Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 17 18 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters Table 1. Summary of the salient features of the seven study sites in Boracay Island, (2012). Study Sites Descriptions Salient Features Study Site 1 Mangrove swamp 1 as referred in Adjacent to Puka Beach, Brgy. Yapak this study. Area = 5.31 ha This is wetland 1 per DENR Approximately 49% (2.58 has) of the mangrove swamp was converted into 6-Survey of wetland areas in residential areas Boracay Island. Approximately 51% (2.73 has) was still covered by mangrove trees Study Site 2 Referred as “Source” in this study Adjacent to mangrove swamp 1 Named after “puka” shells abundantly found on Puka Beach located in Yapak the beach. No houses and big resorts immediately adjacent to the beach. Village. Study Site 3 Bulabog Beach located in Balabag Covered with vast area of seagrass beds Village Discharge area of two drainage outfalls of Balabag Village and Manoc-manoc Also called the back beach Village. BIWC outfall of treated sewage, 850- m away from the beach. Docking area of boats. Study Site 4 Referred to as “Source” in this An abandoned fishpond area study Approximate area of 3.70 has, 10% of the area is covered with mangroves Mangrove swamp 6 per DENR 6, A creek is discharging to the wetlands. Survey of wetland areas in Bora- Commonly called by the local people as Dead Forest - impoverished of mangrove cay Island trees. Study Site 5 Referred to as “Transition Area” Fishpond dike under the bridge in this study, located in Balabag Exit and entrance of water from the mangrove swamp 6 during low tide and Village entrance of sea water during high tide Study Site 6 Lugotan Cove, located in Manoc- It is an embayment. Mangrove forest lined the mouth area of the cove. manoc Village. Referred to as the Approximately covered by 3 hectares of seagrass bed repository area of waters from Outfall of drainage canal of Manoc-manoc Village mangrove swamp 6 Study Site 7 Long Beach 4- km fine white sand starting from Angol Point in Manoc-manoc to Fridays area in Yapak Village Divided into 3 stations (1, 2, and 3). Frequently visited by tourists. Most populated portion of Boracay Island an area of 5.31 ha. It is 10 masl. About 49% (approximately relatively few establishments compared to other sites which 2.58 ha) of the mangrove swamp was developed into a composed of native cottages, 12 souvenir mini-shops and residential area by the claimants. The natural creek which one restaurant located at the entrance of the beach. previously connected the mangrove swamp to Puka Beach was covered due to developments. The remaining Site 3 is the Bulabog Beach, or the back beach at undeveloped portion of the area [51% (2.73 ha)] is a Balabag Village (Figure 2). It is located at 11 58’37.5”N; o forested wetland containing mangrove forest. It serves as 121 58’37.5”E. The beach is mostly covered by the vast Figure 2. Geologic and structural map of Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan reflecting the seven study sites, (2012). o water catchment of flood water during heavy rains from area of seagrasses. It serves as docking area of pump four catchment areas located at the East, West and South boats during East-North-Eeast wind. Aside from hotels portions of the wetland (DENR VI, Wetland Assessment and resorts, commercial establishments engaged in water Forest” by the local community and only has about 10% Site 5 is a Transition Area (Figure 2), located after Report 2009). There are more or less 260 households sports are located in the area. Two drainage outfalls that mangrove trees along the periphery. It has an estimated area the dike connecting the Dead Forest and Lugotan Cove with an estimated population of 1,560 within the 150 m contained untreated and partially treated sewage discharged of 3.697 ha previously converted into fishpond (presently (Site 6) at Manoc-manoc Village. It is an embayment periphery of the mangrove swamp. Also found in the area to the beach. The outfalls are waste waters from households abandoned). The Dead Forest served as the catchment area which is sporadically covered by seagrass bed. It is located o o are 42 stores, and six restaurants. Moreover, there are and commercial establishments in Manoc-manoc Village of surface water, ground water, and sewage from adjacent at 11 57’34.4”N; 121 55’58.3”E and sampling area is only two big establishments located near the mangrove and Balabag Village not connected to Boracay Integrated communities within and around the mangrove swamp. A approximately 349 m away from Site 4. swamp that drained their treated effluent to the wetland Water Corporation (BIWC) sewerage system. Likewise, the small creek at the south-western part of the Dead Forest (DENR VI-PAWCZMS Wetland Assessment Report 2009). outfall of the sewage from BIWC is also situated 850 m traversing the houses and establishments drains into this Site 6 is a Repository Area, catchment of water from away from the shoreline. wetland. Located at its elevated portion are the wet market, Site 4 (Dead Forest/source) and Transition Area (Figure o Site 2 (Figure 2) Puka Beach is the adjacent coastal stores, restaurants/eatery, pawnshop/jewelry shops, and 2), named Lugotan Cove, located at 11 57’27.9”N; o area of the mangrove swamp 1 in Yapak Village. Its water Site 4 (referred to as source or wetland 6), (DENR parlor and salons. All these establishments are not connected 121 55’58.5”E. The sampling point here is 58 m away from o sampling point is approximately 127 m away from Site VI, 2009) is a mangrove swamp located at 11 57’30.9”N; to a sewerage system, thus all their waste waters drain into Site 5. Its mouth is located immediately after the Transition 1, situated at 11 58’37.3”N; 121 55’25.8”E. The area has 121 55’45.9”E (Figure 2). It is commonly called “Dead the swamp via the creek. Area (Site 5) is being margined by mangrove forest. o o o Municipality of Malay 231 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 19 20 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters Adjacent to it is about 3-ha seagrass bed. The seagrass thermometer. The bacteriological analysis on E. coli, and Table 2. Summary of parameters analyzed for coastal water quality in Boracay Island, 2012. bed is approximately covered by 2 m water column during total coliform (Figure 4) was conducted by the researcher Parameters Method Reference or Manifacturer high tide and is exposed during lowest low tide. A 500-m using the Petrifilm (http://www.3m.com/3M/enUS/ -1 drainage canal traversing the community within wetlands 5 company-us; Bacteriological Analytical Manual 1998). Nitrate (mgL ) -1 Closed Reflux Cell Test MERCK Phosphate (mgL ) Closed Reflux Cell Test MERCK and 7 adjacent to wetland 6 or Site 4 is also discharging in Two dilutions with two replicates were made based on the BOD (mgL ) Respirometric 5210 B 5-Day BOD Test ,APHA AWWA, Standard Method for the examina- -1 Lugotan Cove. Sewage of some houses and restaurants and assumed pollution level of the coastal water. tion of water and waste water other establishments are being discharged into the drainage DO (mgL ) Glass Electrode 4500-O D, APHA AWWA, Standard Method for the examination of water -1 canal. (Although, wetlands 5 and 7 were not included In order to determine the dynamics of the water and waste water in thisstudy, the residential areas and establishments quality in the Island Pearson r correlation using Minitab TSS (mgL ) Gravimetric Method 2540 D, APHA AWWA, Standard Method for the examination of water and -1 within them were also accounted in the study). version 11 was done to establish association of the different waste water + biophysico-chemical parameters (Table 2). Comparative pH (range) Electrometric 4500-H ,APHA AWWA, Standard Method for the examination of water and Site 7 is the 4-km Long Beach and is located at analysis between sites and sampling periods was done waste water 11 57’15.2”N; 121 55’39.8”E (Figure 2) and is divided through Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by SAS Temperature (°C) Mercury-filled 2550 B, APHA AWWA, Standard Method for the examination of water and o o waste water Thermometer into stations 1, 2 and 3. It is the area of great interest to the PROC GLM using SAS ver. The t-test analysis using Excel E. coli (CFU mL ) Petrifilm 3M Microbiology Products -1 people, since it is always visited by tourists and is the most was conducted to determine the influence of seasons to the Total Coliform CFU ml ) Petrifilm 3M Microbiology Products -1 populated area. result of the parameters analyzed. NPK of coastal sediment OM SA Wildes, P – PCARR, 1980. Standard Methods of Analysis of Soil, Plant Tissue, Water (OM-%; P-ppm; K-ppm) Olsen’s Method and Fertilizer. Water Quality Laboratory Analysis Secondary Data Gathering K- Cold H SO 2 4 The water samples were analyzed for the following Secondary data were gathered from concerned taken from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Sewage and Toilet Connection parameters: Nitrogen (nitrate), Phosphorus (ortho- institutions. The information included the various Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Roxas phosphate), pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), assessments and monitoring reports from the Departmentof City Station, while geological data were obtained from the Sewerage system service in the Boracay Island Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Office of DENR Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), in was inadequate. Only some areas of the three villages- water temperature (APHA, AWWA, WEF 1995, Eaton Department of Tourism (DOT) and Local Government Western Visayas, 2012. Manoc manoc, Balabag, and Yapak were served. There et al. 1998), E. coli and total coli count. Six water Units (LGUs). The data were used to initially characterize were houses and establishments that only their grey water samplings were done bi-monthly in February, April, the mangrove swamps as well as the island’s coastal waters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (waste water from kitchen and bathrooms) was connected June, September4 (for August), October, and December Information on tourist arrivals and related socio-economic to the sewerage system. Data from Boracay Island Water 2012. Collections of samples were mostly done at the information were also taken from LGU Malay in 2012, Sources of Pollution Corporation (BIWC) in 2012 revealed that 28 commercial last week of the month except during inclement weather Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) and DOT. Weather establishments and 34 residential buildings in Balabag condition. Thus, samplings were done within the limit and climate data such as rainfall and wind patterns were The coastal water quality in Boracay Island was Village located within the service area of BIWC were not of one week before and after the set schedule, and were basically influenced by natural and anthropogenic sources connected to the sewerage system while only around 167 conducted at low tide, usually between 6:30 to 10:00 a.m. namely: the inflowing underground water and surface houses within the villages of Balabag and Manoc-manoc freshwater, the sewage discharge, coastal sea water were connected. Similarly, 21l commercial establishments Rainfall higher than 200 mm mo occurred in the dynamics, geological and geographic characteristics of the and 46 residential buildings in Manoc-manoc Village, one -1 months of May, July, September and November, while area. The multitude of anthropogenic sources of nutrients commercial establishment and one big resort in Yapak rainfall less than or equal to 200mm mo occurred in the and other forms of pollution into the mangrove swamps and Village, all within the reach of the sewerage system were -1 months of October, December, January, February, March, coastal waters came mostly from the partially treated and not also connected. No sewerage system existed in most April and June (Figure 3) (PAGASA 2012). untreated domestic waste water generated by the households, part of Yapak Village. Almost all the toilets of houses in boarding houses, and commercial establishments Mangrove Swamp 1 (Study Site 1) and Mangrove Swamp The water samples were brought to Boracay Island particularly those not connected to a sewerage system. 6 (Study Site 4) were not connected to the sewerage system Water Corporation (BIWC) laboratory for the analyses Figure 3. Amount of monthly rainfall in Boracay Island, Other identified sources of pollution were the inorganic and though most of them used septic tanks. Most septic tanks of DO, BOD, TSS, nitrates, phosphates, and pH, while Malay, Aklan, 2012. (Source: PAGASA, Roxas organic chemical pollutants that are naturally found in the in the Island do not have a properly constructed seepage water temperature was taken in situ using a mercury-filled City station). environment wherein residues and discharges were brought tile to further purify the effluents (Boracay Environmental by floods off the mangrove swamps and to the shore. Master Plan 2008). Most likely, high population density Illegal reclamation and occupation of wetlands (mangrove areas during peak tourist season may cause overflow swamps) reduced the flood plain areas that collect wastes of septic tanks, thus the grey water of residents of these where natural biological and chemical processes could have establishments not connected to the sewerage system was diminished the organic and inorganic load of the waters either discharged to the ground, mangrove swamps or septic before being discharged to coastal waters. There were tanks and some directly to the drainage canal. All waste instances that some households and residents mechanically water percolated to the ground and was transported to the force out flood waters to the sea through the use of water mangrove swamp due to the porosity of the Karstic soil of pumps (Boracay Environmental Master Plan, 2008). Boracay (Trousdale 1997, MGB, Region VI 2012). Organic Figure 4. Petrifilm method used in the colony count of E. coli/other coliforms in Boracay Island, (2012). and inorganic wastes were also brought to the coastal areas 232 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 21 22 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters through surface runoff during rainy periods. On the other source of DO in the area (Ulrich 1976; Dowling and Wiley Table 4. Water Quality Results (Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD, Nitrate, phosphate, Total hand, most of the business establishments along the Long 1986; Saffran and Anderson 1997; Huggins and Anderson Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Temperature in Seven Sampling Sites at Six Sampling Periods in Boracay Beach and Bulabog Beach totaling 767 (BIWC 2012) were 2005). Island, (2012). connected to sewerage system. Many of the big resorts Water Quality Date of Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (tree- Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 (Long have their own Sewerage Treatment Pond (STP). Majority At Site 4 – “Dead Forest” or Mangrove Swamp 6, Indicators Water (Mangrove (Puka (Bulabog impoverished (Transition (Lugotan Beach-Front of resorts and hotels within the service area of BIWC were lowest DO at almost zero was recorded in April sampling Sampling Swamp - 49% Beach) Beach- mangrove area bet site Cove) Beach) connected to the sewerage system. Few large hotels and period when temperature was highest at 31 C (Table 4). mangrove Front swamp) 4 and 6) o resorts established their own STP. Higher ambient water temperature recorded in this site may cover) Beach) have caused the rapid decomposition of organic matter in DO (mg L ) 6.74 7.68 7.73 1.59 6.58 8.08 7.99 -1 Biophysico-chemical Results and Dynamics dry season particularly in the month of April which could BOD (mg L ) 50 20 50 150 100 100 20 -1 -1 have caused this zero DO level. The super saturation values Nitrate (mg L ) 3 3 1 5 3 1 2 -1 The physical properties and water chemistry of for dissolved oxygen in the site could also be explained by Phosphate (mg L ) February 59 0.8 34.3 25.6 62 63.5 20.5 -1 samples from the study sites were discussed with reference the prevailing water condition that enhanced evaporation or TSS (mg L ) 12, 2016 799 458 455 292 315 365 480 to the geographical, geological and hydrodynamics favored oxygen to leave the water surface resulting to super pH 7.05 6.89 8.12 7.82 8.07 8.11 6.82 characteristics. The results of the water quality of the saturation effect. This is below the ≥5mg L dissolved Temperature 26.8 28.8 27 28.5 27.5 27.5 29 -1 -1 study sites were compared as to the purifying effect of oxygen normal value for biologically alive water body (DAO DO (mg L ) 7.14 7.98 7.49 0.07 6.55 6.19 7.19 -1 the mangrove swamps. The water quality results were 34 1994). In the absence of oxygen, the decomposition BOD (mg L ) 30 10 10 250 40 20 20 8 3 -1 2 3 2 6 6 evaluated based on DENR standards per DAO 34, Series of of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria produced many Nitrate (mg L ) -1 April 27, 3.7 32.6 79 61.9 36.9 72.5 99.1 Phosphate (mg L ) 1990- “Standard for the Classification of Body of Water”. unpleasant odors, i.e. methane, ammonia and hydrogen TSS (mg L ) 2012 153 483 427 206 313 354 488 -1 Based on the classification of coastal water of Boracay sulfides (Poach et al 2002; Voss et al 2011). The researcher pH 7.34 8.13 7.76 7.59 8.11 8.08 9.07 Island conducted by DENR, EMB, Long Beach and Puka during the summer samplings detected rotten egg odor, Temperature 31 28 30 31 31 30.5 30 Beach were classified under Class SB - Coastal and Marine indicating the presence of H S. High level of ammonia is DO (mg L ) 6.8 8.38 7.23 6.28 6.48 4.98 8.03 -1 2 Water - Recreational Water Class (area used by public for toxic to marine organism and nutrients like nitrate and can BOD (mg L ) 100 20 20 100 20 20 20 -1 bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc); while the Bulabog have direct detrimental effects when ingested by humans. The Nitrate (mg L ) June 27, 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 -1 Beach was classified as Class SC- Recreational water Class increase of nutrients in water will degrade water qualityand Phosphate (mg L ) 2012 14.7 19.3 21.1 20.8 34.3 16.9 83.6 -1 II (boating, etc). The mangrove swamps were not classified alter primary producer production (Cadwell 1975; Dunette TSS (mg L ) 77 479 477 290 461 463 486 -1 by EMB Region VI, however per DAO 34, Series of 1990, et al. 1985; Matson et al. 1997; Smith et al. 1999). pH 7.77 7.97 7.84 7.98 7.92 7.82 8.04 mangrove swamps belong to Class SD (other areas). Temperature 29.5 29 29 30 29 29 28.5 DO (mg L ) 7.70 5.29 6.53 3.39 6.10 7.39 9.70 -1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Table 3. Summary of parameters correlated with significant BOD (mg L ) 5 9 3 16 8 8 2 -1 results resulting r value and p value. Nitrate (mg L ) September 3 1 3 6 6 8 3 -1 -1 The DO reading (Table 3) was positively correlated Parameters Correlated r-Value p-Value Phosphate (mg L ) 4, 2012 13.8 27.5 10.6 18.4 0 36.3 23.3 -1 with study site classification whether source, transition, DO with classification of study Sites 0.46 0.002 TSS (mg L ) 435 33 25 456 405 430 402 repository coastal water (r=0.46; p=0.002) and sampling (source, transition, repository area) pH 7.83 8.05 7.95 8.20 8.26 8.08 7.50 periods (r=0.31; p=0.043). The DO reading increased from DO with sampling periods 0.31 0.043 Temperature 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 -1 the source to the transition area and to the repository area BOD with classification of study Sites -0.42 0.005 DO (mg L ) 7.74 8.89 6.93 6.19 6.12 7.48 7.59 -1 (coastal), and ranged between 0.7-11.06 mg L (Table 4). BOD with sampling periods -0.48 0.001 BOD (mg L ) -1 5 0 2 15 8 11 5 -1 3 October 2 2 3 2 2 1 Among these three sites, the lowest DO level was recorded pH with study Sites 0.317 0.041 Nitrate (mg L ) -1 18, 2012 5.1 11.3 1.1 11.3 4.6 2.8 8.6 Phosphate (mg L ) at Site 4 (Dead Forest/mangrove swamp 6-source) and pH with sampling period 0.46 0.002 TSS (mg L ) 64 451 465 234 296 319 315 -1 during the months of April, February and September 2012 DO with pH 0.36 0.0211 pH 7.45 8.16 7.84 8.26 8.01 8.19 8.16 with readings of 0.7 mg L , 1.5 mg L , and 3.39 mg L , TSS with temperature 0.411 0.007 Temperature 30 30 29.5 30 29 29 29 -1 -1 -1 respectively, while the highest value at Lugotan Cove DO (mg L ) 4.29 8.15 8.22 8.86 10.46 11.06 8.75 -1 (Site 6) was in December 2012 that may be attributed to BOD (mg L ) 11 6 4 26 18 19 3 -1 the presence of macrophytes (algae) and cold temperature Nitrate (mg L ) December 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 -1 (Horne 1969; Saffran and Anderson 1997) during the Phosphate (mg L ) 19, 2012 66.5 66.7 3.4 57.3 38.7 72.5 2.8 -1 sampling period. The saturation values had the similar TSS (mg L ) 194 472 550 448 467 482 458 -1 trends in other sites as indicated by the DO values. These pH 7.44 8.09 8.02 8.35 8.48 8.63 8.15 readings were below 2.0 mg L , the required DO level for Temperature 28 28 28 30 29 29 28 -1 unclassified sites (Class SD) such as mangrove swamps based on DAO 34 water (unclassified body of water). The factors that may be contributing to the low DO levels at these sites were the decomposition of organic matter, high Figure 5. Dissolved Oxygen mgL and Temperature reading -1 temperature, less water movement and also may be due to in Study Site 4 (Mangrove swamp-Dead Forest) small number of submerged macrophytes that can be the for six sampling periods 2012. Municipality of Malay 233 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 23 24 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters The Lugotan Cove (Site 6-repository area) in June Lower difference in BOD readings was registered during this period, this may be attributed to wave dissipation 27, 2012 sampling recorded a DO level of 5 ppm (Table between Puka Beach (Site 2) and Mangrove Swamp 1 process in the beach region. 4) lower compared with Source (Site 4) and Transition (Site 1) in all sampling periods except in September (Table Area (Site 5) at around 6 ppm. This may be attributed to 4). However, during the rainy month of September, Puka Phosphates the untreated sewage from the households and commercial Beach had higher BOD (9 mg L ) than mangrove swamp 1 -1 establishments that were not connected to the sewerage (5 mg L ). This means that less organic matter was present The identified sources of phosphates in Boracay Island -1 system and discharged directly to the canal during the in mangrove swamp probably due to the increase of its were from possible leak of water rich in phosphate that rainy season (May to October) that drained to the cove water level producing a dilution effect (Valiela et al. 2013). included the septic tanks, organic matter from surface run- (Figure 2). In addition, rainy season relatively increased It could be possibly attributed also to the surface run off to off, and treated, partially treated and untreated sewage and the volume of organic influx that included terrigenous the sea from other sources aside from Site 1 (10 masl), and waste water. Detergents from waste water are also primary sources, as compared to dry season (November to April). underground percolation of organic matter (Trousdale 1997). source of phosphates. Phosphates are important nutrients The decomposition of organic matter in untreated waste for plant growth but excessive amount of phosphates in waters utilized more of the DO in the water thus, low DO Lower BOD from September to December sampling Figure 6. Relationship of tourist arrivals with nitrates level water can lead to algal bloom (Hutchinson 1969; Correl level was registered in this June sampling. periods were registered in all sites compared to previous in water column (1- February 29, 2-April 27, 1998; Smith 1998). In the issue of pollution, phosphates sampling months. This happened because the preceding 3-June 27, 4-September 4, 5-October 18, and are one component of total dissolved solids (Hochanadel Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) organic matter was already decomposed, or could be due 6-December 19). 2010). to dissipation process as influenced by current and wave Higher BOD reading means presence of large amount action as in the case of Puka Beach, Long Beach and during this period, biological and chemical processes could Up to the present, there are no indicated water quality of organic matter to be degraded by decomposers (Marske Bulabog Beach (Huggins and Anderson 2005). However, have facilitated the transformation of organic and inorganic criteria for phosphate in marine waters in the Philippines. and Polkowski, 1972; Prandi-Rosa and Farache Filho Lugotan Cove (Site 6) being an embayment showed a nitrogen into dissolved nitrate (Leonov and Toth 1981; Burt However, as discussed in the study of Yang et al. (2008), 2002; Wahid et al. 2007). A BOD of 5 mgL-1 and below relatively higher BOD compared to other sites except for et al. 1993; Bode and Dortch 1996; Lordal et al. 2008) lakes to be considered uncontaminated should have a -1 is the accepted level for Class SB water, and 10 mgL-1for Site 4 because of higher organic inputs and less dissipation and deposited it in Lugotan Cove causing nitrate level to phosphate range of 0.01 - 0.03 mg L , while phosphate level -1 Class SC water (DAO 35 1990; DAO 23 1997). However, of nutrients due to slow water movement. increase. It can also be attributed to other sources of nutrients between 0.025 - 0.1 mg L will stimulate plant growth, and -1 BOD standard was not determined for Class SD (DAO 34 from the drainage canal that emptied into the Lugotan Cove 0.1 mg L phosphate is the maximum acceptable level to 1994). BOD readings (Table 3) has an inverse relationship Nitrate as well as to the decomposition, of primary producers’ avoid accelerated eutrophication, and phosphate of more -1 with DO readings (r= -0.61; p=0). Likewise, BOD reading biomass in the area. In the process of decomposition, the than 0.1 mg L will result to accelerated plant growth and was negatively correlated with class (source, transition, Nitrate level ranged between 0-8 mg L (Table 4). micro-organism used up dissolved oxygen which might had subsequent ecological problems. Moreover, the US EPA, -1 and repository area), (r= -0.42; p=0.005) and sampling The lowest recorded nitrate level was in the Long Beach been quickly replenished by oxygen dissolved from air and 1986 recommended that there should not be more than 0.1 -1 periods (r=-0.48; p=0.001). The factors that explain the (Site 7) during the June 27 sampling period at 0 mg L , those released by the seagrasses and phytoplankton such mg L total phosphorus for streams which do not empty -1 -1 high variation of BOD in the different sampling sites were while the highest was in Lugotan Cove (Site 6) during the that DO level in Lugotan Cove remained high at 6.0 mg L into reservoirs; no more than 0.05 mg L for streams -1 -1 the organic matter present in the water, light intensity, water April 27 and September 4 sampling periods at 8 mg L . (Huggins and Anderson 2005; Saffran and Anderson 1997). discharging into reservoirs; and no more than 0.025 mg L -1 current, and kinds of living organisms present in the water for reservoirs to be considered uncontaminated. body (Lee et al. 2003; Voss et al. 2011). The BOD reading The excess nitrate in water may be due to nutrients The lower level of nitrate in Bulabog Beach can be per sampling period at different sampling sites ranged leaked from septic tanks and these had percolated in the explained by the presence of vast area of seagrasses that In this study, the phosphate concentrations (Table 4) between 0-250 mg L . Puka Beach (Site 2) at Yapak Village ground into the sea. With June being a period of low tourist utilized the dissolved nutrients in water for their growth and were highest in the Long Beach (Site 7) during the April and -1 -1 -1 registered the lowest BOD of zero even during the October arrivals, it is being speculated that sewage did not exceed reproduction; consistent to the research study of Chapin June sampling at 99.1 mg L and 88.6 mg L , respectively. sampling period showing that less organic matter was the septic tank level hence percolation into the coastal water et al. (2004), that the apparent decrease in nitrate during Zero phosphate was recorded in the Transition Area (Site being discharged in the area. It shows that the source (Site was controlled. High nitrate level was observed during the low tide period could be attributed to denitrification 5) of mangrove swamp 6 (Site 4) during the September 4 1-mangrove swamp 1) adjacent to the Puka Beach was still April and February sampling periods with high tourist in the sediments or uptake by photosynthetic and benthic sampling. Sampling sites with lower phosphates were -1 effective in controlling the discharge of organic matter to arrivals (Figure 6). The association of increased nitrate organisms. Puka Beach (Site 2) at Yapak Village (0.8 mg L ) in -1 the beach. The DO reading was high at 8.89 mg L during level with high number of tourists during these periods February, Bulabog Beach (Site 3) with 1.1 mg L during the -1 -1 the sampling period. was supported by the significant association of nitrate and Mangrove swamp 6/Dead Forest-Site 4 (source) did October sampling, Lugotan (2.8 mg L ) October sampling, tourist arrivals during the months of February to April 2012 not show higher nitrate compared to its adjacent coastal and Dead Forest/Mangrove Swamp 6 – source (Site 4) with -1 Site 4 -Dead Forest/Mangrove Swamp 6 (source) (Figure 6). Nitrate increased due to tourism was also cited area (Lugotan Cove-Site 6) during the April water sampling phosphate level of 3.7 mg L ) April sampling. -1 registered highest BOD at 250 mg L during the April by Patterson and McDonald (2004) on their study of how despite the fact that there was high BOD of 250 mg L -1 27 sampling with DO=.07 mg L . The BOD in the first clean and green tourism is in New Zealand. (Table 4) and low DO of 0.7 mg L (Table 4) indicating Generally, phosphate level was higher in February, -1 -1 three sampling periods (February, April and June) were high organic matter content. This may be due to the high April, June and December sampling periods. It could be comparatively high in all sampling sites and did not pass the Highest levels of nitrate 8 mg L were observed in temperature of 31 C which was recorded in the site (Table that higher volume of sewage was discharged to the coastal -1 o BOD standard for Class SB and SC water. It can be explained Lugotan Cove (Site 6) in April and September samplings 4) during April which favors ammonia volatization. Hence, water due to high influx of tourists (Figure 7) from late that during these months there may be massive input of (Table 4). It was possible that water from Mangrove it is highly possible that low nitrate level in the site can December to April as can be supported by data from DOT. organic matter coupled with accelerated decomposition Swamp 6- source (Site 4) flowed to Transition Area (Site be attributed to ammonia escape in April that inhibited The relatively high phosphate level in June can be attributed and relatively high intensity of light penetration (Voss et al. 5) and to coastal area at Lugotan Cove- repository. With the nitrification process (Voss 2011; Poach et al. 2002). to the discharge of surface soils containing accumulated -1 2011; Teal et al. 1978). sufficient DO of 6 mg L in the Transition Area (Table 4) However, Long Beach did not also show high nitrate level inorganic and organic matter laden with phosphates into 234 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 25 26 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters acidity reduces as affected by limestone weathering in the 5) and Lugotan Cove-Repository Area (Site 6). Movement effect of precipitation. The rainy season was also a upper epikarst because acidity reduces as affected by the of water in the Transition Area going to the coast and lean season of tourist arrivals in Boracay Island, which limestone weathering in the upper epikarst and subsequent additional input of sediments from the drainage canal means that there were also lesser inputs of nitrate from dissolution (Maree and du Plessis 1994; Faimon 2005) adjacent the Mangrove Swamp 6 (Site 4) and emptying into anthropogenic activities. as in the case of Boracay Island. The pH readings in all the Lugotan Cove (Site 6) influenced the TSS levels. The sampling areas ranged from 6.82-8.48 and were within the high TSS level in Wetland 1-Source (Site 1) could be due On the other hand, coastal E. coli was higher in dry criteria of Class SB and Class SC water. The normal pH to the very low water level wherein sediment was disturbed season than in the wet season (105.94 vs. 28.12, t=3.16, value can be attributed to the Karstic soil of Boracay Island during water sampling. p=0.01) as there could be less dilution and dissipation containing high CaCO that helped buffer pH changes even of polluted water during this time. Specifically, highest 3 with the inputs of pollution in the mangrove swamps and Comparison of Water Quality Results Between Study recorded E. coli was observed in the month of April, the coastal water that may reduce or increase the pH level. The Sites month with the highest tourist arrival. As mentioned above, photosynthetic activity of seagrass and algae may have also septic tanks may have overflowed as well the flow of the aided in the increase of pH by consuming the CO present Comparative analysis of water quality parameters by untreated sewage from residential houses and business Figure 7. Relationship of tourist arrivals with phosphates 2 sampling Sites using 2-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) establishments not connected with the sewerage system level in water column (1- February 29, 2-April in the water (Heber et al., 1976). Photosynthesis of these at 5% significant level and Tukey’s test based on log- may have increased during this period, both of which were 27, 3-June 27, 4-September 4, 5-October 18, autotrophs also liberates O in the coastal water leading to 2 and 6-December 19). high DO reading. transformed data, showed no significant differences among possible sources of E.coli contamination. However, during sampling points in terms of TSS, phosphates, nitrates, wet season, high amount of precipitation may have diluted Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and water temperature parameters. However, Site 4 or the pollutant in the swamp and coastal areas. It was also the study sites by storm waters that started during the Mangrove Swamp 6 was slightly higher in pH and much possible that the pollutants were washed away by rain and month of May. In shallow water, the increased frequency The TSS reading was found positively correlated with higher BOD than Site 1 or Mangrove Swamp 1, Site 2 dissipated into the open sea. of disturbance enabled the release of P from the sediment; temperature (r=0.411; p=.007) (Table 3). This means that (Puka Beach) and Site 7 (Long Beach). Site 6 (coastal part of wetland 6 or the Lugotan Cove) has the highest E. coli CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS especially the high temperature which may explain the high higher TSS readings where registered at sampling periods and total coliform populations. The rest of the sites had the phosphate level in areas where water was flowing (Cai et where the temperature of the coastal water was also high. al. 2007; Sharpley et al. 1996) The TSS readings (Table 4) ranged between 25-799 mg same levels. The coastal water quality in Boracay Island was L . The high readings in most sampling periods may be influenced by natural and anthropogenic sources of nutrients, -1 There was rapid dissipation of phosphorous from explained by the fact that water samples were taken along The difference in volume and degree of pollution load coastal sea water dynamics, geological characteristics of higher concentration at the pollution source (Site 4) to the shore during sampling months at low tide level for between mangrove swamp 1 (Site 1) and mangrove swamp the area and weather and climate. The major sources of Transition (Site 5) and ultimately to the coastal area (Site 6). consistency. These were also the times when most tourists 6 (Site 4) was very distinct. Higher pollution load was pollution affecting the water quality are waste water from The phosphate was then gradually released into dissolved were active in the coastal zone. However, the TSS of 25 estimated in mangrove swamp 6 than mangrove swamp households and commercial establishments not connected to the sewerage system. Influx of tourists during peak 1. The water quality results between the two mangrove -1 form during the mineralization process of the sea (Owilli mg L in Bulabog Beach during September 4 sampling swamps and between the two coastal sites adjacent to the season contributed heavily to nutrient loading. On the 2003). High levels of phosphorus can facilitate blooms and could be explained by the wind direction and current which growth of autotrophs in general. This leads to an overall was South-Southwest (SSW) monsoon with calming effect mangrove swamps: Puka Beach (Mangrove Swamp 1) and other hand, the coastal water in Boracay Island undergoes Lugotan Cove (Mangrove Swamp 6) proved the importance natural cleansing mechanisms through biogeochemical decrease in DO, as the algae after death were decomposed at the back beach or Bulabog Beach (Site 3) located in of mangrove swamp as it assimilates the nutrients from processes in the mangrove swamps and through activities by aerobic bacteria. the eastern portion of the Island. The wide seagrass bed cover in Bulabog performed its functions in binding the the organic matters discharged through biological and of the autotrophs present in the coastal zone of the island. pH sediments creating clearer water. On the other hand, the chemical processes before it is being discharged to the The process of cleansing the water of excess nutrients was high TSS readings in Bulabog for the rest of the sampling adjacent coastal waters (Gearheart 1993; Primavera 2004). described in the dynamic interaction of phytoplankton, sea The “pH” measures the H+ ion concentration of periods were due to the sewage outfalls from the drainage Moreover, Mangrove Swamp 1 was densely vegetated grass and macro algae in utilizing available N and P in the substances and gives the results on a scale from 0 to 14. that were confined by current during the North-East (NE) compared to Mangrove Swamp 6 (DENR VI, PAWCZMS coastal water of the Island discussed in the parallel work Wetland Assessment Report, 2009). by the same authors in a recent paper (Limates et al. 2016). It affects biological processes, and influence reaction rates and East-Northeast (ENE) wind direction, and also owing (Ulrich 1976). Sudden changes in pH can indicate nutrient to the docking of pump boats along the shore and wind Effect of Season on Water Quality The capacity of the mangrove swamps to purify water or chemical runoff (Heiland 2009). In Boracay Island, the surfing activity. The high level of TSS at the Long Beach was affected by the extent of mangrove cover and the pH reading was positively correlated with site (r=0.317; (Site 7) could be attributed to the swimming activities of the The t-test conducted comparing the wet and dry amount of waste discharged into it. Basically, the physical p=0.041) and sampling period (r=0.46; p=0.002). Thus pH tourists. Puka Beach at Yapak Village (Site 2), also located samplings periods showed that only air temperature and E. and water chemistry of mangrove swamp was influenced increased from source (Site 4 and Site 1) to coastal area in the eastern portion of the Island, had a comparatively coli colony counts had significant differences at 1% level by the relative amount of solid and liquid waste discharged (Site 6 and Site 2) and from the first to the 6th sampling lower TSS reading. The rest of the sampling periods that periods. gave Puka Beach (Site 2) a higher TSS may be due to the between seasons. Other parameters were not significantly into the swamp and waste waters from anthropogenic and effect of sea turbulence when the wind direction was North- affected by seasonal variation. Air temperature was natural sources. Coastal water surrounding areas with Dissolved Oxygen was positively correlated with pH East (NE). significantly higher in dry season than in the wet season higher anthropogenic activities where establishments not (r=0.36; p=0.0211), (Table 3). It means that with higher (27.05C vs. 25.79, t=4.84, p<0.0010), but air temperature connected to sewerage system are adjacent to mangrove had no significant effect on the autotrophs since they are swamp impoverished of mangrove trees showed poor pH there is also higher level of DO. If the soil is Karstic The sewage outflow to the Dead Forest/mangrove not exposed to air. It can be deduced that one of the factors water quality, while coastal water adjacent to mangrove which is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO ) or limestone, swamp 6 (Site 4) contributed to the high TSS level. High that affected the lower concentration of nitrate was dilution swamp with relatively good mangrove cover and with 3 water bodies tend to have higher pH because water TSS readings were also recorded in Transition Area (Site Municipality of Malay 235 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 27 28 Water Quality Dynamics and Nutrient Loading in Boracay Waters lesser anthropogenic activities proved to have good water of receiving waters: a review. Journal of Environmental Horne, R.A. 1969. Marine Chemistry. The Structure of Water Patterson, M. G., and G. McDonald. 2004. How Clean and quality. Likewise, good water quality was recorded in Quality. 27: 261-266. and the Chemistry of the Hydrosphere. New York-London- Green is New Zealand Tourism? : Lifecycle and Future coastal areas with commercial establishments connected Sydney-Toronto:Wiley-Intercience, a Division of John Environmental Impacts. Landcare Research Science to the sewerage system as in the case of Long Beach (Site Department Administrative Order (DAO) 34, Series of 1990. Wiley and Sons 1969- 568pp. Series. 24:1172-269. 7), the most populated and visited area in Boracay Island. Revised Water Usage and Classification/Water Quality Criteria Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of Hutchinson, G.E., 1969. Eutrophication, past and present. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical and the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations”. Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives. Seismological Authority, Roxas City. 2012. Pollution reduction and proactive measures should National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C, pp. 17-26. be put in-place to sustain the tourism industry in the Department Administrative Order (DAO) 35, Series of 1990. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Island. Based on the results of this study the following are Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990, Revising and http://www.3m.com/3M/enUS/company-us Resources Research and Development. 1980. Standard recommended actions that need to be done: Rehabilitation Amending the Effluent Regulations of 1982. Methods of Analysis of Soil, Plant Tissue, Water and of the mangrove swamps by relocating all informal settlers http://www.googleearth.com Fertilizer. and increasing the mangrove cover; Establishment of waste DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 23, Series of 1997. water treatment facility at the outfall of drainage canals before “Updating Departments Administrative Order No. 34, Huggins, D.G., and Anderson, J. 2005. Dissolved Oxygen Prandi-Rosa G.A. and Farache Filho A. (2008 ). Avaliação discharging into the coastal water; Strictly implementing the Series of 1990 Otherwise Known as the Revised Water Fluctuation Regimes in Streams of the Western Corn Belt de parâmetros de qualidade de águas superficiais em Plains Ecoregion. Report No. 130 of the Kansas Biological mananciais do município de Jales – SP. Evaluation of policy that all residential and commercial establishments Usage Classification/Water Quality Criteria Amending Survey. Central Plains Center for BioAssessment. quality parameters of superficial water in springs from Jales Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of the 1978 NPCC should be connected to the Island’s sewerage system; Rules and Regulations”. – SP. Holos Environment. 2 (1): 36-51. Protection and rehabilitation of seagrass beds because of Lee, G.F., Dee, P.E., Lee, A.J., Lee, F., and Macero, E. 2003. Role its role in nutrient recycling, water purification, as habitat Department of Environment and Natural Resources- of Aquatic Plant Nutrients in Causing Sediment Oxygen Primavera, J. H. (2004). Philippine mangroves: status, threats and of marine organisms and provision of other vital ecological Environmental Management Bureau. 2005 - 2012, Demand Part II – Sediment Oxygen Demand. Retrieved sustainable development. In M. Vannucci (Ed.), Mangrove services; Effective implementation of a collaborative Water Quality Monitoring Report. Unpublished. DENR January 21, 2013. management and conservation: present and future. pp. 192– and comprehensive monitoring system as one important Environmental Master Plan, Boracay, 2008.Unpublished. 207. proactive strategy to prevent further degradation of the Leonov, A.V. and Toth, D. 1981. The study of nitrogen coastal water of Boracay Island; and Inclusion of analysis of Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Region VI, transformation in fresh water: Experiments and Poach, M.E., P.G. Hunt, T.A. Matheny, E.J. Sadler, M. H. Johnson, K.C. Syone, F.J. Mathematical Modelling. IIASA Collaborative Paper. phosphates and nitrates levels in the conduct of regular water Protected Area Wildlife and Coastal Zone Management IIASA-Laxenburgh, Austria, CP-81-024. quality monitoring by concerned government agencies. Services, Wetland Assessment Report in Boracay Island. 2009. Unpublished. Humenik, and J.M. Rice. 2002. Ammonia Volatization from Limates, V. G., Cuevas, V.C., Tajolosa, M.A. T. and Benigno, Constructed Wetlands that Treat Swine Wastewater. 2002. REFERENCES DENR VI. Mines and Geo-sciences Bureau. Iloilo City. 2012. E. 2016. Phytoplankton Abundance and Distribution in American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 45(3): 619-927. Unpublished Selected Sites of Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan, Central American Public Health Association, American Water Works Philippines. JESAM. Special Issue 2. 1-14. Local Recide, R.S. 2016. Contribution of Tourism to Economy is 8.2 Percent Association, Water Environment Federation. 1995. Dowling, D.C., and Wiley, M.J. The Effects of Dissolved Oxygen, Government Unit (LGU) Malay, Satellite Office. 2012. in 2015. Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts. Ref. Number Standard Methods for the Examination of Waterand Temperature, and Low Stream Flow on Fishes: A Literature 2016- 090. https://psa.gov.ph/content/contribution-tourism- Wastewater. 19th Ed. American Public Health Association, Review. 1986. Illinois Natural History. Survey Aquatic Lordal, T., Eichner, C., Grossant, H.P., Carbonnel, V., Martin- economy-8.2percent-2015. Downloaded 12-1-2016. Washington D.C. Biology Technical Report 1986 (2). Jezequel, V., and Thingstad, T.F. 2008. Competion for inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorous Saffran, K.A. and A.M. Anderson. 1997.An Empirical Analysis Bacteriological Analytical Manual 1998, 8th Edition. Food and Dunette, D.A., Chynoweth, D.P., and Arbor, KA. The source between phytoplankton and bacteria during Emiliana of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Conditions Drug Administration. of hydrogen sulfide in anoxic sediment. 1985. Water huxleyi spring bloom. Biogeosciences, 5, 371-2008. In The Red Deer River. Water Sciences Branch Water Resources.19 (7): 875-884. Management Division Alberta Environmental Protection. Bode, A and Dortch, Q. 1996. Uptake and regeneration of Maree, J.P., and du Plessis, P. 1994. 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Heiland, L. 2009. Monitoring the water quality and fecal coliform Pennsylvania, USA. Wetlands 23(1): 171-179. Springer, New York, pp. 7-49. 2007. Effects of Environmental Factors and Submerged bacteria in the upper Susquehanna. Retrieved February 12, Aquatic Plants on Phosphorus Release from the Sediment. 2013. Owill, M.A. 2003. Assessment of Impact of Sewage Effluents Smith, V.H., Tilman, G.D., and Nekola, J.C. 1999. Eutrophication: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. on Coastal Water Quality in Hafnarfjordur, Iceland. impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and Hochanadel, D. 2010. Limited amount of total phosphorus actually Unpublished. terrestrial ecosystem. Environmental Pollution. 100 (1999): Correll, D.L. 1998. The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication feeds algae study finds. Retrieved February 12, 2013. 179-196. 236 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Special Issue No. 2 2016 29 South Puget Sound Dissolved Oxygen Study. Key Findings on Nitrogen Sources from the Data Report. 2008. Publication no. 08-10-099. Department of Ecology. State of Washington. Trousdale, W. 1997.Carrying Capacity Considerations the Need for Managing Change in a Unique Tourism Destination Boracay Island Philippines. Retrieved January 11, 2012. Trousdale, W. 1999. Governance in Context Boracay Island, Philippines. Annals of Tourism Research. 26 (4): 840-867. Ulrich H., T. John Andrews, and N. K. Boardman. Effects of pH and Oxygen on Photosynthetic Reactions of Intact Chloroplast. 1976. Plant Physiology. 57: 277-283. Valiela, I., Giblin, A., Jensen, C.B., Harris, C., Stone, T., Fox, S., and Crusius, J. 2013. Nutrient gradients in Panamanian estuaries: effects of watershed deforestation, rainfall, upwelling and within-estuary transformations. 2013. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 482: 1–15. Voss, M., A., Baker, H., Bange, D., Conley, S., Cornell, B., Deutsch, A., Engel, R., Ganeshram, J., Garnier, B., Deutsch, A. E., Raja, G., Garner, J., Heiskanen, A.S., Jickells, T., Lancelot, C., McQuatters, A., Middelburg J., Schiedek, D., Slomp, C., and Conley, D. 2011. Nitrogen Processes in Coastal and Marine Ecosystems. The European Nitrogen Assessment. Wahid S.M., Babel M.S., and Bhuiyan A.R. (2007). Hydrologic monitoring and analysis in the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. Journal of Hydrology. 332: 381– 395 Yang, X., Xiang, W., Hao, H. and Zhen, L.H. 2008. Review: Mechanisms and Assessment of Water Eutrophication. Journal of Zhejiang University Science. pp. 1673-1581 Yang, X., Wu, X., Hu, L.H. and Z.L. 2008. Mechanisms and Assessment of Water Eutrophication: In Review. Journal of Zhejiang University Science. pp.1862-178. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Funds for this research were provided by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Boracay Island Water Corporation (BIWC) and Boracay Foundation, Inc. (BFI). Municipality of Malay 237 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

