj ugha ldrkA vkius Hkh lnk Nk=kksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl ij cy fn;k gSA ge pkgrs gSa] fd fon~;ky; esa [ksyksRlo vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A blesa Nk=kksa osQ fy, fofHkUu varoZxh; [ksy izfr;ksfxrk,¡vk;ksftr dh tk,¡A blls Nk=kksa esa LoLFk [ksy Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxkA izFke l=kh; ijh{kk,¡Hkh oqQN fnu iwoZ gh lekIr gqbZ gSaA ;g [ksyksRlo mUgsa ekufld :i ls lqn`<+ djsxkA vk'kk gS] vki gekjs vuqjks/ dks Lohdkj dj gesa vuqx`ghr djsaxsA l/U;okn vkidk vkKkdkjh Nk=k jtr 'kekZ 131 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- fon~;ky; osQ ty ladV osQ ckjs esa lwfpr djrs gq, iz/kukpk;Z dks i=kA lsok esa] iz/kukpk;Z] vkj-ih- gkbZ LowQy] 'kkyhekj ckx] ubZ fnYyh&110002 frfFk % 10&05&--------- fo\"k; % fon~;ky; esa ty laca/h ladV osQ fo\"k; esa i=kA ekuuh; egksn;] lfou; fuosnu ;g gS] fd fon~;ky; esa vktdy is;ty dk ladV gS] rFkk blls Nk=kksa dks dki+ Qh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA fon~;ky; vkjaHk gksus osQ yxHkx ,d ?kaVs osQ Hkhrj gh ikuh [kRe gks tkrk gSA ?kj ls yk;k x;k ikuh Hkh lekIr gksus ij Nk=k fnuHkj I;kls jgrs gSaA Hk;adj xjeh osQ ekSle esa ;g vR;ar d\"Vdkjh gSA vk'kk gS bl ty ladV dks nwj djus osQ fy, vki 'kh?kz gh dksbZ dne mBk,¡xsA /U;okn vkidk vkKkdkjh Nk=k ujs'k (Nk=k&iz/ku) d{kk vkB ^v* 3- vkius iqLrd&foozsQrk ls iqLrosaQ e¡xokbZ Fkha] ijarq ,d iqLrd] lwph esa nh xbZ iqLrd ls fHkUu FkhA iqLrd&foozsQrk dks f'kdk;rh&i=k fyf[k,A 533] tkslkfxjh] dUuwj] dsjy fnukad % 22 vxLr] 20----- O;oLFkkid egksn;] U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyú nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 fo\"k; % e¡xokbZ xbZ iqLrdksa osQ laca/ esa f'kdk;rh&i=kA egksn;] eSaus fnukad 12 twu] 20---- dks i=k n~okjk vkils fuEufyf[kr iqLrosaQ e¡xokbZa Fkha& iqLrdksa dh lwph izfr;k¡ eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k (Hkkx&5) 2 izfr;k¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 8 132

jaxksyh (Hkkx&5) 1 izfr O;kdj.k nf'kZdk 2 izfr;k¡ O;kdj.k fuf/ (Hkkx&5) 1 izfr eq>s [ksn osQ lkFk dguk iM+ jgk gS fd buesa ls jaxksyh (Hkkx&5) osQ LFkku ij vkius jaxksyh (Hkkx&8) Hkst nh gS] ftldh eq>s vko';drk ugha gSA eSa ihúvksúMhú n~okjk ;g iqLrd okil Hkst jgk gw¡A ;Fkk'kh?kz ^jaxksyh (Hkkx&5)* Hkstus dk izca/ djsa] D;ksafd esjh cgu dh d{kk,¡vkjaHk gksus okyh gSA vk'kk gS] bl ckj dksbZ xyrh ugha gksxhA /U;okn Hkonh; vftr dk;kZy;h&i=k 4- cSad izca/d dks u;k [kkrk [kqyokus gsrq i=kA 136] gfj oqaQt] Lojkt uxj] bankSj fnukad % 24 vxLr] 20------ izca/d LVsV cSad vkWi+ Q bafM;k] uheM+h dkWyksuh bankSjA fo\"k;& cSad esa u;k [kkrk [kqyokus gsrq ik=kA egksn;] eSa] lks;s'k oqQekj Lojkt uxj dk fuoklh gw¡A eSa vkiosQ cSad esa ,d u;k [kkrk [kqyokuk pkgrk gw¡A blosQ fy, eSa lHkh vkSipkfjdrk,¡iwjh djus dks rS;kj gw¡A vkiosQ cSad n~okjk nh tkus okyh xzkgd lqfo/k,¡vR;ar vkd\"kZd gSaA esjs dbZ fe=kksa ds [kkrs vkiosQ cSad esa gSa vkSj os lHkh vkidh 'kk[kk dh lsokvksa ls larq\"V gSaA vk'kk gS fd vki esjh bl izkFkZuk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz eq>s vius cSad esa [kkrk [kksyus dh vuqefr nsaxsA l/U;okn Hkonh; lkses'k oqQekj 133 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

5- laiknd dks viuh jpuk izdkf'kr djus dk vuqjks/ djrs gq, i=kA ch&298] yksd fogkj] 'kkyhekj ckx] ubZ fnYyhA fnukad % 1 vxLr] 20----- laiknd egksn;] uoHkkjr VkbEl] valkjh jksM] ubZ fnYyh&110002 fo\"k;& viuh jpuk izdkf'kr djus dk vuqjks/A egksn;] eSa lafpr xqfy;kuh] vkaBoh d{kk dk Nk=k gw¡rFkk vkiosQ izfrf\"Br lekpkj&i=k ^uoHkkjr VkbEl* dk fu;fer ikBd gw¡A bl lekpkj&i=k dh Li\"Vokfnrk vkSj lekpkjksa dh fo'oluh;rk osQ dkj.k eSa bls cgqr ilan djrk gw¡A egksn;] cpiu ls gh ys[ku esa esjh dki+ Qh :fp jgh gSA dfork o dgkuh&ys[ku eq>s fo'ks\"k fiz; gSA esjh oqQN jpuk,¡fon~;ky; if=kdk] nSfud tkxj.k] nSfud HkkLdj rFkk paid vkfn esa izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSaA eSa pkgrk gw¡fd esjh jpuk,¡vkiosQ lekpkj&i=k esa Hkh izdkf'kr gksaA vkt pkjksa vksj O;kIr Hkz\"Vkpkj dh leL;k dks vk/kj cukdj eSaus ,d dfork fy[kh gSA ;fn vki bls vius lekpkj&i=k osQ jfookjh; cky vad esa izdkf'kr djsa] rks eSa vkidk lnk vkHkkjh jgw¡xkA /U;kon lfgr Hkonh; lafpr xqfy;kuh vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij i=k fy[kksA 1- vius fe=k dks xzh\"ekodk'k vius lkFk fcrkus dk fuea=k.k nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A 2- viuh l[kh dks okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke vkus ij c/kbZ&i=k fyf[k,A 3- fon~;ky; esa vk;ksftr o`{kkjksi.k dk;ZozQe dk o.kZu djrs gq, vius ukukth dks i=k fyf[k,A 4- fnYyh dh esVªks jsy osQ ckjs esa vius fe=k dks i=k fy[kdj crk,¡tks t;iqj esa jgrk gSA 5- vkidh ikl&cqd [kks xbZ gSA bldh lwpuk nsrs gq, cSad vf/dkjh dks i=k fyf[k,A fganh O;kdj.k & 8 134

