Vyakaran Shilp Class- 8

8 laKk (Noun) fdlh O;fDr] LFkku] izk.kh] oLrq vkSj Hkko vkfn osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr y{.kksa osQ vk/kj ij laKk dks igpkuk tk ldrk gS%& 1- oqQN laKk 'kCn izk.khokpd gksrs gSa vkSj oqQN vizk.khokpdA izk.khokpd 'kCn & jk/k] euq\";] cw<+k] fpfM+;k] eksgu vkfnA vizk.khokpd 'kCn & lkxj] ioZr] ?kM+h] est] cl] ?kj vkfnA 2- oqQN laKk 'kCnksa dh fxurh dh tk ldrh gS vkSj oqQN dh fxurh ugha dh tk ldrh A tSls& vkneh] xk;] iqLrd vkfn dh fxurh dh tk ldrh gS] blfy, bUgsa x.kuh; laKk,¡dgrs gSaA ikuh] gok] rsy] ?k`.kk] izse vkfn dh fxurh ugha dh tk ldrh] blfy, bUgsa vx.kuh; LkaKk,¡dgrs gSaA laKk osQ Hksn laKk osQ rhu izeq[k Hksnksa osQ ckjs esa vki i<+ pqosQ gSaA ;gk¡ge mlosQ nks vU; Hksnksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA bl izdkj laKk osQ oqQy ik¡p Hksn gq,& 1- O;fDrokpd 2- tkfrokpd 3- Hkkookpd 4- lewgokpd 5- nzO;okpd 1- O;fDrokpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh fo'ks\"k O;fDr] fo'ks\"k LFkku vkSj fo'ks\"k oLrq vkfn osQ uke dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls& O;fDr % enuxksiky] Jhjkeo`Q\".k ijegal] Jherh ljksftuh uk;Mw] jkgqy nzfoM+] Jh ykycgknqj 'kkL=khA LFkku % eqacbZ] paMhx<+] Jhuxj] yn~nk[k] Hkkxyiqj] mTTkSu] jkes'oje] U;w;kWoZQA oLrq % iapra=k] vFkZ'kkL=k] egkHkkjr 2- tkfrokpd laKk ftl laKk 'kCn ls mlosQ iwjs oxZ vFkok tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 50

tSls& izk.kh % ?kksM+k] iq#\"k] yM+dk] dkSvk] eqjxk] ePNj] fgj.k vkfnA LFkku % d{kk] 'kgj] eksgYyk] xyh] nqdku] Mkd?kj] igkM+] unh vkfnA oLrq % iQy] diM+s] lkbfdy] diM+k] Mkslk vkfnA 3- Hkkookpd laKk ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh ;k oLrq dh fLFkfr] Hkko vkSj n'kk vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls & vfgalk] owzQjrk] cq<+kik] cgko] f[kapko] cspSu] I;kj] gfj;kyh vkfnA 4- nzO;okpd laKk tks LkaKk 'kCn fdlh /krq] nzO; ;k inkFkZ dk cks/ djkrs gSa] mUgsa nzO;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls& nks fdyks pkoy nhft,A ljlksa dk rsy fdrus #i;s yhVj gS\\ ;g ik;y pk¡nh dh gSA pkoy] pk¡nh rFkk rsy oSls rks laKk 'kCn gh gSa] ysfdu ge bUgsa fxu ugha ldrsA bUgsa ukiuk ;k rksyuk iM+rk gSaA /krq] nzO; ;k inkFkZ dks lwfpr djus osQ dkj.k bUgsa nzO;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA vU; mnkgj.k % phuh] yksgk] ikuh] feV~Vh] nw/] pk;] vukt] lksuk vkfnA 5- lewgokpd laKk tks laKk 'kCn ,d gh tkfr osQ O;fDr ;k oLrqvksa osQ lewg dk cks/ djkrs gSa] mUgsa lewgokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls& pkfc;ksa dk xqPNkA owQMs+ dk <sjA Hkkjrh; lsukA xqPNk] lsuk rFkk <sj 'kCn fdlh&u&fdlh lewg dks lwfpr dj jgs gSaA ;s lHkh 'kCn laKk,¡gSaA lewg dks lwfpr djus osQ dkj.k bUgsa lewgokpd laKk dgrs gSaA vU; mnkgj.k % HkhM+] lHkk] >qaM] fxjksg] xV~Bj] ny] eaMyh] xM~Mh] Vksyh vkfnA 51 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

tkfrokpd laKk ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk ekrk ekr`Ro ;qok ;kSou f'k{kd f'k{kk riLoh ri L=kh L=khRo dfo dfoRo loZuke ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk Lo LoRo ee eeRo@eerk fut futRo@futrk vga vgadkj viuk viuRo@viukiu vki vkik fo'ks\"k.k ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk e/qj e/qjrk xjhc xjhch oqQ'ky oqQ'kyrk d#.k d#.kk O;kid O;kidrk ehBk feBkl fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk ckS[kykuk ckS[kykgV fozQ;k ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk g¡lh g¡luk ltkoV fozQ;k Hkkookpd laKk ltkuk iwtuk iwtk Hkkookpd laKk vO;; f/Ddkj /edkuk /edh f/o~Q nwjh nwj 'kh?kzrk ek¡xuk ek¡x 'kh?kz vO;; ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk 52 vO;; Hkkookpd laKk lehi lkehI;] lehirk Å¡pk Å¡pkbZ Åij Åijh fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fdlh O;fDr] izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn laKk dgykrs gSaA • laKk osQ ik¡p Hksn gSa& 1- O;fDrokpd laKk 2- tkfrokpd laKk 3- Hkkookpd laKk 4- lewgokpd laKk 5- nzO;okpd laKk • Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn pkj izdkj osQ 'kCnksa ls curs gSa% d- tkfrokpd laKk ls [k- loZuke 'kCnksa ls x- fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls ?k- fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa lsA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukvksA d- fe=k ------------------------ [k- ;qok ------------------------ ------------------------ x- feBkbZ ------------------------ ?k- HkkbZ 2- mfpr izR;; tksM+dj Hkkookpd laKk cukvksA d- dkyk ------------------------ [k- eqDr ------------------------ ------------------------ x- /edkuk ------------------------ ?k- 'kh?kz 3- fuEufyf[kr laKk 'kCnksa dks mfpr LFkku ij fy[kksA egkHkkjr bulku gkFkh mRlkg iq\"i egknsoh oekZ frryh ltkoV xhrk O;kidrk iVsy d- O;fDrokpd laKk & ----------------------------------------------------------- [k- tkfrokpd laKk & ----------------------------------------------------------- x- Hkkookpd laKk & ----------------------------------------------------------- 53 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

9 dkjd (Case) laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; dh fØ;k ls tkuk tk,] mls dkjd dgrs gSaA dkjd dks çdV djus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa dkjd dh foHkfDr;k¡;k ijlxZ dgrs gSaA ij dk vFkZ gS & cknA dkjd fpg~u laKk ;k loZuke osQ ckn yxrs gSaA tSls& 1- jktw us [khj [kk;kA 2- f'k{kd ckydksa dks i<+k jgs gSaA 3- eksgu xsan ls [ksy jgk gSA 4- firkth cPpksa osQ fy, f[kykSus yk,A bu okD;ksa esa vk, us] dks] ls] osQ fy, rFkk ij ijlxZ laKk rFkk fØ;k osQ laca/ dks çdV dj jgs gSaA ;fn ge okD;ksa ls bu dkjd fpg~uksa dks gVkdj i<+sa rks gesa okD; esa ç;qDr laKk rFkk fØ;k 'kCn vkil esa le> ugha vk,¡xs vkSj okD;ksa dk vFkZ Li\"V ugha gksxkA dkjd osQ Hksn (Kinds of Case) y{k.k dkjd foHkfDr fpg~u (ijlxZ) fØ;k djus okyk ftl ij fØ;k dk çHkko iM+s drkZ dkjd us (dHkh&dHkh dkbs Z fpgu~ ugh)a ftl lk/u ls fØ;k gks deZ dkjd dks (dHkh&dHkh dkbs Z fpgu~ ugh)a ftlosQ fy, fØ;k dh tk, dj.k dkjd ls (oQs no~ kjk) tgk¡i`Fkd gksus dk Hkko gks lia nz ku dkjd dk]s oQs fy, ftlls laKk dk vU; inksa ls lac/ Kkr gks viknku dkjd ls (iF` kdrk dk Hkko) fØ;k gksus dk vk/kj ;k LFkku lca /a dkjd dk] dh] oQs @ jk] jh js ftlls lacksf/r fd;k tk, vf/dj.k dkjd e]as ij lca k/s u dkjd g!s ] vj!s 1- drkZ dkjd laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k djus okys dk irk pyrk gS] mls drkZ dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- fcYyh us nw/ ih;kA 2- o`Q\".k us ck¡lqjh ctkbZA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 54

bu okD;ksa esa fcYyh vkSj o`Q\".k drkZ gSaA buosQ lkFk drkZ dkjd dk ijlxZ ^us* yxk gSA vusd LFkkuksa ij ^us* dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA vU; ijlxksZa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& d- drkZ dkjd ^dks* foHkfDr osQ lkFkA tSls& eksgu dks LowQy tkuk gSA cPpksa dks cM+ksa dk vknj djuk pkfg,A [k- vleFkZrk dk Hkko çdV djus osQ fy,] drkZ dkjd osQ fy, ^ls* ijlxZ dk ç;ksx] tSls& ehrk ls pyk ugha x;kA (oQrkZ & ehrk) nknhth ls mBk ugha x;kA (drkZ & nknhth) x- deZokP; rFkk HkkookP; esa drkZ osQ lkFk ls] n~okjk] osQ n~okjk dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& Nk=kkvksa }kjk fp=k cuk;k x;kA (drkZ & Nk=kk,¡) cPps n~okjk nw/ fi;k x;kA (drkZ & cPPkk) ^us* dk ç;ksx orZeku vkSj Hkfo\";r~ dky dh fØ;k gksus ij ugha gksrk gSA Hkwrdky esa Hkh ldeZd fozQ;k gksus ij gh ^us* dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSls& d- jhek i<+ jgh gSA (orZeku dky) [k- 'kekZth iQksu djsaxsA (Hkfo\";r~ dky) x- cPpk cgqr jks;kA (Hkwrdky] vdeZd fØ;k) ?k- thou us iku [kk;kA (Hkwrdky] ldeZd fØ;k) 2- deZ dkjd okD; esa ftl laKk ;k loZuke in ij fØ;k osQ dk;Z dk iQy iM+rk gS] og deZ dkjd gksrk gSA deZ dkjd dh fofHkfDr ^dks* gS] tSls& f'kf{kdk us ekgh dks VkWi+ Qh f[kykbZA bl okD; esa ^f[kykbZ* fØ;kin osQ dk;Z dk iQy ^ekgh* ij iM+rk gS blfy, ^ekgh* deZ dkjd gSA fdlh okD; esa deZ dkjd osQ fy, ^dks* ijlxZ dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk] tSls& jf'e us i=k fy[kkA& bl okD; esa ^fy[kk* fØ;k osQ dk;Z dk iQy ^i=k* ij iM+ jgk gS] vr% ^i=k* deZ dkjd gSA blls Li\"V gS fd ^dks* foHkfDr osQ fcuk Hkh deZ dkjd dk ç;ksx gks ldrk gSA dgha&dgha nks deZ Hkh ç;qDr gksrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ,d deZ eq[; gksrk gS vkSj nwljk xkS.k gksrk gSA xkS.k deZ O;fDrcks/d gksrk gS] tSls& eSus ekrkth dks i=k fy[kkA bl okD; esa ^firkth* vkSj ^i=k* nksuksa deZ dkjd gSaA firkth xkS.k deZ gS vkSj i=k eq[; deZ gSA 55 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