“Regional Oceanography of the Philippine Archipelago” a b 118°E 122°E 124°E 126°E 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E 16°N 100 120°E 16°N 100 Luzon 100 100 4000 South China 100 Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 1500 Sea 100 1000 500 4000 13°N 13°N 100 Lamon Bay Mindoro 1000 100 2000 6000 aBStract. Confined by the intricate configuration of the Philippine Archipelago, 14°N 4000 Luzon 100 14°N Masbate 100 1000 forced by the monsoonal climate and tides, responding to the remote forcing from the South China Sea Verde Island Passage 100 100 6000 12°N 1000 100 100 1000 100 100 Samar 12°N 500 100 500 2000 open Pacific and adjacent seas of Southeast Asia, the internal Philippine seas present a 4000 Mindoro 1500 1000 Mindoro Sibuyan Sea 1000 500 San Bernardino 1000 500 Strait Strait Tablas 100 Strait 100 100 100 South challenging environment to both observe and model. The Philippine Straits Dynamics 12°N 500 100 500 Sibuyan 6000 12°N Panay Leyte 100 1000 Sea 500 Visayan 1500 11°N 11°N Experiment (PhilEx) observations reported here provide a view of the regional 2000 100 500 500 Sea 100 100 1000 100 Panay Strait Panay Leyte Palawan Cebu oceanography for specific periods. Interaction with the western Pacific occurs by way 1500 100 Camotes 500 Gulf 2000 4000 100 Leyte 1000 Palawan 100 1000 100 1000 Sea 10°N 10°N of the shallow San Bernardino and Surigao straits. More significant interaction occurs Surigao 100 Bohol 1000 10°N 500 100 Bohol Strait 100 10°N Negros 100 via Mindoro and Panay straits with the South China Sea, which is connected to the 500 1500 1500 1000 2000 Negros 1000 1000 100 1000 500 Bohol Sea 100 1500 open Pacific through Luzon Strait. The Mindoro/Panay throughflow reaches into the 100 2000 4000 Dipolog Strait 1500 500 9°N 1000 4000 Bohol Sea 100 9°N Sulu Sea and adjacent Bohol and Sibuyan seas via the Verde Island Passage and Tablas 2000 1500 4000 Sulu Sea 500 100 500 4000 Sulu Sea 1000 1000 8°N 1000 Mindanao 8°N 100 and Dipolog straits. The deep, isolated basins are ventilated by flow over confining Balabac 100 500 1000 Mindanao Strait 1000 2000 8°N 8°N topographic sills that causes upward displacement of older resident water, made more 1000 100 1500 4000 100 100 1500 Regional IOP: Mar 2009 buoyant by vertical mixing, which is then exported to surrounding seas to close the 2000 4000 1500 4000 500 1000 100 2000 4000 Regional IOP: Jan 2008 Joint: Nov/Dec 2007 overturning circulation circuit. 6°N 500 Sulu Archipelago 100 6°N 7°N Exploratory: Jun 2007 7°N 100 Borneo Sibutu Passage Sulawesi Sea 4000 ADCP Moorings 1000 MMP Moorings iNtrODUctiON Tablas Strait. The South China Sea also 118°E 120°E 122°E 124°E 126°E 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E Following multiple pathways, waters of has access to the southern Sulu Sea via Figure 1. (a) Bathymetry of the seas and straits of the Philippine archipelago from Smith and Sandwell (1997) and http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo. the western Pacific enter the complex, Balabac Strait. The Sibutu Passage links (b) conductivity, temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen, and lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (ctD-O 2 /laDcP) stations obtained by the four Philex cruises identified within the figure legend. Philex mooring positions are indicated. multidimensional array of seas and the southern Sulu Sea to the Sulawesi Sea. straits that form the impressive archi- Once within the confines of the pelago stretching some 3400 km from Philippine Archipelago, circulation and Southeast Asia to Australia. The northern stratification are subjected to monsoonal stations were made during the explor- The hull-mounted shipboard 75- and SST, sea level, ocean color, and wind. The segment of this system is the Philippine winds that are textured by passages atory cruise of June 2007 and two 150-kHz ADCP system measures circu- Panay Island-based high-frequency (HF) Archipelago (Figure 1a), where the North between island morphology (Pullen regional Intensive Observational Period lation of the upper hundreds of meters radar array provides high-resolution sea Equatorial Current bifurcation near 14°N et al., 2008, 2011; May et al., 2011), (Nitani, 1972; Toole et al., 1990; Qiu and by sea-air heat and freshwater fluxes cruises in the winters of January 2008 of the water column along the ship surface current information in Panay Lukas, 1996; Qu and Lukas, 2003) forms including river outflow, and by regions (IOP-08) and March 2009 (IOP-09; track. The cruise data provide nearly Strait. In situ measurements of ocean the western boundary for the equator- with strong tidal currents. Overflow Figure 1b). CTD casts were also under- synoptic views of regional water-column currents and properties are provided ward-flowing Mindanao Current and across < 500-m-deep topographic sills taken during the Joint US/Philippines circulation and stratification. Moorings by towed instrumentation and free- the nascent poleward-flowing Kuroshio. ventilates the depths of isolated basins, Cruise of November and December (Figure 1b) provide time series of the floating sensors, such as surface drifters Pacific water seeps into the Sibuyan and the Sulu Sea, and the smaller Bohol 2007. All PhilEx cruises were conducted currents within major straits. Data from (Ohlmann, 2011), profilers (Girton, Bohol (Mindanao) seas by way of the and Sibuyan seas. from R/V Melville, whose underway sea MacLane Labs moored profilers (MMPs; 2011), and gliders. Biological parameters shallow San Bernardino and Surigao The Office of Naval Research spon- surface water system provides sea surface Figure 1b) characterize the internal closely related to the ocean physical straits, respectively, and in greater sored the Philippine Straits Dynamics temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) at wave environments (Girton et al., 2011). processes are also a component of PhilEx volume through the 2200-m-deep Luzon Experiment (PhilEx) with a goal high resolution, as well as other meteo- Satellite remote sensing provides a (Cabrera et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2011). Strait into the South China Sea (Metzger of exploring the oceanography and rological and oceanographic parameters. variety of regional observations, such as Model studies (Hurlburt et al., 2011; and Hurlburt, 1996, 2001; Centurioni dynamics in the narrow straits and deep Arango et al., 2011; May et al., 2011) et al., 2004; Qu et al., 2006). From the basins of the Philippine Archipelago South China Sea, the flow enters into the using both observations and model Arnold L. Gordon ([email protected]) is Professor, Earth and Environmental complete the suite of methods employed Sulu Sea through Mindoro and Panay output. During PhilEx fieldwork, Sciences and Associate Director, Ocean and Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth by PhilEx researchers to investigate the straits, and eventually into the western conductivity, temperature, depth, and Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA. Janet Sprintall is Research oceanographic conditions and processes Bohol (Mindanao) Sea through Dipolog dissolved oxygen measurements were Oceanographer, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, within the Philippine Archipelago. Strait, and perhaps into the Sibuyan Sea obtained, and lowered acoustic Doppler San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Amy Ffield is Senior Scientist, Earth & Space Research, The coupled ocean/atmosphere is by way of the Verde Island Passage and current profiler (CTD-O /LADCP) Upper Grandview, NY, USA. characterized by variability across a 2 Oceanography | march 2011 15 16 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 238 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