28 vuqPNsn&ys[ku (Paragraph–Writing) vuqPNsn&ys[ku ,d dyk gSA blesa la{ksi esa fo\"k; osQ leLr vk;keksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tkrk gSA vPNk vuqPNsn fy[kus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A • fopkjksa dks ozQecn~/ :i nsuk pkfg,A • okD; NksVs vkSj fo\"k;kuqowQy gksus pkfg,A • Hkk\"kk ljy] Li\"V] lVhd o jkspd gksuh pkfg,A • vuko';d o.kZu ls cpuk pkfg,A • 'kCn&lhek dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A 1- f'k{kk vkSj lekt f'k{kk o lekt dk xgu laca/ gSA lekt dks lqO;ofLFkr vkSj lqfu;ksftr djus okyh la'kDr dM+h f'k{kk gSA f'k{kk jfgr lekt dh n'kk d¡Vhyh >kM+h osQ leku gksrh gSA f'k{kk lekt dks lH;] mUufr'khy] lqlaLo`Qr cukrh gSA ns'k dh orZeku ih<+h ;fn f'kf{kr gksxh rHkh og ns'k dks izxfr dh jkg ij ys tk,xhA lekt dh mUufr vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ LFkkf;Ro dh uhao f'k{kd vkSj fon~;kFkhZ gksrs gSA f'k{kk n~okjk gh lekt osQ 'kk'or ewY;ksa dk iks\"k.k gksrk gSA viuh laLo`Qfr o lH;rk osQ fodkl osQ fy, izR;sd lekt dks f'k{kk dk gh lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA ,d {k.k dk fiNM+k] u tkus fdruk ihNs jg tkrk gSA f'k{kk ekuo osQ foosd dks tkx`r vkSj fodflr djrh gS vkSj u, vk;keksa esa foLrkj osQ fy, mls l{ke cukrh gSA f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls gh lekt dks iq\"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk\"Vª&fuekZ.k o izxfr osQ fy, ;g vpwd ck.k gSA lekt dh lkaLo`Qfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] dykRed] oSKkfud lc izdkj dh mUufr osQ fy, f'k{kk dk lekt esa izpkj&izlkj vR;ar vfuok;Z gSA 2- [ksyksa dk egÙo izR;sd O;fDr dks vius nSfud thou esa [ksyksa osQ izfr fo'ks\"k egÙo nsuk cgqr vko';d gSA ^[ksyks* dk uke ysrs gh cPpksa] ;qokvksa esa izlUurk] mRlkg ,oa LiwQfrZ tkx`r gks tkrh gSA i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ vkSj ekufld Fkdku nsus okys dk;ks± osQ ckn [ksy gh O;fDr dks iqu% 'kfDr iznku djrs gSaA 'kkjhfjd o ekufld n`f\"V ls 135 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

[ksyksa dk fo'ks\"k egÙo gSA [ksyksa ls tgk¡,d vkSj 'kkjhfjd fodkl gksrk gS ogha nwljh vkSj 'kjhj iq\"V gksrk gSA blls ruko] bZ\";kZ] ozQks/ tSls fodkl nwj gksrs gSa o O;fDr ekufld :i ls Hkh LoLFk curk gSA [ksyksa ls jDr&izokg rhoz gksrk gS] ekalisf'k;k¡o tksM+ e”kcwr curs gSa] ikpu&vax lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djrs gSaA [ksyksa ls O;fDr esa lg;ksx o izfrLin~/kZ dh Hkkouk tkx`r gksrh gSA jk\"Vªh; o varjkZ\"Vªh; Lrj ij [ksyksa esa Hkkx ysdj /u o ;'k nksuksa gh dek, tk ldrs gSaA vr% thou dks Hkyh izdkj ls thus osQ fy, [ksyksa dk fo'ks\"k egÙo gSA 3- leqnz rV dh lSj eSa vius ifjokj osQ lkFk psUubZ ?kweus osQ fy, x;kA psUubZ osQ leqnz rVksa osQ ckjs esa eSaus cgqr lqu j[kk FkkA ogk¡ igq¡pdj ge lHkh 'kke osQ le; leqnz rV dh lSj ij fudysA psUubZ esa pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh&gh&gfj;kyh gSA leqnz rV ij igq¡ps] rks lw;kZLr gksus okyk FkkA pkjksa vksj lqugjh ykfyek IkSQyh gqbZ FkhA gYdh&gYdh BaMh gok py jgh FkhA leqnz dh ygjsa mNy&mNydj rV dh vksj vkrh vkSj mls Nwdj okil pyh tkrhaA bruk euksje n`\"; ns[kdj esjk eu izlUurk ls >we mBkA ge lHkh izo`Qfr dh lq\"kek dks fugkj jgs FksA eSaus vius twrs mrkj fn, vkSj leqnz dh ygjksa esa [ksyus yxkA ogha esjh cgu vkSj eSaus cgqr&ls 'ka[k vkSj lhfi;k¡bdV~Bs fd,A fIkQj lcus feydj ukfj;y ikuh ih;kA v¡/sjk gksus ij ge yksx vius Bgjus osQ LFkku dh vksj py i<+sA leqnz rV dh ;g lSj esjs fy, thou dh ;knxkj lSj cu xbZA 4- jk\"Vªh; ,drk fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd] lkaLo`Qfrd] /kfeZd o oSpkfjd fofHkUurk,¡gksrs gq, Hkh fdlh jk\"Vªesa ,drk dh Hkkouk mldh le`n~f/ dk vk/kj gksrh gSaA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dh mnkjrk gh mldh jk\"Vªh;rk dk eq[; vk/kj gSA jk\"Vª&izse dh Hkkouk o ekr`Hkwfe ls izse bldk vk/kj gSA izR;sd oxZ] /eZ] Hkk\"kk o laiznk; dks lekurk dk ntkZ feyus ij gh jk\"Vªh; ,drk dks cy feyrk gSA jk\"Vªh; ,drk osQ fy, lekt esa lkaiznkf;d ln~Hkko vkSj vkilh HkkbZpkjk gksuk vko';d gSA izko`Qfrd ;k vU; foifRr;ksa osQ le; ge ,d nwljs osQ fgr osQ fy, ;fn loZLo U;kSNkoj djus dks rRij gksa rks leLr jk\"Vª,d n`<+ lw=k esa ca/ tkrk gSA yksxksa dh lkaiznkf;d dV~Vjrk] izkarh;rk dh ladh.kZ Hkkouk rFkk jk\"Vªh;rk dk vHkko vkfn rRo fdlh Hkh jk\"Vªdks de”kksj cukrs gSaA vusdrk esa ,drk osQ lw=k dk ikyu dj ge jk\"Vªh; ,drk dks i`\"V dj fo'o osQ lEEkq[k ,d pqukSrh cu ldrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 136