3- dj.k dkjd fØ;k dks djus esa drkZ ftl lk/u dh lgk;rk ysrk gS] og dj.k dkjd gksrk gSA dj.k dkjd dh foHkfDr ^ls* ;k ^n~okjk* gSA tSls& 1- gFkkSM+s ls iRFkj dks rksM+ksA 2- dye ls fy[kksA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa eksVs v{kjksa esa Nis 'kCn dj.k dkjd gSaA dgha &dgha ^ls* osQ LFkku ij ^osQ n~okjk* dk Hkh ç;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& iQksu osQ n~okjk lans'k Hkst nsaxsA jsy n~okjk lkeku Hkst fn;k gSA 4- laiznku dkjd ftlosQ fy, dksbZ dk;Z fd;k tk, ;k ftls oqQN fn;k tk,] og in laiznku dkjd esa gksrk gSA tSls& nhnh esjs fy, jkuh xqfM+;k ykbZA efgyk us xjhc dks Hkkstu fn;kA bu okD;ksa esa ^jkuh osQ fy,* vkSj ^xjhc dks* nksuksa in laiznku dkjd osQ gSaA laiznku dkjd esa ^osQ fy,* vFkok ^dks* ijlxZ dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA deZ dkjd vkSj laiznku dkjd esa vraj deZ dkjd vkSj laiznku dkjd dk ijlxZ ^dks* gSA blfy, budh igpku vkSj ç;ksx esa Hkwy gks tkrh gSA buesa varj gksrk gSA 1- deZ dkjd esa fØ;k dk iQy deZ ij iM+rk gS vkSj deZ osQ lkFk ^dks* vkrk gSA 2- laiznku dkjd esa drkZ ftls oqQN nsrk gS] ml 'kCn osQ lkFk ^dks* vkrk gSA mnkgj.k % f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+krs gSaA (deZ dkjd] Nk=k dks) f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks iBu&lkezxh nsrs gaSA (laiznku dkjd] Nk=k dks) 5- viknku dkjd ftl in ls vyx gksus dk Hkko çdV gks] og in viknku dkjd gksrk gSA tSls& ckyd LowQy ls tk jgs gSaA isM+ ls iRrs >M+ x,A ;gk¡^LowQy ls* vkSj ^isM+ ls* viknku dkjd gSaA viknku dkjd dk ijlxZ ^ls* gSA ftu inksa ls ?k`.kk] n~os\"k] bZ\";kZ] Hk; vkfn osQ Hkko çdV gksrs gSa] os Hkh viknku dkjd gksrs gSa] tSls& d- og lHkh ls çse djrk gSA [k- gesa fdlh ls bZ\";kZ ugha djuh pkfg,A 6- laca/ dkjd fdlh okD; esa vk, laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn dk laca/ nwljs laKk ;k loZuke 'kCn ls çdV djus okys in laca/ dkjd dgykrs gSaA tSls& ;g mldh lkbfdy gSA rqEgkjk ?kj cgqr cM+k gSA bu okD;ksa esa mldh rFkk rqEgkjk 'kCn laca/ dkjd osQ mnkgj.k gSa D;ksafd budk laca/ Øe'k% lkbfdy rFkk ?kj ls gSA laca/ dkjd dh foHkfDr;k¡dk] osQ] dh] uk] us] uh] jk] js] jh gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 56

7- vf/dj.k dkjd ftl in ls fØ;k osQ vk/kj dk cks/ gksrk gS] og in vf/dj.k dkjd gksrk gSA tSls& rksrk Mky ij cSBk gSA vkdk'k esa i{kh mM+ jgs gSaA bu okD;ksa esa Mky ij vkSj vkdk'k esa] mu LFkkuksa dks lwfpr djrs gSa tgk¡fØ;k dk deZ @ dk;Z gks jgk gAS vr% ;s nkus kas vf/dj.k dkjd osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ^esa* vkSj ^ij* vf/dj.k dkjd osQ ijlxZ gSaA 8- lacks/u dkjd 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls fdlh dks iqdkjk tk,] og lacks/u dkjd gksrk gS] tSls& vks yM+osQ! tjk lqu yksA gs jke! ;g D;k gks x;kA bu okD;ksa esa ^vks yM+osQ!*] ^gs jke* lacks/u osQ :i gSA lacks/u dkjd esa vU; dkjdksa dh vis{kk fo'ks\"k ckr ;g gS] fd blesa laKk 'kCnksa osQ iwoZ dHkh&dHkh vO;; 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& vjs] gs] vth] vks vkfnA dHkh&dHkh fcuk vO;; 'kCnksa osQ Hkh lacks/u dkjd gksrk gSA tSls& vjs fuf/! dgk¡pyh xbZA vjs jkt! ikuh rks fiyk nsA lacks/u dkjd esa laKk 'kCnksa osQ ckn lacks/u fpg~u (!) Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca/ okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk izdV gksrk gS mls dkjd dgrs gSaA • dkjdksa osQ vkB Hksn ekus x, gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls dkjd Nk¡fV, vkSj muosQ Hksn crkvksA ------------------------------------------------------------------ d- eq>s vatfy dh izQkWd ilan vkbZA ------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- iqfyl us MkoqQvksa dks ?ksj fy;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------ x- gs çHkq! bl yM+osQ dks cqn~f/ nksA 57 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

?k- lkjh fdrkcsa es”k ij j[kh gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- jfo ruq ls eksVk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2- fjDr LFkkuksa esa lgh ijlxZ pqudj HkjksA d- eq>s lkfgR; ---------------------------------iqLrd pkfg,A (ls] dh) [k- esjh cgu dkj --------------------------------- LowQy tkrh gSA (ij] ls) x- lM+d ---------------------------------ugha [ksyuk pkfg,A (ij] osQ fy,) ?k- firkth gokbZ tgk”k --------------------------------- fnYyh igq¡psaxsA (esa] ls) Ä- bl ç'u dk mRrj esjh cgu --------------------------------- irk gSA (dks] ls) 3- jaxhu 'kCnksa eas vk, dkjd osQ uke fy[kksA d- jhuk us dYiuk dks txk;kA dkjd [k- lqeu us uhye dks iQy fn;kA --------------------------------- x- xhrk jkt osQ fy, migkj ykbZA --------------------------------- ?k- cPpk isM+ ls fxjkA --------------------------------- Ä- vè;kfidk us fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks iqLrosaQ nhaA --------------------------------- --------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 58

10 loZuke (Pronoun) d- uohu ,d le>nkj ,oa esgurh ckyd gSA [k- og izfrfnu fon~;ky; tkrk gSA x- mldk fon~;ky; mlosQ ?kj osQ ikl gh gSA ?k- vè;kid us uohu ls iwNk] ¶rqe vkt nsj ls D;ksa vk, gks\\¸ Ä- mlus mRrj fn;k] ¶vkt esjh cl NwV xbZ FkhA¸ Åij fy[ks okD;ksa dks è;ku ls i<+sa rks irk pysxk fd%& d- izFke okD; esa ^drkZ* uohu gSA [k- vU; okD;ksa esa uohu osQ LFkku ij og] rqe] mlus 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] rkfd laKk 'kCn ^uohu* dh iqujko`fr u gksA x- ;s lkjs 'kCn tks laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gq, gSa] loZuke dgykrs gSaA ?k- bu 'kCnksa (loZukeksa) osQ iz;ksx ls okD; vf/d lqanj yxus yxrs gSaA mnkgj.k Lo:i okD; (?k) rFkk (Ä) dks fcuk loZukeksa osQ iz;ksx dh fLFkfr esa nsf[k,& d- vè;kid us uohu ls iwNk] ¶uohu] vkt nsj ls D;ksa vk, gks\\¸ [k- uohu us mRrj fn;k] ¶vkt uohu dh cl NwV xbZ FkhA¸ vr% laKk dh iqujko`fr dks jksdus osQ fy, buosQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& vki] og] dkSu] rqEgkjk] dksbZ] oqQN] mldk] og] ;g vkfnA laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA loZUkke osQ Hksn loZUkke osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- iq#\"kokpd loZUkke 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke 4- laca/okpd loZUkke 5- iz'uokpd loZUkke 6- futokpd loZUkkeA 1- iq#\"kokpd loZUkke ,sls loZUkke 'kCn tks cksyus okys] lquus okys vkSj ftlosQ fo\"k; esa dgk tk,] muosQ fy, iz;ksx esa yk, 59 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

tkrs gSa] mUgsa iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls% eSa] ge] rw] rqe] vki] os vkfnA iq#\"kokpd loZuke osQ Hksn iq#\"kokpd loZUkke osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& d- mRre iq#\"kokpd [k- eè;e iq#\"kokpd rFkk x- vU; iq#\"kokpd loZukeA d- mRre iq#\"kokpd loZUkke & ftu loZuke 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx cksyusokyk ;k fy[kusokyk vius fy, djrk gS] mUgsa mRre iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& eSa] eSaus] eq>s] ge] gesa] geus vkfnA [k- eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZUkke & ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx lquus okys osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa eè;e iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& rw] rqe] rqEgsa] rq>s] vki] vkidks vkfnA x- vU; iq#\"kokpd loZUkke & ftu loZuke 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx oDrk ;k Jksrk ;k vU; O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSa] mUgsa vU; iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& og] mls] mUgsa] mudks] mUgksaus vkfnA 2- fu'p;okpd loZUkke ftu loZUkke 'kCn ls nwj vFkok lehi osQ O;fDr;ksa] izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk fuf'pr cks/ gksrk gSa] mUgsa fu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& og cgqr vPNk fp=kdkj gSA ;g rqEgkjh xqfM+;k gSA bl loZuke dks laosQrokpd loZuke Hkh dgrs gSaA fo'ks\"k% ^og* vkSj ^;g* iq#\"kokpd (vU; iq#\"k) loZuke vkSj fu'p;okpd loZuke nksuksa gh gSaA bu nksuksa esa varj bl izdkj gksxk& 1- uhrk esjh lgsyh gS] og xksok esa jgrh gSA (vU; iq#\"k] loZUkke) 2- ;g esjk ?kj gS] og rqEgkjk ?kj gSA (fu'p;okpd loZUkke) 3- vfu'p;okpd loZUkke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa ls fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr] oLrq ;k ?kVuk dk cks/ ugha gksrk] mUgsa vfu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& nhnh] dksbZ rqEgsa cqyk jgk gSA [khj esa oqQN fxjk gSA 4- laca/okpd loZUkke tks loZuke 'kCn okD; esa vk, nwljs loZuke 'kCn ls laca/ crkrs gSa] mUgsa laca/okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& ftlus xyrh dh] mls l”kk feysxhA tks esgur djsxk] oks iQy ik,xkA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 60

5- iz'uokpd loZUkke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh] O;fDr] oLrq vkSj dk;Z vkfn osQ fo\"k; esa iz'u dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa iz'uokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& xqynLrk fdlus rksM+k gS\\ migkj fdls feyk Fkk\\ 6- futokpd loZUkke ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx okD; osQ drkZ osQ lkFk viukiu crykus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa futokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& og [kqn lkeku yk,xkA dy eSa Lo;a cSad x;kA loZuke 'kCnksa dh :i jpuk eSa (mRre iq#\"k) iq#\"kokpd loZuke dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ eSa] eSaus ge] geus] ge yksx] ge yksxksa us deZ eq>s] eq>dks gesa] gedks] ge yksxksa dks dj.k eq>ls] esjs n~okjk gels] gekjs n~okjk] ge yksxksa ls laiznku eq>s] eq>dks] esjs fy, gedks] gekjs fy,] gesa] ge yksxksa osQ fy, viknku eq>ls gels] ge yksxksa ls laca/ esjk] esjh] esjs gekjk] gekjh] gekjs vf/dj.k eq>esa] eq> ij geesa] ge ij rw (eè;e iq#\"k) iq#\"kokpd loZuke dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ rw] rwus rqe] rqeus] rqe yksx] rqe yksxksa us deZ rq>s] rq>dks rqEgsa] rqedks] rqe yksxksa dks dj.k rq>ls] rsjs n~okjk rqels] rqEgkjs n~okjk] rqe yksxksa ls laiznku rq>s] rsjs fy, rqEgsa] rqEgkjs fy,] rqe yksxksa osQ fy, viknku rq>ls rqels] rqe yksxksa ls laca/ rsjk] rsjs rqEgkjk] rqEgkjh] rqEgkjs vf/dj.k rq>esa] rq> ij rqe esa] rqe ij 61 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

;g (fu'p;okpd loZuke) dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ ;g] blus ;s] bUgksaus] bu yksxksa us deZ bls] bldks bUgsa] budks] bu yksxksa dks dj.k blls] blosQ n~okjk buls] buosQ n~okjk] bu yksxksa ls] bu yksxksa n~okjk laiznku bldks] blosQ fy, bUgsa] buosQ fy,] bu yksxksa osQ fy, viknku blls buls] bu yksxksa ls laca/ bldk] bldh] blosQ budk] budh] buosQ] bu yksxksa dk] dh] osQ vf/dj.k blesa] bl ij buesa] bu ij] bu yksxksa esa] bu yksxksa ij dksbZ (vfu'pokpd loZuke) dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ dksbZ] fdlh us fdUgha us deZ fdlh dks fdUgha dks dj.k fdlh ls] fdlh osQ n~okjk fdUgha ls] fdUgha osQ n~okjk laiznku fdlh dks] fdlh osQ fy, fdUgha dks] fdUgha osQ fy, viknku fdlh ls fdUgha ls laca/ fdlh dk] dh] osQ fdUgha dk] dh] osQ vf/dj.k fdlh esa] fdlh ij fdUgha esa] fdUgh ij dkSu (iz'uokpd loZuke) dkjd ,dopu cgqopu drkZ dkSu] fdlus fdUgkuas ]as fdu ykxs kas us deZ fdls] fdldks fdUg]as fdudk]s fdu ykxs kas dks dj.k fdlls] fdlosQ n~okjk fdul]s fduoQs no~ kjk] fdu ykxs kas l]s fdu ykxs kas no~ kjk laiznku fdldks] fdlosQ fy, fdudk]s fduoQs fy,] fdu ykxs kas oQs fy, viknku fdlls fdul]s fdu ykxs kas ls laca/ fdldk] fdldh] fdlosQ fdudk] fdudh] fduoQs ] fdu ykxs kas dk] dh] oQs vf/dj.k fdlesa] fdl ij fdue]as fdu ij] fdu ykxs kas e]as fdu ykxs kas ij fganh O;kdj.k & 8 62