wide range of spatial and temporal 2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 a a) 10 10 scales. Beyond tidal forcing and daily 120˚ 123˚ 126˚ 14°N 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E of 58 m near 10°17'N, 125°50'E (both 14°N 9 14˚ 9 Luzon weather conditions are intraseasonal 8 12˚ 8 119°E 120°E Cool SST 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E topographic estimates are from http:// 121°E Madden Julian Oscillations, seasonal 7 10˚ 7 14°N Cyclonic Luzon 14°N topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo; Smith monsoon forcing, and interannual 6 8˚ 6 13°N eddy Cool SST Strong tidal 13°N and Sandwell, 1997). A comparison of Mindoro SCS El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), GPCP Precipitation (mm/day) 5 5 13°N Cyclonic Anticyclonic eddy currents 13°N the thermohaline water-column profile eddy plus decadal and longer fluctuations. A 4 4 12°N SCS Mindoro Tablas Masbate Strong tidal 12°N within these straits to that of the western Samar currents Island recurring question arises when dealing 3 3 Anticyclonic eddy Tablas Masbate Samar Pacific depicts an environment of Cool SST with observational data, which inher- 2 2 12°N Cool SST Island 12°N vigorous mixing, with possible upwelling Cyclonic eddy Panay ently have gaps in spatial and temporal 1 1 11°N Cyclonic eddy Leyte 11°N of subsill-depth western Pacific water coverage: how typical are the observa- b) 2 1 -2 11°N 1 m/s Panay Leyte 11°N entering into the confines of the straits. -1 tions of the entire region, and of the Anomaly -1 0 0 1 Nino 3 (dashed) Palawan Cebu Strong tidal The currents within San Bernardino currents longer-term “climate” conditions? -2 2 10°N Palawan 1 m/s Cebu Bohol Strong tidal 10°N and Surigao straits were the strongest 2006.5 2007.0 2007.5 2008.0 2008.5 2009.0 2009.5 Negros currents Observations can be “leveraged” by 10°N Sulu Sea 10°N observed during all the PhilEx cruises. Bohol Jet Bohol being used to evaluate model output, Figure 2. (a) The averaged precipitation time series (green line), mean-annual time series Negros In each strait, the average speed of the (purple dashed line), and mean (thin horizontal black line) are shown for data from loca- 9°N 27.2 27.6 28.0 Sulu Sea 9°N 28.4 Bohol Jet or directly assimilated into the models, tions near/within the Philippine seas. (b) The anomaly time series (green=wet, yellow=dry) Iligan Bay Mindanao upper 50 m for the one- to two-day -1 thus allowing for a reliable model-based is shown, along with Nino3 (blue dashed line) for comparison. in (a), the four precipitation 9°N 27.2 R08 SST NB150: 25-55m 28.4 Cool SST Eddy 9°N ship occupation was about 0.5 m s 28.0 27.6 glimpse of this fuller spectrum of events. data locations are indicated by red squares on the map inset. On both (a) and (b), the three 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E Iligan Bay 125°E Mindanao 126°E from the western Pacific to the interior 124°E Eddy Philex cruise periods are indicated by vertical red bars. The precipitation data are from the R08 SST NB150: 25-55m Cool SST In addition to a change in the winds, GPcP Satellite-Gauge (SG), One-Degree Daily (1DD), Version 1.1 data set that is produced 14°N 119°E 119°E 120°E 120°E 121°E 121°E 122°E 122°E 123°E 123°E 124°E 124°E 125°E 125°E 126°E 126°E 14°N seas. However, the strong tidal currents b the monsoon brings a change in precipi- by optimally merging estimates computed from microwave, infrared, and sounder data, and 119°E 120°E Cool SST Luzon 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E obscure the nontidal flow and there- 121°E tation to the Philippine Archipelago, precipitation gauge analyses from October 1996 to June 2009 (http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ 14°N Luzon 14°N fore prohibit meaningful estimation of wmo/wdcamet-ncdc.html#version2). which is expected to be reflected in 13°N Cool SST 13°N the nontidal throughflow, other than Mindoro SCS Strong tidal surface layer thermohaline seasonal 13°N currents 13°N suggesting that it is likely that the direc- Mindoro stratification. Although there are local- SCS Masbate Strong tidal tion of the throughflow was into the Samar currents 12°N Tablas 12°N Island ized variations due to the interaction provide an introduction to the regional patterns within the major Philippine Surface flow to SCS Philippine interior seas. Samar Masbate of the wind with orographic lifting setting in order to place in context the basins of the Sulu and Bohol seas, and 12°N Tablas 12°N The shipboard ADCP and water- Island Panay processes and subsequent river runoff, information presented in the collec- to provide schematic overviews of the 11°N Leyte 11°N column temperature/salinity profiles in general, over the ocean waters, the tion of studies described in this special circulation to serve as a guide to the more Panay Leyte do not show clear continuity of the Surface flow to SCS 11°N Palawan Cebu 11°N winter monsoon brings a time of less PhilEx issue of Oceanography. Each topic detailed studies that are found in this 1 m/s Strong tidal San Bernardino water into the Sibuyan rainfall and the summer more rainfall included in this regional introduction issue of Oceanography or are to follow. 10°N Palawan Negros Cebu Bohol currents 10°N or Camotes seas. In contrast, the Surigao (Figure 2a). However, comparison of the has been covered by PhilEx researchers 10°N 1 m/s Strong tidal 10°N Strait characteristics do intrude into the currents Bohol Jet Bohol actual rainfall for a specific year to the (e.g., published to date are Han et al., reGiONal StratiFicatiON Negros Bohol Sea within a well-defined surface 9°N 9°N average annual cycle reveals precipita- 2008; Rypina et al., 2010; Tessler et al., aND circUlatiON Iligan Bay Mindanao current across the northern Bohol Sea, Bohol Jet tion anomalies (Figure 2b), which may 2010), is presented in this special issue the Sea Surface layer 9°N Sulu Sea Eddy 9°N linking the Surigao Strait throughflow Cool SST Iligan Bay be expected to induce anomalies in the of Oceanography, or will be further Surface-layer circulation observed by 8°N Eddy Mindanao 8°N to Dipolog Strait with export into the Sulu Sea 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.4 surface layer thermohaline stratifica- developed in future publications. Here, the shipboard ADCP (Figure 3a,b) Cool SST Sulu Sea. South of this “Bohol Jet” is a 8°N 8°N tion. During the eight months prior to we use data from the regional PhilEx for IOP-08 and IOP-09 brings out the 27.2 R09 SST OS150: 23-55m 28.4 cyclonic circulation feature that we call 28.0 27.6 7°N 7°N the June 2007 exploratory cruise, there hydrographic cruises and moored time complexity of the pattern of surface R09 SST OS150: 23-55m the Iligan Bay Eddy, found on all of the was an anomalous dry period, an accu- series measurements to describe the currents and the relationship to SST. 7°N 7°N PhilEx cruises, near 124°E (Figure 3). mulative response to the El Niño of the flow pattern and water mass distribu- The direct connection of the 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E Generation of the Iligan Bay Eddy preceding year, whereas the IOP-08 and tion within the Philippine Archipelago. Philippine seas to the western Pacific is 119°E 120°E 121°E 122°E 123°E 124°E 125°E 126°E is not coupled to a sea surface ocean IOP-09 cruises were conducted during Our goal is to determine the potentially through San Bernardino Strait, with a sill Figure 3. current vectors from the shipboard-mounted 150-Khz aDcP system within color signal, as may be expected from -1 anomalously wet periods. important first-order processes that depth of 92 m near 12°47'N, 124°14'E, the 25- to 55-m layer color coded by sea surface temperature (SSt). a 1 m s arrow is upwelling usually associated with a given for scale. ScS is the South china Sea. Various features are shown in italics. (a) Philex The objective of this paper is to might lead to observed circulation and Surigao Strait, with a sill depth cyclonic circulation pattern (Cabrera regional cruise January 2008. (b) Philex regional cruise march 2009. et al., 2011). The Bohol Jet enters the Oceanography | march 2011 17 18 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 Municipality of Malay 239 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Sulu Sea, though its path once within weak and toward the South China Sea. summer SST was about 2° warmer than a o Potential Temperature ( C) Salinity maximum (s-max) in the 75–250 m, the Sulu Sea is not clear. Relatively cool In March 2009, the surface flow in in January 2008 or March 2009. The 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 0 0 16° to 28°C interval that marks North SST is observed south of the Bohol Jet Panay and Mindoro straits, with less SSS range between cruises amounts to extension into the eastern Sulu Sea, a mesoscale activity, was also toward 1.0 psu, with the lowest SSS in January 50 50 Pacific Subtropical Water. Although consequence of upwelling along the the South China Sea. In January 2008, 2008. The highest SSS is in June 2007, a 100 Thermocline 100 the shallow San Bernardino and Zamboanga coast (Villanoy et al., 2011). there was a strong cyclonic eddy in the consequence of the normal dry season 150 Pacific 150 Surigao straits block s-max water, Sulu Sea surface layer circulation South China Sea adjacent to Mindoro compounded by the drier conditions Pressure (db) 200 200 North Pacific Subtropical Water has (Figure 3) displays much mesoscale 250 250 access to the South China Sea via activity at horizontal scales of ~ 100 km, 300 Expo-07: Jun 2007 300 Luzon Strait. However, at the South with varied SST and SSS, rather than a 350 IOP-08: Jan 2008 350 China Sea entrance to Mindoro Strait, IOP-09: Mar 2009 clear basin-scale gyre. However, these 400 400 the pronounced s-max core in the synoptic “snapshots” offered by the “ Philex DiD mUch tO aDVaNce OUr 20 21 σ 0 20° to 28°C range is greatly attenuated shipboard ADCP mapping do not allow UNDerStaNDiNG the WaterS OF the 30 Surface layer 22 26 with only a weak s-max near 28°C for conclusions about the general circu- PhiliPPiNe archiPelaGO. Pacific 23 IOP-08 σ 0 as observed in the June 2007 cruise lation pattern of the Sulu Sea as each ” 25 Subtropical 24 12 data, or a temperature/salinity (T/S) S-max cruise covered different segments of the 20 380-440 m 800-1200 m 26.4 flexure near 25°C in data from the this sea. The warmer SST observed in 25 Sulu Sea 10 regional 2008 and 2009 cruises, and March 2009 relative to January 2008 may Potential Temperature ( o C) 15 South China Sea 26 Panay Sill 26.8 a deeper s-max near 16°C (Figure 4). 480-580 m be partly the normal seasonal signal, Strait (Pullen et al., 2008). The surface of an El Niño (Figure 2). The lowest South China Sea 8 The processes within the South China though in 2009 the survey extended current in Tablas Strait displayed a weak SSS was observed in January 2008 (as 10 27 Sea that attenuate the North Pacific Pacific further to the south, and 2008 tended cyclone (note westward flow at 121.8°E well as during the Joint Cruise of late NPIW 6 subtropical s-max are beyond the to have stronger winds and surface between Mindoro Island and Tablas 2007), a consequence of the phasing out 5 34.42 34.44 34.46 34.48 34.50 scope of this paper. 28 Salinity currents. The January 2008 surface Island, Figure 3), though the tendency of the previous wet season, whereas in A salinity minimum (s-min) is circulation of the Sulu Sea east of 120°E in March 2009 was for flow out of the March 2009, nearly two more months 33.2 33.6 34.0 34.4 34.8 Salinity observed from 350 to 600 m in the is cyclonic, with northward flow along Sibuyan Sea into the Panay-Mindoro into the dry season, SSS was slightly western Pacific stations, marking the eastern boundary that continues corridor. The throughflow of the rela- more elevated. The lowest SSSs (< 33.4) b North Pacific Intermediate Water, into Panay Strait and southward flow tively cool SST of the Verde Island are observed in the Bohol Sea and the which also has access to the South west of 121.3°E. The Sulu circulation was Passage was weak, slightly toward the South China Sea entrance to Mindoro 400 400 anticyclonic in June 2007 (not shown). west in January 2008, and toward the Strait during the winter regional Camotes Sea China Sea via Luzon Strait. An The March 2009 cruise data covers east in March 2009. cruises, perhaps a consequence of the 800 Tablas Strait Camotes Sea 800 attenuated but still visible s-min different parts of the Sulu Sea so that delayed river runoff from their respec- Panay Strait near 10°C is observed in Mindoro direct comparison with January 2008 Water-column Stratification tive larger neighboring landmasses of Pressure (db) 1200 S. Sibuyan Sea 1200 and Panay straits. It is this water that is not practical, though again we find Upper 400-m Profiles Mindanao and Luzon. The Sibuyan S. Sibuyan Sea provides the overflow into the Sulu northward flow in the eastern Sulu Sea With descent into the water column, and Camotes seas’ SSSs are between Sibuyan Sea Sea (Tessler et al., 2010). The θ/S 1600 Sibuyan Sea 1600 structure (Figure 4, lower left panel) and within Panay Strait, albeit relatively the warm, low-salinity surface water 33.4 and 33.6. The seasonal influence Bohol Sea subdued relative to January 2008. above the top of the thermocline at determined by comparing the salinity Sulu Bohol Sea further brings out the stratification Sea In Mindoro and Panay straits, the 50–70 m rapidly gives way to cooler, differences between the PhilEx cruises 2000 2000 features of the Philippine waters, Sulu Sea January 2008 currents form energetic saltier water at 200 m (Figure 4, upper is found to reach to about 130 m, into 9 10 11 12 13 14 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 particularly the “gap” between the eddies in response to complex wind panels). The potential temperature (θ) the mid thermocline. Potential Temperature ( C) Oxygen (ml/L) western North Pacific saline subtrop- o stress curl (Rypina et al., 2010; May drops by ~ 10°C over only 100 m, The relatively warm thermocline data Figure 4. ctD temperature and salinity obtained on the June 2007 Philex exploratory cruise, ical water and fresher thermocline et al., 2011; Pullen et al., 2011), though from 70 to 170 m, coinciding with an (Figure 4) are from the western Pacific the January 2008 regional cruise, and the march 2009 regional cruise. (upper panels) Potential water of the Philippine waters, as temperature and salinity profiles with pressure (depth) for the upper 400 m for the three on average, the surface currents are intense pycnocline in which density adjacent to San Bernardino and Surigao well as the attenuated North Pacific directed toward the South China Sea. increases by nearly three sigma-0 units, straits. In the salinity profiles, these Philex cruises. (lower panels) Potential temperature and salinity scatter plot. The lower right Intermediate Water s-min in Mindoro panel shows the 6° to 13°c strata. In June 2007, the surface flow was from 22.5 to 25.2. The June 2007 early stations display a pronounced salinity and Panay straits. Two CTD stations (Figure 4, upper panels) in the southern Sulu Sea from Oceanography | march 2011 19 20 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 240 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