5- ioZrjkt fgeky; Hkkjr izo`Qfr dh ozQhM+kLFkyh gSA dgha e#LFky gS] rks dgha gjs&Hkjs eSnku] dgha ou gSa] rks dgha o`{kksa dk vHkko_ dgha ioZr Ja`[kyk,¡gSa] rks dgha jsr osQ VhysA izo`Qfr us Hkkjr dks vusd oLrq,¡migkj esa nh gSa] mUgha esa ls ,d gS&ioZrjkt fgeky; tks Hkkjr osQ mRrj esa Hkkjr ekrk osQ eqoqQV dh Hkk¡fr lq'kksfHkr gS rFkk lfn;ksa ls Hkkjr osQ ltx izgjh osQ :i esa [kM+k gSA dfo oqQy xq# dkfynkl us bls ^nsokRek* dgdj lacksf/r fd;kA ;g Hkkjr dh iq.; Hkkoukvksa dk] mldh leLr Jn~/k dk izrhd gSA ;g Hkkjr dk xkSjo ;g vusd ifo=k ufn;ksa dk mn~xe LFky gS] ftlosQ dkj.k HkkjrHkwfe 'kL;&';keyk dgykrh gSaA fgeky; ij gh fganqvksa osQ vusd ifo=k rhFkZ&LFky fon~;eku gSaA cnzhukFk] osQnkjukFk] ekuljksoj] vejukFk] ½f\"kosQ'k vkfn rhFkZLFkku ;gha gSaA blh dh ioZr Ja`[kykvksa ij vusd je.kh; izko`Qfrd izns'k gSa] tSls f'keyk] oqQYyw eukyh] d'ehj vkfnA fgeky; jRuksa dk HkaMkj] ouksa dk osQanz] vusd nqyZHk tho&tarqvksa dh ozQhM+kLFkyh rFkk vusd vkS\"kf/;ksa dk HkaMkj gSA ;g lpeqp Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dk es#naM gSA 6- uj gks] u fujk'k djks eu dks vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij vuqPNsn fy[kksA 1- fon~;kFkhZ vkSj vuq'kklu 2- ijksdkj 3- vkn'kZ usrk 4- f'k{kd fnol 5- izkr% dkyhu Hkze.k dk vkuan 6- jk\"VªeaMy [ksy 7- c<+rh egaxkbZ 137 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

29 fuca/k&ys[ku (Essay-Writing) fopkjksa dk laf{kIr] lqxfBr o vkn'kZ izLrqrhdj.k ^fuca/* gSA ^fuca/* dk vFkZ gS& lE;d :i ls ca/k gqvkA ;g xn~; dh dlkSVh gS] D;ksafd blesa fopkjksa] rF;ksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks ozQecn~/ rFkk lqlacn~/ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa Hkk\"kk dk mRo`Q\"V izkaty :i mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA blesa ,d fo\"k; osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dks mtkxj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk\"kk fo\"k;kuqowQy gksrh gSA rFkk fopkjksa dks iq\"V djus osQ fy, eqgkojksa] lwfDr;ksa] mnkgj.kksa] n`\"Vkarksa rFkk fofHkUu izlaxksa dk mi;qDr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vPNs fuca/ dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ d- fuca/ esa fo\"k; dk o.kZu vko';d laxfr rFkk lacn~/rk ls fd;k x;k gksA [k- fuca/ esa ekSfydrk] ljlrk] Li\"Vrk] vkSj lthork gksuh pkfg,A x- fuca/ dh Hkk\"kk 'kqn~/ rFkk izHkko'kkyh gks rFkk mlesa fojke fpg~uksa dk ;FkkLFkku iz;ksx fd;k x;k gksA ?k- fuca/ esa mn/j.kksa] lwfDr;ksa] eqgkojksa] yksdksfDr;ksa] dkO;] iafDr;ksa rFkk izlaxksa dk ;FkkLFkku mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A Ä- fuca/&ys[ku ls iwoZ mldh :ijs[kk cuk ysuh pkfg,A Hkz\"Vkpkj % ,d xgu leL;k Hkkjr osQ lkekftd thou esa vkt Hkz\"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk gSA ;g ,d dgkor cu xbZ gS] fd fj'or yks vkSj idM+s tkus ij fj'or nsdj NwV tkvksA fu;e vkSj dkuwu dh j{kk djus okys ljdkjh deZpkjh lcls cM+s Hkz\"Vkpkjh cu x, gSaA Hkz\"Vkpkj dk izokg Åij ls uhps dh vksj cgrk gSA tc ns'k osQ vusd ea=kh Lo;a Hkz\"Vkpkj ;k ?kksVkys esa fyIr gksa rks ml ns'k dk pijklh rd Hkz\"V gks tkrk gSA ;gh fLFkfr Hkkjr dh gks pqdh gSA ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa fcuk ?kwl fn, dksbZ dke ugha gksrkA >wBs fcy cuk, tkrs gSaA cM+s&cM+s vf/dkjh dkx”kksa ij lM+osaQ] iqy vkfn cukrs gSa vkSj lkjk iSlk [kqn [kk tkrs gSaA ljdkjh losZ{k.k crkrs gSa] fd fdlh Hkh ;kstuk osQ fy, fn;k x;k 75 izfr'kr iSlk rks vf/dkjh gh [kk tkrs gSaA vc rks izhfe;e] Mksus'ku] lqfo/k&'kqYd vkSj u,&u, ukeksa dks Hkz\"Vkpkj dh O;oLFkk dk vax cuk fn;k x;k gSA dgus dk vFkZ gS fd ljdkj rd us Hkh bls Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA blfy, O;kikfj;ksa vkSj fganh O;kdj.k & 8 138