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA • loZuke osQ N% Hksn gksrs gSa& • iq#\"kokpd loZuke] fu'p;okpd loZuke] vfu'p;okpd loZuke] laca/okpd loZuke] iz'uokpd loZuke vkSj futokpd loZukeA vH;kl dk;Z --------------------------- --------------------------- 1- [kkyh LFkkuksa esa mfpr loZuke 'kCn fy[kksA --------------------------- d- ---------------------------- i<+ksxs ;k [ksyksxs\\ --------------------------- [k- ik¡o esa ---------------------------- pqHk x;k gSA --------------------------- x- ---------------------------- lkFk xkvksxs\\ ?k- eSa ---------------------------- pyk tkÅ¡xkA Ä- f[kM+dh dk 'kh'kk ---------------------------- rksM+k gS\\ 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls loZuke Nk¡fV, rFkk muosQ uke crkvksA d- bu fnuksa oqQN ,slk ekgkSy cuk gSA [k- gj vkneh vius O;fDrxr thou esa ;g vuqHko djrk gSA x- rqEgkjh iqLrosaQ ;s gSaA ?k- tks ftrus Å¡ps in ij gSa] muesa mrus gh vf/d nks\"k fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA Ä- ,d ckj eSa cl esa ;k=kk dj jgk FkkA 63 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

3- fuEufyf[kr OkkD;ksa esa loZUkke&iz;ksx laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa dks nwj djosQ okD;ksa dks nqckjk fy[ksaA 'kqn~/ okD; d- esjs ls og dk dke ugha gksxkA ------------------------------------------------ [k- tks yksxksa us esjh ckr ugha ekuh Fkh] os vc iNrk jgs gSaA ------------------------------------------------ x- og esjs HkkbZ gSaA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- vki D;k djrs gks\\ ------------------------------------------------ Ä- eSa esjk dke dj jgk gw¡] rqe rqEgkjk dke djksA ------------------------------------------------ 4- loZuke 'kCn Nk¡fV, rFkk muosQ Hksnksa osQ uke Hkh fyf[k,A d- rw fdl le; ig¡qpsxk\\ ------------------------------------------------ [k- uhrk Lo;a vk tk,xhA ------------------------------------------------ x- ;g ugha] og [kkÅ¡xkA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- eSaus jfo dks crk fn;k FkkA ------------------------------------------------ Ä- tks djsxk] lks ik,xkA ------------------------------------------------ 5- dks\"Bd esa fn, x, loZuke 'kCnksa osQ mfpr :i ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A d- ;g dk;Z ------------------------------ ugha gks losQxkA (eSa) [k- vè;kid th us ------------------------------ cqyk;k gSA (rqe) x- tks yM+dk ogk¡s [kM+k gS] eSa ------------------------------ ugha tkurkA (og) ?k- yxrk gS ------------------------------ esjh ckr vPNh ugha yxrhA (;g) Ä- bl iz'u dk mRrj d{kk esa ------------------------------ Hkh ugha vkrkA (dksbZ) p- vkidks ------------------------------ feyrk gS\\ (dkSu) fganh O;kdj.k & 8 64

11 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA eksVk vkneh nkSM+ jgk gSA nks cPps nkSM+ jgs gSaA eSnku esa dqN ?kksM+s gSaA og bekjr Å¡ph gSA eksVk & vkneh nks & cPps oqQN ?kksM+s og Å¡ph & bekjr ^vkneh*] ^cPps*] ^?kksM+s* rFkk bekjr laKk gSa rFkk buls iwoZ vk, ^eksVk*] ^nks*] ^oqQN* rFkk ^og* 'kCn laKk dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA vr% ^eksVk*] ^nks*] ^oqQN* rFkk ^og* 'kCn fo'ks\"k.k gSaA • laKk vFkok loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn ^fo'ks\"k.k* dgykrs gSaA ftu laKk vFkok loZuke 'kCn dh fo'ks\"krk crkbZ tkrh gS] ^fo'ks\";* dgykrs gSaA tSls& pkykd ykseM+h nkSM+ jgh gSA mijksDr okD; esa pkykd fo'ks\"k.k vkSj ykseM+h fo'ks\"; gSA izfo'ks\"k.k % tks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fo'ks\"k.kksa dh Hkh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] os izfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& 1- jk/k cM+h gksf'k;kj gSA 2- ekrkth fcyoqQy LoLFk gSaA okD;ksa esa vk, ^cM+h*] rFkk ^fcyoqQy* 'kCn ozQe'k% gksf'k;kj] rFkk LoLFk (fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA vr% cM+h rFkk fcyoqQy izfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSaA) fo'ks\"k.k ds Hksn xq.kokpd ifjek.kokpd la[;kokpd lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"k.k 1- xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & oqQN fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke ds :i] jax] xq.k] nks\"k] Hkko] voLFkk] n'kk vkfn dk cks/ djkrs gSaA ;s lHkh xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& 1- esjs ikl uhyk Nkrk gSA 2- eksVk yM+dk fxj iM+kA ;g¡k vk;k uhyk 'kCn Nkrs dk jax crk jgk gS rFkk ^eksVk* 'kCn yM+ds dk vkdkj crk jgk gSA vr% ^uhyk* ,oa ^eksVk* xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA dqN xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn bl izdkj gSa& tSls & vPNk] cqjk] iryk] u;k] iqjkuk] NksVk] cM+k] yack] pkSM+k vkfnA 65 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & tks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fo'ks\"; dh la[;k laca/h fo'ks\"krk dk cks/ djkrs gSa] mUgsa la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& d- fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k [k- vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k d- fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & tks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fo'ks\"; dh fuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ djk,¡] mls fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls & 1- ,d fdrkc 2- nks yM+fd;k¡A 3- pkj dejs [k- vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & Tkks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fo'ks\"; dh la[;k laca/h fo'ks\"krk dk fuf'pr :i ls cks/ ugha djkrs] os vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls & 1- isM+ ij dqN tkequ yVd jgs gSaA 2- Vksdjh esa FkksM+s vke gSaA 3- dejs esa cgqr iyax gSaA 4- dbZ cPpksa dks iqjLdkj feysA ;gk¡vk, ^dqN*] ^FkksM+s*] ^cgqr* rFkk ^dbZ* fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ozQe'k% tkequ] vke] iyax rFkk cPpksa dh fuf'pr la[;k ugha crkrs] vr% ;s vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA 3- ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k &tks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh eki&rkSy (ifjek.k) laca/h fo'ks\"krk dk cks/ djkrs gSa] os ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls& 1- diM+k nks ehVj yack gSA 2- nw/okyk ,d yhVj nw/ yk;kA 3- ckYVh esa FkksM+k ikuh tek gSA 4- ekrkth us oqQN feBkb;k¡cukbZaA ^nks ehVj*] ^,d yhVj*] ^FkksM+k* rFkk ^oqQN* 'kCn ozQe'k% diM+k] nw/] ikuh vkSj feBkb;kas dh ek=kk laca/h fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA ;s ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA ^ifjek.k* dk vFkZ gS & eki&rkSyA ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ds nks Hksn gksrs gSa & 1- fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 2- vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 1- fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & tks ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fuf'pr ek=kk crk,a¡] mUgsa fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA ;s fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ek=kk dk lgh cks/k djkrs gSaA tSls & 1- ik¡p yhVj rsyA 2- nl ehVj diM+kA 3- ,d fdyks phuhA lHkh oLrqvksa dh ek=kk rFkk eki fuf'pr gS] vr% ^rsy*] ^diM+k* rFkk ^phuh* laKk 'kCnksa ds lkFk mfpr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k yxs gaSA 2- vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & tks ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn dh fuf'pr ek=kk ugha crk,¡] mUgsa vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 66

tSls& 1- ex esa <sj lkjk 'kjcr gSaA 2- cksry esa cgqr ikuh iM+k gSA 3- fxykl esa FkksM+k nw/ gSA 'kjcr] ikuh rFkk nw/ ds lkFk ^<sj lkjk*] ^cgqr* rFkk ^FkksM+k* fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn vk, gSaA ;s fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; dh fuf'pr ek=kk ugha crkrs] vr% ;s vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA cgqr] vf/d] ”kjk] rfud] bruk] mruk] FkksM+k] ”;knk vkfn Hkh blh izdkj ds fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSaA 4- lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k & tks loZuke 'kCn dh rjg laKk dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g g]S fd loZuke vkerkSj ij laKk dh txg iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA ;gk¡laKk Hkh gskrh gS rFkk mlh ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk loZuke Hkh gksrk gSA tSls& 1- og eSnku cM+k gSA 2- ;g ?kj lqanj gSA bu okD;ksa eas vk, ^og* rFkk ^;g* 'kCn lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k gSa] D;ksafd ;s ozQe'k% eSnku] ?kj dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA bUgsa laosQrokpd fo'ks\"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA fo'ks\"k.k dh voLFkk,¡ fo'ks\"k.k laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrk gSA og fo'ks\"krk xq.k] ifjek.k rFkk la[;k dh n`f\"V ls gksrh gSA O;fDr] izk.kh ;k oLrqvksa esa ,d&ls xq.k ugha gks ldrsA blh dkj.k rqyuk dh n`f\"V ls fo'ks\"k.k dh voLFkk,¡gksrh gS & 1- ewykoLFkk 2- mRrjkoLFkk 3- mRrekoLFkk 1- ewykoLFkk & tc ,d gh O;fDr] izk.kh ;k oLrq ds xq.k izdV fd, tk jgs gksa rFkk mldh rqyuk fdlh vU; ls u dh tk jgh gks rks og fo'ks\"k.k dh ewykoLFkk gksrh gSA tSls& 1- ;g tkequ cgqr ehBk gSA 2- og ehukj cgqr Å¡ph gSA 2- mRrjkoLFkk & blesa nks O;fDr;ksa vFkok oLrqvksa dh fo'ks\"krkvksa dh vkil esa rqyuk dh tkrh gSA tSls& 1- ehjk jk/k ls Js\"Brj gSA 2- ek/o jtr dh vis{kk fiz;rj fe=k gSA 3- mRrekoLFkk & blesa cgqr ls yksxksa vFkok oLrqvksa dh rqyuk djosQ mu lcesa ls ,d dks lcls vPNk ;k lcls cqjk crk;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- ekyrh Js\"Bre ysf[kdk gSA 2- enu lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gSA fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh voLFkk,¡& fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh mRrjkoLFkk n'kkZus ds fy, 'kCn ds var esa& ^rj* rFkk mRrekoLFkk n'kkZus ds fy, 'kCn ds var esa& ^re* tqM+rk gSA 67 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

ewykoLFkk mRrjkoLFkk mRRkekoLFkk ewykoLFkk mRrjkoLFkk mRRkekoLFkk fo'kky fo'kkyrj fo'kkyre mPp mPprj mPpre e/qj e/qjrj e/qjre rhoz rhozrj rhozre lqanj lqanjrj lqanjre izkphu izkphurj izkphure fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk izR;sd Hkk\"kk dh rjg fganh Hkk\"kk esa Hkh dqN ewy fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSa] ijarq cgqr ls fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk dh tkrh gS] tSls& laKk ls fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk laKk fo'ks\"k.k laKk fo'ks\"k.k iqjk.k ikSjkf.kd ppkZ pfpZr fu;e fu;fer 'kkL=k 'kkL=kh; Lej.k Lej.kh; iRFkj iFkjhyk vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk vFkok loZuke osQ :i] xq.k] la[;k] ek=kk vkfn dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA • ftu 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crkbZ tkrh gS] os fo'ks\"; dgykrs gSaA • fo'ks\"k.kksa dh eq[;r% rhu voLFkk,¡ekuh tkrh gSa& 1- ewykoLFkk 2- mÙkjkoLFkk 3- mRrekoLFkk vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ds fo'ks\"k.k cukvksA n'kZu -------------------- yM+uk -------------------- Hkkjr -------------------- fy[k -------------------- jl -------------------- [kpZ -------------------- ued -------------------- og -------------------- lp -------------------- ;g -------------------- eSa -------------------- le> -------------------- lq[k -------------------- ihNs -------------------- fnu -------------------- I;kl -------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 68

2- okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn js[kkafdr dhft, rFkk muds Hksn fy[kksA ------------------------------ d- jke eq>s lqanj&lqanj pwfM+;k¡cukdj nsrk FkkA ------------------------------ [k- cw<+k O;fDr lcls T;knk vuqHkoh gSA ------------------------------ x- dksbZ O;fDr fpYyk jgk gSA ------------------------------ ?k- esjh cgu d{kk esa izFke vkbZ gSA ------------------------------ Ä- og fdlku cgqr ifjJeh gSA 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls la[;kokpd rFkk ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k js[kkafdr dhft, vkSj muds Hksn (fuf'pr@vfuf'pr) fyf[k,A d- ,d fdyks tkequ Hkh ys vk;kA --------------------- --------------------- [k- ioZr ij nl HksM+s fn[khaA --------------------- --------------------- x- rs”k o\"kkZ ds dkj.k oqQN fon~;kFkhZ gh fon~;ky; igq¡p ik,A --------------------- --------------------- ?k- mls vk/k fxykl twl pkfg,A --------------------- --------------------- Ä- eukst us nqdkunkj ls <kbZ yhVj rsy [kjhnkA --------------------- --------------------- 4- fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls fo'ks\"; Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA d- iQ'kZ cM+k mEnk vkSj pednkj FkkA -------------------------------------------------------------- [k- lc ,d ckj cM+s Å¡ps isM+ ls owQnsA -------------------------------------------------------------- x- ek/o us [kq'k gksdj lksus dk flDdk nku fd;kA -------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- f'keyk osQ n`'; cgqr yqHkkous FksA -------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- fon~;ky; ds lkeus uhe dk iqjkuk o`{k yxk FkkA -------------------------------------------------------------- 69 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

12 fØ;k (Verb) ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dke dk djuk ;k gksuk ik;k tk,] os fozQ;k dgykrs gSaA tSls& 1- yM+dk i<+ jgk gSA 2- fxygjh mNy jgh gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, ^i<+ jgk gS*] ^mNy jgh gS*] 'kCnksa osQ }kjk dk;Z gksus dk irk pyrk gSA ;s 'kCn fozQ;k gSaA /krq % fozQ;k osQ ewy :i dks /krq dgrs gSaA /krq osQ lkFk izR;; yxkdj vU; fozQ;k 'kCn curs gSaA tSls& vk (/krq) $ uk (izR;;) = vkuk i<+ (/krq) $ uk (izR;;) = i<+uk fozQ;k ds Hksn& fozQ;k osQ Hksnksa osQ nks vk/kj gksrs gSa& 1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn 2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ HksnA 1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn& deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& d- vdeZd fozQ;k [k- ldeZd fozQ;kA d- vdeZd fozQ;k ^vdeZd* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^fcuk deZ osQ* vFkkZr ftl fozQ;k osQ lkFk deZ u gksA ftl fozQ;k osQ dk;Z dk iQy drkZ ij iM+rk gS] mls vdeZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& jsy pyrh gSA lwjt pedrk gSA ckyd g¡lus yxkA bu okD;ksa esa pedrk gS] pyrh gS] g¡lus yxk vdeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA bu fozQ;kvksa dk iQy drkZ ij iM+rk gS vkSj bUgsa deZ dh vis{kk ugha gSA vdeZd fozQ;k dh igpku % fozQ;k osQ lkFk D;k] iz'u yxkdj ;fn mRrj ugha feyrk rks fozQ;k vdeZd gksrh gSA tSls& ehuk g¡lrh gSA iz'u & D;k g¡lrh gSa\\ dksbZ mRrj ughaA cPpk lksrk gSA iz'u & D;ks lksrk gS\\ dksbZ mRrj ughaA vr% g¡luk&lksuk vdeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA [k- ldeZd fozQ;k & ftl fozQ;k osQ dk;Z dk iQy deZ ij iM+rk gS] mls ldeZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 70

tSls& Mkfd;k i=k ck¡Vrk gSA oqQEgkj ?kM+s cukrk gSA firkth lekpkj i=k i<+ jgs gSaA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡gSa& ck¡Vrk gS] cukrk gS] i<+ jgs gSaA bu okD;ksa esa deZ gSa& i=k] ?kM+s] lekpkj i=kA bu fozQ;kvksa dk iQy bu deksZa ij iM+rk gS] blfy, ;s ldeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA ldeZd fozQ;k dh igpku % okD; dh fozQ;k ls igys D;k] fdls] fdldks vkfn 'kCn yxkdj iz'u djus ij mRrj fey tkrk gS] rks fozQ;k ldeZd gksrh gSA mRrj esa feyus okyk 'kCn deZ gksrk gSA tSls& ekyh us xeyk [kjhnk ekSlh tysfc;k¡ykbZaA iz'u & D;k [kjhnk\\ iz'u & D;k ykbZa\\ mRrj & xeykA mRrj & tysfc;k¡A ldeZd fozQ;k osQ Hksn & ldeZd fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa & 1- ,ddeZd fozQ;k 2- n~fodeZd fozQ;k 1- ,ddeZd fozQ;k & ftl fozQ;k dk ,d deZ gksrk gS] mls ,ddeZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& cPpk iQy [kkrk gS] xk; ikuh ihrh gSA bu okD;ksa esa fozQ;k ij ^D;k* iz'u iwNus ij mRrj esa ozQe'k% iQy vkSj ikuh 'kCn feyrs gSaA ;s gh bu fozQ;kvksa ds deZ gSaA blfy, ;s fozQ;k,¡,ddeZd gSaA 2- n~fodeZd fozQ;k & ftl fozQ;k osQ nks deZ gksrs gSa] mls n~fodeZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& jhrk us xhrk dks iwQy fn,] fon~;kFkhZ us vè;kfidk dks dkWih fn[kkbZA nhik us jksfgr dks uk'rk djk;kA bu okD;ksa esa izR;sd fozQ;k esa ^D;k* vkSj ^fdls* iz'u iwNus ij deZ ls iwQy&xhrk] dkWih&vè;kfidk vkSj uk'rk&eksfgr mRrj izkIr gksrs gSaA ^D;k* osQ mRrj esa futhZo oLrq vkSj ^fdls* osQ mRrj esa ltho izk.kh dk cks/ gksrk gSA buesa igyk ^eq[; deZ* vkSj nwljk ^xkS.k deZ* dgykrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd okD; dh fozQ;k osQ nks&nks deZ gksus ds dkj.k ;s fozQ;k,¡n~fodeZd gSaA fo'ks\"k & vki tkurs gSa fd fozQ;k esa ^D;k* yxkdj iz'u djus ls tks mRrj feyrk gS] og deZ gksrk gSA fdarq dHkh&dHkh dqN okD; ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuesa fozQ;kvksa osQ lkFk ^D;k* iz'u iwNus ij mRrj Hkh fey tkrk gS] ysfdu og deZ u gksdj drkZ gksrk gSA ,sls okD;ksa dh fØ;k vdeZd gh gksrh gSaA tSls & rEcw m[kM+ x;kA iz'u & D;k m[kM+ x;k\\ 71 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

mRrj & rEcwA & ugj cg jgh gSA iz'u & D;k cg jgh gS\\ mRrj & ugjA bu okD;ksa esa rEcw vkSj ugj drkZ gSa] deZ ughaA m[kM+ x;k] cg jgh gS& vdeZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA 2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ Hksn d- lkekU; fozQ;k] [k- la;qDr fozQ;k] x- uke/krq fozQ;k] ?k- izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k Ä- iwoZdkfyd fozQ;kA d- lkekU; fozQ;k & tc fdlh okD; esa ,d gh fozQ;k dk iz;ksx gks] rks og lkekU; fozQ;k dgykrh gSA tSls& og i=k fy[krh gSA ek¡us [kkuk [kk;kA jk/k vc ukpsxhA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡lkekU; fozQ;k osQ mnkgj.k gSaA bUkesa fozQ;k osQ ,d&,d 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA [k- la;qDr fozQ;k & ftl okD; dh nks ;k nks ls vf/d fozQ;k,¡feydj ,d gh dk;Z iw.kZ djrh gSa] mUgsa la;qDr fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& og i<+ jgk gSA dy esgeku pys tk,¡xsA pikfr;k¡cu xbZaA bu okD;ksa esa i<+ jgk gS] pys tk,¡xsa] cu xbZa la;qDr fozQ;k gSaA la;qDr fozQ;k esa igyh fozQ;k eq[; fozQ;k gksrh gSA nwljh fozQ;k lgk;d fozQ;k gksrh gSA i<+] py vkSj cu eq[; fozQ;k gSa vkSj jgk gS] tk,¡xsa] xb± lgk;d fozQ;k,¡gSaA lgk;d fozQ;k,¡] fozQ;k dh :i jpuk dk dk;Z djrh gSA bl izdkj nksuksa fozQ;k,¡feydj la;qDr fozQ;k dgykrh gSaA jatd fozQ;k % oqQN lgk;d fozQ;k,¡eq[; fozQ;k ds vFkZ esa fo'ks\"krk mRiUu djus dk dke djrh gSa] bUgsa jatd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA ^jatd fozQ;k* eq[; fozQ;k ds izHkko dks c<+krh gSA tSls& og vk x;kA jtr [kk pqdk gSA cPpk g¡lus yxkA lq/kdj xk ldrk gSA igys okD; esa ^x;k* fozQ;k vius ewy vFkZ esa ugha gSA og osQoy bruk crkrh gS fd vkus dk dke iwjk gks x;k gSA blh izdkj ^pqdk* fozQ;kin Hkh dke iwjk gksus dh ckr crkrk gSA rhljs okD; esa ^yxk* dke 'kq: gksus dh ckr vkSj pkSFks okD; esa ^ldrk* gS xkus dh lkeF;Z dk cks/ djkrs gSaA vFkZ dk jatu djus okyh ;s fozQ;k,¡jatd fozQ;k,¡dgykrh gSa vkSj ;s la;qDr fozQ;kvksa ds lkFk gh iz;qDr gksrh gSA x- uke/krq fozQ;k & laKk] loZUkke vkSj fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls cuus okyh fozQ;kvksa dks uke/krq fozQ;k dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 72

uke/krq fozQ;k,¡pkj izdkj ls curh gSa & 1- laKk ls uke/krq fozQ;k cukuk laKk uke/krq fozQ;k laKk uke/krq fozQ;k ped pedkuk VDdj Vdjkuk 2- loZuke ls uke/krq fozQ;k % viuk ls viukuk 3- fo'ks\"k.k ls uke/krq fo'ks\"k.k uke/krq fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k uke/krq fozQ;k uje ujekuk yaxM+k yaxM+kuk 4- vuqdj.kokph 'kCnksa n~okjk VuVu VuVukuk >u>u >u>ukuk ?k- izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k & ftl fozQ;k dks drkZ Lo;a u djosQ nwljs dks djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gS] mls izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& ekfyd ukSdj ls lkeku mBokrk gSA egs'k cgu ls diM+s /qyokrk gSA bu okD;ksa esa ukSdj vkSj cgu dk;Z djrs gSaA os bu dk;k± dks viuh bPNk ls ugha djrsA mUgsa bu dk;ksZa dks djus dh iszj.kk ekfyd vkSj egs'k ls feyrh gSA blfy, ;s iszjd drkZ gSa vkSj ukSdj rFkk cgu iszfjr drkZ gSaA bl izdkj bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k,¡gSaA izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k osQ nks :i gksrs gSa & 1- izFke iszj.kkFkZd 2- n~forh; izsj.kkFkZdA uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks è;ku ls i<+sa] rks lk/kj.k fozQ;k vkSj iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k esa varj vklkuh ls Li\"V gks tk,xkA tSls& cPpk i<+rk gSA (lk/kj.k fozQ;k) ek¡cPps dks i<+krh gSA (izFke izsj.kkFkZd) ek¡] foeyk ls cPps dks i<+okrh gSA (n~forh; iszj.kkFkZd) bu okD;ksa esa ewy ls i<+us dk dke cPpk gh djrk gSA izFke iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k esa ek¡cPps dks i<+us osQ fy, iszfjr djrh gSA bls izR;{k iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k Hkh dgrs gSaA n~forh; iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k esa ek¡foeyk dks igys izsfjr djrh gSa] fiQj foeyk cPps dks i<+us osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA bls vizR;{k iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k Hkh dgrs gSaA izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa ds :i ewy fozQ;k izFke izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k n~forh; iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k g¡luk g¡lkuk g¡lokuk lksuk lqykuk lqyokuk 73 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

fxjuk fxjkuk fxjokuk fo'ks\"k & è;ku j[ksa fd lHkh iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k,¡ldeZd gksrh gSaA Ä- iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k eq[; fozQ;k ls igys gksus okyh fozQ;k dks iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& lqjs'k us i<+dj] Vh-oh- ns[kkA deyk us >qddj iqLrd mBkbZA cchrk us fxudj lkfM+;k¡j[khaA bu okD;ksa esa i<+dj] >qddj vkSj fxudj iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k gSaA ;s eq[; fozQ;kvksa ls igys gqbZ gSaA ewy /krq esa ^dj* vFkok ^djds* yxkdj iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k,¡cukbZ tkrh gSaA Åij of.kZr fozQ;k osQ Hksnksa ds vfrfjDr fozQ;k dk ,d vkSj :i gksrk gS] ftls viw.kZ fozQ;k dgrs gSaA viw.kZ fozQ;k & ^viw.kZ* dk vFkZ gS & tks iwjk ugha gSaA ,slh fozQ;k,¡tks okD; dk vFkZ iw.kZr% Li\"V ugha dj ikrh] viw.kZ fozQ;k dgykrh gSaA tSls & ekrk th gSaA eksgu gSA nknh FkhaA bu okD;ksa esa ^gSa*] ^gS* vkSj ^Fkha* fozQ;kin gksus ij Hkh okD;ksa dk iw.kZ vFkZ Li\"V ugha gks jgk gSA vr% ;s vi.w kZ foQz ;k,¡gAaS bu foQz ;kvkas dk vFkZ Li\"V djus oQs fy, okD;kas eas ijw d dh vko';drk gkrs h gAS ekrkth MkWDVj gSaA eksgu prqj gSA nknh f'kf{kdk FkhaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mUgs fozQ;k dgrs gSaA • deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa& vdeZd fozQ;k vkSj ldeZd fozQ;kA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa fozQ;k 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kks vkSj crkvks fd fozQ;k ldeZd gS ;k vdeZdA okD; fozQ;k ldeZd@vdeZd d- rst gok pyhA -------------------- ------------------------------------- fganh O;kdj.k & 8 74