March 2009 show relatively warm, salty minimum. For example, the Bohol Sea of ~ 500 m. The oxygen minimum of water of the Sulu Sea. While Sulu Sea ventilation to time SerieS water between 125 and 150 m, marking oxygen minimum near 12°C is observed the Sibuyan Sea serves as the overflow PhilEx observations of stratification ~ 1250 m is drawn from the 570-m-deep The time series of moored velocity obser- the trough of solitons observed in that spreading near 300 m throughout water source for the South Sibuyan Sea, and currents between June 2007 and northern sill in Panay Strait, we specu- vations provide a longer-term context area (Jackson et al., 2011). the Sulu Sea, with traces entering which, with further oxygen consump- March 2009 reveal a strong overflow late that the deeper Sulu water may be for the “archipelago-scale” fieldwork into Panay Strait. tion, accounts for the near zero oxygen between 400- to 570-m depth from derived from the Sulawesi Sea to the undertaken as part of PhilEx (Figure 1), -1 Deep Basin Ventilation The effective sill depths are found by (< 0.3 ml l ) of the southern Sibuyan Sea Panay Strait into the Sulu Sea (Tessler south by way of the Sibutu Passage. The such as the synoptic shipborne flow and The Philippine seas are composed of matching the bottom temperature with bottom water. et al., 2010). The overflow water is Sibutu Passage sill is around 350 m, but property measurements of the regional numerous deep basins isolated from one the temperature profile of the external The coldest deep basin is that of derived from approximately 400-m deep delivers denser water into the Sulu Sea survey described above, and the short- another by topographic barriers. There is source water. The shallower the sill, the the Sulu Sea. The source of deep Sulu in the South China Sea. Sulu Sea strati- than does the South China Sea. This term drifter deployments (Ohlmann the open deep Pacific Ocean to the east; warmer the basin waters. The relation- Sea water is generally considered to be fication indicates that the overflow does is primarily because of the shallower et al., 2011). The high-resolution time there are the relatively large seas to the ship of source sill depth θ/S to deep South China Sea water entering through not descend below 1250 m in the Sulu pycnocline of the Sulawesi Sea compared series data from the moorings are also west and south of the Philippines (the basin water θ/S depends on the mixing Mindoro Strait (Broecker et al., 1986). Sea, but rather settles above high-salinity to that found in the South China Sea, used as an important metric to test the Sulu, South China, and Sulawesi seas); deep water. The mean observed overflow and the strong tidal heaving of the Sibutu veracity of numerical models in the and there are the smaller interior seas, transport at the sill is 0.32 Sv, with a Passage pycnocline that can lead to Philippine region (e.g., Hurlburt et al., most notably the Bohol and Sibuyan residence time of 11 years in the affected rather startling solitons within the Sulu 2011; Pullen et al., 2011). seas, and the still smaller Visayan and Sulu layer from 575 to 1250 m. Sea (Apel et al., 1985). The current measurements from Camotes seas (Figure 1). Below roughly the PhilEx moorings (Figure 5) in 500 m, these seas have marked differ- [Philex] POiNtS the Way tOWarD FUrther, Mindoro, Panay, Tablas, and Dipolog ences in θ (and S) and oxygen values mOre qUaNtitatiVe reSearch aND illUStrateS the “r hiGh SPatial aND temPOral reSOlUtiON from each other and from the source NeeD FO Along-Strait Velocity 150 m straits (see Figure 1 for locations) reveal water column of the open western North iN BOth OBSerVatiONS aND mODeliNG. 0.4 much variability and baroclinity over Pacific. The deep Sulu Sea has a potential ” the ~ 15-month deployment period. temperature of 9.9°C, the deep Bohol Sea 0.2 At 150 m, the strong southward flows 11.6°C, and the Sibuyan Sea 10.4°C; the 0 at Mindoro and Panay are evident southern Sibuyan Sea is slightly warmer as two intraseasonal (30–60 day) at 10.7°C, with the warmest isolated velocity (m/s) −0.2 pulses during the northeast monsoon basin; and the Camotes Sea has a bottom environment at the controlling sill and However, the deep salty bottom water −0.4 (December–February). During the potential temperature of 13.2°C. the mixing/entrainment environment of the Sulu Sea does not match a sole southwest monsoon (April–October) These marked property differences of the descending plume: the effective South China Sea source (Figure 4, lower −0.6 when the flow is mainly northward at are a product of sill depths of the topo- sill depth is less deep than the deepest right panel). Quadfasel et al. (1990) Mindoro Panay Tablas Dipolog 150 m in Mindoro and Panay, the flow −0.8 graphic barriers to the neighboring passage as determined by sonic surveys. recognized that the density of the 2008 F M A M J J A S O N D 2009 F M is more southward at Tablas. Some of seas. The isolated deep basins are The warmest deep basin is the interior South China Sea source cannot reach Along-Strait Velocity 420 m this southward Tablas flow is probably ventilated by spillover at the topo- Camotes Sea, with a controlling sill the bottom of the Sulu Sea unless there siphoned off to contribute to the stronger 0.4 graphic barriers that then descend to depth of less than 300 m. The oxygen is substantial addition of suspended northward flow observed at Mindoro the depths, replacing resident water of the Camotes deep water is near sediment to make for a denser blend. 0.2 compared to Panay during this period. -1 made less dense by vertical mixing. The 0 ml l , indicating slow ventilation rela- Based on evidence from sedimentary The along-strait flow at 150 m in Dipolog resident water is lifted upward by denser tive to the oxygen consumption. The records of the Sulu Sea, Quadfasel et al. 0 Strait exhibits more of a short-period overflow water, and is subsequently oxygen levels of the bottom water of (1990) suggest that episodic turbidity velocity (m/s) −0.2 (15–20 day) signal and is primarily exported to the surrounding seas to the southern Sibuyan Sea are also near currents from the South China Sea at eastward. At 300-m depth, the flow in -1 close the overturning circulation cell. 0 ml l . They are slightly warmer than intervals of several decades (on average −0.4 all four passages is also characterized by As these waters are reduced in oxygen the bottom water of the main Sibuyan 50 years) may have played an important −0.6 short-period variability (not shown). At by the rain of organic material from Sea. The South Sibuyan Sea has an effec- role in plunging dense water toward the 420 m, there is high coherence between the sea surface, their export to neigh- tive sill depth of ~ 400 m, while the main bottom of the Sulu Sea. However, this −0.8 the consistently strong southward flow 2008 F M A M J J A S O N D 2009 F M boring seas can be traced as an oxygen Sibuyan Sea has an effective sill depth still would not explain the salty bottom through Mindoro and Panay straits. Figure 5. along-strait velocity at 150 m and 420 m measured at the moorings shown in Figure 1. At this depth, the flow is near bottom Oceanography | march 2011 21 22 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 Municipality of Malay 241 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