O;olkf;;ksa dk Hkh ;gh è;s; cu x;k gS fd xzkgd dks ftruk ej”kh ywVksA deZpkfj;ksa us Hkh lksp fy;k gS& fj'or yks vkSj dke ls cpksA Hkz\"Vkpkj euq\";ksa dh cnuh;rh osQ dkj.k c<+k vkSj mlesa lq/kj djus ls gh ;g Bhd gksxkA lekt osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djus osQ fy, ifjokj rFkk fon~;ky; esa laLdkj fn, tkus pkfg,A nwljs iz'kklu dks Loa; 'kqn~/ jgdj] fu;eksa dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djkuk pkfg,A gj Hkz\"Vkpkjh dks mfpr naM fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ijarq iz'kklu viuh f”kEesnkjh dks ugha le> jgk gSA i'z u ;g gS fd ,ls k dc gks ik,xk\\ ;g le; ij fuHkjZ gAS tc Hkh dkbs Z n<` + pfj=koku ;oq k urs R` o vkj ;k ikj dh Hkkouk ls lekt dks ijsz .kk nxs k] rHkh ;g lekt Hk\"z Vkpkj :ih jk{kl oQs pxa yq ls ckgj fudy ik,xkA eksckby i+ Qksu dgk tkrk gS& ^vko';drk gh vkfo\"dkj dh tuuh gSA* tc&tc euq\"; dks vko';drk eglwl gqbZ rc&rc vkfo\"dkj gq, gSaA tc euq\"; vkfnekuo Fkk] rc mlus iRFkj dks jxM+dj vkx dk vkfo\"dkj fd;kA iRFkjksa osQ vkS”kkj cuk, vkSj ljnh&xjeh ls cpus osQ fy, oL=kksa dk vkfo\"dkj fd;kA bl izdkj fur u, vkfo\"dkj gksrs jgs] ;qx cnyrs jgsA foKku osQ {ks=k esa euq\"; us u,&u, vkfo\"dkj dj thou dks ljy cuk fn;k gSA eksckby i+ Qksu Hkh ,slk gh ,d vkfo\"dkj gS] tks ^cgqtu fgrk;] cgqtu lq[kk;* gSA vkt gj O;fDr osQ gkFk esa bls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gks Hkh D;ksa u] ;g gS gh bruk ykHknk;dA vkt eksckby ,d fe=k dh Hkk¡fr gekjs lkFk jgrk gS vkSj dHkh Hkh vosQykiu eglwl ugha gksus nsrkA eksckby i+ Qksu osQ dbZ ykHk gSa] tSls& nq?kZVuk gksus ij lgk;rk ys ldrs gSa ;k dksbZ ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus ij mldh lwpuk ns ldrs gSa] vr% eksckby gekjh gj leL;k dk lek/ku djrk gSA eksckby n~okjk ge ns'k&fons'k dgha Hkh viuk lans'k Hkst ldrs gSaA ,d ubZ vkSj egRRoiw.kZ lqfo/k tks eksckby us yksxksa dks nh gS] ^,l-,e-,l-* ,l-,e-,l- osQ ekè;e ls fofHkUu izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysuk vkSj izfr;ksfx;ksa osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk Hkh turk n~okjk djukA vktdy eksckby esa oSQejk vkSj bZ&esy dh lqfo/k Hkh miyC/ gSA eksckby i+ Qksu dk lcls cM+k nks\"k ;g gS fd ;g le;&vle; ;gk¡&ogk¡ctrk gh jgrk gS ftlls yksx lqj{kk vkSj f'k\"Vkpkj Hkwy tkrs gSaA xkM+h pykrs le; i+ Qksu ij ckr djuk vlqjf{kr gh ugha] dkuwuu vijk/ Hkh gSA gj pht dk lnqi;ksx gesa ykHk nsrk gS] ijarq nq#i;ksx gesa fouk'k dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;fn ge eksckby dk mi;ksx Hkyh&Hkk¡fr djsaxs rks vU; vkfo\"dkjksa dh rjg ;g Hkh gekjs fy, mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxk vU;Fkk bl ojnku dks vfHk'kki esa cnyrs nsj ugha yxsxhA 139 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

iznw\"k.k ^iznw\"k.k* dk vfHkizk; gS& fo'ks\"k izdkj ls nwf\"kr gksukA vk/qfud oSKkfud ;qx us ekuo dks fofHkUu izdkj osQ HkkSfrd lq[k fn, foaQrq vkt osQ vksn~;ksxhdj.k ls izo`Qfr viuk lqanj] lyksuk o LoPN :i [kks cSBh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt u rks ok;q 'kqn~/ gS] u ty] u /jrh vkSj u vkdk'kA ekuo izR;{k&ijks{k :i ls bl iznw\"k.k ls ihfM+r gSA /hjs&/hjs lH;rk osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk taxy dVrs x,A T;ksa&T;ksa vkcknh c<+h jgus osQ fy, vf/d LFkku dh vko';drk iM+h] [ksrh osQ fy, vf/d Hkwfe rFkk bZa/u osQ fy, vf/d ydM+h dh vko';drk gqbZ] taxy mtM+rs x,A oU; tho&tarqvksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;k¡u\"V gksrh xb± rFkk izd`fr esa vlarqyu vkjaHk gks x;kA ekuo us mn~;ksx&/a/s yxk,] ufn;ksa dk #[k eksM+k vkSj izo`Qfr dh yhyk esa Hkjiwj gLr{ksi fd;kA /jrh osQ Hkhrj dk ikuh] xSl] /krq,¡] [kfut] rsy lc oqQN lks[kus dh izfØ;k fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh xbZ vkSj bldk oqQizHkko vkt loZ=k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA o\"kkZ dk ozQe fcxM+us] ioZrksa osQ <gus rFkk ufn;ksa ls NsM+NkM+ djus osQ dkj.k gh ufn;ksa dk Lo:i lekIr gksus yxkA vR;f/d ty&[kir osQ dkj.k vktdy ufn;k¡Hkh ukys&lh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSaA uxjksa ls fudyus okyk dpjk] xanxh] dkj[kkuksa dk iznwf\"kr vo'ks\"k ufn;ksa esa izokfgr djus ls ty ihus ;ksX; ugha jg x;kA xaxk tSlh unh ftldk ty ifo=k Fkk og Hkh vkt bl iznw\"k.k dh pisV esa gSA ;g iznwf\"kr ty] isM+&ikS/s] tho&tarqvksa vkSj ekuo&thou lHkh osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA /jrh dk tyLrj Hkh fxj x;k gSA fofHkUu jklk;fud inkFkks± osQ iz;ksx osQ dkj.k Hkwfe iznwf\"kr gks pqdh gSA [ksrksa esa dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa osQ fNM+dko rFkk 'kgjksa dh fofHkUu izdkj dh xanxh osQ dkj.k loZ=k Hkwfe iznwf\"kr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vc rks 'kqn~/ feV~Vh Hkh dgha fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA vktdy ns'kHkj esa vusd izdkj osQ NksVs&cM+s mn~;ksx&/a/s iui jgs gSaA dkj[kkus fo\"kSyh xSl rFkk /qvk¡NksM+rs gSaA lM+dksa ij yk[kksa dh la[;k esa nkSM+rs okgu] dkcZu rFkk vU; xSl NksM+rs gSa tks ekuo gh ugha] ouLifr;ksa rd osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSaA fctyh cukus osQ la;a=k Hkh /qvk¡vkSj jk[k mxyrs gSaA ;s lc ok;q dks fo\"kkDr cuk nsrs gSaA ;s ”kgjhyh gok jDrpki] nek] Ropk laca/h vusd jksxksa dks tUe nsrh gSA bl iznwf\"kr ok;q osQ dkj.k 'kgjksa osQ isM+&ikS/s Hkh eVeSys rFkk futhZo ls fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA okgu] ykmMLihdj] ;ku] jsyxkM+h;k¡] dkj[kkus vkfn pkjksa rji+ Q Hkjiwj èofu&iznw\"k.k iSQykrs gSaA ;s 'kksj ekuo osQ eu&efLr\"d] 'kjhj lHkh dks izHkkfor djrk gSA èofu&iznw\"k.k osQ dkj.k mPp jDrpki] vfunzk] Jo.k laca/h vusd jksx gks tkrs gSaA v.kq 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dj /jrh dks catj rFkk ekuo dks viax cuk, tkus dk izR;{k mnkgj.k tkiku esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu iznw\"k.kksa dks ge oSQls fu;af=kr dj ldrs gSa] ;g ekuo osQ fy, vius vfLrRo dh j{kk gsrq fopkj.kh; gSA vf/dkf/d o`{kkjksi.k dj ge oqQN gn rd fganh O;kdj.k & 8 140