[k- urZdh ukp jgh gSA -------------------- ------------------------------------- x- izrhd rSj jgk gSA -------------------- ------------------------------------- ?k- uhrk cky lq[kk jgh gSA -------------------- ------------------------------------- 2- iszj.kkFkZd fozQ;k,¡cukvksA lksuk ---------------------- ---------------------- g¡luk ---------------------- ---------------------- lquuk ---------------------- ---------------------- fxjuk ---------------------- ---------------------- i<+uk ---------------------- ---------------------- nkSM+uk ---------------------- ---------------------- 3- iwoZdkfyd fozQ;kvksa dks Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA d- vatuk lC”kh dkVdj [kkuk cukus xbZA [k- vfuy diM+s mBkdj /ksch dks ns vk;kA x- foeyk [kkuk [kkdj lks xbZA ?k- ckny cjldj pys x,A 4- okD;ksa esa vkbZ la;qDr fozQ;kvksa dks igpkudj fy[kksA d- Nk=kk,¡,d lkFk tk jgh FkhaA [k- twrk uhps fxj x;kA x- iLrosaQ m/j j[k nhft,A ?k- ?kafV;k¡ctus yxhA Ä fon~;kFkhZ LowQy tkus yxsA 5- fuEufyf[kr izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;kvksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djksA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 lqukuk] f[kykuk] f[kapokuk] p<+okukA 75

13 dky (Tense) fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus osQ le; dk irk pyrk gS] mls dky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- jhek LowQy tk jgh FkhA 2- LowQy [kqys gq, gSaA 3- dy LowQy can jgsxkA bu okD;ksa dks fØ;kvksa&tk jgh Fkh] [kqys gq, gS] can jgsxk ls Øe'k% dk;Z osQ iw.kZ gks tkus] vHkh tkjh jgus vkSj Hkfo\"; esa gksus osQ fo\"k; esa irk pyrk gSA ;kuh fd fØ;kvksa osQ dke gksus osQ le; (dky) dk cks/ gksrk gSA dky osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- Hkwrdky 2- orZeku dky 3- Hkfo\";r~ dkyA 1- Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z osQ chr pqosQ le; esa iwjk gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls Hkwr dky dgrs gSaA tSls& ek/qjh u`R; dj jgh FkhA eksgu [kkuk [kk pqdk FkkA o\"kkZ Fke xbZA 'ksj us f'kdkj fd;kA Hkwrdky osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa& d- lkekU; Hkwrdky [k- vklUu Hkwrdky x- iw.kZ Hkwrdky ?k- viw.kZ Hkwrdky Ä- lafnX/ Hkwrdky p- gsrqgsrqen HkwrdkyA d- lkekU; Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z osQ lkekU; :i esa Hkwrdky esa gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls lkekU; Hkwr& dky dgrs gSaA tSls& çtk jktk ls feyus vkbZA dkO;k us xqynLrk ltk;kA [k- vklUu Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ oqQN gh le; igys iwjk gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls vklUu Hkwr& dky dgrs gSaA tSls& jhek iqLroasQ ysdj vk xbZ gSA ek¡cPps dks ugyk pqdh gSA usrkth Hkk\"k.k nsdj vk, gSaA eSaus twrk ikWfy'k djosQ j[kk gSA x- iw.kZ Hkwrdky fØ;k oQs ftl :i ls mloQs cgrq igys i.w kZ gks tkus dk irk pyrk g]S mls i.w kZ Hkrw dky dgrs gAaS fganh O;kdj.k & 8 76

tSls& isM+ vk¡/h ls VwV x;k FkkA fVdVsa fcd xbZa FkhaA ?k- viw.kZ Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ chr pqosQ le; esa vkjaHk gksdj Hkh iwjk u gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls viw.kZ Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& jkeyhyk gks jgh FkhA v#.k Mkd?kj tk jgk FkkA xkf;dk,¡xk jgh FkhaA firkth dk;kZy; tk jgs FksA viw.kZ Hkwrdky dh jpuk&ewy /krq $ jgk@jgh@jgs $ Fkk@Fkh@FksA tSls& og xk jgk Fkk@og xk jgh Fkh@os xk jgs FksA Ä- lafnX/ Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ Hkwrdky esa iwjk gksus esa lansg gksrk gS] mls lafnX/ Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& lq/ka'kq Hktu xk pqdk gksxkA xkM+h LVs'ku ij vk pqdh gksxhA vè;kid d{kk igq¡p pqosQ gksaxsA p- gsrqgsrqen Hkwrdky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g tkuk tk losQ fd dk;Z Hkwrdky esa gks ldrk Fkk] fdarq fdlh vU; dk;Z osQ u gks ldus osQ dkj.k og u gks ldk] mls gsrqgsrqen Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& ;fn vH;kl djrs] rks vo'; thr tkrsA ;fn ikS/ksa esa jks”k ikuh nsrs] rks os lw[krs ughaA bu okD;ksa dh igyh fØ;k ij nwljh fØ;k fuHkZj gSA ;fn vrhr esa igyk dk;Z gqvk gksrk] rks nwljk Hkh gks tkrkA ;s gsrqgsrqen Hkwrdky dh fØ;k gSaA lkekU; Hkwr vkSj iw.kZ Hkwr esa varj lkekU; Hkwr osQ lkFk Fkk@Fkh@Fks tksM+ nsus ij iw.kZ Hkwr cu tkrk gS] tSls& lkekU; Hkwr iw.kZ Hkwr 1- ccu ck”kkj x;kA ccu ck”kkj x;k FkkA 2- 'kcjh csj ykbZA 'kcjh csj ykbZ FkhA 3- jke] y{e.k vkSj lhrk ou dks x,A jke] y{e.k vkSj lhrk ou dks x, FksA 2- orZeku dky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ orZeku esa gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& jhek ikuh ihrh gSA cgknqj pk; cukrk gSA fcfV;k f[kykSuksa ls [ksy jgh gSA d- lkekU; orZeku dky [k- viw.kZ orZeku dky x- lafnX/ orZeku dkyA 77 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

d- lkekU; orZeku dky tks fØ;k orZeku esa lkekU; :i ls gksrh gS] mls lkekU; orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& i{kh isM+ dh Mkfy;ksa ij pgpgkrsa gSaA feL=kh dkj Bhd djrk gSA lSfud ns'k dh j{kk djrk gSA Mkfd;k i=k ig¡qpkrk gSA lkekU; orZeku cukus osQ fy, /krq osQ i'pkr] iqfYayx ,dopu esa ^rk*] cgqopu esa ^rs* vkSj L=khfyax esa ^rh*] tksM+dj lgk;d fØ;k osQ :iksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA [k- viw.kZ orZeku dky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd dk;Z orZeku dky esa 'kq: gks x;k gS vkSj vHkh tkjh gS] mls viw.kZ orZeku dky dgrs gSaA tSls& jktw LowQVj pykuk lh[k jgk gSA xhys diM+s ls ikuh Vid jgk gSA firkth rUoh dks Mk¡V jgs gSaA oaQpu Mkslk cuk jgh gSA viw.kZ orZeku dky cukus osQ fy, /krq osQ ckn] iqfYayx ,dopu esa ^jgk*] cgqopu esa ^jgs* vkSj L=khfyax esa ^jgh*] tksM+dj lgk;d fØ;k osQ :iksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA x- lafnX/ orZeku dky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ orZeku le; esa gksus esa lansg gksrk gS] mls lafnX/ orZeku dky dgrs gSaA eq[; vfrfFk igq¡p x, gksaxsA tSls& fi+ QYe 'kq: gks xbZ gksxhA eksfudk vk jgh gksxhA chuk cjru ek¡trh gksxhA 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky fØ;k oQs ftl :i ls dk;Z oQs vkus okys le; eas gkus s dk irk pyrk g]S mls Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gAaS tSls& ge ukVd esa Hkkx ysaxsA lkfgy ,d e/qj xhr lquk,xkA Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa% d- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dky] [k- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dkyA d- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ Hkfo\"; esa lkekU; <ax ls gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSls& fj;k ukxiqj ls larjs yk,xhA jk?ko i<+sxkA [k- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dky fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ Hkfo\"; esa gksus dh laHkkouk dk irk pyrk gS] mls laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gAaS fganh O;kdj.k & 8 78

tSls & 'kk;n esjs fe=k iqQVckWy eSp [ksysaxsA nknkth 'kk;n jlxqYys yk,¡A bu okD;ksa dh fØ;kvksa & [ksysaxs] yk,¡] &;s laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dky dh fØ;k,¡gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus osQ le; dk irk pyrk gS] mls dky dgrs gSaA • dky osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- Hkwrdky 2- orZeku dky 3- Hkfo\";r~ dky vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fØ;kin Nk¡fV, rFkk muosQ lgh Hksn pqfu,A d- 'kk;n eSa dkuiqj tkÅ¡A lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ [k- ge dy ukVd ns[ksaxsA lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ x- ukSdjkuh >kMw+ yxk,xhA lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ ?k- 'kk;n vkt vè;kfidk u vk,A lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fØ;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djosQ muosQ dky crkvksA d- vkt ls pkSFks fnu eq>ls vius lkS #i;s ys ysukA --------------------------------------------- [k- vth] eSa blosQ <kbZ lkS :i;s nsrk gw¡A --------------------------------------------- x- vksl dh cw¡n dykbZ ls ljddj esjh gFksyh ij vk xbZA --------------------------------------------- ?k- Øks/ vkSj ?k`.kk ls mldk 'kjhj dk¡i mBkA --------------------------------------------- 79 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

14 okP; (Voice) ge vius Hkko nwljksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy, Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl iz;ksx esa ge dHkh drkZ dh iz/kurk j[krs gSa] dHkh deZ dh rks dHkh Hkko dhA tSls& euh\"kk pwfM+;k¡[kjhn jgh gSA bl okD; esa drkZ (euh\"kk) dh iz/kurk gS pwfM+;k¡fcd jgh gSA bl okD; esa deZ (pwfM+;k¡) dh iz/kurk gSA mlls pwfM+;k¡[kjhnh ugha tkrhA bl OkkD; esa Hkko dh iz/kurk gSA fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls irk yxrk gSa] fd fozQ;k drkZ] deZ ;k Hkko osQ vuqlkj gqbZ gS] mls okP; dgrs gSaA OkkP; osQ Hksn okP; osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- dr`ZokP; 2- deZokP; 3- HkkookP;A 1- dr`ZokP; ftl okD; dh fozQ;k drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] mls dr`ZokP; dgrs gSaA dr`ZokP; dh fozQ;k osQ fyax vkSj opu] drkZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ vqulkj gksrs gSaA tSls& ohuk jlxqYyk [kkrh gSA fot; deh”k igu jgk gSA uhfyek ck”kkj tkrh gSA jkgqy yhfp;k¡[kkrk gSA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡drkZ ohuk] fot;] uhfyek vkSj jkgqy osQ vuqlkj gSaA ;s dr`ZokP; dh fozQ;k,¡gSa vkSj buosQ fyax] opu] drkZ osQ vuqlkj gSaA 2- deZokP; ftl okD; dh fozQ;k deZ osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] mls deZokP; dgrs gSaA tSls& dfork ls jlxqYys [kk, tkrs gSaA o#.k ls lkM+h [kjhnh tkrh gSA cchrk ls lwV flyk tkrk gSA iou ls vkblozQhe [kkbZ tkrh gSA bu okD;ksa esa vk, jlxqYys] lwV] lkM+h vkSj vkblozQhe 'kCn deZ gSaA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;kvksa osQ fyax vkSj opu deZ osQ vuqlkj gSaA ;s fozQ;k,¡deZokP; dh gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 80