in Mindoro Strait and often slightly is of prime importance in ventilating (based on ADCP and CTD data) in these cores are tilted across Dipolog Strait with export in the 300–350-m interval miNDOrO aND PaNay stronger than that observed at Panay the subsurface layers of the Bohol Sea. channels is negligible, but this channel (Figure 6), with the outflow strongest toward the Sulu Sea derived from the thrOUGhFlOW Strait, although the deeper, near-bottom The eastern end of the Bohol Sea is may be an effective way to deliver river at the northern side of the strait and upwardly displaced resident water. This Mindoro and Panay straits connect -1 flow in Panay Strait (~520 m) can connected to the Pacific Ocean across runoff from the islands of the central the inflow strongest along the southern water is low in oxygen (~ 1.3 ml l ) and the Sulu Sea with the South China Sea. -1 reach velocities of > 1 m s . This strong the broad, shallow Leyte Sea through Philippines, and reduce the SSS of the side, consistent with the Coriolis force; is the likely source of a low-oxygen core These straits exhibit much variability benthic overflow contributes to the the 58-m-deep Surigao Strait, where northern Bohol Sea. the deep overflow is confined by the within the Sulu Sea within that depth in depth and width. Apo Reef near ventilation of the deep Sulu Sea (Tessler there appears to be a small net flow of The LADCP profiles reveal the constrictive seafloor topography. interval. Estimates from the LADCP 12.66°N represents a significant obstacle et al., 2010). In Dipolog Strait, the near- surface water into the eastern Bohol Sea. highly layered circulation profile within One can envision a double estuary and mooring time series suggest that the within Mindoro Strait (Ohlmann, 2011). bottom 420-m flow is strongly eastward As described above, Surigao inflow Dipolog Strait (Figure 6), with two layers overturning circulation within the Bohol deep overturning circulation amounts to Between Mindoro and Panay straits from the Sulu Sea into the Bohol Sea, streams across the northern Bohol Sea of inflow into the Bohol Sea and two Sea (Figure 7). The shallow estuary ~ 0.2 Sv. The westward transport in the south of the Semirara islands (11°N, although as in the shallower layers, the to be exported into the Sulu Sea through outflow layers. Near the topographic sill circulation is composed of surface water upper limb of the shallow cell, as esti- 121°30'E), there is an east-west offset flow here is also characterized by strong Dipolog Strait. The northern Bohol Sea where the PhilEx mooring was sited, the outflow to the Sulu Sea, compensated mated from the PhilEx cruises’ LADCP of the these straits, where Tablas Strait 15–20-day variability. is connected to San Bernardino Strait by flow into the Bohol Sea occurs within the with upwelling by entrainment of ther- data across Dipolog Strait, may amount connects Mindoro and Panay straits with way of a 330-km-long narrow channel thermocline from roughly 80 to 200 m mocline inflow waters into the Bohol Sea, to ~ 0.5 Sv, part of which is drawn from the Sibuyan interior sea. The sea between BOhOl Sea that runs through the Camotes Sea to and in the benthic layer overflow at the bolstered by the Surigao throughflow. Surigao Strait. As the LADCP average Mindoro and Panay straits may be With a sill depth of 504 m, the enter the Bohol Sea both to the east and Dipolog sill. The 150-m and 420-m time The deeper estuary overturning circula- for the lower limb is ~ 0.2 Sv, the Surigao considered a triple junction of connec- 47-km-wide (as measured between the west of Bohol Island. This channel has series (Figure 5), which show eastward tion is controlled by dense water overflow Strait throughflow is probably around tive passages. This region received much 100-m isobaths) Dipolog Strait between an 18-m-deep constriction to the north- flow, are consistent with the LADCP to the depths of the Bohol Sea within 0.3 Sv, assuming the Bohol Sea river PhilEx attention in the form of process Negros and Mindanao separates the east of Bohol Island and a 3-km-wide, data. The two layers exported into the the lower 50–100 m of Dipolog Strait, inflow is negligible. studies. That analysis is under way, and Bohol Sea from the Sulu Sea and is the though deep (280 m), channel to the Sulu Sea consist of the surface water deepest connection of the Bohol Sea to northwest of Bohol Island. PhilEx obser- of the upper 50 m and a second layer surrounding seas. The Dipolog Strait vations indicate that the throughflow centered at 300 m. The inflow/outflow Sulu Sea ‘Double’ Estuary Pattern Bohol Sea North South North South Low salinity surface water export Westward Eastward 54 55 56 57 58 54 55 56 57 58 Shallow Estuary 0 0 0 Towards Sulu Towards South Towards North “Pervasive” O -min Out of Bohol Sea 2 Mainly northern side of strait 2 100 100 100 into Bohol Sea Towards Bohol 200 200 200 Sulu O -max, 400-600 m derived from South China Sea 2 Towards Sulu Base of O -max ~600 m 2 Depth (m) 300 Dipolog Strait Throughflow Depth (m) 300 300 Dipolog Sill Deep Estuary 500 m Out of Bohol Sea 400 400 Towards Bohol 400 Figure 7. Schematic representation 47 km wide at 100 m of the water exchange between the 123°00'E 123°30'E Bohol Sea and the Sulu Sea through 9°00'N Bohol Dipolog Strait. The depiction is 500 500 500 Dipolog Dipolog Bohol based on the ctD-O 2 /laDcP data Overflow into Bohol Sea LADCP Sulu from the Philex cruises shown in U V 8°30'N Figures 4 and 6. 600 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 U (m/sec) Distance (km) m/sec -0.4 0.0 0.4 Figure 6. regional 2008 laDcP data from within Dipolog Strait. (left) laDcP profiles of the zonal flow within the deep channel shown in the map insert. The position of the moorings is shown as a yellow triangle. (right) The laDcP section across Dipolog Strait showing zonal and meridional currents. Oceanography | march 2011 23 24 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 242 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