ok;q&iznw\"k.k dks jksd ldrs gSa] fdarq bl fn'kk esa izR;sd ukxfjd rFkk ljdkj nksuksa dks feydj xaHkhj dne mBkus gksaxs vU;Fkk ;g iznw\"k.k gh ,d fnu euq\"; osQ fouk'k dk dkj.k cusxkA gekjs jk\"Vªh; ioZ ioksZa dk gekjs thou esa cgqr egÙo gSA buls u osQoy gekjs thou dh uhjlrk nwj gksrh gS vfirq thou esa uo&mYykl] uo&LiwQfrZ] uo&psruk] uo&lans'k rFkk uo&izsj.kk Hkh izkIr gksrh gSA le;&le; ij vkus okys ;s ioZ gesa viuh laLo`Qfr] /eZ rFkk lkekftd ijaijkvksa ls tksM+s j[krs gSaA Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS] ftlesa fofHkUu /eks±] laLo`Qfr;ksa vkSj ijaijkvks dk laxe gSa gekjs ns'k esa fofHkUu /eks± osQ vusd R;ksgkj le;&le; ij euk, tkrs gSa] ftuesa bZn] gksyh] nhikoyh] n'kgjk] xq#ioZ] fozQlel vkfn osQ uke fxuk, tk ldrs gSaA bu lHkh ioks± dk laca/ fdlh u fdlh tkfr ;k /eZ fo'ks\"k ls gSA ijarq oqQN ioZ ,sls gSa] ftudk laca/ laiw.kZ jk\"Vªls gSA bUgsa izR;sd Hkkjroklh vR;ar mRlkg ls eukrk gSA ,sls ioksZa dks gh jk\"Vªh; ioks± osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls rhu jk\"Vªh; ioZ euk, tkrs gSa&x.kra=k fnol] Lora=krk fnol] xk¡/h t;arhA x.kra=k fnol gekjk izeq[k jk\"Vªh; ioZ gSA izfro\"kZ 26 tuojh dks ;g ioZ vR;ar /we/ke ls euk;k tkrk gSA 26 tuojh 1930 dks ykgkSj esa jkoh unh osQ rV ij i- tokgjyky usg: dh v/;{rk esa ;g ?kks\"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh fd vc ge iw.kZ LojkT; fy, fcuk 'kkar ugha gksaxs] ;n~;fi 15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr Lok/hu gks x;k Fkk rFkkfi ml le; gekjk dksbZ lafo/ku u gksus osQ dkj.k] ;g Lok/hurk viw.kZ FkhA 26 tuojh 1950 dks tc Lora=k Hkkjr dk lafo/ku ykxw gqvk] rks Hkkjr dks ,d loZizHkqrklaiUu x.kjkT; dk ntkZ feykA fnYyh esa x.kra=k fnol lekjksg dk fo'ks\"k vkd\"kZ.k gksrk gSA Hkkjr osQ jk\"Vªifr lsuk osQ rhu&vaxks dh lykeh ysrs gSaA jktiFk ij jk\"Vªifr èotkjksg.k djrs gSa rFkk rhuksa lsuk,¡ijsM djrh gqbZ mudk vfHkoknu djrh gSa] ;qn~/ lkexzh rFkk 'kL=kkL=kksa dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh lkaLo`Qfrd >k¡fd;k¡ Hkh fudkyh tkrh gSaA bl volj ij LowQyksa osQ cPps rFkk jkT;ksa osQ yksdurZd vkd\"kZd u`R; rFkk jaxkjax dk;ZozQe izLrqr djrs gSaA jktiFk ls ysdj bafM;k xsV rd yksxksa dh vikj HkhM+ bUgsa ns[krh gSA bl fnu lkoZtfud vodk'k jgrk gSA jkf=k esa ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa vkSj Hkouksa ij jks'kuh dh tkrh gSA 15 vxLr gekjk Lok/hurk fnol gSA blh fnu lu~ 1947 dks Hkkjr ijk/hurk dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+dj Lora=k gqvk FkkA bl fnu lkoZtfud vodk'k jgrk gSA ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa rFkk Hkouksa ij jk\"Vªh; èot iQgjk;k tkrk gSA fon~;ky;ksa esa jaxkjax dk;ZozQe izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA fnYyh osQ ,sfrgkfld yky fdys ij ns'k osQ iz/kuea=kh èotkjksg.k djrs gSa] rFkk jk\"VªosQ uke lans'k nsrs gSaA 2 vDVwcj dks xka/h t;arh dk ioZ euk;k tkrk gSA gesa fons'kh 'kklu ls eqDr djkus esa egkRek xka/h dh 141 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