3- HkkookP; tks foQz ;k okD; oQs drkZ ;k deZ oQs vulq kj u gkds j] Hkko oQs vulq kj gkrs h g]S mls HkkookP; foQz ;k dgrs gAaS tSls& ukuh ls pyk ugha tkrkA ek¡ls [kk;k ugha tkrkA xxu ls i<+k ugha tkrkA jksxh ls lks;k ugha tkrkA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡] drkZ vkSj deZ osQ vuqlkj ugha gSa] cfYd ;s Hkko osQ vuqlkj gSaA vr% ;s fozQ;k,¡ HkkookP; dh gSaA HkkOkokP; dh fozQ;k,¡lkekU;r% vdeZd gqvk djrh gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • okP; dk 'kfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS& cksyus dk fo\"k;A • fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g irk pys fd og okD; es drkZ] deZ] vFkok Hkko osQ vuqlkj iz;qDr dh xbZ gS] og okP; dgykrk gSA • fganh esa okP; osQ rhu :i gSa& 1- o`QrZokP; 2- deZokP; 3- HkkookP;A vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls lgh deZokP; osQ okD; pqudj fy[kksA d- i. mlls i+ Qksu fd;kA ii. mlus i+ Qksu fd;kA iii. mlosQ n~okjk i+ Qksu fd;k x;kA iv. mlosQ n~okjk i+ Qksu gqvkA [k- i. e”knwjksa ls edku curk gSA ii. e”knwjksa ls edku cuk, tkrs gSaA iii. e”knwjksa n~okjk edku curs gSaA iv. e”knwj edku cukrs gSaA x- i. eSaus [kkuk [kk;kA ii. eSa [kkuk [kk;kA iii. eq>ls [kkuk [kk;k x;kA iv. esjs dks [kkuk [kk;k x;kA ?k- i. flikgh us pksj dks ihVkA ii. flikgh ls pksj dks ihVk x;kA iii. flikgh n~okjk pksj ihVk x;kA iv. flikgh ls pksj dks ihVkA 81 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls mfpr dr`ZokP; osQ okD; pqudj fy[kksA d- i. ukuhth ls pyk ugha tkrkA ii. ukuhth pyk ugha tkrkA iii. ukuhth ls pyh ugha tkrhA iv. ukuhth py ugha ikrhaA [k- i. ekyh ikS/ksa dks lhaprk gSA ii. ekyh ls ikS/ksa dks lhapk tkrk gSA iii. ekyh n~okjk ikS/s lhaps tkrs gSaA iv. ekyh ikS/s lhaprk gSA x- i. canj n~okjk diM+k iQkM+k x;kA ii. canj n~okjk diM+s dks iQkM+sA iii. canj us diM+k iQkM+kA iv. diM+s dks iQkM+k canj usA 3- fuEufyf[kr deZokP; osQ okD;ksa dks dr`ZokP; esa cnyksA d- cPPkksa ls ys[k fy[ks tkrs gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- Js\"B ls iwQy rksM+k x;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------ x- ekyrh osQ n~okjk fp=k cuk, tk,¡xsA ------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- ehrk ls i=k i<+k x;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4- fUkEufyf[kr dr`ZokP; osQ okD;ksa dks deZokP; esa cnyksA d- lohrk leksls [kk,xhA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- n'kZu oqQjlh cukrk gSA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ehrk us diM+s [kjhnsA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5- fUkEufyf[kr okP; osQ okD; igpkudj lgh okP; osQ vkxs lgh dk fu'kku (ü) yxkvksA d- nknkth dFkk lquk jgs gSaA dr`ZokP; deZokP; HkkookP; [k- eksfgr osQ n~okjk xhr xk;k x;kA dr`ZokP; deZokP; HkkookP; x- foeyk ls lks;k ugha tkrkA dr`ZokP; deZokP; HkkookP; ?k- ;k=kh rhFkZ;k=kk ij tk,¡xsA dr`ZokP; deZokP; HkkookP; fganh O;kdj.k & 8 82

15 fØ;kfo'ks\"k.k (Adverb) lef>, vkSj if<+,& 1- eksVj ,dk,d #d xbZA 2- eksgu izfrfnu i<+rk gSA 3- xk; uhps cSBh gSA bu okD;ksa dh fozQ;k,¡] #d xbZ] i<+rk gS vkSj cSBh gS] osQ igys ,dk,d] izfrfnu vkSj uhps 'kCn vk, gSaA ;s 'kCn mu fozQ;kvksa dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSaA blfy, bUgsa fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys 'kCn fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksn fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 2- LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 3- dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 4- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.kA 1- jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus dk <ax ;k jhfr dk irk pyrk gS] mls jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA ^jhfr* dk vfHkizk; gS& fof/] rjhdk ;k iz.kkyh tSls& dNqvk /hjs&/hjs pyrk gSA cPps è;kuiwoZd lquus yxsA vpkud ckfj'k vk xbZA bu okD;ksa esa] /hjs&/hjs] è;kuiwoZd] vpkud] jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA buesa fozQ;k dh jhfr dk irk pyrk gSA dSls igpkusa & fozQ;k esa oSQls yxkdj iz'u djus ls tks mRrj izkIr gksrk gS] ogh jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksrk gSA 2- LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ^LFkku* dk vfHkizk; gS& txgA ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ LFkku dk irk pyrk gS] mls LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA 83 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

tSls& lM+dksa ij i'kq b/j&m/j ?kwers jgrs gSaA i{kh Åij mM x;kA xjnu nkfguh vksj djksA bu okD;ksa esa] b/j&m/j] Åij] nkfguh vksj] LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA buls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ LFkku dk irk pyrk gSA LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& i. fLFkfrokpd & vanj] ckgj] Hkhrj] Åij] uhps] ;gk¡] ogk¡] tgk¡] dgk¡vkfnA
 ii. fn'kkokpd & b/j&m/j] bl vksj] ml rji+ Q] nk,¡] ck,¡] fd/j] ft/j vkfnA iii. foLrkjokpd & ;gk¡ls ogk¡rd vkfnA tSls& ckgj vk tkvks_ vanj er [ksyksA xqynLrk es”k ij ml rji+ Q j[k nksA ;gk¡ls ogk¡rd mldk bykdk gSA oQS ls igpkuas & foQz ;k eas ^dgk*¡ i'z u djus ij tks mRrj fey]s ogh LFkkuokpd foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k gkrs k gAS 3- dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ le; dk irk pyrk gS] mls dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA ^dky* dk vfHkizk; gS le;A tSls& CkPPks izfrfnu [ksyrs gSaA lw;Z izkr% fudyrk gSA iadt vkSj lq/hj dy lqcg vk,¡xsA bu okD;ksa esa] izfrfnu] izkr% vkSj dy lqcg] dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA buls fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ le; dk irk pyrk gSA dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ rhu miHksn gSa& i. lkekU; le; laca/h fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys 'kCn& tSls & fnu esa] jkr dks] lqcg] izkr%dky] lka;dky] nksigj dk] vkt] dy] vc] rc] tc] dc] igys] ihNs vkfnA ii. vof/ laca/h fo'ks\"krk izdV djus okys 'kCn& tSls&fnuHkj] jkrHkj] vktdy] yxkrj] lkjk lky] ges'kk vkfnA iii. ckjackjrk laca/h 'kCn & tSls & izfrekg] dbZ ckj] ckj&ckj] cgq/k] vdlj] izfrfnu vkfnA oQS ls igpkuas & foQz ;k eas ^dc* i'z u djus ij tks mRrj ikz Ir gk]s og dkyokpd foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k gkrs k gAS 4- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ftl fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ls fozQ;k dh ek=kk vkSj ifjek.k dk irk pyrk gS] mls ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 84

ifjek.k ls vfHkizk; gS& ek=kkA TkSls& lk/q de cksyrs gSaA uy ls ikuh cw¡n&cw¡n Vid jgk gSA lcosQ fy, jktek i;kZIr gksaxsA esjs fy, pk; esa phuh ”;knk MkyukA bu OkkD;ksa esa] de] cw¡n&cw¡n] i;kZIr] ”;knk] ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gSaA buls fozQ;kvksa osQ ifjek.k dk irk pyrk gSA ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ik¡p izdkj osQ gkrs gSa& i. vf/drkokpd & vf/d] T;knk] cgqr] [kwc] vR;f/d vkfnA ii. U;wurkokpd & de] FkksM+k] ”kjk&lk vkfnA iii. i;kZIrokpd & i;kZIr] dki+ Qh vkfnA iv. rqyukokpd & ftruk] mruk] fdruk] bruk vkfnA v. Js.khokpd & FkksM+k&FkksM+k] ;FkkozQe] ckjh&ckjh esa vkfnA dSls igpkusa & fozQ;k esa ^fdruk* yxkdj iz'u djus ij tks mRrj feys] og ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k gksrk gSA vHkh vkius foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k oQs ftrus Hkh idz kj i<]s+ os lc i;z kxs oQs vk/kj ij foQz ;kfo'k\"s k.k oQs Hkns gAaS jpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& d- ewy fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & tSls& vpkud] Åij] uhps] vanj] ckgj] Hkhrj vkfnA [k- ;kSfxd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & tSls& tks fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k milxZ& izR;;ksa osQ ;ksx ls] lekl n~okjk] iqu#fDr n~okjk vFkok laKk&fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ la;ksx ls curs gSa] mUgsa ;kSfxd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& i. milxZ osQ ;ksx ls & izfrfnu] vkthou vkfnA ii. izR;; osQ ;ksx ls & fnuHkj] lk/kj.kr_] lkekU;r% vkfnA iii. lekl n~okjk & vkthou] ;Fkk'kfDr] jkrfnu] gkFkksagkFk vkfnA iv. iqu#fDr n~okjk & /hjs&/hjs] ean&eanA v. laKk $ fo'ks\"k.k osQ ;ksx ls & gj?kM+h] gjiy] rhu ckjA vi. ijlxksZa n~okjk & rs”kh ls] è;ku ls] /hjs&lsA fganh esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls gSa] ftudk iz;ksx fo'ks\"k.k osQ :i esa rFkk fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ :i esa Hkh gksrk gS_ 85 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

tSls& jk/k lqanj gSA (fo'ks\"k.k) jk/k lqanj xkrh gSA (fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) eksfgr cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA (fo'ks\"k.k) eksfgr iqQVckWy cgqr vPNk [ksyrk gSA (fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) Åij fn, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ leku fganh osQ oqQN 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vkSj ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k nksuksa :iksa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] tSls& ogk¡cgqr HkhM+ FkhA (ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k) bl ckj geus tkequ cgqr [kk,A (ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) lkfgy osQ ikl /u dki+ Qh gSA (ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k) fo'ks\"k& fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCn vO;; 'kCn gksrs gSaA fdarq dHkh&dHkh okD; Eksa iz;ksx djrs le; buosQ :i esa vko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu vk tkrs gSa] tSls& eq>s FkksM+k dke djuk gSA vc FkksM+h i<+kbZ dj yksA feBkbZ vPNh cuh gSA jktek vPNs cus gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k&tks fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk crk,A • fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksn&dkyokpd] LFkkuokpd] ifjek.kokpd rFkk jhfrokpdA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fn, x, OkkD;ks esa ls fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj muosQ Hksnksa osQ uke Hkh fy[kksA d- lhek fnuHkj i<+rh jghA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k Hksnksa osQ uke [k- vki ogk¡cSfB,A ------------------------------ ------------------------------ x- dNqvk /hjs&/hjs pyrk gSA ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ?k- og de [kkrh gSA ------------------------------ ------------------------------ Ä- vkt lqcg rd o\"kkZ gksrh jghA ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ fganh O;kdj.k & 8 86

2- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa esa mfpr fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k HkjksA d- og ------------------------------ v[kckj i<+rk gSA [k- ehuk flykbZ e'khu ------------------------------ pykvksA x- vLirky ------------------------------ rjiQ gSA ?k- eksfgr ogk¡ls ------------------------------ pyk x;kA Ä- ”kjk ------------------------ pyksA 3- fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k osQ Hksnksa osQ fy, mnkgj.k&okD; fy[kksA d- jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ----------------------------------------------------------- [k- LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ----------------------------------------------------------- x- ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ----------------------------------------------------------- ?k- dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ----------------------------------------------------------- 4- izR;sd okD; esa js[kkafdr 'kCn D;k gSa\\ fo'ks\"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k d- lCth esa ued ”;knk gSA [k- vkt eSus ”;knk feBkbZ [kk yhA fo'ks\"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k x- e;ad vPNk cksyrk gSA fo'ks\"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k ?k- jk?ko dh cqn~f/ rst gSA fo'ks\"k.k fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k 87 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