outside of the scope of this regional is found throughout the Sulu Sea, and this region (Pullen et al., 2008, 2011) South China Sea Mindoro/Panay Straits Sulu Sea oceanography view. enters into the Bohol Sea as part of a that can obscure the mean, longer-term Western intensied Center channel ow Western intensied The 150-m and 450-m mooring time deep limb of the shallow overturning conditions. In the upper 150 m, there Low salinity Sulu surface water 0-150 m 20-50 cm/s series (Figure 5) reveal much along-strait circulation cell. is net flow toward the South China Apo reef SCS S-min/S-max layering, ~150-350 m ~10 cm/s, weakens as summer monsoon evolves flow variability in Panay and Mindoro The Mindoro throughflow (Figures 5 Sea. Eddies are generated as this flow straits. The mean throughflow in Panay and 8b) is similar to the Panay structure. encounters Apo Reef (Ohlmann, 2011). Benthic layer spill-over into Sulu O -max ~500 m Sulu Sea 2 Strait at 150 m is northward, albeit The flow above 150 m is toward the At and below 150 m, the flow is toward Mindoro Strait 10-60 cm/s ~500 m weak from April through October, with South China Sea, that is, to the north- the Sulu Sea. Above ~ 500 m, this water Panay Strait strong southward flow during the winter west (the along-strait orientation at the spreads at a similar depth into the Sulu ~600 m entrainment months. The Panay Strait January 2008 mooring site), with reversals during the Sea, marking an s-max near 300 m and and March 2009 LADCP profiles near winter months (Figure 5); below 300 m, an oxygen maximum near 500 m, traces Semirara the mooring site (Figure 8a) show a net the flow is toward Panay Strait with weak of which enter into the Bohol Sea. Spill Sea transfer of surface water above ~ 100 m intervening flow. over topographic sills occurs into the from the Sulu Sea into the South China A schematic of the Mindoro/Panay Semirara Sea (the isolated 1300-m-deep Sea, with flow toward the Sulu Sea throughflow (Figure 9) provides a sense basin south of the Semirara islands) and associated with the s-max below 150 m, of the mean throughflow conditions. over the Panay sill to depths of 1200 m in and stronger flow below 400 m feeding However, wind-induced energetic eddies the Sulu Sea (Figure 4a, lower left panel; the overflow into the Sulu Sea (Tessler as observed in January–February 2008 Tessler et al., 2010). et al., 2010). The South China Sea s-max induce much intraseasonal activity in Figure 9. Schematic representation of the water exchange between the South china Sea and the Sulu Sea through mindoro and Panay straits. The depiction is based on the ctD-O 2 /laDcP data from the Philex regional 2008 and 2009 cruises. -20 -10 0 10 20 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 30 30 20 20 12°00'N IOP-09: 92-94 IOP-09: 115-117 Panay 20 20 10 10 cONclUSiON stratification and impact both climate acKNOWleDGemeNtS The region stretching 3400 km from and the marine ecosystem. This work was supported by Office 11°30'N 10 cm/sec Australia to Southeast Asia, which may To provide context for the studies of Naval Research grant N00014-09- 10 10 0 0 be referred to as a “mega” archipelago, included in this collection of PhilEx 1-0582 to Lamont-Doherty Earth 121°30'E 122°00'E 121°00'E separating the western Pacific and results, this article presented a brief over- Observatory of Columbia University, 0 Mindoro 10 cm/sec eastern tropical Indian oceans, repre- view of a selection of topics depicting ONR-N00014-06-1-0690 to Scripps -100 0 0 -10 -10 sents a complex, yet fascinating oceanic the regional oceanography of Philippine Institution of Oceanography, and 0 12°00'N -200 environment. The western Pacific “sees” Archipelago waters. More thorough ONR- N0001406C0578 to ESR. Lamont- -300 -100 a porous western boundary, representing analysis of each topic has been done else- Doherty Earth Observatory contribution -10 -10 -20 -20 -200 -400 a challenge for both observational where or is presently in preparation. number 7419. and model research to unravel. The PhilEx did much to advance our -300 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 regional circulation responds to strong understanding of the waters of the reFereNceS -20 -400 -20 Figure 8. laDcP vectors color coded for depth in Panay and mindoro straits monsoonal winds textured by moun- Philippine Archipelago. It points the Apel, J.R., J.R. Holbrook, J. Tsai, and A.K. Liu. from January 2008 data. For Panay Strait stations, 92, 93, and 94 are averaged; 1985. The Sulu Sea internal solitons experi- for mindoro Strait, 115, 116, and 117 are averaged. The map inset for each tainous islands, and to complex ocean way toward further, more quantitative ment. Journal of Physical Oceanography panel shows laDcP station positions; the green triangle marks the mooring bottom morphology—all amidst a research and illustrates the need for high 15(12):1,625–1,651. -30 -30 Arango, H.G., J.C. Levin, E.N. Curchitser, B. Zhang, site in each strait. multitude of isolated deep basins within spatial and temporal resolution in both A.M. Moore, W. Han, A.L. Gordon, C.M. Lee, a network of interconnecting straits. observations and modeling. and J.B. Girton. 2011. Development of a -20 -10 0 10 20 Their actions modify the thermohaline hindcast/forecast model for the Philippine Archipelago. Oceanography 24(1):58–69. Oceanography | march 2011 25 26 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 Municipality of Malay 243 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Broecker, W., W. Patzert, R. Toggweiler, and propagation in the lee of the Philippine Islands. M. Stuiver. 1986. Hydrography, chemistry, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L07604, and radioisotopes in the Southeast Asian doi:10.1029/2007GL033109. basins. Journal of Geophysical Research Pullen, J.D., A.L. Gordon, J. Sprintall, 91:14,345–14,354. C.M. Lee, M.H. Alford, J.D. Doyle, and Cabrera, O.C., C.L. Villanoy, L.T. David, and P.W. May. 2011. Atmospheric and oceanic A.L. Gordon. 2011. Barrier layer control of processes in the vicinity of an island strait. entrainment and upwelling in the Bohol Sea, Oceanography 24(1):112–121. Philippines. Oceanography 24(1):130–141. Qu, T., and R. Lukas. 2003. The bifurcation of the Centurioni, L.R., P.P. Niiler, and D.K. Lee. 2004. North Equatorial Current in the Pacific. Journal Observations of inflow of Philippine Sea surface of Physical Oceanography 33(1):5–18. water into the South China Sea through the Qu, T., Y. Du, and H. Sasaki. 2006. South China Sea Luzon Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography throughflow: A heat and freshwater conveyor. 34:113–121. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L23617, Girton, J.B., B.S. Chinn, and M.H. Alford. 2011. doi:10.1029/2006GL028350. Internal wave climates of the Philippine seas. Quadfasel, D., H. Kudrass, and A. Frische. 1990. Oceanography 24(1):100–111. Deep-water renewal by turbidity currents in the Han, W., A.M. Moore, E. Di Lorenzo, A.L. Gordon, Sulu Sea. Nature 348:320–322. and J. Lin. 2008. Seasonal surface ocean Qiu, B., and R. Lukas. 1996. Seasonal and interan- circulation and dynamics in the Philippine nual variability of the North Equatorial Current, Archipelago region during 2004–2008. the Mindanao Current and the Kuroshio Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 47:114– along the Pacific western boundary. Journal of 137, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.10.007. Geophysical Research 101:12,315–12,330. Hurlburt, H.E., E.J. Metzger, J. Sprintall, Rypina, I.I., L.J. Pratt, J. Pullen, J. Levin, and S.N. Riedlinger, R.A. Arnone, T. Shinoda, A.L. Gordon. 2010. Chaotic Advection in an and X. Xu. 2011. Circulation in the Archipelago. Journal of Physical Oceanography Philippine Archipelago simulated by 1/12° 40:1,988–2,006, doi:10.1175/2010JPO4336.1. and 1/25° global HYCOM and EAS NCOM. Smith, W.H.F., and D.T. Sandwell. 1997. Global Oceanography 24(1):28–47. seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and Jackson, C.R., Y. Arvelyna, and I. Asanuma. ship depth soundings. Science 277:1,957–1,962, 2011. High-frequency nonlinear http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo. internal waves around the Philippines. Tessler, Z.D., A.L. Gordon, L.J. Pratt, and Oceanography 24(1):90–99. J. Sprintall. 2010. Transport and dynamics Jones, B.H., C.M. Lee, G. Toro-Farmer, E.S. Boss, of the Panay sill overflow in the Philippine M.C. Gregg, and C.L. Villanoy. 2011. seas. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Tidally driven exchange in an archipelago doi:10.1175/2010JPO4395.1. strait: Biological and optical responses. Toole, J., R. Millard, Z. Wang, and S. Pu. 1990. Oceanography 24(1):142–155. Observations of the Pacific North Equatorial May, P.W., J.D. Doyle, J.D. Pullen, and L.T. David. Current bifurcation at the Philippine coast. 2011. Two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean Journal of Physical Oceanography 20:307–318. modeling of the PhilEx Intensive Observational Villanoy, C.L., O.C. Cabrera, A. Yñiguez, Periods. Oceanography 24(1):48–57. M. Camoying, A. de Guzman, L.T. David, Metzger, E.J., and H.E. Hurlburt. 1996. Coupled and P. Flament. 2011. Monsoon-driven dynamics of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, coastal upwelling off Zamboanga Peninsula, and the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Philippines. Oceanography 24(1):156–165. Research 101:12,331–12,352. Metzger, E.J., and H.E. Hurlburt. 2001. The nonde- terministic nature of Kuroshio penetration and eddy shedding in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31:1,712–1,732. Nitani, H. 1972. Beginning of the Kuroshio. Pp. 129–163 in Kuroshio: Its Physical Aspects. H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, eds, University of Tokyo Press. Ohlmann, J.C. 2011. Drifter observations of small-scale flows in the Philippine Archipelago. Oceanography 24(1):122–129. Pullen, J., J.D. Doyle, P. May, C. Chavanne, P. Flament, and R.A. Arnone. 2008. Monsoon surges trigger oceanic eddy formation and Oceanography | march 2011 27 244 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Inventory of Flora and Fauna Marine Species Inventory Most marine species enlisted are labelled with a conservation status of ‘least concern’ in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, species such as parrot fish are already considered as near threatened; sea stars threatened; and puffer fish vulnerable. Parrot fishes have been proven to have significant ecological importance in a way where it consumes algae and dead corals; in return, it excretes large amount of sand deposits which help prevent coastal erosion and help build up the sea bed. Meanwhile, sea stars and puffer fish help alleviate marine algal population by consuming them. Table 2.4 Marine Species Inventory Figure 2.15 Marine Life Eel Figure 2.18 Marine Life Parrot Fish Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status White sea slug Ardeadoris egretta Willan’s Chromodoris Chromodoris Willani Dotted nudibranch Jorunna funebris Clownfish Ampiprion ocellaris Least concern Blue tang Paracanthurus Least concern hepatus Bannerfish/Pennant Heniochus Least concern coral fish acuminatus Yellow-tailed damsel Chrysiptera Least concern parasema Moray eel Muraena retifera Least concern Parrot fish Scarus guacamaia Near threatened Figure 2.16 Marine Life Clownfish Figure 2.19 Marine Life Puffer Long-spine Diodon holocanthus Least concern Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph porcupine fish Puffer fish Tetraodon pustulatus Vulnerable Sea star Asterias rubens Threatened Emperor angel fish Pomacanthus Least concern imperator Neon slug Nembrotha kubaryana Nudibranch Rhinophores Ribbon eel/Bernis eel Rhinomuraena Least concern quaesita Ribbon egg Source: Municipality of Malay CLUP, 2013-2022 Figure 2.17 Marine Life Parrot Fish Figure 2.20 Marine Life Starfish Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Municipality of Malay 245 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Figure 2.24 Flabellina Goddardi Figure 2.11 Seen at the dive site in Laguna de Boracay Figure 2.12 Diving Site at Laurel Island Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Figure 2.25 Yapak Diving Site Figure 2.21 Marine Life Underwater Angel Figure 2.13 Marine Life Blue Tang and Banner Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Figure 2.23 Diving Site at Punta Bunga Figure 2.23 Diving Site at Balinghai Figure 2.14 Yellow-Tailed Damsel Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph Source: Calypso Diving Team Source: altavistadeboracay.com.ph 246 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Figure 2.22 Nembrotha Kubaryana Figure 2.29 Canarium asperum, locally known as “Pili” Figure 2.32 Rhizophora Source: pinterest.com Source: sylviatramos.blog Source: tropical.theferns.info Table 2.5 Flora Inventory Local Name Scientific Name Uagayan Alstonia macrophylla Dita Alstonia scholaris Pagsahingan Canarium asperum Malabuyo Pittosporum moluccanum Bignay Antidesma bunius Figure 2.30 Macaranga tanarius, locally known as “Binunga” Figure 2.34 Sterculla foetida Kalumpang Sterculia foetida Source: tropical.theferns.info Source: tropical.theferns.info Binunga Macaranga tanarius Bangkal Nauclea Orientalis Tugas Vitex parviflora Agohos Casuariana sp. Pandan dagat Pandanus polycephalus Bakawan Spneratia alba; Rhizophora apiculatya Source: Municipality of Malay CLUP, 2013-2022 Figure 2.31 Pittosporum moluccanum Figure 2.35 Vitex parviflora Source: phytpimages.siu.edu Source: tropical.theferns.info Municipality of Malay 247 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Threatened Species Species Conservation Status Golden-Crowned Flying Fox Endangered (Aceradon jubatus) Giant Fruit Bat Near threatened (Pteropus vampyrus) Small Flying Fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) Least concern Monkeys Near threatened — vulnerable Malay monitor lizard (Varanatus salvator) Least concern Figure 2.36 Alstonia scholaris, locally known as “Dita” Figure 2.13 Pteropus Vampyrus Source: photomazza.com Python Source: Dreamstime.com (Python reticulatus) Least concern Source: Municipality of Malay CLUP, 2013-2022 Figure 2.11 Antidesma bunius, locally known as “Bignay” Figure 2.14 Monkey Source: toptropicals.com Source: newsko.com.ph Figure 2.41 Python Reticulatos Source: Pinterest.com Figure 2.12 Sonneratia alba Figure 2.38 Pteropus Hypomelanus Source: Panorama.solutions Source: Dreamstime.com 248 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

LGU Position Paper Municipality of Malay 249 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

250 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Municipality of Malay 251 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Technical Working Group Meetings First TWG Meeting Attendance 252 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

6.1.2 Minutes of the Meeting 1st TWG Meeting: Minutes of the Meeting Form Title MINUTES OF THE MEETING Form Title MINUTES OF THE MEETING Date 01/03/2018 INTERNAL Date 01/03/2018 INTERNAL EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Local Government of Malay Local Government of Malay Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism Malay Master Plan for Tourism Project Location/ Company Address Email Project Location/ Company Address Email Project No.: Venue: Malay Municipal Hall, Malay, Aklan Time Started: 9:00 PM Time Finished:2:00 PM Project No.: Venue: Malay Municipal Hall, Malay, Aklan Time Started: 9:00 PM Time Finished:2:00 PM AGENDA: Contract Signing and First Technical Working Group (TWG) Meeting AGENDA: Contract Signing and First Technical Working Group (TWG) Meeting ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company 1. 6. 11. 1. 6. 11. 2. 7. 12. 2. 7. 12. 3. 8. 13. 3. 8. 13. 4. 9. 14. 4. 9. 14. 5. 10. 15. 5. 10. 15. SUMMARY SUMMARY Items Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date Items Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date 1. Initial Discussion 2. F orum · Tourist Arrival: 5000 per day · A rchitecture (Green) for Municipal Hall; examples from Dubai · “Most developed, clean; 1st class infrastructure. Concerns: Flood, Garbage, Water, Transportation” · I sland renewal; non­compliance certification · \"Concern: Population increase (urbanization)” · “ Highlight Malay instead of Boracay” · “Concern: Environmental degradation” · N o sidewalks · “Sustain Value in Boracay and expand to Malay Mainland. Concern: Population management” · M entioned Singapore · Ordinance: 40% open space (for 2 has. Lot­ 50% green space but can build higher) · N o to Billboards at airport areas · Inclusive Zoning, recommended by Arch. Palafox · P alafox design principles · Bikable, well­connected, vertical gardens, green urbanism & architecture; taxation, auditors to check; · D rivers said that the areas along the river are flood­prone behave like developers · F PJr: “Identify local housing before urban development; look for jobs for boatmen before the cable · “Integrate Malay culture into the development and as a part of tourism” car; Pick the tourists' pocket before they go to Boracay; Postcards from the future; Marawi “The · Payment for visual impact: strong sense of arrival Unifier” · \"Acquisition of properties; local opposition\" · T agline: “Malay, Aklan” “Malay” “Caticlan, Malay” “Boracay, Malay” · FPJr: Certificate of ownership­ good for 10 years · P lanning examples; Secondary Urban Growth Centers · \" sidewalks­ safe and wider; people getting richer have then walk more\" · C olleges and Healthcare & Wellness to incorporate in Malay · Recommendations: “Greener Malay & Healthy Malay”, National roads with sidewalks & streetlights, · M ake tourist attractions accessible to PWDs more public toilet, municipal hall: strong sense of culture · C onvergence, Connectivity, Corridors · FPJr: “10 trees : 1 car”; bikeable from airport, “Think like developers”, “Respect easements”, · “ To preserve the island, we must develop the Mainland” “Postpone unnecessary traffic”, foot pathwalk of the stops; great Boston vs. More heat sickness · 2 weeks of sharing from Malay locals · Strong implementation of the Ati Village ownership rights · ”Boracay for tourists and business men exclusivity 3. TWG Briefing · FPJr: grid to grid basis to green, best practices, “Malay as mouse trap”, Mixed­Use · P roject Team · \"Transport: chooses their own customers; maybe move to other modes of tranpo; LGU can request · M ayor: “Magkaiba ang code ng Boracay and Mainland” for certificate\" · n eed to clarify the Planning Horizon · “Many are taking lead on how to renew Boracay but when troubles arise, it is their Mayor's fault; · F PJr: “Identify the 'Top 5' 2 weeks Best Time to visit Boracay and the 'Top 5” Worst social media: press releases early · C ertificate of Non­conformance · 7 months: prospect duration · F PJr: “Within 50 meters, no concrete construction, because it is prone to erosion.” · “What will happen after CLUP?” · F PJr: “Propose unique building codes for Boracay Island and Mainland Malay.” · “No framework to materialize the projects mentioned in the CLUP” · “ Tourist attractions do not only bring in tourists but also criminals.” · M ayor: “Oil spill is a long term threat. (turns white sand into brown)” · F PJr: “Tricycles contribute to noise, air and visual pollution; billboards are visual pollution.” · B oat cruise stay for at least twelve (12) hours. · M alay Development Foundation­ tree planting (1/3 people, 1/3 cars, 1/3 trees) · F PJr: “Identify the Poverty rate of Malay.” 2 1 Page ___ of ___ 3 Page ___ of ___ 3 Cc: Cc: Prepared by: Shermaine Ann J. Chen 112 Municipality of Malay Municipality of Malay (Name & Signature) 113 253 PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 5F PCCI Corporate Center, 118 L.P. Leviste St., Makati CBD, 1227, Metro Manila, Philippines PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 5F PCCI Corporate Center, 118 L.P. Leviste St., Makati CBD, 1227, Metro Manila, Philippines Malay Master Plan for Tourism The Premier Tourist Destination T: +632.812.12.54 to 55 | F: +632.893.91.97 | [email protected] | www.palafoxassociates.com T: +632.812.12.54 to 55 | F: +632.893.91.97 | [email protected] | www.palafoxassociates.com

