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METHODS AND APPROACH TO COMMUNICATION PLANNING LEARN HOW TO PLAN YOUR PROJECT 2021 JOSE VARGAS JR. REMY ROSE DOMIGUEZ MAE PELAEZ MARY FANNY OCQUIA CLAIRE ANN LERIOS ILAINE CORBILLA

Analysis is an element of planning devoted to learning about system, environment, and goals. A typical product of the analysis stage in planning is a statement of problems and causes, together with related goals. It is a method for communication planning that permits a universal investigation. It is important, when using it, to know the level of detail (level of analysis) that is required in order to avoid unnecessary overplanning (Manuel Gómez- Ortigoza). Dan J. Wedemeyer RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TREND EXTRAPOLATION DELPHI TECHNIQUE BRAINSTORMING (ALAN HANCOCK) (BENJAMIN E. SUTA) (DAN J. WEDEMEYER) (George B. & Wima D.) Resource allocation is It is the general name for a A group technique that Brainstorming is designed to neither a planning theory, variety of mathematical organizes and utilizes expert stimulate creative thinking nor a technique. It is, rather, forecasting methods, all of opinion in order to deal with and the production of a large an indispensable component which determine future number of ideas related to a of the planning process, complex problems. It is a specific problem or task. A irrespective of the planning values for a single variable structured communication through some process of system which involves two or group of people are approach adopted. identifying a relationship three rounds of experts' assembled and are presented valid for the past values and with a relatively well-defined a solution for future values. estimates. problem or creative task.

Strategy planners develop alternative ways to achieve goals. Planners can apply knowledge of theories and cause -effect models as guides to action. As systems grow in complexity, and as their goals become more complex, the ability of theories to explain and predict tends to weaken. The development of alternative strategies thus becomes important at early stages of strategy making. SCENARIOS (John Spence). Enable planners to investigate the effects of a wide range of potential future environmental developments on the system. Scenarios represents different futures, allowing planners to see how different they could be. SIMULATION AND GAMING (Gus Roots) This planning method provides a simplified but dynamic model of future system and environment, allowing planners to directly participate in the process of experimenting with different strategies to see how they could work. CROSS-IMPACT ANALYSIS (Dan J. Wedemeyer) It is strategy for modelling the interaction of trends and events in the future. It is a type of dynamic modelling that allows planners to examine the mutual interaction of trends and events, allowing them to test strategy elements. INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS (Meheroo Jussawalla Marc U. Porat) A method for simulating the information of major economic sectors of a country. It allows planners to track the impact of changes in one like information, on other sectors like agriculture. COMPACT POLICY ASSESSMENT (COMPASS) Barclay M. Hudson This planning method is similar to Delhi and brainstorming. Examine strategies or other components of planning, as well as to establish policy and strategy, group discuss and analyze them. It gives a low-cost, relatively quick way to test strategic ideas utilizing a group’s collective judgment.

The task in the decision stage is to use knowledge of the system and its environment as a guide in searching through alternative planning approaches for an approach, or combination of approaches. Planners will seek to choose an approach which fits with key elements of the environment and the system, no w or in the future. If everybody is responsible, nobody is responsible. Great teams assign clear individual responsibilities and hold people to their commitments.

The time test of quality of plan comes through actions in the real world. a key aspect of action is careful attention to monitoring of what happens. It is method which create and organize information for co-ordination, control and modification FLOWCHARTING This method is a graphic aid that visually representing the process, implementation, goal and action of a plan/activity. It consists of shapes and indicators of the plan for an easier visual understanding. INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL COORDINATION This method is a concept of two or more organizations engagement which provides a better service and improve the production capacity that can be useful to the society. PLANNERS' WORKSHOP This method is a group planning activity that focuses to the best result of a detailed goal for a certain cause and agenda. This involves with the staffs/ representatives from different organizations. PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE This method is a detailed state of the action which consists of assembly progress by scheduling and planning. This involves the production resources and manpower for a better result.