Hkwfedk vlafnX/ gSA mUgksus vfgalk rFkk lR;kxzg osQ n~okjk ftl izdkj vaxzs”kksa dks bl ns'k dks NksM+us ij foo'k fd;k] og lpeqp vk'p;Ztud gSA xka/hth dh iq.; Le`fr esa rFkk mUgsa Jn~/k lqeu vfiZr djus osQ fy, ;g jk\"Vªh; ioZ euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu jkt?kkV ij fo'ks\"k izkFkZuk lHkk,¡gksrh gSaA bu ioks± osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; ioZ Hkh jk\"Vªh; ioks± osQ :i esa euk, tkrs gSa] ftuesa iñ tokgjyky usg: dk tUefnu] 14 uoacj cky&fnol osQ :i esa] MkW- jk/ko`Q\".ku dk tUefnu 5 flracj f'k{kd&fnol osQ :i esa rFkk egkRek xka/h dk cfynku fnol 30 tuojh] 'kghn&fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA bu jk\"Vªh; ioks± ls gesa izsj.kk izkIr djuh pkfg, rFkk ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dks cuk, j[kus dh 'kiFk ysuh pkfg,A lkjs tgk¡ls vPNk fganksLrk¡gekjk vFkok fdruk fujkyk gekjk ns'k uhykacj ifj/ku gfjr iV ij laqnj gS] lw;Z panz ;qx&eqoqQV] es[kyk jRukdj gSA ufn;k¡izse&izokg] iwQy rkjs eaMy gSa] canhtu [kx&o`an] 'ks\"k&iQu flagklu gSaA djrs vfHk\"ksd i;ksn gSa] cfygkjh bl os\"k dh] gs ekr`Hkwfe] rw lR; gh lxq.k ewfrZ losZ'k dhAA jk\"Vªdfo eSfFkyh'kj.k ^xqIr* n~okjk Hkkjro\"kZ osQ laca/ esa dgh xbZ mi;qZDr iafDr;k¡mldh oqQN fo'ks\"krkvksa dh vksj bafxr djrh gSaA lalkj dk f'kjksef.k dgykus okyk ;g ns'k vR;a; izkphu gS rFkk bldk bfrgkl vR;a; xkSjoiw.kZ gSA nf{k.k esa rhu vksj ls lkxj blosQ pj.k i[kkjrk gSA fgeky; blosQ eqoqQV dh Hkk¡fr lq'kksfHkr gS] ufn;k¡blosQ izse&izokg dh Hkk¡fr fujarj cgrh jgrh gSa] izo`Qfr :ih uVh fofHkUu ½rqvksa osQ lkFk ckjh&ckjh ls bldk J`axkj djrh gSA vk;kZorZ blh ns'k dk izkphu uke gSA gekjk ns'k vkfne laLo`Qfr dh ozQhM+k&Hkwfe gSA blh ns'k us Kku dh jf'e;k¡laiw.kZ fo'o esa iSQykbZ] blh ns'k us osnksa dk Kku lalkj dks fn;k] blh iq.; /jk us xhrk osQ fu\"dke deZ dh O;k[;k iznku dh] blh /jrh us jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dh xkFkk,¡laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dks nha] blh Hkwfe ls mifu\"knksa dk lans'k lewph ekuork rd igq¡pkA Kku] foKku] /eZ] laLo`Qfr] lH;rk] lkLo`Qfrd iajijk osQ fy, gekjk ns'k ,d izdk'k LraHk dh rjg gS] ftlus lalkj dk ekxZ&n'kZu fd;kA fo'o osQ lcls lqanj ns'kksa esa fxuk tkus okyk gekjk ns'k izko`Qfrd fofHkUurkvksa ls ;qDr gSA fgeeafMr ioZr f'k[kj] gjs&Hkjs ygygkrs [ksr] osQlj dh ?kkVh d'ehj] izko`Qfrd lq\"kek ls Hkjiwj osQjy] igkM+ksa dh xksn esa fganh O;kdj.k & 8 142

cls vR;ar euksje izko`Qfrd uxj] izkphu laLo`Qfr] bfrgkl rFkk ijaijkvksa osQ izrhd vusd ,sfrgkfld rFkk /kfeZd LFky ,oa bekjrsa] Hkyk fdls viuh vksj vkdf\"kZr ugha djsaxhA gekjk ns'k fofHkUu /eks± rFkk laLo`Qfr;ksa dk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA blh ns'k us fHkUu&fHkUu /eks± vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa dks iQyus&iwQyus dk volj iznku fd;kA blh laLo`Qfr esa vusd /kjk,¡vkdj feyha rFkk ,djl] ,dizk.k cu xbZaA eqlyeku] ckSn~/] tSu] fl[k] ikjlh] bZlkbZ /eZ dks ekuus okyksa dks bl egku Hkwfe ls tks mnkjrk] lân;rk rFkk Lora=krk izkIr gqbZ] mldh felky lalkj osQ fdlh Hkh ns'k esa ugha fey ldrhA fo'o dks lR;] vfgalk] 'kkafr] R;kx] n;k vkfn ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh izsj.kk gekjs ns'k ls feyhA bl ns'k esa tks Hkh vk;k] blh dk gksdj jg x;k] geus mlh dks viuk;k rFkk mls iQyus&iwQyus dk volj iznku fd;kA /eZ&fujis{krk rks gekjh laLo`Qfr dk izk.k gSA lksus dh fpfM+;k dgykus okyk gekjk ns'k dyk vkSj dkS'ky esa vius pjeksrd\"kZ ij FkkA lalkj osQ vusd ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g vkd\"kZ.k dk osaQæ FkkA blh vkd\"kZ.k osQ dkj.k vusd ;k=kh gh ugha] yqVsjs Hkh ;gk¡vk, vkSj viuh euekuh djosQ pys x,A fldanj] egewn xtuoh] eqgEen xkSjh] rSewj] paxst[kk¡] izQkalhlh] iqrZxkyh] vaxzs”k vkfn us bl ns'k dh laLo`Qfr rFkk oSHko osQ lkFk f[kyokM+ fd;k] exj dksbZ Hkh gekjh laLo`Qfr dks u\"V ugha dj ik;kA fons'kh vkozQakrkvksa us ge ij lSdM+ksa o\"kksZa rd 'kklu fd;k] ijarq fiQj Hkh gekjk ns'k thfor jgkA bdcky us Bhd gh dgk gS& oqQN ckr gS fd gLrh feVrh ugha gekjhA lfn;ksa jgk gS nq'eu nkSjs tek¡gekjkA vk/¡h vkjS riw +Qkukas dk lkeuk djrh gbq Z Hkkjrh; lLa oQ` fr vkt Hkh viuk eLrd Åp¡ k fd, g,q gAS vkt Hkh if'pe dh pdkpk/aS ,oa oHS ko ls Hkfz er ,oa fn'kkghu ekuo dks gekjh /jrh ij vkdj ,d fo'k\"s k 'kkfa r feyrh gAS egkRek xka/h osQ usr`Ro esa] tc geus 15 vxLr 1947 dks Lora=krk dk lw;ksZn; iqu% ns[kk rks ns'k esa vusd leL;k,¡FkhaA iwjk ns'k ttZj ,oa [kks[kyk Fkk] ijarq vkt fLFkfr esa cnyko vk x;k gSA Hkkjr iqu% mB [kM+k gqvk gSA vf/dka'k {ks=kksa es vkt ge vkRefuHkZj gSaA ^loZizHkqrklaiUu yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;* osQ :i esa Hkkjr mUufr osQ ekxZ ij vxzlj gSA gekjs ns'k esa oqQN leL;k,¡u gksa] ,slh ckr ugha gSA iztkra=k] /eZfujis{krk tSls vkn'kks± dks viukus okys bl ns'k esa vkt Hkh dHkh&dHkh Hkk\"kk] /eZ vkSj tkfr osQ uke ij >xM+s gks tkrs gSa] tks gekjs vkn'kks± osQ fo#n~/ gSaA ^ekuoh; rFkk ufS rd eYw ;kas dh deh*&,d Hk;da j leL;k] vkt gekjs n's k eas c<r+ h tk jgh gAS Hkkjrh; ;oq d if'pe dk v/a kudq j.k djoQs ] mldh pdkpk/aS ls fn'kk&Hkfz er gkds j viuh lLa oQ` fr ls foe[q k gkrs s tk jgs gAaS geas blls cpuk gkxs kA geas ufS rd eYw ;kas dks vius thou eas viukuk gkxs k rFkk tkfr] /eZ ,oa Hkk\"kk dh lda h.krZ kvkas dks R;kxdj bl egku n's k oQs egku vkn'kk±s oQs vu:q i vius pfj=k dk fuek.Z k djuk gkxs kA 143 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