Second TWG Meeting Attendance Form Title MINUTES OF THE MEETING Date 01/03/2018 INTERNAL EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Local Government of Malay Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism Project Location/ Company Address Email Project No.: Venue: Malay Municipal Hall, Malay, Aklan Time Started: 9:00 PM Time Finished:2:00 PM AGENDA: Contract Signing and First Technical Working Group (TWG) Meeting ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company 1. 6. 11. 2. 7. 12. 3. 8. 13. 4. 9. 14. 5. 10. 15. SUMMARY Items Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date · “Tourism Code to incorporate in the Scope of Services · Medical Tourism­ Traditional methods · TWG Proposed two (2) PubCon­ Mainland and Boracay Island · FPJr: “Malay, the center of the world.” · Cultural and Heritage · San Miguel Corporation (SMC) bought lands on the mountains · Coral Reef Revitalization­ find cause for the destruction first (oil spill, pollution, anchoring to corals) · Have proper marina · Transfer RORO · SMC participation in CLUP generation · Boracay Land ownership issues · CLUP­ done on premise that lands are owned by the government Summary of the 2nd TWG Meeting · Legal Consultancy on property rights · DENR harassment despite of signed agreement 23 January 2018. A TWG Meeting was held a day prior to the Visioning Workshop, in order to clarify · SC pronounced 30­year tax payment makes you owner of the land · CLUP­ forest lands with tenured occupants some concerns on the scope of the projects, especially on the Tourism Renewal Infrastructure Project · DENR classification issues of lands (TRIP). The Palafox Team confirmed the submission date of the Inception Report on February 2, and presented a detailed outline of the deliverable. It was also agreed upon that the TWG will have two weeks to review the submitted report, and a Notice to Proceed will be requested to officially resume to the next phase of the project. On the submission of the Progress Report, the Palafox Team requested again for additional baseline data. The second half of the TWG meeting was about the program for the Visioning Workshop. The TWG was briefed of the visioning exercises, and how the roles for the workshop will be distributed. Page ___ of ___ 3 3 Cc: Prepared by: Shermaine Ann J. Chen (Name & Signature) Municipality of Malay 254 PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 5F PCCI Corporate Center, 118 L.P. Leviste St., Makati CBD, 1227, Metro Manila, Philippines T: +632.812.12.54 to 55 | F: +632.893.91.97 | [email protected] | www.palafoxassociates.com Malay Master Plan for Tourism 114

Minutes of the Meeting Third TWG Meeting 5.1.3 Photo Documentation Attendance EnP. Abbey Bravo presenting to the TWG the details of the submittals, as well as some clarifications regarding the scope of services. The TWG Meeting was facilitated by MPDC, Ms. Alma Belejerdo, and Tourism Officer, Mr. Felix Delos Santos. Tourism Specialist Mr. Carlos Libosada explaining current situation of tourism in Malay. Group photo of Palafox Team with Malay TWG and Executive Assistant Mr. Edgardo Sancho. 96 Municipality of Malay 255 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

10.3 3rd TWG Meeting 3rd TWG Meeting: Minutes and Documentation FourthTWG Meeting Attendance A TWG Meeting was held on March 21, 2018 to discuss the plan for the Public Consultation on the following day. The meeting revolved around how to tackle the sensitive issue on Boracay’s closure, and the Palafox’s relevance to this. The program flow and the rationale for the workshops were explained during the meeting as well. After which, the TWG members are briefed regarding the roles of everyone for the Public Consultation. Opening remarks by Mr. Felix Delos Santos, head of Malay LGU Tourism Department 256 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 139

23 TWG Meeting (2) 23 TWG Meeting 10.4 4th TWG Meeting 4th TWG Meeting: Minutes and Documentation Another TWG Meeting was held on March 23, 2018, after the Public Consultation. The following were Minutes of the Meeting Minutes of the Meeting discussed during the meeting: Date March 23, 2018 INTERNAL Date March 23, 2018 INTERNAL EXTERNAL EXTERNAL • Points to improve on based from the outcome of the Public Consultation Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo -the venue should take into consideration the logistics Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 -program flow should be given to the LGU earlier Project Location Email Project Location Email [email protected] [email protected] Malay, Aklan Malay, Aklan Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Poblacion Multi-Purpose Hall Time Started: 10:00 am Time Finished: 2:00 pm Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Poblacion Multi-Purpose Hall Time Started: 10:00 am Time Finished: 2:00 pm -Palafox team will draft the invitation letter, while the Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel AGENDA: 3rd TWG Meeting and Pub Con feedbacking Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel 3rd TWG Meeting and Pub Con feedbacking AGENDA: LGU will help send out the invitations -only key stakeholders should be invited next time ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Company Company Name Company Name Name Name Company Company Name Name Company • The results of the public consultation Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates • The Vice Mayor should be invited to be a TWG member Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Niño Paulo Siñez Malay LGU Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Niño Paulo Siñez Malay LGU • Next steps Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera ESCA, Inc. Dennis T. Briones Malay LGU Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera ESCA, Inc. Dennis T. Briones Malay LGU Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Alma Belejerdo Malay LGU Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Alma Belejerdo Malay LGU -Submission of Interim Report Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associates Merell Prado Malay LGU Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associates Merell Prado Malay LGU -Need to request from DENR and CENRO the following: cadastral map and land SUMMARY SUMMARY classification map Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date A. Boracay Tourism Renewal Master Plan I. Mainland Sewage and Drainage -the planning department of Malay LGU will plot the 1. Road sections are needed 1. Mainland has no sewgae system 2. Existing carriageway : 2. Water Supply- MWD (no waste water treatment) land owned and will be owned by the LGU a) 5 meters (carriageway) 1.5-1.5 sidewalk J. Tambisaan and Bel-at Municipal Tourist Docking Area -the Palafox team needs to review all data sent 3. 25+5 easement 1. For tourists only during Habagat season 4. Road sections (12 m RROW) 2. Boundaries for Tambisaan, Tabon and Bel-at, Property area and shape • With the urgent issue of Boracay closure, the team needs to fast track the project. 5. Access to the beach 3. For Sir Jaylord: Color-coded maps of government-owned maps 6. Request for cadastral map – Boracay • Clarification of the scope for the T.R.I.P. and revision of the content of the Interim Report to suit the K. Public Consultation B. Bride Connecting Boracay and Mainland 1. Make clear the activities on the tarpaulin/announcements/message relays current situation. 1. \"Bridge\" mode of transport (monorail, vehicle bridge, etc.) 2. Make clear program and list of invitees Get the capacity of each type of water transport for people. 3. Avoid miscommunications Tourism office proposed tourism circuits 2 weeks ago, instructed by the governor. 4. Add Vice Mayor to the TWG Metro Boracay, 6 municipalities, questions about Romblon because it is in a different region Malay LGU has a lot to offer for tourism but the capacity will not be sufficient to the current demand L. Conceptual Schemes needed: so they will tap other municipalities and provinces. 1. Property boundaries for the transport terminal 2. Road network survey and indicative plan C. Construction of New Arterial Roads and Connecting Roads 3. Harbor City 1. Diversion Road or alternative route from Nabas to Buruanga 4. Bridge 5. Boracay Main Road Widening D. Harbor City 6. Beach walk beautification Plan- boracay and mainland 1. LGU has no initial studies, except interviews from people 7. Boracay Tourism Renewal Plan 8. Docking Area- needs property boundaries E. Housing Projects 9. Eco-tourism sites- needs property boundary maps, no proper RROWS, only identified waypoints 1. Check Local Shelter Plan, 2014 M. Other Notes F. Commercial and Transport Complex 1. Caticlan beahc front- commercial 1. Has location but no exact boundaries 2. San Miguel Corp.- owns most of Caticlan 2. needs boundary maps (No exact properties, it's just a proposal) 3. Study: Alternative entry points in Boracay, under the Provincial government; Bel-at (Yapak?)- for tourists 3. 2 has- commercial and trnasport terminal docking only 4. the rest of the propoerty will be alloted to socialized housing G. Boracay Roads 1. Circumferential- 12 m. min 2. Access roads- Station 3- 3 m, Station X- 3 m., Talipapa- 3m, Regency- 3m 3. Needs road network map with width of roads Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. H. Boracay Sewage and Drainage Plan Prepared by: Elritz Gallo 1. TIEZA and BIWC PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo From left: Ms. Abbey Bravo and Ms. Karmi Palafox from Palafox Associates, Mr. Felix delos Santos, PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Jr. from Malay Tourism Dept., Ms. Alma Belejerdo and Ms. Catherine Tumaob from Malay MPDO Page 15 Page 14 Municipality of Malay Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 140 141 257 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

23 TWG Meeting (2) 23 TWG Meeting Minutes of the Meeting Minutes of the Meeting INTERNAL INTERNAL Date March 23, 2018 Date March 23, 2018 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Project Location Email Project Location Email Malay, Aklan [email protected] Malay, Aklan [email protected] Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Poblacion Multi-Purpose Hall Time Started: 10:00 am Time Finished: 2:00 pm Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Poblacion Multi-Purpose Hall Time Started: 10:00 am Time Finished: 2:00 pm Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel AGENDA: 3rd TWG Meeting and Pub Con feedbacking AGENDA: 3rd TWG Meeting and Pub Con feedbacking ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Niño Paulo Siñez Malay LGU Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Niño Paulo Siñez Malay LGU Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera ESCA, Inc. Dennis T. Briones Malay LGU Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera ESCA, Inc. Dennis T. Briones Malay LGU Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Alma Belejerdo Malay LGU Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Alma Belejerdo Malay LGU Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associates Merell Prado Malay LGU Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associates Merell Prado Malay LGU SUMMARY SUMMARY Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date A. Boracay Tourism Renewal Master Plan I. Mainland Sewage and Drainage 1. Road sections are needed 1. Mainland has no sewgae system 2. Existing carriageway : 2. Water Supply- MWD (no waste water treatment) a) 5 meters (carriageway) 1.5-1.5 sidewalk J. Tambisaan and Bel-at Municipal Tourist Docking Area 3. 25+5 easement 1. For tourists only during Habagat season 4. Road sections (12 m RROW) 2. Boundaries for Tambisaan, Tabon and Bel-at, Property area and shape 5. Access to the beach 3. For Sir Jaylord: Color-coded maps of government-owned maps 6. Request for cadastral map – Boracay K. Public Consultation B. Bride Connecting Boracay and Mainland 1. Make clear the activities on the tarpaulin/announcements/message relays 1. \"Bridge\" mode of transport (monorail, vehicle bridge, etc.) 2. Make clear program and list of invitees Get the capacity of each type of water transport for people. 3. Avoid miscommunications Tourism office proposed tourism circuits 2 weeks ago, instructed by the governor. 4. Add Vice Mayor to the TWG Metro Boracay, 6 municipalities, questions about Romblon because it is in a different region Malay LGU has a lot to offer for tourism but the capacity will not be sufficient to the current demand L. Conceptual Schemes needed: so they will tap other municipalities and provinces. 1. Property boundaries for the transport terminal 2. Road network survey and indicative plan C. Construction of New Arterial Roads and Connecting Roads 3. Harbor City 1. Diversion Road or alternative route from Nabas to Buruanga 4. Bridge 5. Boracay Main Road Widening D. Harbor City 6. Beach walk beautification Plan- boracay and mainland 1. LGU has no initial studies, except interviews from people 7. Boracay Tourism Renewal Plan 8. Docking Area- needs property boundaries E. Housing Projects 9. Eco-tourism sites- needs property boundary maps, no proper RROWS, only identified waypoints 1. Check Local Shelter Plan, 2014 M. Other Notes F. Commercial and Transport Complex 1. Caticlan beahc front- commercial 1. Has location but no exact boundaries 2. San Miguel Corp.- owns most of Caticlan 2. needs boundary maps (No exact properties, it's just a proposal) 3. Study: Alternative entry points in Boracay, under the Provincial government; Bel-at (Yapak?)- for tourists 3. 2 has- commercial and trnasport terminal docking only 4. the rest of the propoerty will be alloted to socialized housing G. Boracay Roads 1. Circumferential- 12 m. min 2. Access roads- Station 3- 3 m, Station X- 3 m., Talipapa- 3m, Regency- 3m 3. Needs road network map with width of roads Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. H. Boracay Sewage and Drainage Plan Prepared by: Elritz Gallo 1. TIEZA and BIWC PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Page 15 Page 14 258 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 141

Public and Stakeholders Consultations and Workshops Visioning Workshop Attendance Municipality of Malay 259 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Visioning Workshop: Photo Documentation 5.2.7 Photo Documentation Group 4 discussing their ideas for the first workshop output. The members of the group three having their design charette for their vision of the future of Malay. A representative of group 7 discussing their output for the Visioning Workshop 2. Group photo of Palafox Team with Malay TWG and participants after the successful Visioning Exercise. Municipality of Malay The Premier Tourist Destination 105 260 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

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9.6 Minutes of the First Public Consultation 1st Public Consultation: Minutes PubConsultation PubConsultation (2) Minutes of the Meeting Minutes of the Meeting INTERNAL INTERNAL Date March 22, 2018 Date March 22, 2018 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Project Location Email 9988433464 Project Location Email Malay, Aklan [email protected] Malay, Aklan [email protected] Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel AGENDA: Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops AGENDA: Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates SUMMARY SUMMARY Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date There is a survey before made by NAMRIA and at present, an ordinary surveyor surveyed again. Which of A. Discussions the two will prevail? 1. Twelve (12) meters RROW for circumferential roads - There was a meeting between the LGU and DENR. There was a conflict in ordinance 131 in terms of the 2. Survey of NAMRIA will prevail for the 25+5 easement (completed in 2007) placement of markers. The LGU put up markers on 1998, while on 2007, the DENR also put up markers. It 3. No budget yet for implementation of projects would be reconciled now. However, the basis will be on DENR. The one done by NAMRIA is the 2007 4. No workshop in next pubcon, just presentation of plan and Q&A markers by DENR. 5. Carrying capacity of the island should be reviewed 6. Stations 1-3 passed the water quality test of DENR. Only Bulabog beach did not pass. Let's say, there is already an existing marker, and you already know during 2010 and built a building 7. Algal bloom increased, but there has always been algal bloom year in and year out. encroaching the markers, then it is a violation. 8. Palafox must fix the land use first. 9. There are nine (9) wetlands in Boracay Island. One will be restored, near Crown Regency. There is a hotel that has a violation and built on top of a wetland, specifically a fishpond. But if there's a B. Open Forum remedy, what remedy has been done and can it be taught to us. 1. Mrs. Anita Aguirre - All violations already have notices from DENR. They already have show cost orders. If they can't show cause orders. Right now, the offset from the center of the road is 6 meters each side base from the LGU. However, from these, there would be a big liability. The identified wetland and timberland already has show cost order. It cause orders. It the DENR, it would be 15 meters each from the centerline of the road, base from Proclamation 1064 is also a liability when despite prohibited and was still able to acquire a permit, the person who provided (DENR). the said permit is also liable. There would be processes, whether the development is small or big. They have 15 days notice for non-compliance. If there is a road widening, who will demolish the areas or parts of the buildings that encroached the easement? In the LGU, if there are violations, it is very clear that all structures, temporary or permanent, should have a - Base on the ordinance if there is a violation or there are structures encroaching within the 6 meter offset building permit. If the development doesn't have a building permit, it will be demolished. from the centerline of the road, it will be demolished. Self-demolition or the local government will demolish Regarding the 25+5 meter easement, DENR declared that the one that will prevail is NAMRIA. The basis of at the expense of the owner, especially if there is no building permit. the measurement is Proclamation 1064. There already has been a 2014 survey from Cagban to circumferential road. We already issued a notice In addition, there were already some development that were issued certificate of compliance, however the of violation to all that encroached. This time, the local government will implement this. Local government issue was that before they were compliant, but encroach afterwards. will implement. This is why the DENR issued a show cost order to justify the existing legal documents. If the document can't be produced, that means it is illegal. In the beach area, the 25+5 meter easement, there's really violations. So, now, which of the development will be demolished first? The last or the first one that was built? 2. Bambam Luces Not here to blame. We're not in the boiling point. We're in a hot water. What if they wouldn't comply yet, due to the smaller development waiting for the bigger establishments to How much is the budget if the we proceed with the deal with Palafox? be demolished? - For the Palafox contract, we have 5.7 million. But for the proposed, we don't have yet. - In the ordinance, there is no small or big structures. Temporary or permanent development should comply in the 25+5 meters easement. In the ordinance, it is not stated which should be demolished first, if Why do we need Palafox for this? Why not use the 5.7 million for the rehabilitation of the sewerage and it is already within power, it will be demolished. drainage? for the rehabilitation of Boracay? We have local Boracaynon professionals, why not hire them? Our problems is sewerage, drainage, garbage, etc.? Why can't we concentrate on the problem? What if we were given a compliance certificate, is it still subject for demolition? - There is a 1989 masterplan. The plan was not followed. The plan is not only for the island, but the whole - It depends on who gave the compliance certificate and what is the basis. The person who issued the mainland as well. said compliance be also become liable. They will have a liability there. Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo Prepared by: Elritz Gallo PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Page 9 Page 8 Municipality of Malay Municipality of Malay 100 271 Malay Master Plan for Tourism Malay Master Plan for Tourism