The popularity of the concept of 'communication development indicators,' which is a derivative of the more broad concepts of economic, social, and cultural development indicators, can be attributed in part to normative theories of social change. A case study is a type of naturalistic inquiry that can be used to investigate complicated social processes from a holistic standpoint. The method's goal is to improve understanding, not to prove or disprove previous assumptions and claims. Surveys are highly structured data-collection techniques that enable researchers to make broad generalizations about a human population based on data from a small sample of respondents.

THE SYSTEMS APPROACH (JAMES ELEMENTS LYONS) ▪ What are the desired outputs or The traditional approach employed by results of the new system? scientists to tackle complex problems is to subdivide them into subproblems that are ▪ What are the inputs or sources analyzed independently. The solution to the necessary to produce those original problem is then supposed to be the outputs? sum of the independent solutions to the subproblems. ▪ What is the logic of the process that will convert the inputs into the OBJECTIVE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS outputs? ▪ To provide the foundation for the .SYSTEM ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY development of a system. ▪ Initiation ▪ Innovation ▪ System ma y be the modification of one ▪ Documentation ▪ Selection that exists already or something entirely ▪ Interrogation ▪ Specification new. . ▪ Systems analysis can be viewed as considering three essential elements:

THEORY OF PLANNING: A GUIDE HOW TO PLAN Theory can also be used by planners to influence their own actions. These theories are referred to as procedural theory. There are numerous theories about how planning is done or should be done. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY COMMUNICATION THEORY A way of looking at society and the way it Communication theory tends to be broad involves. The explanation of society and in scope, encompassing a variety of social processes, particularly social levels and functions. Thus the universal change. law of communication theory says that all living beings whether they are plants, ORGANIZATION THEORY animals, human beings communicate through sound, speech, visible changes, Aims to explain how organizations work body movements, gestures or in the best and how they might be altered to work possible way to make the others aware more effectively. of their thoughts, feelings, problems, happiness or any other information.

In modern ages, economics focuses for a competition in the market that implements in many categories of production. It becomes a global stage of marketers and decision-makers on how they will communicate to perceive that their production are the best essentials Marxist Theory and services. It focuses mainly for a technological Neoclassical Economic Theory progress and advancement that can be Classified as “Competitive Market Theory” beneficial for industries and that resembles in today’s economic state. corporations. It accumulates wealth than This an operational status of public and targeting for a maximum profit as they private owners, workers, and consumers classify their social statuses and which has main resources from profit- classes. This theory provides an unjust oriented gain. Its system is a working factor role for Capitalist Class and Working to continue and develop the mass production Class where the power and money are in of goods and services despite the control. competition of the same category of production.

The Elements of Communication Technology by Bernard Webster and John Spence's papers on telecommunications and broadcasting shed light on the basic technical elements of communication technologies. Outlines a national communication structure, and provides an example of the kinds of technological alternative that can confront planners. Th e use of alternative scenarios for long-term forecasting is of central concern. COMMUNICATION SIGNAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS ▪ Analogue signals are electrical The first subdivision of networks is into two basic types analogies of some physical variable. ▪ Star or open networks and ▪ Digital signals do not vary in sympathy with some message source but are a codified ▪ Mesh or closed networks. representation of it. FORECASTING FOR COMMUNICATION BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY PLANNING The Broadcast signals which distributed through ▪ Short-term forecasting applies to transmitters located on planning for the growth and the ground (terrestrial transmitters) and expansion of existing through a variety of technologies in which the communications systems. transmitter is located above the ground to increase the range of broadcast (non- ▪ Long-term forecasting is terrestrial transmitters). concerned with alternative futures over long time spans, perhaps twenty five years.

Evaluation Strategies for Communication Planning Evaluation, or the application of knowledge and judgment to assess the effectiveness of a program, is becoming increasingly crucial in national communication strategy. The main reasons for evaluating are accountability – you can show what you've accomplished and justify your time, energy, and money spent – and improvement – you can figure out what worked effectively. ▪ Pretesting and simulation ▪ Feedback ▪ Pilot testing ▪ Assessment of system impact