16 vO;; % laca/kcks/kd] leqPp;cks/kd foLe;kfncks/kd RkFkk fuikr if<+,µ (Indeclinable Words : Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection) ykyfdys ij frjaxk ygjk jgk gSA vLirky osQ vklikl ukfj;y ikuh fcd jgs FksA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa] ij rFkk osQ vklikl 'kCn laKk vFkok loZuke 'kCnksa osQ lkFk vkdj mudk laca/ okD; ls nwljs 'kCnksa osQ lkFk crk jgs gSA bUgsa laca/cks/d vO;; dgrs gSaA ftu vO;; 'kCnksa esa laKk vFkok loZuke dk] okD; osQ nwljs 'kCnksa osQ lkFk laca/ tkuk tkrk gS] os laca/cks/d vO;; dgykrs gSaA laca/cks/d osQ Hksn%& laca/cks/d osQ eq[; rhu Hksn gksrs gSaA 1- iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj 2- O;qRifRr osQ vuqlkj 3- vFkZ osQ vuqlkj 1- iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj laca/cks/d osQ eq[; nks Hksn gksrs gSaA i. lacn~/ laca/cks/d & ;s laca/cks/d vDlj foHkfDr;qDr laKk ;k loZuke 'kCnksa osQ lkFk vkrs gSaA tSls& jke osQ ihNs] mlosQ fcuk] xehZ osQ ekjs] ?kj osQ Hkhrj vkfnA ii. vuqcn~/ laca/cks/d & ;s laca/cks/d vDlj laKk osQ foo`Qr :i osQ ckn vkrs gSaA tSls & iq=kksa lfgr] nks\"k&jfgr] xq.k&ghu] dVksjkHkj vkfnA 2- O;qRifRr osQ vuqlkj i. ewy laca/cks/d & tSls& fcuk] iwoZd] rd] ikl] jfgr] lfgr] lkFk vkfnA ii. ;kSfxd laca/cks/d & tSls& osQ leku] dh vis{kk] osQ ckgj] osQ vanj] ls ijs vkfnA 3- vFkZ osQ vuqlkj i. dkyokpd & osQ vkxs] ls igys] osQ ihNs] osQ mijkar] ls iwoZ] osQ i'pkr] osQ vuarj vkfnA ii. LFkkuokpd & osQ Hkhrj] osQ ckgj] osQ vanj] osQ chp] osQ rys] osQ lehi] ls nwj] osQ ogk¡] osQ fudV] osQ Åij] osQ uhps vkfnA iii. fn'kklwpd & dh vksj] dh rjIk+Q] osQ ikj] osQ pkjksa vksj] osQ vkl&ikl] osQ nksuksa vksj vkfnA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 88

iv. rqyukokpd & dh vis{kk] dh rjg] dh rqyuk esa vkfnA v. lerkokpd & osQ leku] dh Hkk¡fr] dh rjg] osQ rqY;] osQ cjkcj vkfnA vi. fojks/okpd & izfrowQy] osQ foifjr] mYVs] osQ f[kykIk+ Q vkfnA vii. O;frjsdokpd & osQ vfrfjDr] osQ vykok] osQ flok] osQ cxSj] osQ fcuk vkfnA viii. laxzgokpd & Hkj] i;±r] rd vkfnA ix. gsrqokpd & osQ dkj.k] osQ okLrs] osQ ekjs] osQ fufeRr] gsrq vkfnA x. lk/uokpd & n~okjk] ”kfj,] ekjIk+ Qr] osQ gkFkksa vkfnA xi. laxokpd & lesr] lkFk] lax] lfgr vkfnA xii. fofue;okpd & osQ LFkku ij] cnys esa vkfnA xiii. i`Fkdrkokpd & ls nwj] ls ijs vkfnA laca/cks/d vkSj fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k esa varj fganh esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx laca/cks/d vkSj fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k & nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gS] fdarq iz;ksx dh n`f\"V ls budk varj tkuuk vko';d gSA tc ;s 'kCn fozQ;k dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrs gSa] rc ;s fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSa] vkSj tc budk iz;ksx laKk ;k loZuke osQ lkFk gksrk gS] rc ;s laca/cks/d dgykrs gSaA fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k laca/cks/d 1- vanj vkvksA 1- nqdku osQ vanj vkvksA 2- lkeus gh rks oqQlhZ j[kh gSA 2- esjs lkeus ls gV tkvksA 3- ekrkth vanj gSaA 3- vyekjh osQ vanj f[kykSus j[k nksA leqPp;cks/d cl /hjs Fkh] ojuk pksV yx tkrhA twl fi,¡xs ;k pk;\\ bu okD;ksa esa] ojuk vkSj ;k 'kCn] nks 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kks vkSj miokD;ksa dks feykus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s 'kCn leqPp;cks/d gSaA tks 'kCn nks 'kCnksa] okD;ksa vkSj okD;ka'kks dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrs gSa] mUgsa leqPpcks/d dgrs gSaA leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa dks ;kstd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 89

leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn leqPp;cks/d osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaA 1- lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d 2- O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d 1- lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d ftu leqPp;cks/d 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk nks leku okD;ka'kks] 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] mUgsa lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d dgrs gSaA tSls& oqQN cPps i<+ jgs Fks] vkSj oqQN [ksy jgs FksA lk{kh ,oa efydk lkfM+;k¡[kjhn ykb±A iVk[kk pyk] rks rksrk mM+ tk,xkA fp=k cukb,] dgkuh fyf[k, vFkok dfork lqukb,A bu okD;ksa esa] vkSj] ,oa] rks] vFkok] lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d gSaA lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn lekukf/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ N% Hksn gksrs gSaA d- la;kstd % nks 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa vkSj miokD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCn la;kstd dgykrs gSaA tSls& lfork vkSj jtuh fnYyh tk,¡xhA o`QI;k jfo ,oa Ípk @ fjpk osQ fookg esa i/kjsaA vkSj rFkk ,oa vkfn la;kstd 'kCn gSaA [k- foHkktd % 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa vkSj miokD;ksa esa foHkktu vkSj fodYi izdV djus okys 'kCn foHkktd dgykrs gSaA tSls& isfUly ls fy[kks vU;Fkk isu ls fy[kksA idkSMs+ [kkvks pkgs leksls [kkvksA vU;Fkk] pkgs vkfn foHkktd 'kCn gksrs gSaA x- fojk/s lpw d % nks fojk/s h ckrkas (dFkuk)as vkjS miokD;kas dks tkMs u+ s okys 'kCn fojk/s lpw d dgykrs gAaS tSls& f'keyk tkuk Fkk] ijarq fVdV ugha feyhA ikuh ugha feyk] fdarq yLlh fey xbZA ijarq] fdarq] ysfdu vkfn fojks/lwpd 'kCn gksrs gSaA ?k- ifj.kkelwpd % nks miokD;ksa dks tksM+dj ifj.kke fn[kkus okys 'kCn ifj.kkelwpd dgykrs gSaA tSls& nsj ls ig¡qpk Fkk blfy, txg ugha feyhA xg` dk;Z ugha fd;k Fkk vr% MkV¡ [kkuh iMh+ A vr%] blfy,] vkfn ifj.kkelwpd 'kCn gksrs gSaA Ä- fodYilwpd% tks leqPp;cks/d 'kCn fodYi dk cks/ djkrs gSA os foDYilqpd dgykrs gSA tSls& f'kdkjh 'ksj] ;k fgj.k dk f'kdkj djsxkA rqe tkvksxs vFkok oSQyk'k tk,xkA p- fo;kstd% ,sls leqPp;cks/d vO;; ftuls vius }kjk tqM+us ;k ,d dk R;kx djus dk vkHkkl gk mls fo;kstd dgk tkrk gSA tSls& ';ke vFkok jke esa ls gh dksbZ ;gk¡vk;k FkkA u rks rqeus] u gh rqEgkjs nksLr us ogka tkus dh fgEer fn[kkbZA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 90

2- O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d fdlh okD; oQs i/z ku vkjS vkfJr miokD;kas dks tkMs u+ s okys 'kCnkas dks O;f/dj.k lePq p;ck/s d dgrs gAaS tSls& ;fn [kkuk rS;kj gksrk rks [kk ysrhA ikuh ih yks rkfd I;kl u yxsA O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d osQ Hksn O;f/dj.k leqPp;cks/d pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA d- dkj.klpw d % nks miokD;kas dks tkMs d+ j dk;Z dks Li\"V djus okys 'kCnkas dks dkj.klpw d dgrs gAaS pkWd idM+kvks rkfd CySd cksMZ ij fy[k low¡QA D;ksafd] rkfd vkfn dkj.klwpd leqPp;cks/d 'kCn gksrs gSaA [k- laosQrlwpd % tks nks ;kstd 'kCn] nks miokD; dks tksM+rs gSa] mUgs laosQrokpd dgrs gSaA tSls& ;fn ekSle lqgkouk gksrk rks ?kqekus ys tkrsA oqQN cuuk gS rks LowQy tkvksA ;fn&rks] oqQN&rks vkfn laosQrlwpd leqPp;cks/d 'kCn gSaA x- mn~ns';lwpd % nks miokD;ksa dks tksM+dj mudk mn~ns'; Li\"V djus okys 'kCn mn~ns';lwpd dgykrs gSaA tSls& iqLrd ys yh gS] rkfd i<+ low¡QA jkst ;ksx djks] ftlls fd 'kjhj LoLFk jgsA rkfd] ftlls fd vkfn mn~ns';lwpd 'kCn gSaA ?k- Lo:ilwpd % iz/ku miokD; dk vFkZ Li\"V djus okys 'kCn Lo:ilwpd leqPp;cks/d dgykrs gSaA tSls& xk¡/hth vFkkZr cfynku osQ izrhdA ikBdth ekuks nkuohj d.kZ osQ vorkj gSaA vFkkZr] ekuks vkfn Lo:ilwpd leqPp;cks/d 'kCn gSaA foLe;kfncks/d vgk! D;k ekSle gSA vksgks! fcYyh lkjk nw/ ih xbZA bu okD;kas eas vk, 'kCn vgk vkjS vkgs ks vyx&vyx Hkkoksa dks izdV djrs gSaA bUgsa foLe;kfncks/d dgrs gSaA ftu 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk foLe;] Hk;] g\"kZ] ozQks/] ?k`.kk vkfn Hkko izdV gksrs gSa] mUgsa foLe;kfncks/d dgrs gSaA foLe;kfncks/d dh fo'ks\"krk,¡ 1- foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn okD; osQ vkjaHk esa vkrs gSa rFkk muosQ ckn foLe;lwpd fpg~u (!) yxk;k tkrk gSA 2- ;s 'kCn Hkkoksa dh rhozrk osQ dkj.k vuk;kl gh eq[k ls fudyrs gSaA 91 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

3- vk'khokZn osQ :i esa dHkh&dHkh okD;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls& lnk [kq'k jgks! ;'kLoh cuks! fpj lkSHkkX;orh cuks! vkfnA foLe;kfncks/d osQ Hksn foLe;kfncks/d 'kCnksa osQ izeq[k Hksn fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSaA 1- foLe;lwpd % vjs! enu [kkuk Hkh cukrk gSA 2- g\"kZlwpd % vgk! etk vk x;kA 3- 'kksdlwpd % gk;! cspkjs dh >qXxh ty xbZA 4- lacks/ulwpd % vjs! ”kjk b/j vkukA 5- ?k`.kklwpd % fN%! f/Ddkj gS] rqEgkjs deks± ijA 6- psrkouhlwpd % lko/ku! tscdrjs cl esa ?kwers gSaA 7- Loho`Qfrlwpd % gk¡! rqe okil pyh tkvksA 8- vk'khokZnlwpd % nh?kkZ;q gks! lnk izlUu jgksA 9- Hk;lwpd % gk;! dksbZ cpk,A 10- ozQks/lwpd % vjs! 'kkar jgrs gks] fd firkth dks cqykÅ¡A fodkjh 'kCnksa dk foLe;kfncks/d osQ :i esa iz;ksx foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn vO;; (vfodkjh) gksrs gSa] ijarq vusd fodkjh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx foLe;kfncks/d 'kCnksa osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& laKk % gk; jke! ”kjk&lk dke vkSj brus u[kjsA loZuke % dkSu! jfo us izfr;ksfxrk thrh gSA fo'ks\"k.k % vPNk! jksxh dks ys tkvksA fozQ;k % mfB,! tkdj [kkuk [kk yhft,A foLe;kfncks/d Hkko vkSj 'kCn 1- foLe;] vk'p;Z gSa] vjh] vjs vkfnA 2- iz'kalk] g\"kZ vgk] okg] 'kkck'k vkfnA 3- lacks/u vth] vksth] vjs] vks, vkfnA 4- ihM+k] 'kksd] yTtk vkg] vksg] mIk+ Q] gk; vkfnA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 92