PubConsultation (4) PubConsultation (3) Minutes of the Meeting Minutes of the Meeting INTERNAL Date March 22, 2018 INTERNAL EXTERNAL Date March 22, 2018 EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Location Email Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Malay, Aklan [email protected] Project Location Email Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm Malay, Aklan [email protected] Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm AGENDA: Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel AGENDA: Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Name Company Name Company Name Company Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates SUMMARY Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date SUMMARY Why do we need Palafox for this? Why not use the 5.7 million for the rehabilitation of the sewerage and Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date drainage? for the rehabilitation of Boracay? We have local Boracaynon professionals, why not hire them? Our problems is sewerage, drainage, garbage, etc.? Why can't we concentrate on the problem? 5. What is the connection of the Proposed plan of Palafox with the Proposed 150 has. Hotel Room and 23 - There is a 1989 masterplan. The plan was not followed. The plan is not only for the island, but the whole hectares Hotel Casino? mainland as well. - 150 hectares is already existing, and that is the present Fairways and Bluewater. The next new development should follow with the rules and guidelines set by the plan. This is an island not a city. The plan will be beautiful and would fit if it is still a virgin island. Palafox Associates are not involved with the said proposed development. For clarification, this is the first - Boracay Island is already urbanized. The traffic in Boracay is comparable to that of Manila. How can the public consultation. It is still in the visioning stage. The drawings are there to show what could be done and island still be virgin, when it is already full of vehicles. Let's face the reality that Boracay is already highly couldn't. Comments for these drawings are appreciated and would be looked into. We share the global urbanized. Orginally, in PD 1064, the width of the road widening is 30 meters. However, in the LGU, it is 12 best practices, but does not necessarily reflect automatically to the plan in Boracay. meters, based on the local ordinance. Road widening to decongest the roads. There should be a Request from the Vice Mayor for the next consultation is that the drawings be comprehensive and near to designated loading and unloading area. 6. Juw Burgos Coastal Malay can do high-rise. This is because Malay can take it, in the mainland, unlike Boracay. What If we look at the plan, what will happen to our residents in Boracay? Are there areas reserved for them? Or else could be saved in Boracay, should be preserved. All areas should be developed, not just Boracay. It are they included in the masterplan that we're planning? What would happen to them? should be a sound development. There is already an urban blight. The surroundings is already not that - There was already an initial stakeholder's meeting last January. That became a basis for the initial output pretty already. The beaches are beautiful, however, once you enter the island, you would be able to see of drawings provided. The local residents and people are included for the plan. This plan is for the the problems arising in the island. Overcrowded, buildings already blocking the natural air flow, the buildings are all closed and full of air conditioning, no more natural light and air. residents of Malay and Boracay. It is just worrying that the buildings showcased in the drawings are more for apartment style and then If majority of the community do not agree with the plan, what is the LGU's next step? commercial development at the ground floor. What then will become of the Boracay residents, or where Are you contented with what is happening now in Boracay? Just because you don't want one component would they live? of the plan, that does not mean you should disregard the whole plan. We need to see the whole program in order to provide judgment. It should be an informed judgment. Let everybody have a chance to see the - There would be specifics in the designs later on. With regards to the design of the commercial plan. Do not dwell too much on the past. Let's have hope that something well worth will happen. Let's have development at the ground floor, it is because the island is surrounded by water. It could be seen that the a consensus if we continue or not. design for it is for the safety of the general public and allows the ground floor to be non-habitable and protection from storm surges. These are proposals for us to approve or disapprove. 3. Victor of DepEd Statement: Education should be included and considered also in the plan, not just tourism. If this would be good for Boracay, we should not argue. We shouldn't argue. Let's blame no one. We should accept and We don't have enough capital to build such structures. Who would finance such kinds of development? welcome change. Give them space on how they would move. If it's wrong, we would intervene. - There are access roads towards the beach areas. Lots of the residents would surely be affected. This is then why the local government will do further studies regarding the matter. In terms of design, there are 4. Kapitan guidelines that should be followed, or subject to further studies. There should be solutions provided for the Immediate solution for traffic. Tricycles can have color coding. We should make immediate solutions for the island than complete closure. community. - There's an action plan. Provide a master and comprehensive drainage plan. This isn't final plan, this is why there are consultations. Reactions from the community are needed. This is for our children's and our grandchildren's future. This is why it's Malay Tourism Master Plan, not just a concentration on Boracay. The BBYC before has white sand. The port is located there and due to the oil from boats, the sand is Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. dirtied. The sand has turned brownish. There are no clean ports. There should be oil spill booms Prepared by: Elritz Gallo surrounding ports. PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Page 10 Page 11 272 Municipality of Malay Municipality of Malay 101 Malay Master Plan for Tourism Malay Master Plan for Tourism

PubConsultation (5) PubConsultation (6) Minutes of the Meeting Minutes of the Meeting INTERNAL INTERNAL Date March 22, 2018 Date March 22, 2018 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Client/ Company/ School/ Organization Contact Person Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Malay Municipal Government Ms. Alma Belejerdo Project Name/Activity Contact No. Project Name/Activity Contact No. Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Malay Master Plan for Tourism 9988433464 Project Location Email Project Location Email Malay, Aklan [email protected] Malay, Aklan [email protected] Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm Project No.: 171056 Venue: Barangay Manoc-manoc Covered Court Time Started: 03:00 pm Time Finished: 05:30 pm Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel Waterfront Cebu Ciity Hotel Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops AGENDA: AGENDA: Public Consultation and Visioning Workshops ATTENDEES ATTENDEES Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Name Company Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Francis Dean Ong Palafox Associates Abbey Bravo Palafox Associates Karmi Palafox Palafox Associafes Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Raina Lim Palafox Associates Shermaine Chen Palafox Associates Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Albert Tanching Palafox Associates Bea Camemo Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates Ruel Ramos Palafox Associates Artlheene Rivera Palafox Associates Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates Elritz Gallo Palafox Associates Caloy Libosada Jr. Palafox Associates SUMMARY SUMMARY Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date Item Discussed Action/Responsible Party Remarks/Due Date 6. Statement from Levi Duran, Regional Technical Director of DENR: The water is already dirty. What really is the problem? There are a lot of rumors about Boracay. - The water is colored green. All the swimming beaches is tested and passed all tests. The dirty water they - Boracay is already too overcrowded. are stating is the outfall located in Bulabog beach. There are areas that are too crowded and has no space already. These areas are portion of Manoc- Science of the algae. There would always have algal bloom and would come out mostly during summer manoc and Balabag. season. The algae is organic and if you let it dry under the sun, it would turn into sand. Where most of the people's needs are areas where it is congested - specially commercial areas surrounded by residential establishments. First fix the land use, the land classification of development. DPWH is already marking. Before during Peak season, there is no vacancy. Review of capacity of hotels and rooms should be All wetlands should be restored. accounted for. Should we still allow to build more hotels in the island? The carrying capacity of the island is During 2012, the wetlands are 9. borderline maximum already. One of the wetlands was buried by Crown. The proposals will it be able to maximize the rehabilitation of the wetlands to a limit of 7. - It is traffic in Boracay. It is traffic specifically along the areas of Manoc-Manoc and Balabag. It lacks in public transport. Review the policy of LGU, for every 50 rooms in an establishment is entitled to 1 service vehicle. - Flooding. We use the road as drainage, this is due to the drainage not being functional. Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo - Is Boracay smelly? PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Sewerage is the smelly one. BIWC should be responsible for that. They have plans. At present, there are 2 companies in charge of sewerage. There should be sewer and drainage. 6400 provision of water consumption, while 1299 for sewerage provision. 70% is waste water. 5000 are not connected or have no sewerage provision. These are engineering interventions. - Second foulness of Boracay is the garbage. The garbage is already ok. Note: Client will submit a final comment for the items which are not mentioned above. Prepared by: Elritz Gallo PALAFOX ASSOCIATES | 11/F 6782 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, 1226 Metro Manila, Philippines Page 13 Page 12 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 102 Municipality of Malay 273 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

1st Public Consultation: Photo Documentation 9.8 Photo Documentation Registration started around 08:00. Participants were asked to vote for The attendees of the First Public Consultation almost filled up the entire Mr. Felix de los Santos, Jr., the Chief Tourism Officer of the Malay LGU, theit priority concerns and the best solutions before they could sign in. Covered Court of the Barangay Manoc-manoc. hosted the First Public Consultation The event started around 09:00 am. A First-Aid Station was provided by the local government to stand-by at EnP. Abbey Bravo started the Presentation by showcasing the company Participants were intrigued by the Boracay Vision perspectives displayed the venue. profile and the company’s development principles. at the sides of the public consultation venue. 274 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 107

The first workshop that was conducted was the Community Aspirations Members of the Palafox team checked each table to make sure Even some Malaynon kids joined in with the public consultation planning and Vision-Reality Gap Matrix. Participants on the table were asked to instructions were delivered clearly in order to have a successful workshop. hustles. do their output on a manila paper while they filled up the matrix on the bond paper. A senior citizen of Barangay Manoc-manoc actively participating in their The rest of the participants who are only seated on the bleachers were Through this Community Aspirations board, everyone was able to workshops. also given the chance to give inputs to the planning workshop. participate on the first workshop. Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 108 Municipality of Malay 275 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

A local government official actively leading her group in accomplishing Mayor Cawaling spoke to some private stakeholders during the public A representative of a barangay presenting their output for the first the workshop outputs consultation, while the workshops were going on. workshop Members of the Palafox team checking each table to make sure A group discussion during the second workshop wherein participants A representative of a barangay presenting their output for the Projects instructions were delivered clearly in order to have a successful workshop were asked to list down programs and projects according to priority Timeline Workshop Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 109 276 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

The third workshop was all about drawing or writing on the maps where Most of the issues tackled during the presentation of ourputs regards Members of the Palafox team checking each table to make sure the priority concerns are located and where they want change to take Boracay Island and its closure. instructions were delivered clearly in order to have a successful workshop place. The members of the Open Forum Jury answered the opinions and A resident of Boracay island actively sharing her thoughts and on the Photo opportunity with the Palafox Team and the Malay LGU TWG. questions raised by the attendees, regarding the closure of Boracay closure of Boracay island Island. Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism 110 Municipality of Malay 277 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

Second Public Consultation Program Flow For every community planning project, it is imperative that the planners consult the local end-users and the various stakeholders through a public consultation. It encourages community participation that is vital in formulating a tourism master plan for the Municipality of Malay. It is a key to successful planning and meaningful 08:00 am local governance. Public Consultation facilitates an exchange of information, opinions and ideas about future development possibilities between the public and private sector and encourages a sense of ownership and Registration community responsibility for addressing issues, legitimizing proposals and directing development of the locality. 08:30 am Invocation and National Anthem Introduction of Key Representatives and Stakeholders 08:45 am Opening Remarks 09:00 am Objectives of the Stakeholders Consultation Highlights of the Sectoral Profile and Recommendations Tourism Development Framework Study 10:00 am Presentation of Tourism Development Strategy Framework Plans 10:30 am Workshop: Selection of Preferred Tourism Development Strategy Framework Plan 11:30 am Consolidation of the Workshop Results Presentation of the TRIP Components 12:00 nn Lunch Break 01:00 pm Objectives Presentation of Workshop Results Open Forum •To convene the different stakeholders to help refine the tourism master plan for Malay 01:30 pm •To select a tourism development strategy framework plan Next Steps •To help direct the final planning process for the Malay Master Plan for Tourism 02:00 pm Closing Remarks 278 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism

List of Attendees: NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE/AGENCY NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE/AGENCY Abbey Bravo Enp Palafox Lalinie B. Taunan BOD MAODA Bea Camemo Urban Planner Palafox Alvin A. Castillo Meat Inspector MEED Encarnacion Reralio EnP Palafox Rave A. Tonosa Kagawad - Gemma I. Baon Teacher-in-Charge DepEd-Lubang Mayloudy S. Prado OIC Malay WD Carolina S. Andrade PDAO – Head MWDO Jade S. Sulibro PI Malay NHS Felino “Jun” Palafox Principal Architect/Urban Plan- Palafox Elfie C. Casidsio TI Malay NHS ner Elritz Gallo Planner Palafox Ian S. Niel TII Malay NHS Chirald Villanueva T3 Malay NHS Abegail M. Calizo Teacher-I DepEd-Yapak E/S Ruez A. Ramos INFRA Palafox Aiona F. Perucho TIC Napaan E/S Victor E. Supetron School Head Muños National High School Fooxberts A. Candari VII T-I Malay NHS Ernel P. Casidsid - DepEd Helen P. Resuso T-I Naasog E/S Rhea P. Balandra President MABOVEN Domingo P. REsuso Brgy. Kagawad - Monina D. Augirae TIC DepEd Aireen S. Dela Torre Admin Asst. LGU Malay Christine Hope D. Pagsuguinon President Pambayang Pederasyon ng Alma S. Belejerdo MDDC LGU Malay mga SK Ifunard Richie O. Bunard Admin Aid iV - Alex N. ____ Matoda - Diana Joy M. Kimpo Admin aid IV CSTH _____ Francisco TR LGU – Malay Elisa Enubar Group GM Azalea Boracay Efren A. Rebugies OIC – MARPO DAR Aldrin Carag RDM Azalea Boracay Jose A. ____ Jr. GSO Head - Reue Arila Jr. Property Manager Azaela Mike F. Sinfu Chairman MASBOI Nenia C. Gelan Acting Secretary - Rigaberto Geitose Chairman _____ Arlene Dausuli Accountant Crafts Godofredo B. Sadiasa Chairman CBTMPC Solomon S. Prado Brgy. Capt – Elect Brgy. Pob. Aiona S. Refugid Chair on Tourism Napaara Municipality of Malay 279 Malay Master Plan for Tourism

NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE/AGENCY NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE/AGENCY Reigeberto T. Gelino III KCI-Marketing KCI Saira Jeanne B. Reporlado Reg Officer II MCR Francis C. Corral BOD MASBOI Eden Bautista TCS II ATI-RTGG Sol T. Sjuang Osca Head SC Affair Orlie S. Villanueva Admin Asst. OSB ____ S. _____ Brgy. Capt. ____ Rowena P. Pelayo Secretary Kabulihan Analay I. Ibabao Brgy. Sec. ____ David Zerna Admin Discovery Al Umaciod SDM BIWC Sincia V. Quintos Brgy. Capt. Nabaoy Julieta A. Apon PPC-President Edgar C. _____ LIC INSP III LGU-Malay Ligaya C. Aparicio Principal – I DepEd _____ M. Celito BOD BTI Alfredo G. Justo MSA ARELCO Luneta T. Tumaob DepEd Malay E/S Jimmy G. Solano Brgy. Capt. Brgy. Sambray Anneli C. Sepeño _____ LGU-Malay Evan Jay Alianza ___ MASBOI V. Seniel DepEd Yapak Felimon A. ____ BOD Christopher O. Casuncad LAOD – II LGU-Malay Grace G. Salin A.O. – V LGU – Malay Jona A. Solano LGU - Jerry Villanueva BOD BLTMPC Boracay Mira D. Oczon LTOG-II LGU-Malay Al Sacapano Zoning Adminstrator LGU-Malay Mariane S. Saluarion SEMS-I LGU-Malay Julia S. Maming BOD BWPC Cesar P. Oczon Jr. LGU-STRO LGU-Malay Maria Rio Rosales ZRMO LGU-Malay Edralyn R. Sancho E.O-V LGU-Malay Maba F. Quintos Admin. Asst. LGU-Malay Grecil G. Tauna TOO-2 LGU-Malay Issa Angela P. Cahilig A.T. Agriculture Von Cabungial MDRRMO - Jerry Agtoto Project Manager EES Corp. Jazon V. Trava PNP JM Totutos Restaurant Manager _____ Queenie T. Sison MDRRMO LGU-Malay Jaylord Claud PEOII - Ragefin O. Sulo MIGOD ____ 280 Municipality of Malay Malay Master Plan for Tourism