foKku osQ peRdkj vFkok foKku ojnku ;k vfHk'kki ¶;g le; foKku dk] lc Hkk¡fr iw.kZ] leFkZ_ [kqy x, gSa xw<+ lal`fr osQ vfer xq# vFkZA phjrk rqedks] l¡Hkkys cqn~f/ dk irokj vk x;k gS T;ksfr dh uo&Hkwfe esa lalkj¸ &jke/kjh flag ^fnudj* vkt dk ;qx foKku osQ peRdkjksa dk ;qx gSA vkt foKku us ekuo thou dks pg¡q vksj ls <¡d fy;k gSA thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa foKku us ozQkafr mifLFkr dj nh gSA oSKkfud peRdkjksa us l`f\"VdrkZ czg~ek dks Hkh pfdr dj fn;k gSA foKku dh pdkpkSa/ ns[kdj l`f\"VdrkZ LrC/ jg x, gSaA foKku dh miyfC/;ksa ij jk\"Vªdfo jke/kjh flag ^fnudj* dh mi;qZDr iafDr;k¡vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ ugha vfirq okLrfodrk ls iw.kZ gSaA vkt dk foKku] ekuo osQ fy, lk{kkr~ dYir# rFkk dke/suq gSA bl foKku us ekuo dh gj bPNk dks iwjk fd;k gS rFkk izÑfr dks mldh psjh cukdj LoxZ dh lqanj dYiuk dks i`Foh yksd ij gh lkdkj djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gSA vkt mlus euq\"; dks vifjfer 'kfDr iznku dh gS rFkk vusd oSKkfud midj.kksa n~okjk dky rFkk LFkku dh ck/k,¡feVk nha] v¡/sjs esa us=kksa dks fon~;qr&vkyksd ls pdkpkSa/ dj fn;k] va/ksa dks vk¡[ksa nha] cgjksa dks lquus dh 'kfDr nh] thou dks nh?kkZ;q cuk;k] vusd vlk/kj.k fcekfj;ksa ij fot; izkIr dh rFkk izo`Qfr osQ vusd jgL;ksa dks [kkst fudkykA foKku osQ cy ij gh vkt ekuo ty&Fky vkSj vkdk'k dk Lokeh gSA euksjatu] f'k{kk] o`Qf\"k] ;krk;kr] mn~;ksx&/a/s] nwj&lapkj vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa foKku dh miyfC/;k¡pkSadk nsus okyh gSaA ;krk;kr osQ {ks=k esa lkbfdy ls ysdj nzqrxfrxkeh ok;q;kuksa rFkk jkosQVksa rd dh miyfC/;ksa us laiw.kZ fo'o dks ,d jk\"Vªcuk fn;k gSA tgk¡igys ?kaVks esa ig¡qpk tkrk Fkk] vkt ogk¡feuVksa esa igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA vc rks i`Foh&iq=k ekuo] panzek] 'kqozQ] eaxy rFkk vU; xzgksa ij Hkh ig¡qpus osQ lius lkdkj djus yxk gSA igkM+ksa dks dkVdj lM+osaQ cukdj] ufn;ksa osQ izokg dks eksM+dj leqnz osQ o{kLFky dks phjdj] varfj{k esa mM+ku Hkjdj foKku us ;g fln~/ dj fn;k gS fd og vyknhu osQ fpjkx dh rjg ekuo dh gj bPNk iwjh dj ldrk gSA fpfdRlk osQ {ks=k esa foKku us vn~Hkqr liQyrk izkIr dh gSA ,Dljs] jsfM;e] ân;&izR;kjksi.k] IykfLVd ltZjh] vYVªklkmaM tSlh miyfC/;ksa us ekuo dk izk.knku fn;k gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 144

euksjatu osQ {ks=k esa pyfp=k] nwjn'kZu tSls vkfo\"dkjksa us ekuo thou dks lqfo/klaiUu rFkk euksjatuiw.kZ cuk fn;k gSA jsfM;ks] VsyhiQksu] iSQDl] eksckbZy] bZ-esy] baVjuSV vkfn us ^olq/So oqQVqacde~* dk liuk lkdkj djus esa dksbZ dlj ugha j[kh gSA fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa ?kVh ?kVuk oqQN gh {k.kksa esa laiw.kZ fo'o esa igq¡p tkrh gSA mn~;ksx&/a/ksa osQ {ks=k esa fo'kkydk; e'khusa] fnu&jkr ekuo&lqfo/k,¡tqVkus esa yxh gSaA vkt rks ekuo&efLr\"d dk dke daI;wVj djus yxk gSA thou osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa eaxye; fln~/ gksus okyk ;g foKku ekuo osQ fy, vfHk'kki Hkh fln~/ gks jgk gSA foKku n~okjk iznRr Hk;adj vk.kfod vL=kksa&'kL=kksa ls laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr osQ fouk'k dk [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA tkiku osQ nks 'kgjksa fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij vesfjdk n~okjk fxjk, x, ijek.kq ce ls gqvk fouk'k bldk lk{kh gSA foKku rFkk mldh ;kaf=kd mUufr us ekuo dks HkkSfrdoknh rFkk tM+ cuk fn;k gSA e'khuksa osQ vR;f/d iz;ksx ls csdkjh dh leL;k c<+ xbZ gSA bZ'oj rFkk /eZ osQ izfr vukLFkk dk Hkko Hkh foKku dh gh nsu gSA oSKkfud vL=kksa&'kL=kksa dh gksM+ osQ dkj.k lalkj esa v'kkafr] ?k`.kk rFkk ikjLifjd fon~os\"k c<+rk tk jgk gSA vkt euq\"; e'khuksa dk nkl gh ugha] Lo; e'khu dh Hkk¡fr tM+ gks x;k gS rFkk ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA lPpkbZ ;g gS] fd foKku dks vfHk'kki cukus esa cspkjs foKku dk dksbZ nks\"k ughaA bls vfHk'kki cukus okys os yksx gSa] tks vius LokFkZ osQ dkj.k bldh 'kfDr;ksa dk nq#i;ksx djrs gSaA okLro esa foKku rks ,d vkKkdkjh lsod gS] tks ekuo osQ lq[k] le`n~f/ vkSj dY;k.k osQ fy, oqQN Hkh dj ldrk gSA vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS] fd jktuhfr rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa esa rFkk /eZ vkSj foKku esa leUo; gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd bl vHkwriwoZ 'kfDr dks osQoy ojnku osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tk losQA ¶ftlus ubZ lH;rk nh gS] ekuo dh larku dks] Jn~/k;qr\\ iz.kke gS esjk] bl foKku egku dksA¸ vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij fucU/ fy[kksA • i+ SQ'ku dk Hkwr vkSj ;qok ih<+h • uSfrd f'k{kk dh vko';drk • e/qj opu gS vkS\"kf/ • o`{k yxkvks % /jrh dh vko';drk 145 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