5- psrkouh lko/ku] [kcjnkj] pqi vkfnA 6- ozQks/ vcs] vjs] [kkeks'k] pqi vkfnA 7- vk'khokZn nh?kkZ;q gks] cus jgks vkfnA 8- Loho`Qfr vPNk] gk¡] Bhd vkfnA 9- Hk; cki js cki] gk;] vksg vkfnA 10- ?k`.kk] frjLdkj fN%] f/o~Q] gV] pyks vkfnA fuikr oqQN vfodkjh 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa vko';drkuqlkj dgha Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ftu 'kCnksa osQ ckn esa budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mu ij oqQN fo'ks\"k cy iM+rk gSA ,sls gh 'kCnksa dks fuikr dgrs gSaA 1- nhfidk us gh eq>s lgkjk fn;kA 2- nhfidk us eq>s gh lgkjk fn;kA 3- nhfidk us eq>s lgkjk gh fn;kA igys okD; esa ^gh* fuikr osQ n~okjk 'kCn nhfidk ij fo'ks\"k cy iM+k ;kuh nhfidk us gh eq>s lgkjk fn;k] fdlh vU; us ughaA nwljs okD; ls rkRi;Z nhfidk osQ n~okjk lgkjk osQoy eq>s gh fn;k x;k] fdlh vU; dks ugha vkSj rhljs okD; esa& nhfidk us eq>s lgkjs osQ vfrfjDr vkSj oqQN ugha fn;k gS_ blfy, lgkjk ij fo'ks\"k cy iM+rk gSA ^gh* osQ vfrfjDr Hkh] rks] rd] er] Hkj] osQoy vkfn fuikr gSaA ,sls vO;; 'kCn] tks okD; esa fdlh in osQ lkFk vkdj mls fo'ks\"k cy iznku djrs gSa] fuikr dgykrs gSaA fuikr osQ laca/ esa oqQN fo'ks\"k ckrsa 1- fuikr dk iz;ksx vO;; osQ :i esa gksrk gSA vr% bu ij fyax&opu dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA 2- budk :i vifjorZuh; gksrk gSA 3- fuikr dk iz;ksx ,d 'kCn vFkok 'kCn&leqnk; dks fo'ks\"k cy nsus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 4- okD; esa vko';drkuqlkj fuikr dk iz;ksx dgha Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA 93 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk@loZuke dk okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls laca/ tksM+us okys 'kCn laca/cks/d dgykrs gSaA • leqPp;cks/d nks 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa vFkok okD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCnA • euksHkkoksa dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn foLe;kfncks/d dgykrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr laca/cks/d 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k, vkSj muosQ Hksn crkvksA d- jfo osQ gkFk iqLrosaQ fHktok nhft,A --------------------------------------------------- [k- ekoyh dh vis{kk uezrk de”kksj gSA --------------------------------------------------- x- j?kq osQ ;gk¡ekuo dk tUefnu euk;k x;kA --------------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls leqPp;cks/d 'kCn Nk¡Vdj muosQ Hksnksa osQ uke crkvksA d- Nkrk ys yks] ugha rks Hkhx tkvksxsA --------------------------------------------------- [k- Jh lq[kuanu yky vFkkZr ,d vkn'kZ ukxfjdA --------------------------------------------------- x- jk'ku [kjhnuk Fkk] ijarq nqdku can gSA --------------------------------------------------- ?k- og chekj gS] blfy, vkt og LowQy ugha vk;kA --------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn Nk¡Vdj muosQ Hkko Li\"V djksA d- mIk+ Q! vkt fdruh xehZ gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- fN% ! ;gk¡fdruh efD[k;k¡fHkUkfHkuk jgh gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vIk+ Qlksl! ml oDr eSa ugha FkkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fuikr Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA ------------------------------------------------------------------ d- ikuh rks ih yks] csVk! ------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- vki Hkh pfy, gekjs lkFkA ------------------------------------------------------------------ x- lkr tqykbZ rd gekjs LowQy esa NqV~fV;k¡gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 94

17 okD;&fopkj (Syntax) lef>, vkSj if<+,& gkL;dfo;ksa us vusd dfork,¡lqukbZA vkb,] vkidks xksyxIis f[kykÅ¡A ;s okD; gSaA izR;sd okD; 'kCnksa ls cuk gksrk gSA okD; esa ,d 'kCn Hkh gksrk gS vkSj vusd 'kCn Hkh gksrs gSaA izR;sd okD; dk ,d fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gSA okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dks O;kdj.k esa ^in* dgrs gSA okD; osQ vax jpuk dh n`f\"V ls okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSa& 1- mn~ns'; 2- fo/s;A 1- mn~ns'; okD; esa ftlosQ fo\"k; esa crk;k tkrk gS] mls mn~ns'; dgrs gSaA tSls& jtuh us oqQRrs dks iqPkdkjkA ekyrh diM+s /ks jgh FkhA bu okD;ksa esa jtuh vkSj ekyrh mn~ns'; gSaA
 2- fo/s; okD; esa mn~ns'; osQ fo\"k; esa tks oqQN crk;k tkrk gS] mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA tSls& jkew >xM+ jgk FkkA xhrk flrkj ctkrh gSA bu okD;ksa esa >xM+ jgk Fkk vkSj flrkj ctkrh gS fo/s; gSaA okD; osQ Hksn okD; osQ Hksnksa osQ nks vk/kj gksrs gSa & d- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij [k- jpuk osQ vk/kj ijA d- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij Hksn% vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- fo/kuokpd okD; ,ls s okD;] ftueas fdlh ckr ;k dk;Z oQs gkus s dk dFku ek=k gkrs k g]S mUgas fo/kuokpd okD; dgrs gAaS tSls& Jh xksiky th us Hkk\"k.k fn;kA eksfgr iatkc tk,xkA 95 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- fu\"ks/okpd okD; ,sls okD;] ftuls fdlh dk;Z osQ fu\"ks/ (u gksus) dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa fu\"ks/okpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& eSa ck”kkj ugha tkÅ¡xkA jkr dks fctyh ugha vk,xhA 3- foLe;okpd okD; ,ls s okD;] ftuls foLe;] g\"k]Z 'kkds ] Hk; vkfn Hkko idz V gkrs s g]aS mUgas foLe;okpd okD; dgrs gAaS tSls& cki js! bruk eksVk pwgkA okg! fdruh lqanj iqQyokjh gSA 4- lansgokpd okD; ,sls okD;] ftuls dk;Z osQ gksus ;k u gksus osQ izfr lansg ;k laHkkouk izdV gksrh gSa] mUgsa lansgokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& 'kk;n dy o\"kkZ gks tk,A laHkor% iz/kuae=kh mn~?kkVu djus vk,¡A 5- vkKkokpd okD; ,sls okD;] ftuls vkKk] vuqefr] mins'k] vkns'k vkfn dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa vkKkokpd ;k fof/okpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& esjh vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus ls gV tkvksA o`QI;k gLRkk{kj dj nhft,A 6- laosQrokpd okD; ,sls okD; ftuls fdlh&u&fdlh 'krZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa laosQrokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& ikuh u cjlrk] rks /ku lw[k tkrkA ;fn isM+ yxk,¡xs] rks ok;q 'kqn~/ gksxhA 7- bPNkokpd okD; ,ls s okD; ftuls bPNk ;k dkeuk idz V djus oQs Hkko dk irk pyrk g]S mUgas bPNkokpd okD; dgrs gAaS tSls& dk'k! laxhr&izfr;ksfxrk esa] eSa pquk tkÅ¡A pfy,] fi+ QYe ns[k vk,¡A 8- iz'uokpd okD; ftu okD;ksa n~okjk iz'u djus dk Hkko izdV gksrk gS] mUgsa iz'uokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& dgks] oSQls vkuk gqvk\\ lanhi dks fdlus Mk¡V fn;k\\ [k- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ Hksn% jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& 1- ljy okD; 2- la;qDr okD; 3- feJ okD; fganh O;kdj.k & 8 96

1- ljy okD; ftl okD; esa ,d gh fozQ;k gks vFkkZr~ ,d gh fo/s; gks] Hkys gh drkZ (mn~ns';) ,d ls vf/d gksa] mls ljy okD; dgrs gSA tSls& dcwrj mM+kA bathfu;j vk;kA usgk vkSj :ik ck”kkj xbZA 2- la;qDr okD; ftu okD;ksa osQ lHkh miokD; leku Lrj osQ gksrs gSa vkSj dksbZ fdlh ij vkfJr ugha gksrs] mUgsa la;qDr okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& vkt nhnh vkus okyh Fkh] foa Qrq ugha vkbZA la;qDr okD;ksa esa iz/ku miokD; vkSj nwljs miokD;ksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, vkSj] foa Qrq] ij] ijarq] ysfdu] ,oa rFkk ;k vkfn lekukf/dj.k laca/cks/d vO;;ksa dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 3- feJ okD; ,slk okD; ftlesa ,d iz/ku miokD; vkSj nwljk vkfJr miokD; gksrk gS] feJ okD; dgykrk gSA fEkJ okD; esa eq[; mn~ns'; vkSj eq[; fo/s; osQ vfrfjDr vusd lekfidk fozQ;k,¡gksrh gSaA tSls& gks ldrk gS fd ge u;k Vsyhfo”ku [kjhnsaA okD; okD;&ifjorZu 1- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD;ksa esa ifjorZu ozQe okD; Hksn 1- fo/kuokpd lqfer O;kikj djrk gSA 2- fu\"ks/okpd lqfer O;kikj ugha djrk gSA 3- foLe;okpd vjs! lqfer O;kikj djrk gSA 4- lansgokpd 'kk;n lqfer O;kikj djrk gSA 5- vkKkokpd lqfer! O;kikj djksA 6- laosQrokpd firk th dgrs rks lqfer O;kikj djrkA 7- bPNkokpd lqfer dks O;kikj djuk pkfg,A 8- iz'uokpd D;k lqfer O;kikj djrk gS\\ 97 fganh O;kdj.k & 8

2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD;ksa esa ifjorZu d- ljy okD; ls la;qDr okD; ljy okD; la;qDr okD; yLlh ;k 'kjcr esa ls dksbZ ih ysaxsA yLlh ih ysaxs ;k 'kjcr ih ysaxsA [k- ljy okD; ls fEkJ okD; ljy okD; feJ okD; ykijokg e”knwj Nr ls fxj x;kA tks e”knwj ykijokg Fkk] og Nr ls fxj x;kA x- la;qDr okD; ls ljy okD; la;qDr okD; ljy okD; bZ'kk vkbZ vkSj i<+us yxhA bZ'kk vkdj i<+us yxhA ?kcjkvks er vkSj xhr lqukvksA fcuk ?kcjk, xhr lqukvskA ?k- la;qDr okD; ls feJ okD; la;qDr okD; feJ okD; ?kaVh ct xbZ vkSj cPps d{kk esa tkus yxsA tc ?kaVh cth rks cPps d{kk esa tkus yxsA Ä- ljy okD; ls la;qDr rFkk feJ okD; d{kk esa vè;kfidk osQ vkrs gh lHkh 'kkar gks x,A (ljy okD;) d{kk esa vè;kfidk vkbZ vkSj lHkh 'kkar gks x,A (la;qDr okD;) tSls gh d{kk esa vè;kfidk vkbZ] oSls gh lHkh 'kkar gks x,A (fEkJ okD;) vkvks nksgjk,¡ • jpuk dh n`f\"V ls okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSa& mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s;A • okD; osQ Hksnksa osQ nks vk/kj gksrs gSa & vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij vkSj jpuk osQ vk/kj ijA • vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& fo/kuokpd okD; fu\"ks/okpd okD; foLe;okpd okD; lansgokpd okD; vkKkokpd okD; laosQrokpd okD; bPNkokpd okD; iz'uokpd okD; fganh O;kdj.k & 8 98

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr inca/ dk lgh Hksn pqudj fy[kksA d- lksp&le>dj cksyus okyk vkneh lnk lEeku ikrk gSA i. laKk inca/ ii. fo'ks\"k.k inca/ iii. fozQ;k inca/ iv. fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/ [k- fon~;ky; osQ vkl&ikl gjs&Hkjs [ksr rFkk ?kkl osQ eSnku gSaA i. laKk inca/ ii. fo'ks\"k.k inca/ iii. loZuke inca/ iv. fozQ;k inca/ x- ge lHkh 'kke ls nsj jkr rd rqEgkjk bartkj djrs jgsA i. laKk inca/ ii. fo'ks\"k.k inca/ iii. fozQ;k inca/ iv. fozQ;kfo'ks\"k.k inca/ 2- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ okD;&Hksn crkvksA d- ;fn ckny gVrs rks lwjt fudyrkA --------------------------------------------------- [k- esjk fe=k vkxjk esa jgrk gSA --------------------------------------------------- x- pfy,] FkksM+h nsj ikoZQ esa cSBrs gSaA --------------------------------------------------- ?k- ?kj igq¡pdj igys viuk x`gdk;Z djukA --------------------------------------------------- 3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s; vyx djksA fganh O;kdj.k & 8 d- ykyw izlkn ,d usrk gSA [k- f[kykM+h eSnku esa [ksy jgs gSaA x- fdlku us [ksr tksr fn;kA ?k- ukSdj li+ QkbZ djsxkA 99