30 fp=&o.kZu (Picture Description) fp=k & o.kZu Nk=kksa esa jpukRed vfHkO;fDr osQ fodkl osQ fy,] fp=k ns[kdj] dgkuh ;k ys[k fy[kus dk fo'ks\"k egÙo gSA fp=k dks è;kuiwoZd ns[kdj mlosQ ckjs esa dksbZ dgkuh cukuk ;k fp=k osQ ckjs esa vius eu esa mBusokys fopkjksa dks fy[kuk gh fp=k&o.kZu dgykrk gSA ;g ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr & nksuksa :iksa esa gks ldrk gSA è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa 1- fp=k è;ku ls ns[kdj ?kVukvksa dks le>uk vkSj mudk o.kZu djukA 2- fp=k&ys[ku esa dYiuk bruh u gks fd eq[; fo\"k; gh vks>y gks tk,A 3- fp=k dk o.kZu NksVs&NksVs vuqPNsnksa rFkk ljy] jkspd vkSj ltho Hkk\"kk esa gksuk pkfg,A 4- fojkefpg~uksa dk ;FkkLFkku iz;ksx fd;k tk,A mnkgj.kksa dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn fn, x, vH;kl djsaA mnkgj.k 1% fn, x, fp=k dks ns[kdj eu esa mHkjrs fopkj vFkok ys[k osQ :i esa fyf[k,A izo`Qfr vius lkSan;Z ls lcdk eu eksg ysrh gSA izo`Qfr ges fuLokFkZ Hkko ls thuk lh[kkrh gSA o`{k laxhr dh NVk fc[kjrs gq, ls izrhr gksrs gSaA ysfdu ;g 'kk'or lR; gS] fd dksbZ Hkh oLrq ;k le; fpjLFkk;h ugha gSA izo`Qfr osQ lkFk Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gS tSlk fd bl fp=k dks ns[kdj yxrk gSA ir>M+ osQ vkrs gh isM+ksa ls iRrs >M+&>M+dj muosQ lkSan;Z dks u\"V dj nsrs gSA g\"kZ vkSj mYykl dk LFkku] mnklh vkSj [kkeks'kh ys ysrh gSA o`{kksa ij iRrs viuk jax cnyus yxrs gSaA blh rjg ls ge vius thou dks Hkh ns[krs gSaA thou esa Hkh lq[k&nq[k vkrs jgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 146

vkt ;fn ir>M+ gS] rks dy clar dh [kq'kh Hkh gksxhA vkt isM+&ikS/ksa osQ iRrs >M+ x, gS] mudk lkSan;Z u\"V gks x;k gS] ysfdu dy tc olar vk,xk rks fiQj ls pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh gks tk,xhA u, IkwQy&iRrs vkdj okrkoj.k dks izlUurk ls Hkj nsaxsA blfy, dgk x;k gS& lqcg ”k:j vk,xh] lqcg dk bar”kkj djA izo`Qfr gesa lgh lans'k nsrh gS fd foifRr;ksa ls ?kcjkuk ugha pkfg,] mudk lkgl ls eqdkcyk djuk pkfg,A thou lq[k&nq[k] la?k\"kZ dh gh dgkuh gSA gesa o`{kksa ls Hkh ;gh lans'k ysuk pkfg,A euq\"; vius vanj lkxj dh&lh xgjkbZ j[ks] ioZr dh Hkk¡fr lnk nwljksa osQ d\"V esa dke vkus dk y{; cuk, vkSj if{k;ksa dh Hkk¡fr lnk izlUu jgsA izo`Qfr gekjs fe=k gS] iFk&izn'kZd gSA bu o`{kksa dh Hkk¡fr ge Hkh viuk eLrd Åij mBkdj thou dk vkuan ysa vkSj nwljksa dks vkuafnr djsaA mnkgj.k 2% lekpkj vkt osQ ekuo thou dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax cu x;k gSA lekpkj i=k osQ ekè;e ls ge laiw.kZ fo'o ls viuk laca/ tksM+ ysrs gSA ;g gesa ekSle] lek vkfn dh lwpuk,¡Hkh nsrs gaSA u,&u, ys[kdksa osQ ys[k izdkf'kr dj mUgsa vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk nsrs gSaA lekpkj 'kklu esa IkSQys Hkz\"Vkpkj o èkk¡/fy;ksa dh vkykspuk dj ns'k osQ d.kZ/kjksa dks 'kklu O;oLFkk ij lq/kj djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrs gSA blosQ }kjk gekjs Kku esa o`n~f/ gksrh gSA turk viuh ek¡xks dks vf/dkjh oxZ rd igq¡pkrh gSA lkekftd oqQjhfr;ksa osQ fuokj.k esa Hkh lekpkj i=kksa dk fo'ks\"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA ladVkiUu fLFkfr esa lekpkj i=k jk\"Vªdh lgk;rk esa lnSo viuk lg;ksx iznku djrs jgs gSA ;g ,d O;kikj dk Hkh lk/u gSA cspus okys o [kjhnus okys nksuksa gh lekpkj i=k dks vius O;kikj dk ek?;e cukrs gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd ekuo vkSj lekt dk pksyh nkeu dk lkFk gSA nksuksa 'kCn ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSA 147 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vH;kl dk;Z fn, x, izR;sd fp=k dk o.kZu 100&125 'kCnksa esa djksA jk;iqj fganh O;kdj.k & 8 148

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 15) 1- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;kas eas Hkk\"kk oQs fdl :i dk i;z kxs gkrs k gAS d- ukuh n~okjk ekU;k dks dgkuh lqukukA ------------------------------------------------ [k- lekpkj&okfpdk n~okjk lekpkj&okpuA ------------------------------------------------ x- Nk=kksa n~okjk iz'u&i=k gy djukA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- f'k{kd n~okjk oaQI;wVj ij dke djukA ------------------------------------------------ 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk o.kZ&foPNsn djksA d- ifjorZu & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- è;kuiwoZd & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- o`Qikyq & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- ;qf/f\"Bj & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh laf/ djks rFkk muosQ Hksnksa osQ uke fy[kksA d- izxfr ------------------------------- ------------------------------- [k- bPNk ------------------------------- ------------------------------- x- ?keaM ------------------------------- ------------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks ekud :i esa fy[kksA d- 'kq¼ ------------------------------- [k- feVhð ------------------------------- x- p×py ------------------------------- ?k- cqf¼ ------------------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr fn, x, 'kCn fdl Hkk\"kk ls fganh esa vk, gSa] fy[kksA d- oqQyh ------------------------------- [k- LowQy ------------------------------- x- [kwu ------------------------------- ?k- Mk;jh ------------------------------- 6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa milxZ rFkk izR;; tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukvksA d- dBksj & --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 fganh O;kdj.k & 8